GRAMMAR

A.
1.
Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb in either the present simple or
present continuous tense. Put the words in the brackets in the correct place.
Jason and Tricia (1)_________________ to the theatre tonight. Jason
(2)__________________ (always) a glass of wine during the intermission and
(3)__________________ going to a pub after the show. This play (4)____________________
at 10 oclock so there will be plenty of time to have another glass or two before their favourite
pub (5)_____________________. Jason, who (6)_____________________ (always) about
Tricias driving and is too stingy to hire a cab, will have to let Tricia drive. It
(7)_____________________ to me as if they are heading for trouble, not a pleasant night out.

2.
Put the verbs in brackets into either the present simple or the present continuous tense.
Put any other words in the brackets in the correct place.

1. You __________________ (always / find) excuses for being late. I am beginning to lose
my patience with you.

2. David __________________ (write) a new book while his wife is on vacation.

3. Jeffrey __________________ (feel) that his life as an athlete will soon be over.

4. Don't disturb me, please. I __________________ (have) my dinner.

3.
Put the verbs in brackets in either the past tense or past continuous.

* When he (1)_____________ (stand) up to make a speech, he (2)_____________ (knock)

over his wine glass. He was very embarrassed.

* While David (3)_____________ (watch) the football match on TV, the chair he
(4)_____________ (sit) on suddenly (5)_____________ (collapse).

* (6)_____________ she (6)_____________ (not live) in London when her father

(7)_____________ (get) married for the fourth time?

* As she (8)_____________ (become) older she (9)_____________ (find) life easier to deal
with.

4.
Fill in each blank using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

I had one of the worst experiences of my life a few years ago when a friend and I
(1)______________ (ski) in the Dolomite Mountains in Italy. We had decided not to ski that
day - the sun (2)______________ (shine) and the snow (3)______________ (melt) fast. We
had decided, instead, to take the ski lift to the top of the mountain and have a walk around. As
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there was so little snow, we (4)______________ (meet) many skiers, and the bar at the top of
the lift was empty. After drinking a quick cup of coffee, we (5)______________ (set) out to
explore the mountaintop, following a path through a forest. Suddenly the weather changed, and
when the sun (6)______________ (disappear), it (7)______________ (become) quite cold.
Snow started to fall. We decided to turn back immediately. After an hour of walking, we
realised that we were lost and that the snow (8)______________ (fall) faster and faster. We
couldn't go back the way we had come. There was no alternative but to carry on towards the
ski lift. Otherwise, we would spend the night on the mountain. Just as I
(9)_________________ (begin) to get really frightened, I (10)______________ (hear) shouts
in the distance. We ran towards the voices and soon came to the edge of the forest. The ski lift
was ahead of us. We had made it! However, it wasn't the top of the slope, but the bottom.
Without realising it, we had walked all the way down the mountain side.

5.
Fillineachblankwiththecorrectformoftheverbinbrackets.
Some people (1)___________________________ (always/criticize) things without being
constructiveaboutthem.That'sreallyirritating.ToprovetomyselfthatIamnotoneofthose
people, I have decided (2)________________________ (join) the next environmental
awarenesscrosscountrybicyclerally,which(3)________________________(be)thethirdof
its kind. I have even asked to be excused from the picnic that my school
(4)___________________________ (have) next Saturday because the rally
(5)___________________________ (start) that day at noon. Considering the route, we
(6)___________________________(certainly/run)intosomebadweatherandIamafraidit
(7)___________________________ (not / be) an easy run. Even so, I hope that when it's
finished, we (8)_______________________ (create) some environmental awareness in the
peoplewatchingusrideby.

6.
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets so that each sentence has
a future meaning. Use each future form only once, in the most appropriate place.

1. Look out! You _____________ (crash) into that tree.

2. The doctors hope that he _____________ (get) better soon.

3. We'd better hurry. The plane _____________ (take) off at 11:15.

4. The prime-minister _____________ (give) a reception for the businessmen this

evening.

5. Just imagine! We _____________ (sail) to Sardinia this time on Friday.

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7.
Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
The Evans family was planning (1)______________ (spend) the Christmas period in
Scotland. They (2)______________ (invite) to stay there for a few days at the house of some
friends. It was a long way away, and the Evans thought they (3)______________ (arrive)
very late, so the friends agreed to leave the door key under the mat. In this way, the Evans
could let themselves in without waking anyone up.
The map their friends (4)______________ (draw) for them wasn't very good, so they
(5)_______________ (find) the house until about two o'clock in the morning. They started to
look for the key. The whole family (6)______________ (search) without success for about
ten minutes when the father (7)______________ (discover) that the door was open. They
went inside quietly. Since their friends (8)______________ (sleep) upstairs, they decided to
go straight to bed. They were tired after their long journey, so they found two empty
bedrooms and went to sleep.
When they came downstairs the next morning, to their amazement two complete strangers
(9)______________ (sit) at the kitchen table. By accident the whole family
(10)______________ (break) into the house next door!

8.
Usea,an,theornoarticle()intheblanksbelow.

Dear Diary,
Yesterday, I saw (1)___________ car of my dreams- (2)___________
Porsche convertible! I can easily imagine myself driving that wonderful
machine along (3)___________ French Riviera with (4)___________ sun in
my face and (5)___________ wind in my hair. Gathering all my courage, I
went into (6)___________ showroom and asked for (7)___________ test
drive. This was (8)___________ incredible display of boldness on my part,
if I say so myself, considering my already over-drawn bank account.
Unfortunately, dear diary, (9)___________ over-drawn bank accounts are
one of (10)___________ harsh realities of life...

9.
Fillineachblankwithanappropriatepreposition.
Alexhasalwaysbeeninterested(1)_______________marinelifeandsorelywantedtotake
divinglessonsbutkeptputtingit(2)_______________.Itwasmainlyhispoorfinancesthat
preventedhim(3)_______________fulfillingthisambition.Finally,lastmonthhesucceeded
(4)_______________ getting a job at the city aquarium, where he was to be responsible
(5)_______________ taking care of the dolphins. He proved to be so good
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(6)_______________hisjobthatthecitygovernmentofferedtopayforhisdivinglessons.
Heisreallyexcited (7)_______________hisjobanddiving. WhenIcongratulatedhim
(8)_______________hisprogress,hesaid,"Ifyouevergetbored(9)_______________your
present job, come and see my boss; I am sure he can find something you are capable
(10)_______________doing."

10.
Fillineachblankwithanappropriatepreposition.
You have finally succeeded (1)______________ making me angry. I have already
apologized (2)______________ bringing you here. You seem to be bored
(3)______________ everything around. I cannot be held responsible (4)______________
everythingyoudislike.Trytoshowsomeskill(5)______________adaptingyourselftothe
circumstances.

11.
Fill in each blank with the most suitable preposition.
Ben had always wanted to have a business of his own. His opportunity came when his aunt
left him her huge country mansion. He had never expected this. Although it took him
(1)_________ surprise, he was quick to move (2)_________ action. He brought in an army of
engineers and workmen. While one group was clearing the old stables (3)_________ the
rubbish accumulated over the years, another was fitting the rooms (4)_________ the latest
model air purifiers. For a while, it was like a madhouse: the whole place was (5)_________
total chaos. However, slowly but surely, things settled down and a very attractive health farm
was built. The opening ceremony attracted many celebrities. Ben, however, was
(6)_________ no illusions that a few famous names would be enough if he wanted a steady
increase (7)_________ the number of paying customers. He is constantly trying to improve
"The Old Manor House", the name (8)_________ which his health farm is known in the local
community.

12.
Fillintheblankswithin,into,on,closetoandfrom.
Our house is (1)_____________ the top of a hill. You can see the terrific scenery
(2)_____________itsterrace. Thereisanancienttempleinruins(3)_____________our
gardenwall.Wehearthesoundofthewindallthetimesincewelive(4)_____________a
hillyarea.Therearestairsinfrontofourfrontporch,whichdescend(5)_____________the
valley.

13.
Fillineachblankwithoneword.

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Don't put (1)________________ filling in the form. I know you are bad
(2)________________ remembering things. Anyway, don't get too excited
(3)________________receivingagreencardfromthem.Itdoesn'tusuallycome.Whyare
you so interested (4)________________ going to the U.S.A.? You are capable
(5)________________ getting any job you like here. I apologise (6)________________
interfering,butyoucandomuchbetterthanthisinlife.

14.
Fill in each blank with the appropriate preposition. If none is necessary, put a (X) in the
blank.

* Please run (1)__________ to my room on the top floor and get my coat. I have an
appointment (2)________ two o'clock with Adrian. He is here (3)________ only two
days. He is leaving (4)___________ tomorrow. It's his wife's birthday (5)________ the
12th of April. He wants to celebrate it with her (6)_________ Saturday evening.

* Come on, get (7)_________ the car. I'll drive you (8)_________ the tunnel to the other
side of the river. Then if you walk (9)________ the park you can easily reach the
planetarium.

* I had completely forgotten (10)________ the picnic. Actually, I had nothing to do

(11)________ the weekend so I didn't even bother to go (12)_________ of the house.

15.
Fill in each blank with the appropriate preposition.

* Pamela lives (1)________ Primrose Street (2)_________ number 7. She usually takes a
bus (3)_________ work. She sometimes has to wait (4)___________ the bus stop for
fifteen minutes before getting (5)__________ a crowded bus which takes her to Trafalgar
Square. There she jumps (6)__________ the bus and walks (7)___________ the
National Gallery. On the way to the gallery, she feeds the birds by the fountain. After
spending a few minutes there, she enters the gallery. Actually, she works (8)__________
the National Gallery as an assistant curator.

* Gerald has a lovely house (9)____________ the southern coast, but he works
(10)____________ the east where he has a toy factory. As a result, he spends a lot of his
time (11)___________ the road (12)__________ his car.

* The news of his tragic death was first given (13)__________ television, then
(14)___________ the newspapers the next day.

* Please be here (15)__________ time.

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* We couldn't see the film properly because our seats were (16)__________ the back of the
auditorium.

* Please sit (17)____________ that stool (18)____________ the hall. I want to draw your
picture.

* We travelled a lot (19)______________ the east but I have never lived

(20)_____________ the southern coast.

* Let's meet (21)____________ the entrance to Karum (22)____________ Kavakldere.

16.
Fill in each blank with the appropriate preposition.
You seem to be unaware (1)_______________ the fact that people are getting tired of you.
You always express yourself (2)_______________ an aggressive manner. Moreover, most of
your jokes are (3)_______________ poor taste. When people compliment you
(4)_______________ your acting ability you take it for granted. When you are confronted
(5)_______________ journalists, you are always rude to them. Nine times
(6)_______________ of ten you are late for your appointments. As your agent, I'm
responsible (7)_______________ creating your public image. So let's get down
(8)_______________ business. You either do what I want you to do or I quit.

17.
Fillintheblanksinthefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriaterelativepronoun.Add
commaswherenecessary.

1. JacquesYvesCousteauconductedunderwaterexplorationinplaces__________noman
hadgonebefore.

2. JacquesYves Cousteau __________ films made the strange underwater world

marvellouslyfamiliarhadarareenthusiasmfornature.

3. Sebastian'soldestbrother__________isanarmyofficerwillnotbeabletoattendhis
wedding.

4. Afterhewasputinjail,Mr.Gulliblewascriticisedbyalotofpeoplemanyof________
werehisoldaccomplices.

5. Manypeoplerefusetotakeanymajordecisionsonthe13thofthemonth__________
theybelieveisunlucky.

18.
Put the adjectives and nouns in the correct order in the blanks below.

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1. I don't think it was really an accident. I would like to speak to the
___________________. (involved/people)

2. There will be ____________________ in the Mediterranean region in the afternoon.

(occasional / rain)

19.
Write the most suitable modifying adjective in the blanks. In the first two sentences,
don't use the same adjective in both blanks.

* His behaviour towards the teacher was (1)________________ impolite, but she handled
quite/rather
the situation (2)_______________ well.
quite/rather

* It was a (3)________________ interesting proposal, but I can't (4)________________

quite/rather quite/rather
agree with him. I don't think those trees should be felled.

* We use our basement (5)________________ a washroom.

as/like
* This material feels (6)________________ silk.
as/like
* I used to be very thin (7)________________ a child but since then I've put on weight.
as/like

20.
Completethefollowingtextwiththecorrectformofthewordsinbrackets.
In general, I've been very satisfied with my new motorcycle, a Fuzimiko 50. It is
(1)____________________ (good bike) any other in the market. Its engine runs really
(2)____________________(quiet)anditcertainlylooksmuch(3)____________________
(attractive)mostotherbikesofitstype. And,mindyou,itis(4)____________________
(easy) bike in the world to maintain. The only real problem I've had is that it is not
(5)____________________(stable)itshouldbewhenthere'sastrongwindblowing. And
alsothepassengerseatisfar(6)____________________(comfortable)Iexpected.

21.
Fillineachblankwiththecorrectformoftheverbinbrackets.Useusedtoandwould,
eachonlyonce,inthemostappropriateblanks.
Although it meant (1)_________________________ (have) a shorter vacation with his
friends this summer, William decided (2)_________________________ (visit) the house
wherehisgrandparents(3)_________________________(live).Theyhadmovedoutyears
ago because it had really become too difficult for them
(4)_________________________(maintain)suchalargehouse.AsWilliamwalkedthrough
thegardengate,thefirstthinghesawwasthetreehouseintheoldoaktree.Heremembered

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nostalgically that as a child he (5)_______________________ (spend) hours
(6)_____________________(imagine)hewasthekingofthecastle.Healsorememberedhis
belovedgrandmother(7)___________________(bend)overforhoursonendinaneffort
(8)_____________________ (keep) the garden blooming all year round. For one brief
moment, he considered (9)_____________________ (buy) back the house. He dreaded
(10)___________________________(think)whatmightbecomeofthehouseand"his"tree
whendevelopersdiscoveredthisasyetuntouchedlocation.

22.
Puttheverbinbracketsinthecorrectform.

1. Ididn'tremember_________________(give)youthekeyuntilyouremindedmeyou
hadit.

2. Bill'sfatherwasglad_________________(hear)fromhimafterallthoseyearsofhis
absence.

3. Justimagine_________________(see)CindyCrawfordthere.Won'tthatbethrilling?

4. Don't risk _________________ (put) your career in danger by performing such an

operationonhim.Heisaterminalpatient.

5. She regrets _________________ (inform) us that she won't be coming to our party
tonight.

6. Don't postpone _________________ (have) a medical check up. I am really worried

about your health.

7. It will take a long time _________________(sort) out the books in the library.

8. I don't want to spend my money _________________ (buy) things which I don't need.

9. This time, June is really determined _________________ (win) the first prize in the
competition.

10. This new method caused chaos rather than _________________(maintain) order in the
office.

23.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. You can add words
where necessary.
Very few spectator sports today are amateur in any way. Sport has become part of the
entertainment and advertising industry. The top performers in sports such as golf, tennis and
football can expect (1)______________ (become) very rich. For example, Michael Jordan is
the most well-known basketball player in the world, but he's also famous (2)______________
(wear) a certain brand of shoes. Is it right that sports stars should earn so much money? Well,

8
to reach the top in any sport you need a great deal of commitment. This means
(3)______________ (have) no time to do any other work. These days it is almost impossible
for anyone to do a sport for fun and then, without very hard work, go on (4)______________
(achieve) success at the highest level. Many people would argue that top champions really do
deserve (5)______________ (win) top prizes. After all, shouldn't we reward people at the top
of their profession? One unfortunate consequence of the desire to succeed in sport is the
spread of drug-taking to improve performance. Most athletes still wouldn't dream
(6)______________ (use) these drugs, yet an increasing number are finding them hard to
resist. However, maybe we should try (7)______________ (understand) the pressure modern
sportsmen and women are under. Only the chosen few are lucky enough to receive millions
for advertising contracts. Most find that when they stop (8)______________ (compete), there
is little else in life for them to do, and they can never regain the kind of success they enjoyed
in their sporting days.

24.
Fillineachblankwiththeappropriateformoftheverbinbrackets.
I can't stand him (1)________________ (pull) all those tricks on me anymore. I tried
(2)________________ (warn) him several times, but he wouldn't change. Now, I regret
(3)________________(marry)himbutit'stoolate. Ireallydon'tknowhowwe'llmanage
(4)________________(live)together.Justimagine(5)________________(be)sounhappy
withsomeoneandyetyougoon(6)________________(share)thesamehousewithhim.

25.
Put the verbs in brackets into their appropriate form. Correctly place any other words
given.
While Claudia (1)__________________ (study) for a degree in East Asian Cultures, she
(2)_________________ (develop) an interest in cooking. Apparently, by the time she
(3)_______________ (graduate) in 1966, she (4)___________________ (already/decide)
what she (5)_______________ (want) to do. Immediately after school, she
(6)_______________ (get) a residence permit for Tibet by enrolling in the University of
Lhasa, in the Tibetan capital, and (7)_______________ (open) an Italian restaurant. Strangely
enough, it was a roaring success! "Claudia (8)___________________ (always/be) a bit of an
eccentric, with a knack for the exotic, but this one takes the cake." says her old Vassar
roommate Jenny. Her mother, too, still unable to believe the restaurants success, says, "It
(9a)__________________ (make) sense if it (9b)___________________ (be) a Tibetan
restaurant in New York City; but this?" Claudia, never short of an answer, says, "If only I
(10a)________________ (have) the capital earlier! I (10b)___________________ (run) a
restaurant in every major city in the world now."

26.

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Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs in parentheses. Correctly place
any other words given.
Tina looked down at the scandalous graffiti with which her friends (1)___________________
(decorate) the plaster on her leg and smiled sadly. Her friend Sam, one of the contributors to
the decorations, asked, What (2)_______________________ (you/do) at a left-handed
golfers tournament, anyway? You (3)____________________ (be) even left-handed."

10
Well, Tina replied, a couple of weeks ago as I (4)___________________ (peel) potatoes,
an ad in the newspaper I had laid on the table for the peelings (5)_________________ (catch)
my eye. It sounded so promising: an 18-hole course in Hawaii, peaceful surroundings,
reasonable prices and so on. You know, I (6)___________________ (always/have) a soft spot
for bargains, and this was irresistible. That night before I (7)________________ (go) to bed, I
(8)_______________ (already/make) up my mind to book the trip. Initially, I had no intention
of entering the tournament. But when I (9)___________________ (arrive) in Hawaii, I
(10)____________________ (decide) to give the tournament itself a try anyway,
(11)____________________ (already / pay) the entrance fee as part of the package deal.
If I (12a)__________________ (know) how disastrous it was going to be, I
(12b)____________________ (never/do) such a foolish thing. On my first day on the golf
course, I (13)___________________ (stand) around watching the experts prepare for the first
tee-off. (14)___________________ (be) right-handed, I didnt realise I was on the wrong
side, so I (15)____________________ (hardly/expect) the blow from the club I got square on
the shin. The next thing I knew, I was in hospital with a broken leg."
After hearing Tina's tale of woe, Sam said, Look on the bright side. Where
(16a)________________ (you/be) now if the package deal (16b)_________________ (cover)
accident insurance as well? Tina thought but didn't say, In debt no doubt, but probably still
in Hawaii. If I (17a)____________________ (see) that tempting ad in the newspaper, I
(17b)___________________ (dance) at my best friend's wedding right now.

27.
Fillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsoftheverbs.
(1)_____________(live)inAfrica,Iknowwhatstarvationis.I(2)________________(work)
inEthiopiawhenthegreatfamine(3)___________(strike).I(4)______________(never/see)
anythinglikethatbefore.People(5)____________(beg)onthestreetsforamouthfuloffood.
(6)____________(promise)myselftohelpthepoorfortherestofmylife,Idedicatedmylife
to charity. Quite a long time (7)______________ (pass) since my stay in Africa but I
(8)______________ (remember/ still) those tragic scenes vividly. Before I
(9)______________(see)Africa,I(10)______________(claim/always)thatnothingcould
shockme,butmyexperiences(11)______________(prove)mewrong.

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28.
Complete the following text by putting the words in brackets in their correct forms. You
can add words where necessary.
Ever since the day I (1)_________________ (decide) to change my life and move to Istanbul,
I (2)_________________ (think) it over carefully, wondering whether my sudden decision a
few weeks ago was the right one. I (3)________________ (watch) a documentary about
Istanbul on T.V. one afternoon, and all at once I (4)________________ (attract) to the idea of
being a part of Istanbul's culture and excitement. It just worries me that soon I
(5)______________ (live) all alone in a strange city. I have a feeling that the first few months
could be (6)______________ (difficult) yet thrilling time of my life so far. You see, I
(7)______________ (grow) up in the city, but in a small sleepy village in the middle of
nowhere, and I (8)______________ (spend) all my life here. It would be hard to imagine a
(9)________________ (quiet) place. Anyway, my house (10)______________ (already/sell),
so it's too late now to change my mind. I expect that in a few years' time, I
(11)__________________ (have) enough of the noise and pollution of Istanbul and then I can
move back to my village and better appreciate its peace and tranquillity.

29.
Use the appropriate forms of verbs in the blanks. Use used to and would once each
where appropriate.
There (1)______________ (be) a lot of talk about the negative effects of vitamins and
minerals recently. People (2)______________ (take) them without thinking about the
consequences. Last week, I (3)______________ (warn) my old aunt about taking too many
calcium tablets. She (4)______________ (take) two tablets a day until she
(5)______________ (feel) some cramps and stiffness in her knees and neck. Another
example (6)______________ (occur) during my childhood. When I (7)______________ (go)
to primary school, my mother (8)___________ (be) very keen on making me swallow a
spoonful of cod-liver oil every morning. She (9)______________ (also/put) a slice of orange
into my mouth to help relieve its bad taste. After six months or so, I (10)___________ (start)
getting red spots on my body. I (11)____________ (touch) any vitamins since then, and I
don't think I (12)____________ (ever/change) my mind about that.

30.
Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the verb.

1. If she _______________ (call), ________________ (give) her my office number.

2. David usually ______________ (have) breakfast in bed if his wife

___________________ (bring) it to him.

3. I ____________ (be) very angry if someone ____________ (burn) my house down.

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4. If you ______________(talk) to him now, I'm sure he _______________(be) very happy.
He's been expecting your visit for a long time so don't hesitate. Just enter his room.

31.
Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. Use negatives where
necessary.
Edward was born in London in 1976. He first (1)____________ (start) to paint at the age of
five because his mother (2)_________________ (be) a famous painter and she
(3)_______________ (give) him his first paintbrush then.
Now Edward (4)______________ (be) quite a famous painter. Presently he
(5)_____________ (paint) the interior walls of a community centre in a suburb of London.
He (6)_____________ (never/make) such big paintings so when he first undertook the
project, he (7)_____________ (be) happy with it because he (8)_____________ (have)
enough confidence in himself. However, now he (9)__________ (do) quite well and
everybody (10)__________ (love) his work.

32.
Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the given verb. Use negatives where
necessary.
At the party, he spotted her among the crowd. If he (1)_______________ (see) her photo
recently in a magazine, he (2)____________________ (recognise) her. She
(3)_________________ (change) so much. When she saw him, she immediately came to his
side. She hesitated for a moment. If she (4)__________________ (kiss) him, it
(5)__________________ (mean) that she still loved him, so she decided not to. But she
(6)___________________ (never/experience) such a bitter-sweet feeling before.

33.
Completethefollowingtextbyputtingthewordsinbracketsintheircorrectforms.
Youmayaddwordstomakethenecessarychanges.
Intheearly1990s,aproducerforYorkshireTelevision(1)_________________(look)for
materialforaseriesofprogrammescalled'TheHardLife'.Inthecourseofhisresearch,he
(2)_________________ (come) across a sixtyyearold woman, Hannah Hauxwell,
(3)_________________(live)onherownonanisolatedfarmintheYorkshireDales.Her
living conditions were (4)_________________ (difficult) anyone could expect. She
(5)_________________(have)aphone,electricityorevenrunningwaterexceptfromthe
localstream.
The programme, which (6)________________________ (show) throughout 1991,
(7)_________________(bring)fameandatotallydifferentlifestyletoHannah. Sinceshe
(8)_________________(discover)bytheTVpeople,she(9)_________________(lead)a
comfortable life in a small cottage in Cory, a nearby village. She is now the village's
(10)_________________(popular)personality and(11)_________________(invite) toall

13
kindsofsocialoccasionsinthearea. She(12)_________________(live)inCoryforsix
yearsthisMay,andthevillagers(13)_________________(plan)togiveabigpartyinher
honour. They all think that she deserves (14)_________________ (be) happy in the
remainingyearsofherlife.

34.
Completethefollowingtextbyputtingthewordsinbracketsintheircorrectforms.
Youmayaddwordstomakethenecessarychanges.

Twowomenwhousedtobethebestoffriendshavefallenoutoverabigwinatbingo.
TamaraFoxtonandHelenaWallaceusedtoplayeveryFridayevening,andanyprizemoney
they won would (1)_________________ (divide) between them, according to their
agreement.Threeweeksago,Tamarawonthenationalfirstprizeof250,000.Helenasaid,
"We (2)_________________ (weep) with joy when the prize (3)_________________
(announce). But the next day, Tamara said that her husband Billy had persuaded
(4)_________________(keep)allthemoney. Theagreementbetweenuswasaninformal
one. I feel like a fool now. If I (5a)_________________ (trust) Tamara at the very
beginning,I(5b)_________________(be)insuchanunpleasantsituation."
Tamara'ssideofthestoryisratherdifferent:
"Amonthago,Billy,HelenaandIwenttobingoandHelenawonfourhundredpounds.She
(6)_________________ (split) the money three ways and include Billy, even though he
(7)_________________(lend)hertenpoundstoplaythatevening. Afterthatincident,I
naturallytoldherthatthedealwasover.Billy(8)_________________(retire)soon,andthis
moneywillenable(9)_________________(realise)ourdreams.Ofcourse,someformalities
have(10)_________________(complete)beforewecanreceivethemoney."

35.
Puttheverbsinbracketsintotheircorrectpastforms.

* Thecar,which(1)____________________________(do)morethan70kph,ranintoa
lamppost. Thedriver,who(2)_____________________________(wear)hisseatbelt,
(3)__________________________(throw)out ofthewindow withthe impact ofthe
collision.

* Itwasabeautifulwarmsummerafternoon. Emma(4)__________________________
(lie)underthebigoaktreeinthebackyard.Herhusbandwasoutinthewoods.Onsuch
lovelydays,he(5)___________________________(always/take)hisgunwithhim,but
he(6)___________________________(rarely/shoot)anyrabbitsorbirds.

14
36.
Puttheverbsinbracketsintotheircorrectfutureforms.

1. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. People say they
_______________________(publish)itbytheendofthismonth.

2. Itlookslikeeveryoneisagainstus. Idoubtifwe________________________(give)
anotherchancetocompletetheproject.

3. I _______________________(watch)myfavouriteTVprogrammefromninetoten
tomorrowevening,sopleasecallmebeforethat.

4. Shelooksawfullypale.Obviously,she________________________(faint).

37.
A. Thefollowingtextisaboutanincidentthattookplacetwodaysago.Readitand
fillinthespaceswiththecorrectformoftheverbsinbrackets.
Itwasasunnyday. Mr.Hollis(1)____________________(work)inthegardenfortwo
hours when he (2)__________________ (decide) to go in for a cup of tea. He
(3)_________________ (walk) to the front of his house, where he
(4)____________________(leave)hisshoesandhe(5)____________________(bend)next
tothelightswitchtopulloffonemuddyboot. Atthispoint,Mr.Lark,aneighbourwho
(6)__________________(wash)hiscaracrosstheroad,(7)__________________(see)Mr.
Hollisshakingwithhishandonthelightswitch. Puttingtwoandtwotogether,Mr.Lark
(8)____________________(run)acrosstheroadand(9)____________________(hit)Mr.
Hollis'sarmwithabaseballbattobreakhiscontactwiththelightswitchandsavehimfrom
electrocution.TheunfortunateMr.Hollis,who(10)____________________(manage)topull
off one boot and (11)__________________ (try) to take off the other,
(12)________________(send)flyingtothegroundbyhisneighbour'sattack. Bythetime
Mr.Lark(13)________________(realise)whathe(14)____________________(do),itwas
toolate.

B. Mr.Hollis,whoisnowinhospitalwithabrokenarm,talkedtoalocalreporterthis
morning.Completethefollowingsentencesbyputtingtheverbsinbracketsintheir
correctform.

Mr.Hollis:

1. If it (a)_________________ (be) rainy that day, I (b)__________________ (stay)

indoors.

2. I(a)______________(lie)onthishospitalbedifMr.Lark(b)_______________(think)
thatIwasbeingelectrocuted.

15
38.
Put the verbs in brackets in their appropriate form. Correctly place any other words
given.
Matthew is the most indecisive man I (1)__________________ (know/ever) in my life. He
knows this but maintains, I (2a)____________________ (change) my mind unless I
(2b)_________________ (have) excellent reasons. Last week, he (3)_________________
(buy) back the house he (4)_________________ (sell) only a couple of months ago. Of
course, he had to pay five thousand dollars more for it. He said, I
(5a)____________________ (buy) it back if it (5b)___________________ (increase) in value
so much in such a short time. OK, but if he (6a)_________________ (sell) it in the first
place, he (6b)____________________ (be) five thousand dollars richer now. Some years ago,
he decided to learn how to play the guitar. He bought a flamenco guitar. Guess what? After a
few lessons, he decided that what he really wanted was to learn how to play classical guitar.
Needless to say, his latest passion is the piano. Matthew (7)__________________ (marry) to
Maggie for twelve years now. Amazing, isnt it? Maggie says, If I
(8a)__________________ (make) it clear that we either got married or I was leaving him, we
(8b)__________________ (live/still) with our respective roommates. Maggie is expecting
their second child. Problem: naming the baby. Matthew says, If my parents
(9a)__________________ (be) alive, it (9b)___________________ (be) easy. I could name
the baby after one of them, but I do not believe in giving children names of dead people.
This obviously is not the end of Matthews story, but I ran out of space. If I
(10a)_________________ (have) more space, I (10b)_________________ (go) on for pages.

39.
Fill in the blank with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets.
Nell (1)_____________ (attend) an art school for the last eighteen months. She still
(2)_____________ (have) six months to complete the course. She (3)_____________ (try)
her hand at everything from sculpture to ceramics, and from painting to batik at the school.
Last term while she (4)_____________ (sculpt) the head of a big animal figure, she
(5)_____________ (fall) from a ladder and (6)_____________ (break) her leg. It
(7)_____________ (take) her two months to walk again. Now she is perfectly all right and
she (8)_____________ (arrange / already) a job for herself. After her graduation, she
(9)_____________ (work) for a ceramics company that (10)_____________ (produce) tiles
for kitchens and bathrooms.

40.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs.
Roy, generally a suspicious man, (1)_____________ (climb) the stairs to his office when a
man (2)_____________ (stand) in his way and (3)_____________ (demand) to see his ID
card. As Roy (4)_____________ (never/meet) him in the building before, he thought the

16
man (5)_____________ (be) a criminal. Before (6)_____________ (give) him his wallet,
Roy (7)_____________ (reflect) for a moment. He was sure that if he (8)_____________
(hand) the man his wallet, he (9)_____________ (be) broke for the rest of the month. He
cursed his luck and said, "Let's toss a coin. If you (10)_____________ (win), I
(11)_____________ (give) you the money in my wallet without any fuss." The man
(12)_____________ (take) aback. He said, "I'm sorry, sir, but I'm the new janitor. I
(13)_____________ (hire) only recently. Yesterday, Mr. Andrews (14)_____________ (find)
out that someone (15)_____________ (try) to break into his office. He (16)_____________
(see) some marks on his front door. So he told me (17)_____________ (check) the identities
of people on the stairs. I (18)_____________ (mean) to trouble you sir. If I
(19)_____________ (meet) you before, I (20)_____________ (cause) such a
misunderstanding."

41.
Fill in each blank in the following text with a suitable modal verb together with the verb
in brackets.

I was sitting in the office last Wednesday afternoon when I got a phone call from my friend
Theo. He sounded very excited. "Have you heard the news?" he said. "James Yalemass is
coming to town. He's giving a show next weekend." I told him I didn't know who he was
talking about. "What do you mean you've never heard of him?" he said. "He's the best stand-
up comedian in the country. His show will be very funny. You really (1)_______________
(miss) it." I agreed to give it a try. "In that case," he continued, "(2)_______________ (ask / I)
you a big favour? Would you mind getting the tickets? You've got a credit card, so you
(3)_______________ (go) to the theatre yourself, just ring up the ticket office and book them
over the phone. Thanks." Then, he hung up. It sounded as if it was going to be a popular
show, which meant that we (4)_______________ (buy) our tickets as soon as possible before
they were sold out. I called the ticket office, but there was no reply. I tried again several times,
but I still had no luck. In fact, I spent most of the afternoon phoning up again and again until I
finally managed to get through and book our tickets. On the night of the show, we got to the
theatre, and I was surprised to see that there were still tickets on sale. I (5)_______________
(waste) all that time on the phone. Anyway, we went in and saw the show. Theo thought it was
hilarious: he couldn't stop laughing all the way through. Personally, I didn't find it very funny
at all. I wished I'd stayed at home - I (6)_______________ (let) him talk me into going with
him in the first place.

17
42.
Fill in each blank in the following text with a suitable form of can, could, may, might, be
able, must and the verb in brackets.
It was only when my television broke down that I found out how difficult it is to get one
repaired. I asked around at different shops, but no one would even agree to look at it for me.
I wondered what other people do in this situation. They (1)________________ (throw) their
broken televisions away, I suppose, and just get the latest model instead. Anyway, I
eventually found a place, but, even then, I didn't have much luck: the woman behind the
counter said, "The repairman's not here. He (2)________________ (come) to work for the
last two weeks - he fell and broke his leg while fixing an antenna. He has an apprentice, but I
don't know where he is at the moment. He (3)________________ (have) his lunch break.
Try coming back in an hour or two." I went back an hour later and spoke to the apprentice.
He agreed to come straight round to my house and look at the television. The next day, I told
one of my friends about my experience. "How much did you pay?" he asked. I told him.
"That's so expensive. Why didn't you tell me your TV wasn't working? Jack, my neighbour,
is amazingly good with gadgets. He (4)________________ (fix) all kinds of things. The best
thing is, he loves messing around with electronics so much that he doesn't charge anything.
He (5)________________ (sort) out your television for nothing."

43.
Complete the following conversational exchanges using a form of can, may, might or
must and an appropriate verb.

* Who's that across the street? It looks like Alex.

- It (1)____________________ Alex. I talked to him on the phone this morning. He's

away on business in Izmir.

* What happened in your chess game with Simon yesterday? You didn't lose again, did
you?

- Actually, I didn't. He had a bad cold, which upset his concentration, so I

(2)____________________ this time.

* There's a big group of people from the office going out to dinner tonight. Why don't you
meet us at the restaurant?

- I'm not sure. I (3)____________________ later. It depends what time I finish work.

* I didn't know David was such a good football player.

- Yes, he (4)____________________ a professional footballer, but he decided to go to

university and become a doctor instead.

* Have you seen Rachel? I've been looking for her all afternoon.

18
- I saw her in her office five minutes ago. She was talking about leaving early - she's
having a new washing machine installed today.

- Well, she's not in the office now, and her car is not in the car park. She
(5)______________________ home.

44.
Completethefollowingdialogueswithasuitableformofcan,beable,may,might,must
or should andtheverbinbrackets. Useeachmodalverbonlyonce. Therearemore
modalverbsthanyouneed.

* It's10a.m.andRicardostillhasn'tcometowork.

Don'tworry.He(1)________________________(get)upontime,orperhapshemissed
histrain.

* ThisisJason'sfiance.They'replanningtogetmarriednextmonth.

But she (2)________________________ (be) more than 16 years old! Isn't she too
youngtogetmarried?

* I'llgive$900forthatyellowVolkswagen.

You(3)________________________(joke)!It'sworthatleast$1,500.

* Itwasrainingreallyheavilyyesterdayafternoon.(4)________________________(find)
ataxiwhenyouleftwork?

Ofcourse,not.Iwalkedtotheneareststationandwenthomebyunderground.

45.
Complete the following sentences using a suitable modal verb together with the verb in
brackets.
* What I like most about my new job is that I (1)________________________ (drive)
through rush-hour traffic. I start work at 7 a.m. and finish at 3 p.m., which is so
convenient for me.

* I hope we (2)________________________ (find) tickets for the Twix Brothers' concert

next month. They are my favourite group.

* I'm sorry to trouble you but (3)________________________ (I / borrow) your umbrella

for half an hour? I (4)________________________ (post) these documents, and it's
raining heavily.

* Thanks a lot, but you (5)________________________ (wash) all those cups. I was going
to wash them in the dishwasher.

19
20
* A: Where's Dorothy? She is supposed to help me with these reports.

B: She (6)____________________ (have) lunch. I saw her heading for the cafeteria ten
minutes ago.

* A: The boss (7)________________________ (be) shocked when you told him to go to

hell at the staff meeting.

B: Well actually I (8)________________________ (lose) my temper like that. I really

don't know why I got so angry.

46.
Fill in each blank with a modal + the verb in brackets in order to express obligation or
permission.

1. People _______________ (leave) their parcels and coats in the hall before entering the
auditorium, if they wish.

2. I _______________ (go) to the conference hall so early because my assistant had already
put everything in order.

3. Sheila _______________ (inform) the administration about her maternity leave

beforehand. Now she is in a difficult position.

4. We hope we _______________ (make) some renovations in the building next year, but
everything depends on our landlord's consent.

47.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate passive forms of verbs in brackets.
Richard (1)____________ (respect) very much by everyone around him. He
(2)____________ (lately/promote) to manager. But I doubt if he (3)____________ (allow) to
make all the necessary reforms in the office. This is a delicate matter (4)____________
(settle). It requires hard work and lots of patience on Richard's part. First of all, the
personnel (5)____________ (have to/persuade) to accept the new order. As they
(6)____________ (treat) very badly before the last manager left, they now weigh up every
option (7)____________ (give) to them with caution. Richard already anticipates that he
(8)____________ (criticize) by some people, but he is willing to take a chance. He is quite
used to working under pressure.

48.
Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
Although far more women have jobs nowadays, they still experience considerable difficulties
at work. In the past, women ambitious to succeed (1)_____________ (tell) that they only
needed to use their feminine charm to get what they wanted. In modern business, however,
charm is not enough, and women are finding that they have to work just as hard as men, even

21
though they do not always get the same treatment. In fact, they are still subject to widespread
discrimination. For example, ever since women entered the world of work, they
(2)_____________ (pay) less than their male colleagues. This is unfair: women
(3)_____________ (deserve) equal status. In addition, they (4)_____________ (often / blame)
first for no reason when things in the office go wrong. Employers may accuse them of
(5)_____________ (distract) by commitments and responsibilities at home. They think that
women have difficulties balancing work and home life. Indeed, to a certain extent this is true.
Women are unable to take advantage of every opportunity (6)_____________ (give) to them:
few women are willing (7)_____________ (promote) to top positions when the consequence
is longer hours at work and less time with the family. The solution to this problem would be
more flexible working hours. Unfortunately, not many women believe that any progress on
this matter (8)_____________ (make) at the moment. It seems that, unless employers become
more sensitive to the needs of working women, a large proportion of women
(9)_____________ (still / force) to make a choice between their job and family.

22
B.
1.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use up to five
words, including the one you are given.

1. No matter how many times I tell her, our maid always folds my sweaters the wrong way.
No matter how many times I tell her, our maid ________________________ the wrong
way. (keep)

2. These days, people hardly ever write letters to each other.

These days, people _______________________________ to each other. (often)

2.
Complete the second sentence following the given cues so that it has the same meaning
as the first one.

1. You can play in snow, but don't forget to put on your gloves.
Provided that _______________________________________________.

2. The cat ate the gold fish because you put the fishbowl on the floor.
If ____________________________________________________________.

3. My little sister never gets on lifts because she is afraid of closed spaces.
If _____________________________________________________________.

4. Only by going to England or the States will you improve your English .
Unless ________________________________________________________.

5. I forgot to take my camera, which is why I didn't take any pictures.

If ____________________________________________________________.

6. You can't solve your problems unless you consult a psychologist.

____________________ provided that ____________________________.

7. She is not satisfied with the present situation; that's why she's complaining so much.
If __________________________________________________________.

8. Liam is a very good tennis player, so I don't think Percy will agree to compete against
him.
I don't think that Percy will agree to compete against ___________________.
(as... as)

9. Jane's height is 1.60 m, while her little sister's is only 0.85 m.

Jane is ________________________________________________________.
(as ... as)

23
10. They produce very high quality work. They can set their own prices.
They __________________________________________________________.
(such)
11. The tardy student didnt change his attitude although the teacher warned him repeatedly.
The tardy student didnt change his attitude ____________________________________
________________________________________________________.
(in spite of)

(Do not use "in spite of the fact that")

12. Andrew will not become a good scientist because he isnt very patient.
Andrew __________________________________________ a good scientist.
(too)

13. Dont stay up late tonight. You do not want to miss your 8 oclock appointment
tomorrow.
You _________________________________________________________ if you do not
want to miss your 8 oclock appointment tomorrow. (better)

14. I have not been trained in first-aid procedures so I couldnt help the injured child.
I wish ________________________________________________ the injured child.

15. I am sitting here listening to this boring lecture. Id prefer to be at home reading a book.
I ____________________________________________________sitting here listening to
this boring lecture. (rather)

16. The cat snatched my steak just after I took a bite out of it.
Hardly _______________________________________________________.

17. Dorothy is a singer. Melody is a better singer.

Dorothy is not __________________________________________________.
(as as)

18. He eats a lot, almost as if he were a horse.

He ___________________________________________________________.
(like)

19. In Rome, we visited the historical places and we did lots of shopping.
In Rome, not only ______________________________________________.

20. The moment I got in bed, the phone rang.

No sooner _____________________________________________________.

24
21. Mr. Geriatrix is very uncomfortable with his new dentures (false teeth) at the moment,
but he hopes he will get accustomed to them soon.
Mr. Geriatrix hopes __________________________________________ soon.
(used)

22. She takes care of the sick and the elderly; she is accustomed to that.
She ______________________________________of the sick and the elderly.
(used)

23. The building collapsed with a deafening noise a few minutes after the firemen left it.
Hardly ___________________________________________________.

24. Gina smokes 13 cigarettes a day whereas Maria smokes only 6.

Maria smokes ____________________________________________.
(as ... as)

25. I entered the building and I immediately heard an explosion outside.

No sooner ________________________________________________.

26. I instructed Jack and he played the game according to my instructions.

Jack _______________________________________________________.
(as)

27. Nigel teaches 20 hours a week while George teaches only 9 hours.
Nigel teaches _______________________________________________.
(as ... as)

28. I read a few pages before going to bed even when I'm very tired.
No matter ___________________________________________________.

3.
Complete the sentences to express your thoughts for each of the following situations.

1. Your roommate always uses your belongings.

I'd rather you __________________________________________________.

2. You dream of living in a house with a swimming pool.

I wish I ______________________________________________________.

3. You regret spending all your money on a leather jacket.

If only I ______________________________________________________.

4. You have got an old washing machine which keeps breaking down.
It's time we ___________________________________________________.

25
5. Your friend is trying to give the impression that he is very rich.
Stop acting as if you ____________________________________________.

6. He goes out almost every evening.

I wish ________________________________________________________.

7. She doesn't notice me at all.

If only ________________________________________________________.

8. I talked to him so severely yesterday.

I wish ________________________________________________________.

4.
Write questions using the following prompts.

1. The children have eaten all the food in the refrigerator.

What _________________________________________________________?

2. She is sleeping in her sister's room.

Why _________________________________________________________?

3. Tony gave them a farewell dinner.

Who ________________________________________________________?

4. Bill came to school quite early yesterday.

When ________________________________________________________?

5.
Complete the following sentences with suitable linking devices.

1. __________________ the extremely heavy snowfall overnight, many of the city's main
roads were blocked in the morning.

2. The suspect in the murder case said he would not answer any questions ______________
he had spoken to his lawyer.

3. We bought the most expensive tickets for the play __________________ we would get
the best possible view of the stage.

4. When I go on holiday abroad, I always take out travel insurance __________________ I

have an accident.

5. As the lecturer went over the topic, he added some ideas and examples of his own
____________________ the students could remember what was explained more easily.

6. Games such as squash can be dangerous if you aren't used to playing them. A number of
injuries can occur ____________________ the sudden, twisting movements that such
games involve.
26
7. I went into a big self-service restaurant to have a sandwich and a coffee
___________________ I caught the train back to London.

8. The teenagers looked ____________________ alike in their tight jeans and leather
jackets with lots of badges ____________________ I had difficulty in spotting my 15-
year-old cousin among them.

9. ____________________ a creative photographer experiments with light, he or she may

take the same picture at many different times of the day.

10. ____________________ had I stepped out of the lift ____________________ there was
a power cut.

6.
Complete these sentences in a logical way.

1. I won't change my mind no matter ________________________________.

2. Come and see me as soon as _____________________________________.

3. I won't leave here until you ______________________________________.

4. The library will have closed by the time ____________________________.

7.
Complete the following conversational exchanges using appropriate future forms.

* Look at Ned! He looks so pale.

- Oh, my God! I think he (1)______________________________________.

* I'd hate to be the one to tell David about the changes in the company policy.

- Why don't you wait until Monday? By then, he

(2)___________________________________ most of the news from that company
gossip, Chuck.

* I have to work until late this evening, but it seems we've run out of coffee again.

- (3)_______________________ I ____________________ to that all-night store and get

some?

* We've run out of milk again.

- I (4)________________________ to the shop and get some, if you like.

* Look! The bus is setting off - we (5)______________________________ it.

- That's OK. Don't run, there's another one in ten minutes.

* Have you still got that book I lent you?

27
- Yes. I'm still trying to get through the last few pages. I'm sure I
(6)____________________ it by the time I see you on Thursday evening. Don't worry. I
(7)____________________ it back to you then, I promise.

* I'm looking forward to our holiday.

- So am I. Just think. This time next week we (8)______________________ a drink by

the swimming pool at the hotel. I can't wait.

* (9)________________ I _____________ your bag for you? You seem to be having

trouble.

- Thank you. That's very kind of you.

* Who could look after the baby for us on Friday?

- What about Greg?

- Great idea. I (10)________________________ him now.

- No, wait until tonight. He's working late today, so he (11)_________________________

at home after 9 o'clock.

8.
Complete each of the following conversational exchanges with the appropriate future
form of the verb in brackets.

1. Hurry up, Susan, your father is waiting for you downstairs.

All right, I _______________________ (be) there in a minute.

2. The grocers boy forgot to deliver the milk again this morning.
____________________ I ____________________ (call) the grocer now to remind him?

3. I hear the doorbell. Who can that be at this hour?

Oh, that a) _______________________ (be) David. We b)_____________________ (go)
to that new nightclub tonight.

4. Look, that boy is getting suspiciously close to that old lady.

My God, I think he ______________________ (mug) her. Call the police.

9.
Complete the following sentences by adding the correct preposition and a suitable verb.

1. He is rather anxious _____________________ on such a long journey. After all, he is 72

years old and has had a serious operation recently.

2. He was terribly upset when he was accused _____________________ in the exam.

3. Who is responsible _____________________ such a mess in the living room?

28
4. The manager congratulated the store detective _____________________ the thief, who
had almost escaped through the back door of the store.

5. If I were you, I wouldn't insist _______________________ jeans to work. You know the
boss wants everyone to wear suits and ties.

6. _______________________ an exam, I usually close my eyes and relax for a few

minutes. Then I carefully go over what I've done.

10.
Fill in the question tags.

1. Let's change the subject, ________________?

2. Don't touch that, ________________?

3. Nobody was there, ________________?

4. I'm quite clever, ________________?

5. We had a lovely time, ________________?

6. You haven't seen my wallet, ________________?

11.
Complete the following sentences with suitable relative clauses, adding commas where
necessary.

1. Library members ____________________________________________ will be required

to pay a fine.

2. The world's rainforests ____________________________________________ are being

destroyed at an alarming rate.

3. This magazine article strongly recommends the Chinese restaurant

______________________________________________________________.

4. This morning the bus was late again _________________________________________.

5. The students ______________________________________________ were excused

from class early. The rest stayed and reviewed the latest material.

6. This morning, I shut the car door on my finger ______________________________.

7. My friend from zmir was really impressed by our facilities at Lake Eymir
_____________________________________________________________.

8. My eldest sister ______________________________________________ will be

performing at the presidential palace next Saturday.

29
9. The Titanic was the famous ship ___________________________________ in 1912.

10. Beethoven was the composer _____________________ are well-known all over the
world.

11. Gaugin was the painter __________________________ most of his life on tropical
islands.

12. I can't understand the reason __________________________________ us here stranded.

12.
Complete the following sentences with suitable reduced relative clauses and any
necessary prepositions. Each sentence must have a passive meaning.

1. Have you read the reports ______________________ the new secretary? They are full of
spelling mistakes.

2. The villagers are going to claim compensation from the owners of the factory for the
damage ______________________ the environment.

3. Films ______________________ this cinema are usually very good.

4. According to some psychologists, children ______________________ single parents

tend to suffer from feelings of insecurity.

13.
Complete each of the following sentences in a meaningful way.

1. - I'd rather ________________________ my electric drill to Henry without asking me.

- I'm sorry, dad. He said he needed it urgently, so I couldn't say no to him.

2. - _____________________________ to work on foot recently?

- Because the doctor wants me to lose some weight.

3. The crash of two airplanes on the runway at Tenerife Airport this morning has resulted in
the death of 287 people. Never _____________________________ such a dreadful
accident in Europe.

4. Some people enjoy doing outdoor activities while _____________________________

free time watching TV at home.

5. Even if _____________________________ a job in their company, I wouldn't have

accepted it. I really enjoy my present job.

30
6. On the Orient Express, three people who __________________________ tickets were
caught by the conductors and handed over to the police at the next stop.

7. ________________________________, the less legible your handwriting becomes.

8. The judge found the two youths guilty of destroying public property and they were made
________________________________ the damage they had done.

9. If I ate less and started exercising regularly, how long ________________ 10 kilos?

10. By the time we arrived at the stadium, ____________________________ due to the

heavy rain.

11. The company is planning to open its first regional office in Germany so they are looking
for people who _________________________________________________________.

12. The restaurant is so crowded! I'm sure we'll have to wait for a long time before
______________________________________________________________________.

13. I'm hopeless at physics. I can't get a high grade, no matter _______________________
______________________________________________________________________.

14. The phone has been ringing for a minute. Whoever is calling will have given up by the
time _________________________________________________.

15. Not surprisingly, hardly _______________________________________ to Sue's

birthday party last week. She is a very rude and aggressive person.

16. He is a well-known expert on butterflies. There is scarcely ______________________

_______________________________________________ about these beautiful animals.

31
C.
1.
Fill in each blank with an appropriate word from the box. There are more words than
you need. Use each ONLY ONCE.

hard hardly late later lately

flat flatly rather wide widely

Inouroffice,itis (1)_______________accepted thatAlexis aboutthemosteasygoing

personwehaveevermetinourlives.Thereis(2)_______________anythingintheworld
that would upset him. I was (3)_______________ surprised the other day when he
(4)_______________refusedtohelpGwen.Somethingwasobviouslywrong.SoonenoughI
found out that Gwen, who has been having some problems with her finances
(5)_______________,hadstolensomemoneyfromAlex.Thatbitofnewsnearlyknocked
medown(6)_______________.

2.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate expressions / words from the box. Be careful!
There are more expressions / words than you need.

since so unless as long as therefore

1. We will be facing water shortages _______________ everybody tries to be more sensitive

to the need to conserve water.

2. _______________ he finishes his work, I don't care what time he arrives at the office.

3. I am leaving David a note _______________ he will know where we are.

3.
Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blanks with suitable words from the
box. There are more words than you need.

all every both either

none each neither
It was my first ever job interview and I was very excited about it. When I spoke to one of the
two managing directors on the phone, I tried to note down carefully (1)_____________ the
details of the interview. Our conversation was very relaxed, and he even gave me the choice
of seeing him on Monday or Tuesday. As I was unemployed, (2)_____________ was all right
for me. We agreed that I would come on Monday. When the big day arrived, I had
considerable difficulty finding the company's headquarters. It was on a long, busy street full
of different kinds of buildings, and (3)_____________ of them appeared to be the one I was
looking for. To my relief, I eventually found it. In a frantic hurry, I got to the interview room,
knocked on the door and burst in. The managing directors were sitting at a large meeting
table. They (4)_____________ stared at me blankly. I said, "I'm here for the interview. I'm
32
not late, am I?" They continued staring at me. (5)_____________ of them seemed to know
what I was talking about. Then, one of them calmly looked at his watch and said, "No, you're
right on time, except that your interview isn't today. It's next Monday."

4.
Completethefollowingtextsbyfillingintheblankswithsuitableconnectorsfromthe
listbelow.Useeachconnectoronlyonce.Therearemoreconnectorsthanyouneed.

dueto suchas despite
otherwise therefore although
since inotherwords meanwhile
providedthat onthecontrary unless
moreover forinstance however

Theneedformoneyoriginatesfromthefactthatdifferentpeopleinsocietyproducedifferent
things.Thismeansthatpeopledependoneachotherforgoodsandservices.Letustakethe
caseofafarmerwhoproducesmorefoodthanherequiresandacarpenterwholivesby
sellingthetablesandchairsthathehasmade. Itwillbeobviousthat(1)______________
somemeansofexchangeisfound,thefarmerwillnotbeabletogetridofhissurplusfood
andthecarpenterwillstarve!Clearly,thesimplestmeansofexchangewillbeforthemtouse
barter;(2)______________,toexchangeacertainamountofonekindofgoodsforacertain
amount of another. (3)______________barter can work well ina simple society, in an
advancedsocietywecannotgoaroundcarryingthingsinthehopethatwecanexchangethem
forthethingsweneed. (4)______________,weneedsomethingwhichwillstandforthe
goodsandservicesthatwewanttoexchange:hencetheoriginofmoney. Itfollowsthat
anythingcanactasmoneyorcurrency(5)______________allthepeopleusingitagreeonits
value.Cowryshells,coconuts,whales'teethandsaltwereusedasmoneyinthepast.
***
Noonedoubtsthattheidealwaytoconserveanimalsistodoeverythingpossibletosavetheir
habitats; (6)______________, over the past 20 years it has become clear that the mere
conservationofhabitatwillnotbeenough.Eventhebestprotectedplacesareusuallymore
vulnerablethantheyseem(7)______________theyareofteninareasofpovertyandpolitical
instability. Hungry people at war have little concern for rare animals. In the Sahel,
(8)______________, a combination of drought and human conflict has wiped out the
scimitarhornedoryx.
***
Field studies have shown that wild animals, particularly large predators (9)______________
cheetahs and wild dogs, need far more room than anyone imagined. Population geneticists
have calculated that many species of animals face the danger of being wiped out in the long

33
term (10)______________ drought, epidemic or war. It is clear that even if the best efforts
are made to save what is left of the wilderness, many animals are still doomed.

34
(11)______________, breeding in zoos has become an essential part of conservation. Such
breeding should be carried out on a large scale, through cooperation between zoos and
between well-chosen animals. (12)______________ an estimated 25 per cent of all species
will be in danger of becoming extinct in the first quarter of the next century.

5.
Fill in the blanks with the words and the expressions from the list. Use each only once.

since no sooner when in case

as soon as finally then so as to
so to than until
that such
(1)_____________ had I sat down (2)_____________ the whole flat rocked with an
explosion.Ididn'tmoveatall(3)_____________Isawthekitchenwasonfire.Igrabbeda
rugfromthefloor(4)_____________coverthefirebutitwasnouse.IwassureMrs.Hull,
themaid,haddonesomethingwrong.Shewas(5)_____________afool(6)_____________
anythingwaspossiblewhenshewasaround. Atthatmomentsheappearedatthekitchen
door from the garden side with the garden hose gushing water in her hand.
(7)_____________ she entered she started spraying the whole kitchen with it.
(8)_____________,thefiredied.WhenIaskedherwhathadhappenedshesaid,"Well,Iwas
boilingsomemilk(9)_____________makeyouapudding. Ithinkitboiledoverandthe
flamewentout,and (10)_____________,thegasfilledtheplace. Iwassmokinginthe
gardenand(11)_____________Iopenedthekitchendoorwithacigaretteinmyhand,the
wholethingblewup. (12)_____________hereamIsir,withallmyeyelashesandbrows
burnedup,beggingyourpardon.Ihadputasidesomemoney(13)_____________Ineededit
onedayandnow Icancompensate forthedamageI'vedone." Ijustsmiled sheepishly
(14)_____________Iwasspeechlesswithanger.

6.
Fill in each blank with the gerund or infinitive form of one of the verbs from the box.
Use each verb only once.

control realise listen spend

record buy collect
Jackcan'thelp(1)_____________CDs. After(2)_____________tothemafewtimes,he
putsthemuponarackandforgetsaboutthem.Hehassomeveryinterestingdisksthough;
for example, the very first (3)_____________ of Caruso. He occasionally regrets
(4)_____________allhismoneyondisksbutthenwheneverheseesanewlyreleasedCD,he
doesn'thesitate (5)_____________it. Hemustreally try(6)_____________himself and
come(7)_____________thepsychologicalmotivesbehindthispleasantandyetexpensive
habit.

35
7.
Completethefollowingsentencesbyfillingintheblankswithsuitablewordsfromthe
boxbelow.Useeachwordonlyonce.Therearemorewordsthanyouneed.

none both all every

each neither either

1. _______________________ofthepeoplewehaveinterviewedthinksthattheywork
betterinthemorning.Theysaytheybegintofeelratherexhaustedintheafternoon.

2. If you want to keep to your diet, you can have some salad or a vegetable dish;
_______________________isfattening.

3. Youcanbuy_______________________ofthesecookersforyournewhouse.Thereis
nodifferencebetweenthemintermsofpriceorquality.

4. Although more than twenty girls have applied for the secretarial post,
_______________________knowshowtousethecomputer.

8.
Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blanks with suitable words from the
box. Use each only once.

all none both each

every either neither

One day, my father finally declared, "I have decided that you are mature enough to have your
own car." Oh, what joy! Though we actually have two family cars, (1)______________ fits
within my modest student budget in terms of running costs. So I immediately sat down to call
the car dealers in town and carefully jotted down (2)________________ the information they
had to offer. My father and I then went over (3)________________ detail and, after long
discussions, agreed on a make that was (4)________________ sporty and inexpensive. The
next step was to visit the dealer closest to our house. As soon as we arrived, I noticed the two
cars in the window, one bright red, the other British racing green. (5)________________
would have been all right with me. My father, who is not easily impressed by attractive
colors, started asking endless questions. While he got a patient and thorough answer from the
dealer to (6)______________ one, my father looked as if (7)________________ of the
answers satisfied him. After half an hour, I was really getting anxious, thinking we were not
going to buy the car today. How was I to know that my father was just enjoying the occasion?
I am now the proud owner of a beautiful sports car.

36
9.
Complete the following sentences with a suitable past participle and a preposition. Use
each verb in the list below only once.

write fit leave

take draw recommend

* Films (1)_______________ film critics are not always the most entertaining ones.

* Guns (2)_______________ silencers do not make any noise.

* Examination papers (3)_______________ red ink won't be accepted, furthermore, the

administration won't take any responsibility for your personal belongings
(4)_______________ this room.

* Pictures (5)_______________ children usually show what a rich colourful world they
live in and, I think this world shouldn't be (6)_______________ them too soon.

10.
Fillintheblankswiththeappropriateformofthemodalsintheboxbelowandthe
correctformoftheverbsinbrackets. Useeachmodalatleastonce;youneedtouse
somemorethanonce.Youmayalsohavetousethenegativeform.

beable should haveto need

let can must might

IwenttointerviewVincenzoCaleoneathishomeforanarticleinalocalnewspaper.
Vincenzo'sparents(1)______________________________(migrate)totheUnitedStatesof
America because of poverty. His parents cant remember exactly, but they say he
(2)________________________________(be)anyolderthansixatthetime,sincehestill
hadhisbabyteeth.HisfatherwasworriedthatVincenzo(3)__________________(learn)
English,sohe(4)___________________________(Vincenzo/speak)Italian evenathome.
He (5)_______________________________ (worry) because Vincenzo was fluent in
Englishbeforehistenthbirthday,whichhecelebratedwithhisfriendsfrom school.His
mother,ontheotherhand,wasworriedthathe(6)________________________ (lose)his
Sicilianidentity.Shewaswrongalso.He(7)__________________________(combine)
thebestofthetwoworlds.You(8)_______________________________(see)himinhis
own house now to understand what I mean. "At the very beginning, it
(9)_______________________(be)quiteachallengeforyou,"Isay.Vincenzo,arespected
linguistics professor at a prestigious university, just laughs and says, "It certainly was.
Nevertheless, you (10)__________________________ (talk) to my children before you
writeyourarticle.Thenyou(11)________________________(really/understand)howIam
stillstrugglingtokeepmyculturalidentity."

37
11.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the modals in the box below and the
correct form of the verbs in brackets. Correctly place any other words given. Use each
modal at least once. You may have to use the negative form.

must have to should let can

My father went to an eye specialist the other day, and the doctor told him that he
(1)_____________________ (wear) tinted glasses. He did obey the doctors orders, but he
hasnt stopped complaining ever since. He thinks that he looks like a has-been pop star. He
(2)_____________________ (feel) very self-conscious because he refuses to go out unless it
is absolutely necessary. Actually, he (3)_____________________ (feel) that way, since the
glasses don't appear unusual at all. Another problem is that my mother
(4)_______________________ (him/drive) after dusk. Well, at the age of 72, he
(5)_______________________ (stop) driving at night a long time ago, but he still
(6)_______________________ (accept) this. So, when you see my father, you
(7)_______________________ (even/hint) at this touchy subject.

12.
Fill in each blank with the most appropriate modal from the box. Use each only once.

mustn't need to don't have to

needn't have to must

1. You _____________ wear glasses. You can't properly see what you're reading.

2. The children _____________ enter here with their muddy shoes. I can't clean those
carpets every day.

3. Uncivilized tribes _____________ have money in order to be content.

4. You _____________ obey the rules in this school. Otherwise, you'll be dismissed.

5. I _____________ see you tomorrow. I have something very important to tell.

6. We _____________ put up with such behavior. You'd better talk to us more politely.

13.
Complete each sentence with a suitable past participle and an appropriate preposition.
The base forms of the missing verbs are given in the box below.

damage write leave strand send

Shipwreck victims (1)________________ (2)_______________ a little boat for days were
rescued yesterday. SOS signals (3)_____________ (4)_____________ the ship's captain
helped the rescuers to locate the whereabouts of the survivors. The ship, badly
(5)_____________ (6)_____________ the underwater rocks, was towed to a safe dock.

38
However, as the captains log, (7)_______________ (8)___________ ink, had become totally
illegible when it got wet, the authorities will have to wait until the captain recovers to
discover the reason for the accident. The personal belongings of the passengers
(9)______________ (10)________________ their cabins were also ruined, but since there
was no loss of life, nobody is making a fuss.

14.
Fill in each blank in the following text using a suitable form of one of the verbs in the
box. Use each verb only once. There are more verbs than you need.

grind creep wind bend

fling strike tread shrink lay

It was one of those days when nothing goes right. When I woke up, I realized I had only 15
minutes to get ready. I distinctly remember that I had (1)________________ my alarm clock
the night before, but it didnt go off. Thank God, I had (2)_________________ the coffee and
(3)_________________ the breakfast table before I went to bed. After a quick breakfast, I
started getting dressed and realized that my cardigan had (4)________________ in the wash. I
(5)________________ it across the room and one of its buttons (6)_______________ my
favorite coffee mug and shattered it. By the time I had carefully (7)______________ over
broken pieces of china and reached the door, I was already late for my first day at work. You
should have seen the expression on my boss Mr. Murphy's face when I gave him my excuses.

15.
Use five of the prepositions in the box appropriately to fill in the blanks.

past through across towards

along into round

1. You should look left and right before going ________________ the street.

2. We took a long trip _______________ the river camping wherever we found a pleasant
view.

3. Her diamond ring slipped off her finger and fell _________________ the sink.

4. I went ________________ his house last night. The lights were not on.

5. The train passed _________________ the tunnel at a terrific speed.

39
16.
Complete these sentences with a preposition and the appropriate form of a word taken
from the list below.

routes action admission illusions

warn increase clear

Therehasbeenaconsiderable(1)_______________ (2)_______________thesalesofair
purifierslatelybecauseofextremeairpollution.Localauthoritiessimplysaythatlackofair
currents cause this phenomenon. Well, this is nothing but a(n) (3)_______________
(4)_______________defeat.Theycancertainlydomorethanthat.Forexample,theycan
move(5)_________________(6)___________________bycheckingtheexhaustemission
of vehicles running (7)___________________ certain (8)____________________. They
shouldalso(9)_______________people(10)_______________usingtheircarstoooften.
Only when the streets have been (11)_______________ (12)_______________ excessive
traffic,theproblemwillbesolved.Eventhenpeopleshouldbe(13)_______________no
(14)_______________thateverythingwillturnupbetterinashorttime.

17.
Write the following dialogue between two friends in reported speech using the most
appropriate reporting verbs from the box below. There are more verbs than you need.

promise agree remind invite

add accept warn insist
1. David : Tony, would you and your wife come to dinner tomorrow?
2. Tony : Yes, but you really must let me bring the drinks.
3. David : You may have to spend more than you think. I also invited Sean, who drinks
like a fish.
4. Tony : Don t worry, Ill bring enough beer for an army.
5. David : Oh Tony, please dont forget to bring that rock 'n roll album you bought
yesterday.

1. ______________________________________________________________________.

2. ______________________________________________________________________.

3. _______________________________________________________ because he had also

invited Sean, who drinks like a fish.

4. ______________________________________________________________________.

5. ______________________________________________________________________.

40
18.
Put the following sentences into reported speech using suitable reporting verbs from the
box. There are more verbs than you need.

swore confirmed estimated

complained threatened advised

1. "If I were you, I'd go and apologise to her immediately," he said to me.
He _________________________________________________________.

2. "Yes, that's right. I'll be flying to New York next week."

She _________________________________________________________.

3. "My English teacher gave me a lot of extra homework yesterday."

My daughter _________________________________________________.

19.
Put the following sentences into reported speech by choosing the correct reporting verb
from the list below. Use each verb only once. There are more verbs than you need.

boasted admitted begged

warned confirmed doubted

1. "That's right. The concert starts at 8:30 pm."

The girl at the box office ___________________________________ at 8:30 pm.

2. "I always got top grades in mathematics when I was in high school."
Tom ___________________________________ top grades in mathematics in high
school.

3. "Don't touch the electric kettle, Janet."

Janet's father ___________________________________ the electric kettle.

41
D.
1.
Rewrite these phrases using compound adjectives.

1. a cake which was made at home = a ___________________________ cake

2. a book which contains 500 pages = a ___________________________ book

2.
Rewrite the expressions replacing the underlined parts with compound adjectives.

1. A politician who everybody knows = a __________________________

2. A woman who dresses well = a _____________________________

3. A girl with red hair = a _____________________________________

4. A family which own three cars = a ____________________________

3.
Rewrite the following sentences using ( the ... the).

1. It's easy to make mistakes when you're tired.

_____________________________________________________________.

2. If one works hard, one tends to go far in one's career.

_____________________________________________________________.

3. We went far into the forest. We had little hope of survival.

_____________________________________________________________.

4.
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets and without changing the
meaning.

1. The crops failed because of the severe drought.

______________________________________________________________.
(cause)

2. I'll speak to him only after he has apologised.

______________________________________________________________.
(until)

3. He was injured in the first ten minutes, but he carried on playing to the end.
______________________________________________________________.
(even though)

42
4. He suffers from hypertension although he doesn't eat salty food.
____________________________________________________________.
(despite)

5. Using cellular phones may cause some nervous disorders in the human body.
a) (because of) _______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
b) (result in) _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.

6. zmir has an inadequate drainage system; consequently, heavy rains frequently bring
floods.
a) (due to) __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
b) (be responsible for) _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.

7. The gradual rise in sea levels will make Venice sink underwater someday.
a) (because of) _______________________________________________________.
b) (as a result) _______________________________________________________.

8. Social chaos in big cities follows from the migration of people from rural areas.
a) (due to) __________________________________________________________.
b) (resulting in) ______________________________________________________.

9. Because communication is faster and easier, banking and trade can aim at globalisation.
a) (in view of) ________________________________________________________.
b) (so ... that) _________________________________________________________.

5.
Rewrite the sentences below using -ing or not-ing.

1. He was not very interested. He rejected their offer.

_______________________________________________________________.

2. I knew that this would happen. I took the necessary precautions.

_______________________________________________________________.

43
6.
Rewrite the underlined part using an appropriate form of must, have to, or need to.
Use each only once.

1. Actually, I would like you to stay with me, but it isn't necessary.
______________________________________________________.

2. We are obliged to obey whatever order he gives us.

______________________________________________________.

3. Is it necessary for you to leave us in the middle of this interesting conversation?

_______________________________________________________.

7.
Rewrite each of the following sentences in different ways, using the words or phrases
which have been indicated. Use proper punctuation.

1. Nanotechnology has great potential; consequently, many respectable research institutions

have been allocating large sums of money for its development.
(Note: nano refers to a billionth part of a unit.)
a) (due to) ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.

b) (lead to) ___________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________.

2. Some people may suffer from problems like anorexia and other mental disorders because
they diet for extended periods of time.

a) (as a result of) ______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________.

b) (such ...that)_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

c) (hence) _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

8.
Rewrite the following sentences using the expressions given in parentheses. Do not use
other forms of these expressions, but some words may have to be changed or added.

1. Space travel will cause dramatic effects on philosophy and religion.

a) (because of) _________________________________________________________.
b) (will follow from) _____________________________________________________.

44
2. The destruction of rain forests will set previously unknown bacteria and viruses free to
contaminate the world.
a) (leading to) __________________________________________________________.
b) (due to ) _____________________________________________________________.

3. Faulty road conditions are responsible for most car accidents.

a) (as a result of ) ________________________________________________________.

9.
Rewrite the following without changing the meaning and using the clues given.

1. I've got only 5 in my bank account.

__________________________________________________________.
(hardly)

2. He was wearing his seat belt when the accident happened, so he wasn't hurt seriously.
______________________________________________________________.
(if)

3. Fred looks like Bill so much that most people mistake them for each other.
____________________________________________________________
(alike)

4. Jessica begged her father but he didn't let her go out that night.
____________________________________________________________
(even though)

5. Sheila didn't have the proper equipment with her. Besides, she didn't want to climb the
mountain.
_______________________________________________________________
(even if)

6. I don't approve of your listening to loud music in this house.

____________________________________________________________
(would rather)

7. Excessive drinking may lead to partial memory loss.

____________________________________________________________.
(result from)

8. Parents are having a hard time. Their children are studying for the university exam.
_______________________________________________________________.
(whose)

45
10.
Rewrite the following paragraph using the passive voice where possible. If the sentence
cannot be made passive, write it without any changes. Use an agent if necessary.
Yesterday we had a busy day at home. My father mended the garage door. My mother
cleaned the carpets. Our cat Samantha jumped from one place to another. My sister and I
polished the woodwork. In our house, we usually do such things collectively on a particular
day of the week.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

46
E.
1. Mark the best choice.

1. She has a thirst _______ learning.

a) to c) for
b) of d) at

2. The book gives reference _______ other publications on the same subject.
a) to c) for
b) of d) at

3. To my way of thinking, herbal teas cannot be substitutes _______ real tea.

a) to c) for
b) of d) at

4. Can you find an alternative _______ that?

a) to c) for
b) of d) at

5. My younger brother, together with a lot of his friends, _________ to raise money for street
children.
a) is trying c) is tried
b) have tried d) are trying

6. James is very proud of his father, who was the first person ________ from a university in his
family.
a) graduating c) to graduate
b) that have graduated d) having to graduate

7. The dealer showed us two cars, _________ were too expensive.

a) one of them c) either of them
b) both of which d) neither of which

8. ________ the president of Middle East Technical University, Professor Dr. Ural Akbulut is
required to attend many official ceremonies.
a) As though c) Similar
b) A like d) As

9. His incompetent nephew _______ still _______ for the government if Mr. Grubbyhands
________ the last elections.
a) would. have been working/lost c) would. be working/hadnt lost
b) would. have worked/didnt lose d) is working/wouldnt have lost

10. ________ a very good position at the university, James left his previous job without any
regrets.
a) Offering c) That he was offered
b) Having been offered d) Having offered

11. Your father had a difficult time at the hospital, ______?

a) hadnt he c) has he
b) didnt he d) was he

47
12. At the beginning, John found it very difficult to wear a tie, but now he ________ it.
a) was getting used to c) has gotten used to
b) has used d) is being used to

13. Although he had a fight with Michelle earlier, Josh is still hoping _______ to her
barbecue party.
a) he is invited c) for being invited
b) to have the invitation d) to be invited

14. _______ that Agassi is the best clay court tennis player in the world.
a) Wide acceptance c) It is widely accepted
b) Widely accepting d) Having widely accepted

15. Only after I got home from work ________ I had left the iron switched on all day.
a) I realised c) was when I realised
b) did I realise d) that I realised

16. We meet at the club now. I think he spends most of his evenings with his sick
wife.
a) occasionally c) always
b) sometimes d) hardly ever

17. You touch the objects here. There is electric current passing through them.
a) needn't c) shouldn't
b) don't have to d) ought not

18. You should listen to me. I have been a father to you all your life.
a) such c) like
b) as d) ___

19. him slow down! He's going to kill us all in this car.
a) Let c) Tell
b) Make d) Get

20. very comfortable, she changed her seat.

a) She wasn't c) Not being
b) Being d) Having been

21. I know you're unhappy now, but you'd better ________ in the cold. The snow won't melt
for the next three months.
a) used to live c) get used to living
b) be used to living d) live

22. They can't go on like this. She ________ him for everything he does.
a) often criticizes c) will forever criticize
b) is always criticizing d) never criticized

23. That dog ________ when you touch its tail.

a) is biting c) tends to bite
b) is about to bite d) should bite

48
24. Don't disturb me by showing me those reports. I'm on ________ holiday.
a) a c) the
b) an d) ____

25. Pamela's boss was very disappointed ________ that she was going to resign.
a) hearing c) to hear
b) about hearing d) so to hear

26. Are you nervous ________ taking the exam? You seem to be restless.
a) at c) about
b) for d) ____

27. It is very hard to resist ________ chocolates.

a) to eat c) at eating
b) eating d) to be eaten

28. I wish I ___________ more careful while driving. Someday I'm going to have an
accident.
a) could be c) can be
b) could have been d) would be

29. The situation was bad enough last year, but this year it is even ________.
a) better c) the worst
b) worse d) the best

30. The more bad-tempered he becomes, ________.

a) when she makes him angry c) he will do something awful
b) she appreciates him more d) the less she loves him

31. David is not so clever ________ his brother.

a) like c) compared
b) as d) than

32. We had ________ rain that our basement was completely flooded.
a) so much c) too
b) such d) enough

33. _________ step on the grass, they took the stone path to the house.
a) In order to c) So as not to
b) To d) So that they could not

34. The burglar ___________ him open the safe and got away with all the money.
a) caused c) let
b) made d) got

35. That horse ___________ have beaten Miranda, who is considered to be one of the best
horses on the track. And as I said, Miranda is again the winner.
a) shouldn't c) mustn't
b) can't d) may not

49
36. Active : Everybody thinks that Carl Richter has written that article.
Passive : _____________________________________________.
a) It was thought that Carl Richter has written that article.
b) Carl Richter has been thought to write that article.
c) It is thought that the article was written by Carl Richter.
d) The article is thought to have been written by Carl Richter.

***
I know my mother doesnt mean ____(37)____ me, but she always seems to turn up at
inconvenient moments. I wish she ___(38)_____ before calling round.

37. a) to disturb 38. a) phones

b) disturbing b) will phone
c) she disturbs c) would phone
d) disturb d) had phoned
***
Last year, three men succeeded in traversing the rugged Alaska range by mountain bike. On
the trek, ____(39)_____ over more than 775 miles, the trio rode on glaciers, game trails and
gravel bars and even rafted rivers. ____(40)______ their bike handlebars to make passage
easier, they had to walk single file through thick vegetation for days. When faced with rapid
running rivers, they crossed the white waters ____(41)_______ their bikes to their backs.
One of them nearly got killed ____(42)______ the Black Rapids glacier. At the end of their
seven-week journey, ____(43)_______ nothing but freeze-dried meals and high-energy bars,
they celebrated their success with a hot meal.

39. a) what stretched 40. a) While removing 41. a) they strapped

b) stretched b) Having removed b) strapped
c) which stretched c) Because removing c) while strapping
d) that stretched d) Removed d) by strapping

42. a) climbing 43. a) eating

b) he was climbing b) since eating
c) having climbed c) who has eaten
d) he began climbing d) having eaten
***
Sometimes I think that sales clerks ______(44)______ to a different species altogether.
Well,letmeillustratemypointwithacoupleofexamples.Yougotoashopandaskfora
certainitemandthesalesclerksays,We______(45)_____it,sir,butnotanymore.What
doesheexpectyou______(46)_____,timetravel?Anotherexample:Thesalesassistantata
shoe store wants you to try on a pair ______(47)_____ obviously at least one size
______(48)_____ for you and says, You ______(49)______ into them, sir! I
______(50)______be36nextmonthandshoweveryyearofit.Yousee,theysaysuch

50
thingsbecausetheydobelongtoadifferentspecies:onethat______(51)______intimeand
growaftertheageof35.
Thus, when they opened that huge department store in our neighbourhood, I was the first
person ______(52)_____: I thought that I ______(53)______ deal with these strange
creatures anymore. Oh, how wrong ______(54)_____! The other day I went there to change
a sweater my wife ______(55)_____ a week earlier. The minute I ______(56)______ up to
the clerk in charge, I ______(57)_____ I was in trouble. With ______(58)_____ hidden
irritation, she snatched the sweater out of my hand and started a long procedure
______(59)______ filling out endless forms. As I ______(60)______ the store, I was hoping
that I ______(61)_____ enough time to enjoy a cup of hot tea in their caf before they
closed. By the time I had my new sweater properly wrapped and securely under my arm,
they ______(62)_____ the checkout counters. No one, not even my enemies,
______(63)______ have to deal with these people.

44. a) who belong 45. a) used to have 46. a) doing

b) are belonging b) used to having b) have done
c) must belong c) have had c) could do
d) need to belong d) would have d) to do

47. a) which may be 48. a) very big 49. a) are going to grow
b) that is b) big enough b) have to grow
c) has been c) too big c) growing
d) looks d) bigger d) will grow

50. a) will 51. a) will be travelling 52. a) rejoicing

b) may b) dont travel b) have rejoiced
c) could c) wont be travelling c) to rejoice
d) must d) can travel d) had rejoiced

53. a) cant 54. a) was I 55. a) has been buying

b) wouldnt have to b) I have b) had bought
c) couldnt c) I was c) had been bought
d) might have to d) have I d) was buying

56. a) was walking 57. a) knew 58. a) worse

b) have walked b) was knowing b) worst
c) walked c) had known c) badly
d) have been walking d) have known d) bad

59. a) that is involved 60. a) have been entering 61. a) should have
b) which is involved b) entered b) have had
c) which involved c) enter c) would have
d) is involving d) have entered d) will have

51
62. a) may be closing 63. a) can
b) were closing b) could
c) have closed c) might
d) have been closing d) should

***
Mountaineering is a unique sport because the climber is in competition with nature itself and
not with other people. For this reason it is a dangerous activity. ____(64)____ the sport is
full of danger only seems to add to the excitement for most climbers. However, climbers
don't take unnecessary risks: ____(65)____ being naturally adventurous people, they are
careful to follow the correct safety procedures. They point out that, for anyone wishing to
take up the sport, proper training is essential. Experienced climbers recommend beginners
____(66)____ a registered mountaineering club. In this way, they can learn to climb with
the minimum of danger.

64. a) That 65. a) yet 66. a) to have joined

b) What b) despite b) that they join
c) However c) whereas c) joining
d) No matter d) even though d) join

***

Cryogenics is the technique of freezing a dead body ____(67)____ it can be preserved and
then brought back to life in the future. Most doctors think cryogenics is ____(68)____ an
idea that it is ____(69)____ worth taking seriously. However, this does not discourage some
people ____(70)____ a lot of money on cryogenics in preparation for their death. Maria
Camacho, an Italian language teacher from London, is one of these people. "Everybody
thinks I'm crazy," she says, "but when I die, I ____(71)____ many of the wonders of the
universe. With cryogenics, I have a chance. I want to live again and travel through space."

67. a) in order that 68. a) such strange 69. a) rarely

b) in case b) so strange b) nearly
c) unless c) as strange as c) hardly
d) until d) stranger than d) entirely

70. a) to spend 71. a) don't see

b) to spending b) am not seeing
c) their spending c) won't have seen
d) from spending d) won't be seeing

***

52
Even if you ____(72a)____ a cigarette in your life, you ____(72b)____ at risk from
smoking-related diseases. When smokers and non-smokers share the same room, the non-
smokers can't avoid breathing in some of the smokers' tobacco smoke. This is called 'passive
smoking'. Fortunately for non-smokers, smoking ____(73)____ in most forms of public
transport and many public buildings have 'smoke-free' zones. In the private sector, there are
many benefits for an employer ____(74)____ action to create a smoke-free environment.
First, the company has a better image. Second, the workforce are healthier and less likely
____(75)____ time off due to illness. Finally, there are lower cleaning costs for employees,
____(76)____ are forced to go home in the evening in bad-smelling clothes.

72. a) don't touch...will be 73. a) has been banned 74. a) taken

b) haven't touched...are b) had been banned b taking
c) didn't touch...were c) has banned c) that take
d) hadn't touched...would be d) had banned d) why they take

75. a) to have 76. a) many who

b) they have b) all of them
c) for having c) which they
d) they will have d) none of whom

***

Have you ever asked yourself ____(77)____ for? If you have ever had time to put this
question to your colleagues, you ____(78)____ the following answers. It's the money, of
course, some say with a smile, ____(79)____ they were explaining something to a small
child; or it's the satisfaction of doing a good job. Well, I ____(80)____ as an assistant on a
bus once, but ____(81)____ over in the aisle with my hands full of drinks didn't give me
much satisfaction. Others say it's the company of other people. If that's true, then what about
farmers? Does the conversation of the farmyard make them ____(82)____ their work?
Somehow, I don't think so. For some, work is power and a sense of status. However, these
are ambitious people who have ____(83a)____ already achieved their goals ____(83b)____
are upset because their boss hasn't recognised their obvious potential. Most of us, I suspect,
hope that one day ____(84)____ the lottery. Meanwhile, we would rather ____(85)____ on
working when the only alternative is a life of poverty and boredom. The problem is, we are
too busy working to realise this.

77. a) who are you working 78. a) should be hearing 79. a) as

b) whether you are working b) needn't be hearing b) as if
c) what you are working c) can't have heard c) just as
d) why are you working d) may well have heard d) such as

53
80. a) worked 81. a) by falling 82. a) appreciated
b) had worked b) falling b) to appreciate
c) was working c) having fallen c) appreciate
d) had been working d) fall d) to be appreciated

83. a) either...or 84. a) we'd win 85. a) we carry

b) both...and b) of winning b) we carried
c) neither...nor c) to win c) carry
d) not...but d) we'll win d) have carried

***

Nursing is a popular profession, but few people have the personal qualities _____(86)____
for such a difficult job. To begin with, the training is difficult, and, _____(87)____ they
have finished this, qualified nurses start a career involving long hours for little pay.
Nurses, however, don't do the job for the money. They do it for the satisfaction of helping
people. Unfortunately, this unselfish attitude can _____(88)____ even worse conditions as
employers tend to take advantage of nurses and make them work as many hours as possible
for the same pay. It is not surprising, then, that nurses, _____(89)____ eventually leave the
profession for less stressful jobs, sometimes become impatient with their bosses and decide
to take action to improve their working lives.

86. a) which it requires 87. a) once

b) that requires b) while
c) they required c) by the time
d) required d) before

88. a) due to 89. a) providing many

b) lead to b) despite many
c) be caused by c) many of whom
d) be a result of d) after which many

When faced with some new technological change, most people react in one of two ways.
They ____(90a)____ try to avoid it, claiming that it is unnecessary, ____(90b)____ they
learn to accept the new invention, and then wonder how they ever managed without it.
However, adults especially tend to be slow to apply new technology. ____(91)____ they
see clear evidence that a new machine has benefits, do they feel ready to use it themselves.
A good example of this is the computer, which highlights the great difference between the
generations. Adults usually suspect that computers are a threat to our freedom,
____(92)____ children seem to have less fear that they will take over our lives. Adults are
also constantly amazed that their children can take ____(93)____ so easily. Consequently,
they also feel inadequate when their children, ____(94)____ the experts in the family, start
giving them advice on how to operate the family home computer properly. In fact, it does

54
not take long to operate a basic computer programme, ____(95)____ things occasionally
go wrong for no apparent reason. However, what seems to really frighten many people is
that change is occurring ____(96)____ faster than it was, say, twenty years ago. No sooner
have we got used to one new invention ____(97)____ we are told it is out of date and we
have to learn to use the machine that replaces it. But change and new technology do not
always bring improvements to our lives. When there is a power cut, for instance, we
realise that there are still some good forms of entertainment around that don't have to be
plugged in to work.

90. a) so much ... that 91. a) Seldom

b) either ... or b) Never
c) both ... and c) Only after
d) not only ... but also d) At no point

92. a) whereas 93. a) them

b) nevertheless b) to
c) despite c) them to
d) besides d) to them

94. a) like 95. a) even

b) alike b) even if
c) as c) as if
d) such as d) as though

96. a) considerably 97. a) then

b) slightly b) than
c) exactly c) that
d) a lot of d) when

***

I work from home, so when we moved into this new flat, I wanted a study _____(98)_____
I could work in comfortably. The problem with our old flat was that the rooms were far
too small. Besides, we weren't allowed to throw out any furniture or put in the extra
bookshelves necessary for my books _____(99)_____ the flat and everything in it was
rented. In the new flat we have chosen this room at the back as my study. If I
_____(100a)_____ time, I _____(100b)_____ it a nice bright colour, but I have too much
work to do. Still, it's quite a bright room already. The light comes in from two sides,
because there are two huge windows and a terrace outside. Of course, I don't want to put
my books on _____(101)_____ of those sides and block any of the light. Luckily, there is
enough space along the other walls for my bookshelves, so it's the perfect arrangement.

55
98. a) where 99. a) as
b) in which b) whereas
c) that c) owing to
d) while d) in order that

100. a) have ... will paint 101. a) none

b) don't have ... won't paint b) both
c) didn't have ... would be painting c) either
d) had ... would paint d) neither

***

This year, take a really carefree holiday on the Costa Brava, _____(102)_____ the guarantee
of hot sunny weather for most of the year. Book a package holiday, and all the transport
arrangements _____(103)_____ care of. It's so easy. You step on board a jet at Gatwick or
Luton and in two and a half hours, you _____(104)_____ the Mediterranean heat of Spain on
your face.

102. a) because of having 103. a) to take 104. a) will be feeling

b) which have b) of taking b) are always feeling
c) where you have c) that take c) would feel
d) moreover there is d) are taken d) are going to be felt

***
Five years ago, Mariano Minot was getting bored in his safe and secure banking job in
Mexico City. Just then a friend suggested _____(105)_____ a new business manufacturing
jewellery. Mariano was tempted but realised there were risks _____(106a)_____ for the
career he had built _____(106b)_____ for his young family. After a few restless nights, he
had a dream: he was locked in an empty, airless building and was suffocating. On waking, he
knew what _____(107)_____. He resigned from the bank and started the jewellery business.

105. a) that they start 106. a) more ... than 107. a) can be done
b) to start b) neither ... nor b) he had to do
c) that starting c) so high ... as c) might do
d) him he should start d) not only ... but also d) he may do

***
My childhood memories of tea are of times of crisis. Whenever there was a problem, my
mother would prepare tea, hoping that drinking strong, sweet tea would help
_____(108)_____ the situation. Perhaps as a reaction to that image of tea, I turned in my
teens, _____(109)_____ most of my contemporaries, to drinking coffee. These were the
sixties and the era of espresso bars. I drank coffee black, not because I liked it that way but
because none of the smart people _____(110)_____ would ever dream of putting milk in it.
The style passed quickly and was replaced with a succession of new fashions and modes of

56
behaviour. The image of tea today _____(111)_____ with being health conscious. Tea is a
'Green' thing, unlike its alternatives, which are regarded as unhealthy.

108. a) improved 109. a) as

b) to improve b) like
c) improving c) the
d) so as to improve d) and

110. a) who have known 111. a) is associated

b) were known b) is associating
c) that I knew c) when to associate
d) knew that d) which associates

***

Jesse Owens, whose four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin made him
perhaps the greatest and most famous athlete in track and field history, _____(112)_____
much recognition at the time of his success. The victim of racial discrimination and of the
times _____(113)_____ he lived, Owens ultimately created his place in history through his
own inner courage and determination. Today, more than fifteen years after his death,
Owens _____(114)_____ as a great athlete and also as someone with great moral integrity
who believed in the old-fashioned values of honesty and hard work.

112. a) never received 113. a) through 114. a) remembers to be

b) where he received b) whenever b) was remembered
c) who had received c) in which c) remembers being
d) he had received d) during d) is remembered

***
Julio Iglesias is by far the most popular Hispanic singer in history, according to most
Europeans and South Americans. _____(115)_____ in an upper-class suburb of Madrid, he
was encouraged to be a diplomat by his father, a well-known physician. After several years
_____(116)_____ a talented soccer goalie, he was sent to Cambridge University to study
law. In the mid-1960's, he was nearly killed in a car crash _____(117)_____ almost two
years recuperating. The rest reads like a fairy tale: a guitar given to him in the hospital; the
first songs and studio recordings; and then the awards and sell-out crowds.

115. a) Raising 116. a) later 117. a) having spent

b) Raised b) like b) and spent
c) To raise c) of c) after which spending
d) To be raised d) as d) that has been spent

***

57
Good personal relations based on mutual trust and esteem play a particularly important role in
doing business in Japan. The Japanese _____(118)_____ to understand the finer points of
their own etiquette, but they like people who try to conform. Most Japanese meals consist of
a series of small dishes. Naturally, the polite thing to do is to eat _____(119)_____, but
Japanese hosts _____(120a)_____ understanding if a foreigner _____(120b)_____ that he
finds a particular dish unappetising. The custom of giving gifts to business and personal
acquaintances is common in Japan. It is not necessary to reciprocate immediately
_____(121)_____ it is customary to give something back in due course for personal presents
received from individuals.

118. a) are not expected by foreigners 119. a) what one is offered

b) expect that foreigners b) the things that offer
c) as well as foreigners expect c) that are offering
d) do not expect foreigners d) those to offer

120. a) would be ... had explained 121. a) despite being

b) were ... would explain b) in order that
c) are ... explains c) even though
d) are ... will explain d) unless

***

A : In what way is cholesterol bad for us, Dr. Answay?

B : Well, we all need some cholesterol for survival, but too much of it is bad for us. It
builds up in our arteries, ______(122)______ them to get narrower, as a result of which
our blood supply has difficulty in getting through. This, of course, can eventually
______(123)______ a heart attack or stroke. The point ______(124)______ to make
here is that, even though we all need some cholesterol to insulate our nerves, and to
produce hormones, the things ______(125)______ and even consider healthy may end
in the overproduction of cholesterol. Today, a lot of people risk ______(126)______
their health by consuming too much red meat, cheese, eggs, and so on, all of which
increase the cholesterol level in our blood.

122. a) making 123. a) the source of 124. a) I try

b) causing b) be the result of b) is trying
c) resulting c) caused by c) I'm trying
d) having d) result in d) is to try

125. a) many of us eat 126. a) having lost

b) which are eaten b) losing
c) we have eaten c) to lose
d) some of which we eat d) loss of

***

58
To say that my father and I do not get on would be an understatement. The root of the
trouble is his attitude to women, ______(127)______ as little better than domestic servants.
What is more, he does not believe ______(128)______ a formal academic education, having
himself left school ______(129)______ twelve and made his own way in the world.
According to him, ______(130)______ continuing your education beyond the minimum age,
especially if you are a girl. He keeps pointing out that he has become a successful
businessman ______(131)______ the benefit of any college apart from the 'University of
Life'. Nevertheless, I chose ______(132)______ my education, which marked the beginning
of a long feud between us.

127. a) as they are regarded 128. a) that getting 129. a) once he has been
b) who were regarded b) those who get b) at the age
c) whom he regards c) to get c) where he was
d) that he regards them d) in getting d) as soon as he was

130. a) it's no good 131. a) due to 132. a) continuing

b) you shouldn't expect b) without b) so as to continue
c) he doesn't mind c) as c) to continue
d) there's no point d) before d) and continued

***

PETS AS STATUS SYMBOLS

Londoners who happened to walk along the Thames during the mid-thirteenth century
___(133)___ a large white bear walking down to the river. ___(134)___ behind would be a
man, holding the bear with a long leash. The man would sit on the riverbank ___(135)___ the
bear, still attached to the leash, would go into the water and fish for its dinner.
The bear ___(136)___ King Henry III. Henry wanted to save money, so he had the bear catch
its own food. The people of London ___(137)___ his sense of economy since they paid for
the bear's expenses.
Henry was not the first king to keep large pets. ___(138)___, practically every royal head of
state from the beginning of civilization to the French Revolution seemed to want to own
animals ___(139)___ - animals that were the biggest, the strangest, or the most dangerous.

133. a) must be seeing 134. a) Leaving 135. a) with after

b) had been seen b) Following b) while
c) might have seen c) Leading c) therefore
d) had seen d) Pursuing d) if
136. a) looked 137. a) must have appreciated
b) possession b) used to be appreciated
c) owned by c) who appreciated
d) belonged to d) appreciating

59
138. a) In brief 139. a) of great beauty
b) In contrast b) really beautiful
c) In fact c) whose beauty
d) In addition d) as beautiful

Both the ancient Egyptians and Chinese collected animals ___(140)___ pleasure. Chinese
emperors kept them in places called "parks of intelligence" whereas Egyptian royalty kept
monkeys, leopards and ___(141)___ a giraffe on the palace grounds.
Birds, exotic and familiar, were popular in Rome. When Octavian defeated Marc Antony in
battle, he was given a parrot ___(142)___ to say "Hail, Octavian, victorious leader". Octavian
was very pleased ___(143)___ he learned that the trainer had also taught another parrot to say
"Hail, Antony, victorious leader," ___(144)___ Antony had won.
Not only did rich people keep pets, they ___(145)___ them do strange things. Napoleon's
wife Josephine had an orangutan that sat at her table in a coat. A Portuguese princess went to
the trouble of getting zebras since she thought ___(146)___ pretty pulling the royal children
in a little carriage. To her disappointment, she got no cooperation ___(147)___ the zebras.
Owning and displaying exotic pets has continued into more modern times, but over the years,
it has become obvious that the care of exotic animals ___(148)___ specialized knowledge.
Generally speaking, neither the public nor the experts are in ___(149)___ of keeping bears in
the backyard or lions in the living room.

140. a) of 141. a) consequently 142. a) he trained

b) at b) conversely b) trained
c) in c) accordingly c) that trained
d) for d) occasionally d) to train

143. a) as soon as 144. a) in case 145. a) used

b) yet b) because b) wanted
c) although c) if only c) made
d) until d) unless d) took

146. a) if they looked 147. a) of

b) that it looked b) about
c) of looking c) from
d) they would look d) with

148. a) requiring 149. a) favour

b) which requires b) fond
c) requires c) aware
d) to require d) conscious

***

60
 The Mysterious Gift of the Prodigy
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart will be remembered as one of history's most famous child
prodigies. By the age of eight, he _____(150)_____ in half the great cities of Europe and was
_____(151)_____ his first three symphonies. He died shortly before his 36th birthday, but the
world recognizes him as one of the finest composers _____(152)_____.
For centuries, people have been amazed by children of _____(153)_____. Pianist and
composer Felix Mendelssohn had composed a fair amount of music _____(154)_____ he was
eleven. John Stuart Mill, the 19th-century British philosopher, _____(155)_____ Greek at
three. Success has not always brought happiness to prodigies, _____(156)_____. When he was
20, John Stuart Mill suffered a serious mental crisis. "It was _____(157)_____ there was
nothing left to live for," he wrote years later. Other well-known prodigies have had experiences
_____(158)_____ his.
A number of history's most famous prodigies had something else in common: ____(159)____
lived very long lives. Composer Franz Schubert died at 31. Scientist Blaise Pascal died before
he was 40.
Those who have _____(160)_____ studied today's prodigies have observed that they live under
the great weight of their loneliness. In school, they become bored, frustrated, and they do not
attempt _____(161)_____ at all. If ten-year-old geniuses _____(162 a)_____ to universities
because of their mental abilities, they usually _____(162 b)_____ in since emotionally, they are
still children.

150. a) would have performed. 151. a) about to write 152. a) who ever lived
b) would be performing b) being written b) that lives
c) had performed c) to be writing c) to be living
d) had them perform d) just written d) of the living

153. a) unusually talented 154. a) once 155. a) that had read

b) unusual talent b) by the time b) who read
c) a talent of the unusual c) whenever c) having read
d) talents so unusual d) then d) read

156. a) as well 157. a) as if 158. a) as

b) either b) so that b) similar to
c) though c) even if c) alike
d) too d) otherwise d) the same

159. a) neither 160. a) just 161. a) to be learning

b) none b) probably b) learning
c) never c) closely c) learn
d) whoever d) still d) to learn

162. a) are sent ... can't fit

b) would be sent ... couldn't fit
c) had been sent ... wouldn't fit
d) were sent ... don't fit

61
Many children, as they enter adolescence, begin to turn to other teenagers for affection,
_____(163)_____, and a sense of belonging. This can be a very difficult time in the life of
prodigies. They know they are different, _____(164)_____ other teenagers.

"Nowhere _____(165)_____ friends they all treat me like a creature from another world,"
says Mac Randal, 11. He taught _____(166)_____ an electric typewriter at the age of three. At
four, he began to write horror stories and he recently wrote a rock opera.

Although there has been a fascination with child prodigies _____(167)_____, there has been
little serious study of them until recently. Some surprising common characteristics of child
prodigies _____(168)_____. The vast majority are boys and they are usually first-born children
of middle-class families. Often, their parents are past the usual child-bearing age and many are
born by Caesarean section _____(169)_____ by natural childbirth. They often have parents
_____(170)_____ to be trying to realize their own ambitions through their amazing children.

A child may be born with outstanding genetic potential, but this potential _____(171)_____
necessarily develop. "Just having the gene is not enough," says Harvard University
psychologist Howard Gardner. "Something in the environment _____(172)_____ the
potential."

And although many prodigies enjoy the satisfaction of extraordinary achievement, public
praise, and material wealth, even _____(173)_____ sometimes question the value of their lives
and accomplishments. "I have a longing which grows _____(174)_____ as I get older : to be
mediocre," confesses the acclaimed American concert pianist Eugene Istomin.

163. a) encouragement 164. a) also the 165. a) I find

b) encouraged b) but hardly do b) I have found
c) encouraging c) as well as c) can I find
d) encouragingly d) and so do d) could be found

166. a) how to use 167. a) afterwards 168. a) to have identified

b) himself to use b) for centuries b) had been identifying
c) the uses of c) several years later c) who are identified
d) him how he used d) after 1920 d) have been identified

169. a) in case 170. a) that seems 171. a) might not be

b) rather than b) seem b) might
c) after which c) who seem c) will not
d) as long as d) they seem d) will have

172. a) may be nourishing 173. a) when they succeed 174. a) such a strong
b) need nourishing b) the most successful b) as strongly
c) has to be nourished c) they are more successful c) stronger
d) must nourish d) those succeeding in d) the strongest

***

62
It has been reported that at noon each day, ______(175)_______ students at Princeton
University come out of their classrooms and go to any convenient television set available.
They may be ______(176)_______ in homework assignments, term papers, and so on, but
they still won't miss their favourite soap opera. They will watch The Young and the Restless in
______(177)_______.
In colleges across the United States, the daytime serial drama known as the soap opera
______(178)_______ "in". Between the hours of 11 a.m. and 4.30 p.m., college TV lounges
are filled with soap opera fans who ______(179)_______ to see the next episode in the lives
of their favourite characters. Actually, soaps are more than a college fad; they're a youth fad.
One young working woman admitted that she ______(180)_______ a higher paying job since
it would mean having to give up watching her favourite serial.
The fact that so many young people ______(181)_______ the soaps has changed soap opera.
The most obvious difference now is in the age of the characters. "It seems they're
______(182)_______ all my favourite characters and bringing in all these new young kids,"
complained one long-time viewer. Now all shows have at least a few characters between the
ages of fifteen and twenty-five ______(183)_______ central figures in the drama. Young
people can identify with young characters who find ______(184)_______ in situations such
as conflicts with parents or career-identity crises.

175. a) a lot more than 176. a) up to their ears

b) most of b) head over heels
c) as many as c) all fingers and thumbs
d) a large number of d) tooth and nail

177. a) fascinated silence 178. a) had become

b) fascination of silence b) that is becoming
c) fascinatingly silent c) has become
d) silently fascinated d) to have become

179. a) had to wait 180. a) picked out

b) can hardly wait b) got over
c) has been waiting c) turned down
d) can rarely wait d) carried out

181. a) that are watched 182. a) sorting out

b) who watch b) getting rid of
c) would be watching c) steering away from
d) are watching d) sending for

183. a) as 184. a) theirs

b) of b) those
c) with c) themselves
d) from d) them

***
63
Davidisdedicated_____(185)_____hisjob.Forthelastfewyears,he_____(186)_____very
hardtogethis_____(187)_____appreciation.ButMr.Ford,hisboss,_____(188)_____a
positivewordaboutDavidswork._____(189)_____heconstantlylooksforsomethingto
criticize.Davidwouldhavelefthisjobalongtimeagoifit_____(190)_____forhisfamily.
He has a large family _____(191)_____ support and he is afraid of what life
_____(192)_____.Daviddoesntrely_____(193)_____hisownstrengthandenergy.This
lackofselfconfidencepreventshimfrommaking_____(194)_____attemptinthatdirection.
_____(195)_____,hejustkeepsmovingincircles.

185. a) at 186. a) hasnt worked 187. a) boss

b) in b) worked b) boss
c) for c) has been working c) bosss
d) to d) isnt working d) bosses

188. a) never says 189. a) In addition 190. a) were

b) hardly ever tells b) Nevertheless b) had been
c) seldom mentions c) On the contrary c) werent
d) rarely adds d) For example d) hasnt been

191. a) for 192. a) brought 193. a) on

b) in order to b) will bring b) of
c) so as to c) brings c) to
d) to d) has brought d) with

194. a) a 195. a) Otherwise

b) the b) Finally
c) any c) Similarly
d) some d) As a result

***
Mickey _____(196)_____ his first novel when he _____(197)_____ to Mary. She
_____(198)_____ a masters course in economics at the university at that time and she had one
more year to complete the course. Good reviews of Mickeys book _____(199)_____ in most
newspapers and magazines. Both of them _____(200)_____ over thirty already, decided to get
married after knowing each other for only two months.
They _____(201)_____ married for nine years at the end of next month, but things are not
going very well. Mickey _____(202)_____ to Japan to do research on his next book. He will
stay there for a year. Mary is expecting their child in March. By the time he _____(203)_____,
the baby _____(204)_____ to do many things. Mary wants to share parenthood with Mickey.
She doesnt like having to raise the children alone. She thinks that Mickey ought to spend more
time with her and the children, but he feels his profession is more important.

64
196. a) hed been finishing 197. a) introduced 198. a) did
b) was just finishing b) was introduced b) has done
c) finished c) hed been introduced c) was doing
d) had just finished d) was introducing d) had done

199. a) was published 200. a) being 201. a) are

b) were publishing b) were b) have been
c) published c) are c) will have been
d) were being published d) had been d) had been

202. a) goes 203. a) will return 204. a) will learn

b) will have gone b) returned b) will be learning
c) will soon be going c) returns c) will have already learned
d) went d) had returned d) is going to learn

***

The clock ____(205)_____ seven just as Mary ____(206)_____ her flat. She ____(207)_____ a
difficult day for she ____(208)_____ a Japanese group visiting her firm. She just hoped nobody
____(209)_____ her in the evening so that she ____(210)_____ a good night's sleep. But as she
____(211)_____ the bath, there ____(212)_____ a knock on the door. _____(213)_____ herself in
a towel, she rushed to open the door. Robert, her boyfriend, ____(214)_____ there with a bouquet
of roses in his hand. "Happy birthday" he said, 'Nobody ____(215)_____ spend their birthday
alone. Come on, ____(216)_____ you out. I ____(217)_____ listen to any excuses. I
____(218)_____ enough of your refusals. Get ready quickly. Otherwise, they will
____(219)_____ the table I booked at Chez Martin to somebody else by the time we
____(220)_____ there.' Mary couldn't think of a reason ____(221)_____ his offer. She said,
Thanks for the flowers. I know that you love me and care for me, so ____(222)_____ refuse
you? ____(223)_____ here for a moment while I ____(224)_____ my bath. I promise I won't be
late.

205. a) strikes 206. a) reaches 207. a) had

b) struck b) is reaching b) has
c) had struck c) will reach c) had had
d) is striking d) reached d) was having

208. a) would have entertained 209. a) ring 210. a) can get

b) had to entertain b) rang b) could get
c) must have entertained c) would ring c) will get
d) should entertain d) was going to ring d) may get

211. a) enters 212. a) is 213. a) She wrapped

b) had entered b) was b) She was wrapping
c) was entering c) has been c) Wrapped
d) had been entering d) had been d) Wrapping

65
214. a) standing 215. a) can 216. a) shall I take
b) who stood b) must b) I'm taking
c) was standing c) might c) let's take
d) who had stood d) should d) I take

217. a) needn't 218. a) have 219. a) be giving

b) don't b) have had b) give
c) couldn't c) had c) be given
d) won't d) am having d) have given

220. a) get 221. a) why she rejected 222. a) how can I

b) will get b) to have rejected b) why would I
c) have gotten c) that she rejects c) how I can
d) got d) for rejecting d) why I would

223. a) Sit 224. a) am going to take

b) You will sit b) am taking
c) Sitting c) will be taking
d) You sit d) will take

***
I'm glad that there's increasing concern about animal rights in our country. Whereas there were
______(225)______ campaigns or demonstrations organized to defend the rights of animals
five or ten years ago, there are now hundreds of people determined ______(226)______ them.
I'm not talking about species in danger of extinction, but about animals ______(227)______ in
the streets : cats and dogs. A few days ago, we watched a disgusting act of violence against a
street dog on various channels on TV and after ______(228)______ viewing, I felt pity for the
poor dog. The garbage men who "buried" the dog alive ______(229)______ away with what
they'd done because they weren't found guilty in court; but this incident led to a demonstration
and the people taking part were of the opinion that the men ______(230)______ punished so
that such acts of violence wouldn't be repeated.

225. a) scarcely 226. a) in helping

b) hardly any b) help
c) rarely c) for helping
d) hardly anywhere d) to help

227. a) where they live 228. a) each

b) whose lives b) all
c) that live c) both
d) when they live d) every

229. a) could get 230. a) had been

b) might have got b) should have been
c) were able to get c) may have been
d) could have got d) must have been

66
David : Your son Richard is very selfish. He never helps anybody.

Muriel : Don't talk ____(231)____ him in that manner. After all, he's ____(232)____
a child.

David : Let me remind you of a favorite saying of your ____(233)____.

Muriel : I don't want to hear it. My father ____(234)____ a lot of things ___(235)____
never acted according to them.

David : I disagree. He ____(236)____ sensible judgements until that disease struck him.

Muriel : You mean Alzheimer's?

David : Yes. He ____(237)____ his book on children if that ____(238)____ to him.

Muriel : By the way, the editing ____(239)____ done on his book at the moment, the
publishers ____(240)____ me.

David : Who's completing the unfinished parts?

Muriel : George, ____(241)____.

David : George? I don't think he can ever be a substitute ____(242)____ your father.

Muriel : I'm not sure ____(243)____. Anyway, the publishers say that by the time we
commemorate the third year of my father's death, the book will ____(244)____.
George rang me a few minutes ago ____(245)____ to persuade me to help him
with the manuscript.

David : What exactly did he say?

Muriel : "Mrs. Lang, ____(246)____."

David : Well, were you persuaded?

Muriel : No, I refused to do it, but then he added that he ____(247)____ for a week
____(248)____ I changed my mind.

David : All right, back to Richard again.

Muriel : Look, he ____(249)____ through a difficult period in his life. I think we should
be patient ____(250)____ him. I don't want to hear any more on this subject.

231. a) of 232. a) yet 233. a) to father

b) on b) not b) father's
c) to c) still c) fathers'
d) with d) such d) fathers

67
234. a) had been saying 235. a) and 236. a) always makes
b) was saying b) but b) was always making
c) has been saying c) he c) had always made
d) used to say d) __ d) has always been making

237. a) may complete 238. a) didn't happen

b) could have completed b) wouldn't have happened
c) can't have completed c) could happen
d) must complete d) hadn't happened

239. a) is 240. a) will inform 241. a) for example

b) is being b) inform b) on the contrary
c) was c) had just informed c) of course
d) will be d) have just informed d) by the way

242. a) on 243. a) also 244. a) be printed

b) with b) either b) be printing
c) to c) too c) have been printed
d) for d) neither d) print

245. a) tried 246. a) your father's soul will rest in peace if you help me
b) he tried b) I openly invite you to help me
c) trying c) you never help me with your father's work
d) and try d) I think you should help me

247. a) is going to wait 248. a) if 249. a) goes

b) will wait b) in case b) went
c) would wait c) since c) is going
d) will be waiting d) as d) had gone

250. a) for
b) at
c) to
d) with

***

Michael and Maria _____(251)______ together for the last three years. They seem to be very
happy. They _____(252)_______ while both of them _____(253)________ for a UNICEF
project. Michael owns a small toy factory and Maria is a child-psychiatrist. They
_____(254)_________ to get married next year if everything _____(255)_______ well.
Michael is thankful to UNICEF because if he _____(256)________ there, he
_____(257)_______ Maria. Anyway, _____(258)________ that experience behind, they are
now preparing for a happy future _____(259)________ they can persuade Maria's father.
Maria is half-Spanish and comes from a very conservative family _____(260)______ values
are quite different from the British ones. Michael and Maria _____(261)_______ to Spain in
order to get their consent. Michael cannot exactly understand the reason _____(262)_______

68
Maria wants their permission. Michael's good friend Jos, _____(263)_______ he spoke
concerning his situation, says there is nothing to worry about. He says Michael's doubts are
rather unnecessary. Jos thinks Michael is good (264)_______ persuading people and he is
sure that all will end well.

251. a) lived 252. a) have met 253. a) are working

b) have been living b) had met b) were working
c) are living c) met c) worked
d) live d) were meeting d) have been working

254. a) wish 255. a) go 256. a) didn't work

b) hope b) goes b) had worked
c) wished c) went c) hadn't worked
d) hoped d) had gone d) worked

257. a) would meet 258. a) they left 259. a) in case

b) might not have met b) having left b) if only
c) wouldn't meet c) leave c) on condition
d) must not have met d) he leaves d) provided that

260. a) their 261. a) should have gone 262. a) how

b) where b) must be going b) why
c) whose c) will have to go c) that
d) those d) will be able to go d) ___

263. a) who 264. a) with

b) whom b) at
c) to whom c) in
d) that d) for

***

It always _____(265)_____ me wonder how some women work outside and at the same time
_____(266)_____ to keep their houses in tip-top condition. Do they _____(267a)_____ their
laundry _____(267b)_____ at a dry cleaner's? Or do they do these things themselves at home?
Such housework must _____(268)______ them to experience stress and anxiety when they
can't cope with it. Some women may be able to afford to spend a lot of money on cleaning
services _____(269)______ feel overworked. Others have no choice unless they
_____(270)______ help. And of course, a husband is the first person that comes to mind to do
this.
265. a) lets 266. a) capable 267. a) send ... cleaned
b) has b) manage b) have ... cleaned
c) makes c) how c) allow ... cleaning
d) helps d) succeed d) take ... cleaning

69
268. a) cause 269. a) to 270. a) give
b) bring b) in order to b) have given
c) due c) so that c) gave
d) result d) so as not to d) are given

***
Ralph_____(271)_____tohaveenteredthebuildingatexactly8a.m.Thejanitoratthedoor
claimed that Ralph _____(272)____ the building before that because all the entrances
_____(273)______untilthen.Somepeoplethinkthathe_____(274)______haveslippedinto
thebuildingearlythatmorning._____(275)_____,thecoroner'sreportindicatedthatthesales
manager_____(276)________between6and8p.m.thepreviousevening.Therefore,Ralph
mustbeinnocent.

271. a) tried 272. a) could get into 273. a) locked

b) is expected b) was in b) had been locked
c) is said c) wouldn't get into c) were locking
d) was able d) couldn't have gotten into d) lock

274. a) must 275. a) However 276. a) had been murdered

b) might b) Despite the fact b) must be murdered
c) can't c) On the contrary c) couldn't murdered
d) should d) Furthermore d) would be murdered

***

William : We had a good time at the picnic, _____(277)______ we?

Anna : Oh, yes. If only we _____(278)______ some more food with us. I felt quite
hungry on the way back.

William : Tomorrow's exam is bothering me now. _____(279)______ pass the language test
for the assistant managers?

Anna : Well, of course. You are _____(280)______ good at French. You'll pass it with
flying colours. If you _____(281a)______ clever, I _____(281b)______ with you
now. I'm fond of bright people.

William : Thanks. I wish you _____(282)______ the exam for me tomorrow.

Anna : Don't worry. You _____(283)______ be anxious. Your French is good enough.

277. a) hadn't 278. a) take 279. a) May I

b) had b) took b) Could I
c) didn't c) had taken c) Will I be able to
d) did d) have taken d) Am I going

70
280. a) too 281. a) weren't ... wouldn't be
b) enough b) aren't ... won't be
c) much c) hadn't been ... wouldn't have been
d) very d) haven't been ... wouldn't be

282. a) take 283. a) have to

b) could take b) can't
c) will take c) could
d) had taken d) needn't

***

Last year, my friend Chris and I decided to hitchhike to Gkova. We _____(284)______ early
one morning and _____(285)_____ quite well from Ankara to Mula, _____(286)_____ the
sympathetic drivers of the vegetable trucks. After Mula, we still made headway along
secondary roads because we fell in with villagers _____(287)______ home so we arrived at a
charming little village very pleased with ourselves and our luck. Then, _____(288)_______ it
was unnecessary to set aside money for transportation, we spent most of our cash
_____(289)______ a nice kilim. It _____(290a) _______ so bad if we _____(290b) _______
the good sense to stay at that village overnight. Not us! We continued. When we
_____(291)_______ more than a mile, we realized that the last of the villagers
_____(292a)________ already _____(292b)______ home. Chris _____(293)_______
something like this, since without any hesitation he spread out the kilim that we
_____(294)______ earlier and started snoring as soon as he _____(295)______ down. I,
_____(296)________, stayed up all night _____(297)______ to the strange noises of the
wilderness. Chris _____(298)_________ very selfish, sometimes. The next morning when he
woke up, I said to Chris, You sure are a sound sleeper. He laughed good-naturedly and said,
I am, _____(299)______ ? God save us from good-natured travelling companions.

284. a) went on 285. a) succeeded in 286. a) thanks to

b) put up b) managed b) so as
c) set out c) made c) so that we had
d) took out d) had d) owing

287. a) who returning 288. a) forgetting 289. a) on buying

b) returning b) despite b) meaning to buy
c) were returning c) having decided c) needed to buy
d) who are returning d) deciding to d) for buying

290. a) wouldnt be . had 291. a) were walking

b) couldnt be . had b) having walked
c) wouldnt have been.. had had c) had walked
d) mustnt have been . had had d) have walked

71
292. a) have . gone 293. a) could have expected
b) had gone b) would have been expecting
c) must . go c) was expected
d) can .. be gone d) must have been expecting

294. a) have bought 295. a) lay 296. a) furthermore

b) have been bought b) lain b) on the other hand
c) were made to buy c) laid c) besides
d) had bought d) lied d) on top of that

297. a) listened 298. a) can be 299. a) I am not

b) listen b) should be b) am I
c) for listening c) must be c) arent I
d) listening d) is being d) didnt I

***

Andrew : Have you heard the news? The art gallery next door _____(300)______ last
night.

Jackson : No, I havent. Nobody was in the gallery at the time, _____(301)_______?

Andrew : No, but still the owner is very upset because the thieves stole two very valuable
paintings. Apparently, the alarm he _____(302)_______ installed didnt go off.

Jackson : Do you think the police _____(303)_______ catch the thieves?

Andrew : Well, there is a good chance as they weren't _____(304)_______ to wipe off
their fingerprints.

Jackson : I see, but _____(305a)______ the police _____(305b)_______ a criminal

record of these people?

Andrew : Yes and no. If they consider the crime important enough, they
_____(306)_______ always go through other files such as driver's license
application forms.

Jackson : I hope they _____(307)________ action immediately. The longer it takes them
to solve these crimes, the _____(308)_______ it will be for our neighbourhood.

300. a) was robbing 301. a) was he 302. a) made

b) was being robbed b) were there b) had had
c) was robbed c) were they c) had to
d) had robbed d) wasnt there d) let

303. a) may 304. a) the cleverest 305. a) should .. need

b) could b) too clever b) wouldnt need to have
c) is going c) clever enough c) couldnt . need
d) will be able to d) as clever as d) need . to have

72
306. a) need to 307. a) would take 308. a) better
b) should b) should take b) worse
c) can c) might take c) best
d) must d) take d) worst

73
VOCABULARY
A.
Markthebestchoice.

1. Beckydecidedtowearhergreensweateronherfirstdate,knowingthatitwould_______
wellwithherredhair.
a) godown c) go
b) getalong d) make

2. Sinceitwashisfirstoffence,thejudgelethimoffwithalight________.
a) statement c) verdict
b) sentence d) judgment

3. Hetriedtoindicatethathewasjustjokingby_______ather.
a) blinking c) staring
b) fluttering d) winking

4. _______punishmentwasverycommoninBritishboysschoolsinthe1800s,butnowitis
strictlyforbiddentoeventouchastudent.
a) Corporal c) Verbal
b) Capital d) Suspended

5. Gwenissuchaniceskatingenthusiast thatshewould_________foratickettoanIce
Capadesshow.
a) giveaneye c) giveherrightarm
b) stopbreathing d) cutoffhersmallfinger

6. HismotherscoldedJames,Dont_________rubbish.Youareembarrassingme.
a) speak c) tell
b) say d) talk

7. Nothappyabouttheverdict,thedefendants lawyersareplanningto______ahigher
court.
a) appealto c) tryout
b) sueto d) defendat

8. Expertssaythatevery________isdifferent.Thisisindeedoneofthewondersofnature.
a) snowfall c) snowflake
b) snowdrop d) snowball

9. Theactorgavesuchaconvincing________thatthewholeaudiencewasleftintearsatthe
endoftheplay.
a) demonstration c) exhibition
b) performance d) play

10. CneytGkerhasbeenonthestageforalmost50years.Hisdaughter,Deniz,isalsoa
fineactress.Thereisnodoubtinanybody'smindthatsheis________.
a) tryingtoteachanolddognewtricks c) asoldasthehills
b) carryinganoldheadonyoungshoulders d) arealchipofftheoldblock

74
11. Danny could not avoid one of the major _______ of small businesses. He started
borrowing money from individuals at high interest rates when he failed to pay his debts.
a) handicaps c) pitfalls
b) rip-offs d) restrictions

12. Nowadays certain substances are added to bread to keep it from getting ________.
a ) off c) fresh
b) rotten d) stale

13. Mr. Strict, the maths teacher, declared at the faculty meeting that he had ________down
the ground rules during the first week, so he couldnt possibly make any exceptions.
a) laid c) lied
b) lain d) lay

14. The administration is aware of the fact that the students wish that attendance were not
________.
a) obliged c) compulsory
b) banned d) reinforced

15. My grandmothers roast beef was so delicious that everybody took several ________.
a) helpings c) feeds
b) meals d) courses

16. Whenheassuredmethathehadeverythingundercontrol,itnever________tomethathe
waslying.
a) appeared c) came
b) occurred d) demonstrated

17. Ithasbeenpouringfordaysnow.Iamsurewehavereceivedmorethanouraverage
annual(yearly)________already.
a) raindrops c) rainfall
b) drizzle d) downpour

18. Therearesomemarvelloushotelsonthesouthern________ofTurkey.
a) sea c) shore
b) beach d) coast

19. Madonna________hersingingcareeraftergivingbirthtoherbabyandproducedher
latestCD,'RayofLight'.
a) stopped c) interrupted
b) resumed d) sacrificed

20. TomHanksmaygethisthirdOscarforhis________in'SavingPrivateRyan'.
a) performance c) show
b) act d) character

21. Wewatchedthefilmsittinginthefirst________andoureyesgottired.
a) aisle c) row
b) line d) file

75
22. Some________oftheskyfindthegalaxiesveryinteresting.
a) spectators c) commentaries
b) audiences d) observers

23. WhenIenteredtheroom,Isawherpaintingaportraitonahuge________.
a) stone c) carving
b) cloth d) canvas

24. Fordrawingsyoumainlyuse________.
a) charcoal c) wood
b) clay d) pottery
***
I belong to a large family of five brothers and three sisters. I love them all, but the one I love
most is my brother Stan, who is the youngest. My other brothers and sisters sometimes
complain that he is ____(25)_____ because he tries to get everybody else to do what he wants
to do. Personally, I think he is just ____(26)_____, like me. Neither of us is prepared to
change his mind when he has decided to do something. In the same way, he is also
____(27)_____, and he won't leave you alone until he gets satisfactory answers to his
questions. I'm sure he drives his teacher mad, but Stan is still her favourite pupil. Maybe it's
because he's got a real talent for art. He is very ____(28)_____, and he's done some wonderful
drawings. What I love most about Stan, though, is that he is so ____(29)_____. Most children
are quite possessive, especially with their toys, but Stan shares everything with his friends,
even when he does not get the same treatment in return.

25. a) selfish 26. a) insecure 27. a) adaptable

b) care-free b) withdrawn b) shy
c) sarcastic c) stubborn c) content
d) timid d) cautious d) inquisitive

28. a) intolerant 29. a) immature

b) restless b) generous
c) imaginative c) critical
d) trustworthy d) attentive
***
30. It took a few minutes to ______________ the old woman after she fainted.
a) allocate c) revive
b) discriminate d) subsidise

31. In many countries, infectious diseases such as typhoid and cholera have been
______________ by the widespread use of vaccinations.
a) eradicated c) vacated
b) incorporated d) integrated

32. It was an ______________ dilemma. There was just nothing he could do.
a) insoluble c) invaluable
b) illegible d) insatiable
76
33. The government refused to ________with the unions over pay rises for civil servants.
a) overlap c) inflict
b) facilitate d) compromise

34. This document is quite ambiguous and can be ________in several ways.
a) implied c) interpreted
b) persecuted d) hindered

35. Advances in modern medicine have extended the average ________of people around the
world.
a) longevity c) expectancy
b) lifespan d) duration

36. People have a tendency to dislike rules, especially those which are ________ without
consultation.
a) restricted c) prohibited
b) banned d) imposed

37. The car had to be written off, so it was a(n) ________that no one was hurt in the crash.
a) trauma c) miracle
b) symptom d) assumption

38. It is natural for people to ________going back to work after a long holiday.
a) dread c) prolong
b) deny d) keep

39. Constant revision at home of material learned in class helps students to ________their
knowledge.
a) acquire c) overlook
b) consolidate d) undertake

40. ________woodisaphysicallydemandingart.
a) Painting c) Carving
b) Knitting d) Drawing

41. Sinceweweresittinginthefront________wewereveryneartheactors.
a) aisle c) circle
b) stalls d) row

42. Let'sdrinksomethingduringthe________beforethethirdact.
a) gap c) pause
b) interval d) episode

43. Clayisthemainingredientinthemakingof________.
a) pottery c) sculpture
b) canvas d) steel

44. Thelittlegirlishavinga_______atthemomentbecauseherfriendhasjustbroken
herBarbiedoll.
a) phase c) flair

77
 b) obsession d) tantrum

45. Nextweek,itwillbegenerallyrainywithoccasionaldry_________.
a) pitfalls c) time
b) spells d) temper

46. AliisatouristguidewholivesinIstanbul. Heusuallytakestouristsfortwoorthree

hour_________aroundthecity.
a) journeys c) excursions
b) trips d) travels

47. Let'shurryorelsewewillmissthe________.
a) car c) boat
b) bicycle d) taxi

48. InDisneyland,thereareseveral_________lakeswithsailboatsandrowboatsonthem.
a) artificial c) imitation
b) false d) imaginary

49. InLasVegas,mostpeoplespendtheir________________ongamblingagain.
a) payment c) earnings
b) winnings d) budget

50. Beingthesonofasheik,hehas________________moneyinhisbankaccount. He
doesn'tknowwhatdowithit.
a) inadequate c) good
b) remarkable d) limitless

51. When the blouse she bought shrank after the first washing, she asked for a
________________.
a) grant c) refund
b) pension d) tip

52. Doyouexpectmeto________________mylinesinjusttwodays? Ijustcannotplay

'Hamlet'atsuchshortnotice.
a) realize c) memorize
b) remember d) recognize

53. Shameonyouforgivingmethat________________check.Thebankwouldn'tcashit.
a) valuable c) affluent
b) worthless d) generous

54. 'Love' was a weak word for what he felt for her. Actually, it was _________ that drove him
towards her.
a) affection c) passion
b) excitement d) intimacy

55. Teenagers shouldn't take advantage of ___________ parents because such parents trust
them and don't want to hurt them.
a) calm c) lonely
78
b) happy d) tolerant

79
56. His ___________ of flying has caused him many business problems in his life.
a) disappointment c) depression
b) fear d) tension

57. People are getting more and more annoyed with __________ breaking telephone booths
and park benches in their town.
a) crooks c) vandals
b) thieves d) burglars

58. Depriving women of top positions in certain jobs is a good example of _________ in this
country.
a) sexism c) pacifism
b) cynicism d) optimism

59. I think you need a holiday. It'll do you __________.

a) all over the world c) the world of good
b) for the world d) on top of the world

60. Today, Jack is ____________. He broke his coffee cup, cut his face while shaving and
played the piano awfully.
a) all fingers and thumbs c) under his thumb
b) a thumbnail sketch d) sticking out like a sore thumb

61. If you want to have healthy bones, you must eat __________ products, such as yogurt and
cheese.
a) milky c) starchy
b) dairy d) spicy

62. As a pianist, his __________ is brilliant, but I dont care much for his interpretation.
a) technology c) technical
b) technicality d) technique

63. His wife complains that she cant get a good nights sleep because he is always
__________ his teeth in his sleep.
a) grinding c) rattling
b) biting d) curling

64. If a child doesnt consume enough protein, his growth is __________.

a) launched c) wrinkled
b) retarded d) brought up

65. My sister is as stubborn as a __________. Once she makes up her mind, it is almost
impossible to change it.
a) donkey c) post
b) goat d) mule

66. With his keen mind, Alex is never distracted by trivia. He always goes straight to the
__________ of a problem.
a) importance c) core
b) priority d) citation

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67. As Mary was unable to find her mistake in that sentence, I had to point __________ her.
a) out it to c) to
b) it out to d) it to

68. The new promotion program they had __________ proved to be very expensive. They had
to pull out of it or else they would have lost a lot of money.
a) outfitted c) launched
b) scoured d) grouped

69. Inflation will never be brought under control while prices continue to __________.
a) run c) heighten
b) glide d) soar

70. As my sister was __________ the apples for a pie, a worm popped out. You should have
seen the look of disgust on her face.
a) fitting c) roving
b) coring d) making out

71. I put a few logs on the fire, put a blanket over my shoulders and started reading my book. I
was feeling as __________ as a bug.
a) cosy c) snug
b) slug d) proud

72. The diplomat masterfully avoided answering the sensitive question by __________
changing the subject.
a) stupidly c) better
b) lapsing into d) craftily

73. Mountain air does wonders for a person. After a long nights sleep in our mountain cottage,
I woke up feeling as fresh as a __________.
a) rose c) flea
b) kitten d) daisy

74. Animals on the whole are very __________ to love. Even a stray cat will become your
friend if you show her some affection.
a) response c) responsible
b) responsive d) respondent

75. Many people believe that solar energy is really a ________ alternative for solving Turkeys
energy problem.
a) miracle c) prohibited
b) symptomatic d) viable

76. If the famine in Ethiopia continues, there is a real danger of mass _______.
a) severance c) starvation
b) stability d) synthesis

77. The residents of the area are ______ the city council to stop the building of the new dam,
which will flood several historic sites.
a) prosecuting c) persecuting
b) petitioning d) violating

81
78. Very old Central Asian customs are still _______ in some nomadic communities in Turkey.
a) extant c) prolonged
b) inflicted d) revised

79. George has opened a beautiful little shop which sells only electric household ______ such
as washing machines, toasters, and coffee machines.
a) appliqus c) applicants
b) applicators d) appliances

80. My doctors handwriting is so ______ that I usually make a note of the medicine he has
prescribed just in case the pharmacist isn't able to decipher what he has written.
a) eligible c) illegible
b) illogical d) illegal

81. I am sorry I missed Professor Longwinds lecture, but I am quite familiar with the subject
so I dont need to know everything he said; just tell me the _______ points.
a) salient c) consolidated
b) traumatic d) subsidized

82. In my estimation, Chuck ________ the stupidest move of his life when he vetoed the
company's decision to go public.
a) did c) took
b) had d) made

83. Children ______ of parental love usually end up being very strict parents themselves.
a) hindered c) deprived
b) proliferated d) recognized

84. It was impossible to detect any car or sign on the road. The __________ had turned
everything white.
a) sleet c) hurricane
b) blizzard d) tornado

85. When we ran out of petrol, we were __________ in the middle of the desert for two days.
a) stranded c) stopped
b) trapped d) forced

86. The _________ woman could hardly be lifted from the sea. Apparently a shark had bitten
off her leg.
a) isolated c) awful
b) freezing d) stricken

87. The video camera is on __________. You can start filming their conversation immediately.
a) sale c) stand-by
b) application d) action

88. TheTowerofPisais______________.That'swhyitisagreattouristattraction.
a) backlogged c) flawed
b) lopsided d) sullied

82
89. Andrew______________behindotherstudentsinexpressinghisideasclearly.
a) lags c) envisions
b) endures d) outstrips

90. Sixhamburgersandtwobottlesofcolacouldn'tsatisfyhis______________hunger.He
askedforyetanotherhamburger.
a) infertile c) prolonged
b) arrant d) insatiable

91. There has been a surprising ______________ in the demand for cellular phones.
Everybodywantstoownone.
a) continuum c) surge
b) nurture d) blob

92. Whethertousenuclearenergyornotisa______________. Ifyouuseit,yourisk

disaster;ifyoudon't,youlacknecessaryenergy.
a) metaphor c) paradigm
b) dilemma d) stasis

93. We______________ourwaytothedoorandthenranoutinordertoescapetheburglars.
a) edged c) grappled
b) receded d) infringed

94. It'sdifficultto______________abrokenheart,sochooseyourwordscarefullywhen
speakingtoher.
a) enrich c) mend
b) bestow d) spawn

95. AIDShasbeenthe______________ofthelasttwodecadesofthetwentiethcentury.
a) scourge c)smog
b) flaw d)inversion

96. You'dbetterwakeupandstepbackintomodernlife.Youwon'tgetanywherewithyour
______________valuejudgements.
a) bankrupt c) calcified
b) salient d) recessive

97. Whenthepopconcertwasover,theaudience______________formoresongs.
a) clamoured c) unsnarled
b) fared d) inflicted

98. Wecannot________________suchbehavioratschool.Thatstudentshouldbestrictly
punished.
a) condone c) dredgeup
b) conjureup d) cast

99. How toreconcile thedifferentinterest groupsisthe________________issueinour

program.
a) vibrant c) key

83
 b) lucrative d) hasty

100. Withallthe________________reportersaround,itisdifficulttomaintainourprivate
lives.
a) mandatory c) blessed
b) alienated d) prying
101. The________________approachtotaxreformswon'tpleasemanypeoplebecausethey
don'twanttopaymoretaxes.
a) fatal c) freckled
b) hardnosed d) petty

102. Theswimmingpoolwithits________________surroundingsisextremelypleasanton
hotsummerafternoons.
a) indispensable c) rampant
b) lush d) disparate

103. Astrongsenseofethicsisthe________________ofadominantcivilization.
a) mantle c) bedrock
b) threshold d) panacea

104.Igiveyoufree________________withalltheexpenditureaslongastheendproductis
perfect.
a) flak c) rein
b) crack d) umbrella

105. Allhisideasarenothingbuta(n)________________.Itisnotworthreadinghisbooks.
a) buzzword c) crux
b) affliction d) sham

106. Afteryearsofhisinefficientadministrationtheyhave________________himoutto
pasture.
a) put c) brought
b) taken d) sent

107. Weshouldn't________________babiesofparentalaffection.
a) proliferate c) deprive
b) hinder d) prosper

108. If you buy that car, you also get a mobile phone as a _______________.
a) gift c) partner
b) bonus d) device

109. I think you are losing your _______________ on her; she doesn't listen to you any more.
a) love c) boost
b) anger d) grip

110. He hurt his _______________ while playing football. He cannot walk properly.
a) shoulder c) calf
b) wrist d) elbow

84
111. Thinking most people are fools and can easily be deceived is the worst possible
____________ towards mankind.
a) attitude c) method
b) idea d) style

112. She just sat there and _______________ gossip with the other women while the men
talked business.
a) did c) exchanged
b) talked d) spoke

113. I think the critics _______________ his last play. In my opinion, it was much better than
they said it was.
a) overcharged c) overestimated
b) understaffed d) underrated

114. You cannot ________ your responsibilities like that. Don't you have a heart?
a) shrug off c) redress
b) donate d) own

115. What we want from you is to develop a(n) ________ attitude towards all the people
around you. You are not fair to them.
a) eye-catching c) unbiased
b) legal d) chagrined

116. After the court case, he was not ________ permission to leave the country.
a) sought c) complied
b) granted d) extended

117. This has become a(n) ________ mistake on the exams. Every year, they write that word
the same way.
a) professional c) individual
b) historical d) classical

118. She ________ that I had stolen her note-book.

a) claimed c) agreed
b) boasted d) persuaded

119. I noticed that at the meeting he was drawing ________ of people around him.
a) paintings c) sculptures
b) lithographs d) sketches

120. A(n) _______ has to create believable characters so that they can come alive on the stage.
a) playwright c) author
b) poet d) comedian

121. Each ________ of a Wagner opera lasts nearly two hours.

a) act c) instrument
b) movement d) quartet

85
122. The floor ________ in under his very feet. He fell to the ground below breaking both his
legs and one arm.
a) went c) pulled
b) took d) gave

123. You are ________. It wasn't me who deceived you, but your dearest friend, Alex.
a) burning the candle at both ends c) getting the wrong end of the stick
b) jumping in at the deep end d) being at your wits' end

124. Don't worry, those wounds will _________ in a week.

a) cure c) injure
b) heal d) operate

125. dil Biret is a(n) _________ pianist. She won a music scholarship at the age of nine.
a) bright c) intelligent
b) imaginative d) gifted

126. I can't understand why Ann _______ at people all the time. Doesn't she know it makes
people uneasy?
a) glances c) observes
b) glimpses d) stares

127. Please leave a _________ for the waiter before we leave.

a) fee c) fine
b) tip d) grant

128. Matt is nearly __________, so don't expect any financial help from him.
a) broke c) mean
b) stingy d) generous

129. You have __________ at least ten times during the last ten minutes. You must not have
slept well last night.
a) dozed c) napped
b) snored d) yawned

130. The management was in a crisis until Tom __________ with an astonishing plan to solve
it.
a) kept up c) caught up
b) came down d) came up

131. Don't worry about me. I'll somehow get _________ on whatever money that is left.
a) by c) away
b) over d) out

132. Cancel all my appointments, Mrs. Matthews. Something very important has come
________ and I must be off all afternoon.
a) round c) down
b) across d) up

86
133. Sandra didn't accept Paul's marriage proposal at first, but Paul wouldn't give _________.
Finally, she agreed to marry him.
a) out c) off
b) up d) away

134. He has _________ down with typhoid after drinking the water from that well.
a) come c) cut
b) kept d) lain

135. Gerald just doesn't go _________ with their ideas and plans, so he will probably resign
next week.
a) up c) down
b) along d) under

136. We _________ out of money while in Paris, so we sold our gold watches and
cameras.
a) spent c) ran
b) paid d) went

137. Bill has stolen some money from his father to pay _________ his gambling debts.
a) out c) off
b) in d) to

138. You were born with a _________ spoon in your mouth. You've always gotten what
you wanted.
a) gold c) silver
b) big d) hard

139. In the good old days, they used to call _________ to deliver babies at home.
a) midwives c) nurses
b) specialists d) patients

140. _________ me to give you back the money when we arrive there. I'm terribly
absent-minded.
a) Recollect c) Remember
b) Remind d) Ask

141. This painting is _________ one million dollars, but he is selling it for half a million.
a) worth c) cost
b) priced d) valued

142. Most shops spend a lot of money on their window _________ because then they sell
a lot more goods.
a) exhibitions c) shows
b) demonstrations d) displays

143. The relationship between a landlord and a _________ has always been a fragile one.
a) neighbour c) visitor
b) tenant d) resident

87
144. Jack and June _________ their engagement within a week of deciding that they were
not meant for each other.
a) halted c) ended
b) stopped d) completed

145. Let's buy a house with your _________ from the horse races.
a) investment c) income
b) earnings d) winnings

146. How many _________ do you eat for lunch?

a) meals c) plates
b) courses d) foods

147. If you ask him, he will help you _________. He is such a kind person.
a) readily c) carelessly
b) vividly d) unbelievably

148. I had a(n) _________ of her in the crowd and followed her, but she managed to flee.
a) glimpse c) view
b) observation d) glance

149. Mrs. Gaudy looked totally out of __________ when she showed up in a bright yellow
dress and huge silver earrings at the funeral.
a) place c) this world
b) sight d) mind

150. The twins are so alike that it is impossible to __________ them apart.
a) say c) tell
b) understand d) decide

151. If the government continues its present housing policy, it is likely to come __________
considerable opposition.
a) under c) on top of
b) around to d) up against

152. Albert is going to __________ the question of proper rubbish disposal at our residents
association meeting.
a) rise c) raise
b) bring d) lay down

153. Color-blind people often find it difficult to __________ between blue and green.
a) separate c) compare
b) distinguish d) contrast

154. When I return from my holiday, I shall have to __________ with a lot of work.
a) catch on c) make do
b) catch up d) make up

88
155. With the worsening inflation, most people are beginning to have difficulty in
__________.
a) tightening their belts c) going head over heels
b) keeping in touch d) making ends meet

156. I am afraid you missed the __________ of my argument.

a) topic c) concept
b) point d) subject

157. Mr. Hobbler, who lost a leg in a car accident, has now been fitted with a(n) ________ leg.
a) artificial c) substitute
b) extra d) imitation

158. It was impossible for the student to work out the answer to the question, so he just gave
__________.
a) out c) up
b) away d) into

B.
Choose the word or phrase which is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
159. The assistant manager was given the onerous task of organising the company's annual
conference.
a) viable c) momentous
b) burdensome d) mandatory

160. People living in rural areas have to put up with poor public transport.
a) depend on c) experience
b) complain about d) tolerate

161. A vote in parliament of two-thirds in favour is required to amend the constitution.

a) confirm c) alter
b) abolish d) reject

162. The results of the inquiry indicated that the fire had been started deliberately.
a) accidentally c) naturally
b) suddenly d) intentionally

163. There are countless tiny villages located in these mountains.

a) isolated c) various
b) ruined d) numerous

164. He looked at his watch hastily and decided it was time to leave.
a) quickly c) occasionally
b) secretly d) carefully

165. His aunt told him she disapproved of his conduct the previous evening.
a) behaviour c) criticism
b) rudeness d) speech

89
166. The plane vanished as it was flying over the Atlantic Ocean.
a) exploded c) disappeared
b) dropped d) accelerated

167. The refugees in the war suffered a great deal of deprivation.

a) violence c) illness
b) loss d) pain

168. He tried to get official approval for his scheme of building a sports facility in the middle
of the nature reserve.
a) amendment c) alteration
b) sanction d) assumption

169. The experienced politician steered away from the journalists questions on the latest
scandal.
a) abolished c) avoided
b) appointed d) responded

170. We received invaluable help from our students while we were setting up our new
computer center.
a) worthless c) without value
b) valuable d) expensive

171. He walked into the room with a somber expression on his face.
a) joyful c) explicit
b) gloomy d) competent

172. If you want your new company to prosper, you must try and find loyal investors.
a) alter c) thrive
b) continue d) proceed

173. She inherited her propensity to talk too much from her mother.
a) amnesty c) inclination
b) gene d) trendiness

174. A Health Ministry spokeswoman has announced that malaria has been virtually wiped out
in Turkey.
a) eradicated c) left out
b) vacated d) undertaken

175. Aunt Petunia smiled serenely at us and said nothing.

a) stupidly c) meaninglessly
b) calmly d) knowingly

176. The lecturer on Bolivian literature was brilliant. He brought up a lot of interesting points,
but Im afraid I couldnt take them all in.
a) accomplish c) adapt
b) adopt d) absorb

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C.
1.
Complete the following sentences using the words in the box. Do not change the
form of the words. There are more words than you need.

dispose of susceptible prolong

findings innate inflict
nurture contract recording
endure integrate dilate

1. When the body's natural resistance is low, a person is _______________ to infection by

different types of bacteria.

2. A balanced diet and regular exercise are both thought to help _______________ life.

3. According to the _______________ of the study, children under the age of five who watch
violent T.V. programs are very likely to grow up to be violent teenagers.

4. In developing countries with inadequate medical facilities, patients often have to

_______________ the pain of serious operations without the aid of anaesthetic or pain-
killing drugs.

5. Laws of physics are based on the fact that gases _______________ as temperature falls.

6. Chemical companies polluting local rivers will be forced by new government regulations
to _______________ their waste without damaging the environment.

7. The basic level of intelligence in humans is _______________, but the ability to use that
potential is greatly influenced by environmental factors.

2.
Complete the following sentences using the words in the box. Do not change the
form of the words. There are more words than you need.

diversity deliberate odour

coherent discriminate random
chilling demise flaw
thrive dilemma enrich

1. The only _______________ in his character is that he loses his temper very quickly.

2. I'm facing a serious _______________. I promised to go to my friend's wedding but I

forgot that it's on the same day as my mother's birthday, and my family will be really upset
if I don't go out to dinner with them. What am I going to do?

3. She gave a very _______________ explanation of the government's current economic

policy, so there was no need for the audience to ask her any questions at the end.

4. It is strange that although he is very proud of his CD collection, he doesn't keep them in
any order at all. He just leaves piles of _______________ discs lying on the floor.

91
5. The _______________ of her uncle was an unexpected blow. He was old but had seemed
in perfect health.

6. It may seem old-fashioned, but reading books on a wide variety of subjects is the best way
to _______________ the mind.

7. We have very high expectations of our employees, so everyone who works for us must be
able to _______________ in a stressful environment.

3.
Complete the following sentences using the words in the box. Do not change the form of
the words. There are more words than you need.

obsession violate deprive

indispensable condone

1. Although many governments favour the decriminalisation of drugs in principle, they fear
that it would _______________ the use of addictive substances.

2. In my work, a computer is _______________. There's no way I could manage without it.

3. American inspectors are regularly sent abroad to ensure that other countries do not
_______________ international agreements on chemical and nuclear weapons.

4. Mark's interest in keeping fit has become a(n) _______________. He just can't stop
talking about it.

4.
Completethefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectwordfromthelistbelow. Useeach
wordonlyonce.Therearemorewordsthanyouneed.

aggressive assessment sensitive

freckles wrinkles bad - tempered
extrovert tidy selfish

1. A(n) _____________ person is difficult to handle. You don't know where you are with
him.

2. He is so __________________ that he thinks the world revolves around him.

3. Mary likes people and going to places and hates to stay at home. In other words, she is
a(n) ________________.

4. Such __________________ behavior will land him in trouble with the police someday.

5. Leaders should be competent in their ________________ of other people's characters.

6. You shouldn't talk to her like that. She is very ________________ and easily gets hurt.

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7. You can estimate a person's age from the ________________ on his face.

5.
Completethefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectwordfromthelistbelow. Useeach
wordonlyonce.Therearemorewordsthanyouneed.

unwind roved responsive

lapsed bland soared
retard tossed dawned
core zest sedentary

1. Theofficials'________________reactiontothesituationdisturbedmanyofusafter
all,wewereinserioustroubleandstrictmeasureshadtobetakenatonce.

2. Recent studies have shown that ________________ workleads to physical as well as

psychologicaldisorders.

3. Assoonasheenteredhishotelroom,he________________hissuitcaseintoacorner,and
rangtheroomserviceforsomethingtoeat.

4. Youarewastingtimediscussingtrivialmatters.Whatyoushouldactuallydoisgettothe
________________oftheproblem.

5. Asthesleepingpillbegantotakeeffect,she________________intoheavysleep.

6. Withtheinventionoftheprintingpress,anewerainhumanhistory________________.

7. Sallyishighly________________tocompliments,soyoushouldpraiseherworknow
andthentomakeherworkbetter.

6.
Completeeachofthefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectwordfromtheboxbelow.Use
eachwordonlyonce.Therearemorewordsthanyouneed.

cautious devastated withdrawn

tended stubborn embers
immature blaze inquisitive
adaptable stampeded balanced

1. The________________thatstartedatthedrugfactoryinthesouthofthecitysoonspread
tonearbybuildings.

2. Shewastryingnottosound________________,butIcouldseethatshewasdyingto
learnallthedetailsofthedivorcecase.

3. Don'tworryaboutKennethtakingthechildrenforadriveheisavery_____________
driver.

93
4. Theelephants,frightenedbythenoiseoftheexplosion,________________,tramplingon
anythingintheirpaths.

94
5. Those twin brothers look exactly alike but are so different in character: Deniz is an
outgoing,livelyboywhileCenkisoverlysensitiveand________________.

6. Afterherboyfriendstormedoutoftheroom,shesatthereforalongtime,staringatthe
________________ofthefire.

7.
Complete the following sentences by matching suitable verbs from box A with suitable
phrases from box B.

A B
shrug put your neck your foot down
learn your shoulders
see risk by heart eye to eye

1. Paul left home last month and moved to a small flat near his school as he didn't
___________________ with his parents.

2. I think you should try to _____________________ the poems of John Keats

_____________________ . He is considered to be one of the greatest English poets.

3. For God's sake don't just _____________________ ! Say what you think about the
problem. Your indifference is so annoying.

4. You shouldn't _____________________ for Julie. That ignorant, two-faced girl is not
worth it.

5. You must _____________________ if he asks to borrow your car again. I'm sure he can
afford to buy at least a second-hand car.

8.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the box. Use each only once.

acquisition flourish integration

zest might impending
diversity soar internalized
facilitate wipe out retard
doom dawn craftily
foster

* The (1)_______________ of different groups into a whole is necessary in every society. It

requires the (2)_______________ of Hercules on the part of the politicians along with
(3)_______________ for the work they're doing.

* If people want democracy to (4)_____________, all should cooperate to

(5)______________ ignorance and concentrate on the (6)_______________ of knowledge.

* The (7)_______________ danger of the warming up of the world may lead to the
(8)_______________ of mankind.

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* Taking enough proteins (9)_______________ the growth of infants; on the other hand, a
diet that lacks proteins (10)_______________ their growth.

* The (11)_______________ of opinion on this issue makes it difficult for us to arrive at a

decision.

* A new age of electronics has (12)_______________ on the world. Nothing will ever be
the same again. Let's hope it (13)_______________ better relationships among human
beings

* Despite inflation (14)_______________ to a record-high, some bureaucrats are still

(15)_______________ defending themselves.

* It is when children (16)_______________ the values of their immediate environment that

they become truly socialized.

9.
Fill in each blank with the most appropriate word from the list. Use each only once.

scarce disorientated trampled prime motive

appalling validate predisposed leprosy rage
tangible distortion random blaze

1. The facts don't _______________ his theory. So he should start all over again.

2. She is __________ to be critical because her mother used to criticize her a lot when she
was a child.

3. The questionnaire was given to a ___________ selection of people from different age
groups.

4. It is common for the media to get away with _____________ of the facts.

5. Do you have _______________ evidence to prove your point?

6. The conditions in which they live are _______________. I've never seen such poverty in
my life.

7. Jack is the _______________ suspect in the murder case.

8. I feel _______________ and can't work today. I suppose I still have jet lag.

9. The outbreak of a fight at the football match caused panic and more than twenty people
were _______________.

10. The bombing of the bazaar caused a _______________ which went on for several hours
destroying many shops.

11. _______________ victims used to be put together in camps or on remote islands in the
past.

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12. Snakes are _______________ in the north of the country, but they are common in the
south.

13. What is your _______________ for trying to separate her from her son?

14. Don't speak to him now. He is in a __________. He is swearing at everybody around him.

10.
Fill in the blanks with the opposites of words in brackets by using prefixes.
I don't want to show (1)____________________ (respect) but your ideas are quite
(2)_________________ (relevant) and (3)__________________ (logical). We cannot possibly
accept a(n) (4)_______________ (mature) approach to such an important project.

11.
Complete each sentence in the pair with the same word.

1. a) We may be biased, but our students compared with their __________ in other
universities appear to be more sophisticated.
b) My son is a very sensitive child. When I come home, he anxiously _________ at my
face to determine my mood.

2. a) Early historians were people who lived in the palace. They entered every event in
official __________ which they later used as the basis for their history books.
b) I feel chilly. Could you please throw a few more ________ on the fire?

3. a) My mother used to _________ every book and magazine that came to our house
before she would let us read them.
b) His latest play will be adapted for the ________. If all goes well, he may become a
famous man in Hollywood overnight.

4. a) If you go on like this in the same __________________ of mind, you'll never

understand my side of the story.
b) She put his picture in a __________________ and hung it on the wall.

5. a) Now proceed and __________________ the program as we planned it.

b) It is a sad thing to __________________ a human being as a punishment.

6. a) Marilyn Monree died at the __________________ of her film career.

b) The mountaineers finally reached the __________________ of the mountain and
planted their national flag there.

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12.
Findtheoppositesforthefollowingwordsusingthecorrectprefix.
e.g._insoluble
1. ____respect
2. ____legible
3. ____rational
4. ____behave
5. ____polite

13.
Fill in each blank with only one word.

1. They have just been kicked out of their house because they couldn't pay the rent. Now,
they are looking _____________ the possibility of going back to their village.

2. Whenever we do something wrong collectively, I am always _____________ out and get

punished.

3. If you help me in this matter, I'll write _____________ your debts.

4. You'd better _____________ to your own kind. Those new people in your life won't do
you any good.

5. His condition is getting worse; I think we should _____________ for his son immediately.

6. I tried to put him at his _______________ by telling him there was nothing to worry
about; the examination would be easy.

7. I personally believe that eating onions doesn't do anybody any _______________, but
people say it has beneficial effects.

8. They all wanted to pay her a _______________ by telling her how clever and well-dressed
she was.

9. No one has made a _______________ to stop the government from passing that law.

10. He yells and threatens everybody, yet no one _______________ him seriously.

11. Paul is cracking _______________ all the time, but nobody thinks they're funny.

12. He always does whatever he wants to do and I cannot change his ways. He is as
_______________ as a _______________.

13. Thanks for pointing _______________ my error. Otherwise, I would have made a fool of
myself at the seminar.

14. Deborah cannot see anything at all without her glasses. She is as _______________ as a
_______________.
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D. WORD BUILDING

1.
Fill in each blank with the correct form of the words given in brackets.
Alex's self (1)_______________ (confident) is really at its peak because of this recent
success.Tohiswife's(2)_______________(amaze),heisevenconsideringtakingpartina
TV(3)_______________(commerce).Onecannothelpbutwonderhowheisgoingtoget
overhis(4)_______________(shy).

2.
Use the most suitable form of the word in brackets.
It is very normal for pre-school children to have (1)__________________ (imagine) friends.
To an untrained eye, these kids look as if they are talking to themselves. My little niece has
such a friend. Guess who? Michael Jackson! She does quite a (2)___________________
(vary) of things with him: feeds him, plays with him and even fights with him, which is not a
rare (3)___________________ (occur). When that happens, they break up and she gets
(4)___________________ (increase) moody and eventually (5)___________________
(depress). Since Michael and her relationship with him is very real to her, nobody dares to
tease her about it.

3.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in parentheses.
There was an engine (1)______________ (fail) in the plane, so our (2)______________ (fly)
was diverted to a small airport. After a rough (3)______________(land), we were asked to
leave the plane quickly for our own (4)______________ (safe).

4.
Use the most suitable form of the word in brackets. Do not use the given word.
(1)_______________(addict) to that drug gradually changes one's
(2)_______________(person). The person becomes (3)_______________ (increase) afraid of
the world around him and becomes (4)_______________ (resent) towards people close by. He
prefers to sit in a (5)_______________ (dark) room by himself and hates to be under
(6)________________ (observe).

5.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate build-up of the underlined words.

1. Being a sportsman, I think your behaviour is totally incompatible with _________.

2. Don't be nervous please. ______________ in the exam won't get you anywhere, so
try to calm down.

99
3. So you want me to pay in cash. I don't think you should make difficulties over the
_______________ of a 30-dollar electric iron.

4. He was imprisoned for stealing two eggs from a grocer's. The next day, the media made a
big issue out of his _______________.

6.
Fill each blank with a suitable form of the word in brackets.

1. Political parties frequently make _______________ (modify) in their policies to meet the
standards of the day.

2. He doesn't ______________ (qualification) to be a teacher because he doesn't have a

degree in teaching.

3. You'd better _____________ (clarified) the meaning of what you've just said. Otherwise,
I won't speak to you again.

4. Do you have to eat at a __________________ (specification) time?

5. The __________________ (horrify) of the earthquake still remains in their minds.

7.
Complete the following sentences with the correct words from the list below. Do not
forget to put the word you choose into its correct form where necessary. Use each word
only once. There are more words than you need.

edge derision recession

inversion flaw bankrupt
lag enrichment clamour
trend

1. The high rate of inflation led to the _______________________ of many small

businesses.

2. The memory of the terrible incident began to _______________________ with time.

3. The plan you have made to deal with the crisis is _______________________. Unless
you find a way of improving it, it is likely to result in failure.

4. Metaphors and cliches are commonly used by authors to _______________________ a

piece of writing.

5. It is expected that economic development will _______________________ due to

inefficient management.

6. This is the avenue where ______________________ night clubs and restaurants can be
found.

7. He started to _______________________ his way towards the door when he realised that
he didn't have enough money to pay for the food he had ordered.

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8.
Usethecorrectformofthewordsgiveninbrackets.

1. ________________(intelligent)isagodgivengiftforahumanbeing.

2. Hisapproachtotheroleheplayedlacked________________(sincere).

3. ________________(lonely)finallydrovehimtocommitsuicide.

4. Manysocialillscanbepreventedbybetter________________(educated).

9.
Fill each blank with a suitable form of the word in brackets.

1. He lifted the table with a touch of his hand; it was really _______________ (miracle).

2. You must handle electrical ____________ (apply) with care because they are quite
sensitive.

3. On some banana _______________ (plant) in tropical countries they use a very complex
irrigation system.

4. I don't have to get everybody's ______________ (approve) in order to do what I want to

do.

10.
Fill in the blanks with a suitable form of the words in brackets.

1. His mental _______________ (secure) makes life difficult for him and others.

2. Your help in this project was _______________ (value). I cannot possibly pay you back.

3. Going there and shaking _______________ (count) hands is not my favorite way of
spending the evening.

4. The three companies made an agreement to _______________ (solid) their power.

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CLOZE TEST

Fill in the blanks with ONE word only to complete the following texts. Contractions (eg.
isn't, they're) count as one word.

1.
My family and all their pets, six in all, including my father's temperamental parrot "Huylu",
had a fabulous holiday up (1)_________________ Mount Nemrut this year. A holiday at a
mountain (2)_________________ was a new experience for the family.

When I was a child we (3)________________ to have our holidays in my dad's little village
on the southern (4)_________________ of Turkey. It was just wonderful! We
(5)_________________ spend hours by the sea; swimming, playing and building sand castles
with all our cousins. Later, when our peaceful village became a major tourist attraction, we
stopped going there because the traffic became a serious danger (6)_________________ the
younger kids in the family.

It was my ever-wise mom who came up with the brilliant idea to try the mountains this year.
My father who is a person set in his ways, (7)_________________ to resist almost any new
idea. As always, he made all kinds of excuses before he reluctantly agreed to this new
"adventure".

You won't believe this, but whenever anybody asks, "Wasn't it wonderful?". Huylu, secretly
tutored by my father, replies, "Yes, it was but there is always room (8)_________________
improvement.". That parrot is (9)_________________ getting on everybody's nerves.

2.
How long do you go to school if you (1)________________ in Sweden. As long as you wish!
In Sweden, you are (2)________________ too old to learn something new. While adult
education (3)________________ become more popular in many countries around the world,
Sweden is (4)________________ a leader in this area of education. Maybe it is those
(5)________________ Swedish winters. More than three generations ago, Swedish adults,
(6)________________ with endless cold nights, began forming study circles.
(7)________________ gathered informally to talk about subjects ranging
(8)_______________ Egyptian art to foreign languages. Later, during the 1930's
(9)_______________ attracted enough popular support, the study circle became
(10)_______________ issue of national policy. In other words, these Swedes
(11)________________ not just created a society (12)________________ liberal arts
students. Today, Swedish adult education is (13)________________ concerned with jobs and
there are special training courses that (14)________________ from one week for an
introduction (15)________________ desktop publishing, to 28 weeks for business economics.

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(16)_______________ courses are offered at 100 government - funded
(17)________________ nation-wide. Waldemar Sandberg attends a course at such a center in
Stockholm. (18)_________________ the age of 52, Sandberg had lost his job
(19)_________________ of Europe's recession, but he is not (20)_________________
worried yet. The government is paying (21)_________________ tuition --about $12600 for
28 weeks -- (22)_________________ Sandberg can learn modern accounting and computer
skills. (23)_________________ he needs peace of mind to benefit (24)_________________
the program, the government also pays Sandberg a respectable living allowance. He hopes
the training will (25)_________________ him get a job as a finance director
(26)________________ a Swedish company. "It is a cost for the government,
(27)________________ it is also an investment for society and if you make an overall
calculation the government might even (28)_________________ a profit." Sandberg
declares.

The Swedes insist that they are making a smart decision about (29)_________________ to
spend limited funds. The country (30)_________________ spend very much cash on benefits
for (31)_________________ unemployed, but it lavishes money on training programs and
grants for trainees. "We recognize we have to take (32)_________________ of the people in
our society, but they might as well do something (33)_________________." says Berit
Rollen, Director of Sweden's National Employment Training Board.

3.
I sometimes wonder if other people get as irritated as I (1)_______________ by the so-called
hygienic wrappings of (2)_______________ household items sold in the shops today.
(3)_______________ the most insignificant items are so (4)_______________ wrapped,
sealed or otherwise made inaccessible (5)_______________ one would imagine the whole
purpose (6)_______________ just keeping them permanently on display
(7)_______________ than selling them to the customers. Once, (8)_______________ so long
ago, we were able to (9)_______________ biscuits and rice from open sacks and barrels.
(10)_______________ could see, touch and smell (11)_______________ we were buying.
There was never any hurry; we usually (12)_______________ our time before we made
(13)_______________ our minds. We often used to have a (14)_______________ chat with
the friendly (15)_______________ or exchange a few pieces of gossip (16)_______________
the neighbour from the next street who (17)_______________ happened to walk in.

Our purchases (18)_______________ carefully weighed and then put (19)_______________

a wrapping the shopkeeper tied up with a (20)_______________ movement of his fingers. It

103
is not that (21)_______________ today. You just stuff whatever youre buying in a
(22)______________ or a cart, go to the check-out (23)_______________ manned by
faceless individuals just as (24)_______________ wrapped as the items youre getting,
(25)_______________ may or may not say hello (26)_______________ the friendliness of
a recording. Then you (27)_______________ home with your ingeniously packed purchases.
There (28)_______________ think that the sole purpose (29)_______________ the
manufacturers was to prevent you (30)_______________ opening them. I must admit that
(31)_______________ tried knives, scissors and any sharp (32)_______________ that I can
lay my hands on, I am frequently reduced to (33)_______________ things with my teeth.

4.
When Gerald was a child, his father (1)_________________ to beat him frequently. This
gradually caused him to lose confidence in (2)_________________ and in his family.
(3)_________________ they moved to Liverpool, he couldn't (4)_________________ used to
city life easily. He developed a stutter which lasted ten years. He received speech therapy for
several years. He (5)_________________ often read long texts aloud for hours and hours to
overcome this speech defect. He still (6)_________________ thinking about his childhood
and cannot easily forgive his father. He (7)_________________ to get nervous whenever he
sees someone beating another person. He tries not to focus (8)_________________ his
childhood anymore but finds it hard not to do so. Will there be any room
(9)_________________ improvements in his life? Only if (10)_________________
encouragement is given by friends.

5.
PROBLEM-SOLVING

People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a
solution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or
(1)____________ of other people. Other times they (2)_____________ to act without
thinking; they try (3)____________ find a solution by trial and (4)_____________. However,
when all these methods fail, (5)____________ person with a problem has to
(6)_____________ analyzing. There are six stages in (7)_____________ a problem.

First, the person must (8)_____________ that there is a problem. For (9)_____________,
Sam's bicycle is broken, and he (10)_____________ ride it to class as he (11)_____________
does. Sam must see that there (12)_____________ a problem with his bicycle.

Next, (13)_____________ thinker must define the problem. Before (14)_____________

can repair his bicycle, he must (15)_____________ the reason why it does not
(16)_____________. For instance, he must determine if (17)_____________ problem is with

104
the gears, the (18)_____________, the tires, or the frame. He (19)_____________ make his
problem more specific.

Now (20)_____________ person must look for information that (21)_____________

make the problem clearer and lead (22)_____________ possible solutions. For instance,
suppose Sam (23)_____________ that his bike does not work (24)_____________ there is
something wrong with the (25)_____________ wheels. At this time, he can
(26)_____________ in his bicycle repair book and (27)_____________ about gears. He can
talk to (28)_____________ friends at the bike shop. He (29)_____________ look at his gears
carefully.

After (30)_____________ the problem, the person should have (31)_____________

suggestions for a possible solution. Take (32)_____________ as an illustration again. His
suggestions (33)_____________ be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and
replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels.

Eventually, one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final
idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees
something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing
gum between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes the solution to his problem: he must
clean the gear wheels.

Finally, the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his
bicycle works perfectly. In short, he has solved the problem.

6.
SOME ADVICE ON FOOD SHOPPING
The average family spends about one-sixth of its income on food. Because food is
expensive, it is important to spend money wisely when you shop. A careful shopper can
prepare nutritious and delicious meals inexpensively. Here are some hints to help you shop
better.

Buy only the food that you need. There are several ways to avoid (1)______________
extra food. First, make a shopping (2)______________ before you go to the store.
(3)______________ when you are at the store, (4)______________ your list carefully.
Furthermore, do not (5)______________ shopping if you are hungry. When
(6)______________ are hungry, foods look very delicious (7)____________ you want to buy
more than (8)_____________ need. Finally, go shopping alone if (9)______________ can. If
you shop with young (10)______________, they often ask you to buy (11)______________
unnecessary food like candy.

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 When you (12)______________ a selection, choose the least expensive
(13)______________ of a product. There are three (14)______________ to remember when
you buy a (15)______________ of tomatoes, for example. First, look (16)______________
the advertisements in the newspaper to (17)______________ if your local supermarket is
having (18)______________ "special" on canned tomatoes. In addition, (19)_____________
you are in the store, you (20)_____________ check the price per pound of
(21)_____________. Sometimes you save money if you (22)_____________ the larger size
can; sometimes, however, (23)______________ do not. Third, remember that a
(24)______________ A product or a more expensive (25)____________ is not necessarily
more healthful than (26)______________ grade B or less expensive product.
(27)_____________ A tomatoes may look better, but (28)____________ canned tomatoes
have the same nutrients.

(29)______________ seem to have special difficulties when (30)______________ buy

fresh fruits and vegetables. There (31)______________ several things to consider when
buying (32)______________ foods. Because fresh foods spoil if (33)______________ are not
used, you have to buy the correct amount for the number of people you are serving.
Remember that a pound of some vegetables serves more people than a pound of other
vegetables. For instance, a pound of string beans is enough for six servings. In addition, plan
to use fresh foods that are in season because fresh foods are generally less expensive when
they are in season. Finally, choose fruits and vegetables that have a bright, fresh color. A good
color is often a sign that the food has a lot of vitamins. Careful shoppers try to get as many
nutrients as they can for each dollar.

7.
People of unusual habits have always attracted me. By this I do not imply hippies and
dropouts for (1)________ modern society has very little respect. No, I mean those orderly
people (2)_________ otherwise dull lives are enriched by unlikely routines or manias
(3)_______ are totally harmless to others. There is, for example, a bank clerk I know,
(4)________ will not eat his breakfast toast (5)________ the sun rises and he actually sees the
early rays of the sun. Since he lives in London, (6)_________ he enjoys a reluctant sun, he
frequently goes without breakfast. Another couple I know has a neat little bungalow in
(7)_______ they keep two dogs and a cat, (8)________ they themselves live in a tree house
because they are convinced it is more natural. No matter (9)_________ hard their neighbours
try, they havent been able to persuade them to live like ordinary people. Life, I am sure,
would be very much poorer without such people. Sometimes I feel I am lacking in personality,
since I have none of these strange habits (10)______, of course, you count the fact that I keep
a hamster in my desk drawer at the office.

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8.
"Parachuting Changed My Life!"

When Su Woods stepped onto the tarmac of Thruxton airfield one sunny afternoon to make her
first parachute jump, she was not only about to (1)_______________ her childhood dream
come true, but she was (2)_______________ leaving her old life for a new one. Achieving her
ambition was to transform her life. Eight years later, Su and her husband Dennis now own the
parachute club (3)_______________ Su made her first jump and the couple first met.

"Parachuting has changed my life enormously," Su says. "When I think back to the first day
(4)_______________ came, watching all the experienced jumpers and feeling anxious
(5)_______________ my own jump before take-off, I have to keep telling myself that the
club's ours. I've made 100 jumps now, (6)_______________ is quite a lot, but there are plenty
of members here who are much more advanced than I am.

"It's (7)_______________ exciting being up in the air that you just don't get frightened.
Besides, everything to do with parachuting is highly regulated - you can't just go up in a plane
and jump (8)_______________ of it. You must have proper training. Safety precautions are
strictly enforced. At (9)_______________, you have a rope attached to your parachute linking
it to the aeroplane. As you fall free, (10)_______________ rope pulls the parachute open. It's
not (11)_______________ you've reached a certain standard that you're allowed to open your
own parachute. There's not really any danger at all. (12)_______________, it's only natural
sometimes to feel afraid at the thought (13)_______________ jumping from a plane at 750
metres!

"No matter (14)_______________ experienced you are, you always get nervous
(15)_______________ you make a jump. You step out onto the platform, the instructor says
'Go', (16)_______________ then suddenly you're in the air. Coming down is wonderful, and
you don't remember (17)_______________ you were afraid of."

Balancing her career (18)_______________ the editor of a local newspaper with sorting
out a new house, managing the parachute club and pursuing her favourite hobby means that
things (19)_______________ housework and washing up can get badly neglected. "But then,"
Su says, "it's a question of priorities. I'd much rather parachute (20)_______________ spend
Saturdays cleaning the house. "

9.
Speaking in front of large numbers of people is a skill which most people will need at some
time in their lives. It is something which everyone can do, but is difficult to do well. Different
speakers, of course, have different styles. However, there are certain common principles which
will help you give your speech or presentation more professionally.

107
 First of all, before your speech, it is essential that you be well prepared. Do lots of research
and prepare your materials carefully. Make sure you have enough to say to fill the time
provided. If you don't know enough about your subject, you will be (1)_______________ a
serious disadvantage, especially when it comes to answering questions. If you find that you
have too much material, give (2)_______________ to your main points - you can go into more
detail later if you have time. Don't memorise your speech, but be familiar with it so that you
will be able to use just a few notes. On the big day, arrive early. If you only just
(3)_______________ it in time, you won't be able to get everything ready. You are responsible
(4)_______________ ensuring that any visual aids are set up and working properly. When
everything is ready, have a chat with members of the audience. This will help you relax and get
to know the people you will speak to.

As you begin your speech, first introduce yourself and thank people for coming. If you
wish, you can (5)_______________ your audience (and yourself) at ease by making a few
amusing comments to break the ice. However, don't start cracking jokes; after all, you want
your audience to (6)_______________ you seriously. Introduce the subject and outline your
main points. Then, go through each point clearly and carefully. Look around at the audience
and assess its reaction: it is surprising how many speakers are unaware (7)_______________
what the audience is doing. Are they listening to you? Stay in control. Stick to the point and
don't let yourself be distracted (8)_______________ questions. Nine times
(9)_______________ of ten, the information the person is asking for will be given later in your
speech. Don't speak (10)_______________ an aggressive manner, though. Just politely say you
will accept all questions at the end. In addition, remember that nobody's perfect: mistakes occur
even when the best speakers are performing. Apologise, but don't try to (11)_______________
any excuses - it leaves a bad impression. When you come to the end of your presentation,
summarise your main points and (12)_______________ an explanation for any conclusions
you reach because, without justification, your opinions are worthless. Finally, there is the
question-and-answer session.

After it's all over, evaluate your performance. Ask yourself in which areas you could
improve. Don't worry if you were nervous and it didn't go very well. Just put it down to
(13)_____________. Don't be afraid to try again. It will (14)_______________ you good to
practise as often as possible. In this way, you will overcome your nerves, and you may even
come to enjoy it.

10.
We become mass individuals when we identify with the system, accepting its values. However,
(1)_____________ cannot easily isolate ourselves from the (2)_____________, because it
pervades every aspect of (3)_____________ culture. We buy mass-produced

108
products just (4)_____________ they are cheaper although they aren't (5)______________
quality. We read the local newspapers (6)_____________ though we seldom feel that they
(7)_____________ anything to our sense of well-being. (8)_____________ if we do not want
to (9)_____________ without a radio or television set, (10)_____________ should at least be
discriminating in (11)_____________ choice of programs. We must choose
(12)_______________ if we want to avoid being (13)______________ by the constant
propaganda and advertising (14)_______________ are hurled at us in favor
(15)_______________ the system. We can only do (16)_____________ if we guard our true
individuality (17)___________ not let ourselves be seduced by (18)______________ rewards
which the system offers to (19)________________ who achieve success.

The system does (20)________________ opportunities for the aggressive individual to

(21)________________ one of the actors in the (22)________________ and not remain part of
(23)________________ unseen and unheard audience. Someone has (24)________________
run the show, or at least (25)____________ appears so. Those individuals who rise
(26)____________ the top in the hierarchy of (27)____________ are considered to be the
successful (28)___________. There are hierarchies in every field (29)_______________
endeavor: business, education, politics, society, art, (30)______________ so on. There are
power hierarchies (31)_____________ each segment of the field also. (32)________________
organized activity creates a hierarchy of power. (33)________________ each hierarchy, large
or small, the person who is at the top and wields the greater power is regarded as a success by
those lower on the scale.

Yet no one truly runs the show; no one really wields the power. Those at the top are as much
part of the system as the lowest man on the totem pole. They can be replaced as easily as one
of their subordinates. They are not creative people whose work bears the stamp of their
individuality. Their function, like that of each mass individual, is to keep the show going, to
keep the system operating to keep the machine running.

11.
Howshouldwemeasurethecostofanythingofanewmotorcycle,anewfreeway,orarapid
transitsystem?Economistsuseaconceptcalledopportunitycost.

To determine opportunity cost, we measure (1)_____________ value of the next opportunity

we (2)_____________ sacrifice in order to take the (3)_____________ of action we have
selected. When (4)_____________ go to class or decide to (5)_____________ in the library,
you give up (6)_____________ opportunity to watch television at home. (7)_____________
opportunity cost of attending class or (8)_____________ in the library is the value
(9)_____________ place on the television program you (10)_____________.

109
Then what is the cost of (11)_____________ $1,000 motorcycle you want? It is
(12)_____________ the price. The opportunity cost to (13)_____________ if you buy it is not
(14)_____________, but the value of the product (15)____________ you might have bought
with (16)____________ $1,000. Notice that the money (price) is (17)___________ the cost
itself. The cost is (18)___________ evaluation of the "real" things sacrificed.

(19)_____________, money is a means of getting (20)_____________ things that we want,

price is (21)_____________ measure of how much money is (22)_____________, and cost is
the value of (23)_____________ we give up. The question economists (24)_____________ is
how much in actual products (25)_____________ services must be sacrificed for whatever
(26)_____________ being considered a dam, hospital, school, (27)_____________ satellite,
rocket, etc.

We can look at (28)_______________ opportunity cost of any decision that

(29)_______________ been made. However, one of the (30)_______________ frequently
under-estimated costs is the cost (31)_______________ a war. The most obvious costs
(32)______________ lost lives, destroyed property, ruined careers, (33)______________
wasted resources in the form of tanks, helicopters, guns, bullets, uniforms, and other military
equipment. Less obvious costs are the slum clearance, anti-pollution, public health, and
welfare projects that might otherwise have been undertaken. Consider also the costs in
hospitals, doctors, medicine, and equipment devoted to veterans' care long after the war is over,
as well as the costs of the benefits paid to dependents. For instance, in 1967 more than 1,300
dependents of veterans of the American Civil War - a war that ended 102 years before -
received annual benefits totaling more than $1 million. Veterans' benefits for the Spanish-
American War amounted to $5.3 billion, or twelve times the original cost of that war.

12.
The Carter family are television addicts and can't imagine life without one. We asked this
family to take part in an experiment. We took the Carters' television away from them for
a month. This was the result.

George Carter (father): At first, we all went into (1)________________ living room as usual,
but we (2)________________ know what to do. All the (3)________________ in the room
have always faced (4)________________ TV. In the first week, we (5)________________
talking about the programs we couldn't (6)________________, but after about ten days we
(7)________________ to think of ways of filling (8)______________ time. We sat down
together for (9)________________ instead of eating in front of (10)________________ box;
we talked to each other (11)______________ nobody had to rush away to
(12)________________ a program. I do miss my (13)______________ programs, though. I
prefer having a (14)______________, but perhaps we can try to (15)________________ how
much we watch in future.

110
Sandra Carter (daughter, 15): I love watching TV. We've got satellite
(16)________________ and I used to watch MTV (17)______________ evening. I thought
Mum and Dad (18)________________ crazy to take part in this (19)________________. It
was difficult at school because (20)_______________ talks about what they saw on
(21)_______________ the night before. But we started (22)________________ play games
together - chess, cards, board (23)________________. We were more relaxed as a
(24)________________. I had more time to do (25)________________ homework and I even
started taking piano lessons. Actually, I think I'd rather not have a TV for the next few months.
If it's there, I watch it, and I've got my exams in two months' time.

13.
WORKING HOLIDAYS

Every summer, hundreds of thousands of students travel (1)_____________ other

countries looking for work (2)_____________ adventure. Most of the opportunities
(3)_____________ in seasonal work, mainly connected (4)_____________ tourism and
agriculture. The pay (5)_____________ usually poor, but most people (6)_____________
abroad for the thrill of (7)_____________. You can pick grapes in France, (8)_____________
on a family campsite, entertain (9)_____________ on American summer camps, and,
(10)_____________ course, there are always jobs (11)_____________ hotels and restaurants.

But it (12)_____________ not as easy as it (13)_____________ to be to find work.

"(14)_____________ you speak the language of (15)_____________ country well, there will
be (16)_____________ few openings," says Anthea Ellis, (17)_____________ adviser on
vacation work for (18)_____________. "If you work as a(19)_____________ with a family in
Italy, (20)_____________ of course you'll have to (21)_____________ Italian. When you
arrive to (22)_____________ dishes in a restaurant in Paris, (23)_____________ owner will
expect you to (24)_____________ French. British students only have (25)_____________
language advantage for jobs in (26)_____________ USA and Australia."

Not everyone (27)_____________ the experience. Sarah James was (28)_____________

courier responsible for forty American (29)_____________ in Europe. The two teachers
(30)_____________ accompanied the children had never (31)_____________ abroad. One
child lost his (32)_____________ another became seriously ill and (33)_____________ flown
home; four children were lost in Madrid for a whole day; the whole group was thrown out of
one hotel because of the noise they made, and Sarah herself was mugged on her only free
evening of the entire trip.

111
14.

Somehow it seems to happen again and again. I meet a nice woman and fall in love with
her, but for some reason or other, it doesn't work out. Take Maria, for example. She was
(1)_____________________ an intelligent, beautiful and lively girl that I fell in love with
her the moment I met her. But unfortunately, she didn't share my religious views. I
eventually had to face up (2)_____________________ the fact that our relationship was
bound to fail. Well, I expect the woman I finally marry to agree with me on basic things like
that. Does that sound old-fashioned?

Or take Cynthia. I think I really loved her deeply, but we had to fight everything
(3)____________________ between us. We used to have quarrels all the time. Of course,
we always made (4)__________________ in the end, but the whole thing was rather nerve-
racking.

And there were others, but (5)______________________ of them was the right woman.
Will I ever meet a woman to marry? Somehow, I'm beginning to doubt it.

15.

A tremendous storm hit south-eastern Florida at about 9:30 am yesterday, causing

destruction everywhere. The city was (1)______________ complete chaos for a long time
due to winds that blew up to 110 miles an hour. Although rescue workers immediately
moved (2)______________ action, torrential rain flooded a big part of the city and motorists
who were stranded (3)______________ traffic had to spend the whole day in their cars,
waiting for the roads to be cleared. By late afternoon, the storm was over, leaving behind
thousands of homeless people and completely ruined orange and grapefruit crops. The
people who lost their homes were furious, claiming that they hadn't been warned
(4)______________ the storm on time. Here is what a meteorologist from the National
Weather Centre said to our reporter yesterday evening :

"Storms like the one we had yesterday used to occur once (5)______________ 200 years
and yet we have had at least three major storms with winds of over 100 miles per hour since
1993, which is quite unusual. We have teams (6)______________ stand-by 24 hours a day
and we are going to set up mobile units fitted (7)______________ hi-tech equipment, which
will certainly enable us to take more effective measures. However, we are
(8)______________ no illusions that we will be able to avoid the destructive effects of such
storms completely - we can only hope to reduce the damage to a minimum."

112
16.

Dear Juliet,

As soon as I received your letter inviting me to spend a (1)__________________ weeks in

England, I started preparing (2)________________ the journey. Thank your parents for
(3)__________________ to meet me at the airport. (4)__________________ looking
forward to meeting them and, (5)__________________ course, your brother. It's very good
(6)__________________ that he will be on holiday (7)__________________ July and will be
able to (8)__________________ us to Oxford and show us (9)__________________ he's
studying.

I was very excited (10)__________________ I read about all the things

(11)__________________ planning for my visit to England. (12)__________________ to
the theatre is one of my (13)__________________ pastime activities, so it would be
(14)__________________ to see a play in London. And (15)__________________ certainly
like to go to Brighton (16)__________________ I'm planning to go to university
(17)__________________ next year.

You reminded me to (18)________________ my tennis racket, but you must

(19)_________________ a good partner for me so (20)__________________ I can play
against you and your (21)__________________. I remember you telling me in
(22)__________________ of your letters that he plays (23)__________________ well. I
won't forget my swimsuit, (24)__________________. I hope it won't be too
(25)__________________ to swim in the English Channel. (26)__________________
touring England, do you think we (27)__________________ also visit Stratford?

You know July (28)__________________ when the tourist season is at

(29)__________________ peak, but I somehow managed to (30)__________________ my
flight for July 7th. I can (31)__________________ wait!

Well, it's high time I (32)__________________ now. Write and tell me if

(33)__________________ any change in the plan. My kindest regards to your parents, and
also to your brother.

Love,

Marta

113
17.

Jennifer got off the bus from the university and (1)__________________ walking towards the
flat she shared (2)__________________ another student. As she had to
(3)__________________ some food, she entered a shop (4)_________________ by an Asian
family. Although the (5)__________________ were higher than those in the
(6)__________________ further down the street, she usually (7)__________________ her
shopping there. The vegetables were (8)__________________ and they had various things
she (9)__________________ get anywhere else.

Jennifer picked up (10)__________________ basket and walked to the shelf

(11)__________________ the rice was kept. Except for (12)__________________ and the
owner of the shop, (13)__________________ were two teenage boys, both of
(14)__________________ were wearing long, old-fashioned overcoats. They
(15)__________________ ridiculous in the big overcoats, but (16)__________________
things were quite popular with the (17)__________________ then.
Mr. Patel, the owner, was not (18)__________________ any attention to them. He was going
(19)__________________ the stock list. Just then Jennifer (20)__________________ the
boys in the overcoats taking (21)__________________ of biscuits from the shelves, but
(22)__________________ of putting them in their shopping (23)__________________, they
were dropping the goods into (24)__________________ inside pockets of their long
overcoats. "(25)__________________ get out of here," she heard (26)________________ of
them say. They moved away (27)_________________ her. She could no longer see
(28)__________________ they were doing.

When Jennifer got (29)__________________ the till, the boys were in

(30)___________________ of her. She watched them (31)______________________ for the
few things they had (32)____________________ their basket. Mr. Patel wasn't suspicious.
He (33)__________________ smiled at them. Jennifer opened her mouth and said ...

18.
Irene Charlton, Professor of Psychology at Oxford University, is talking about the past.

Things were very different then. In (1)__________________ days, we lived in a village

(2)__________________ the North of England. My father (3)__________________ to work
in a coal mine, (4)__________________ all the other men there. We
(5)__________________ well-off, but we didn't consider ourselves
(6)__________________, either.

In the evenings, the whole (7)__________________ would sit in the living room,
(8)__________________ to the radio. My father would (9)__________________ asleep in
front of the fire (10)__________________ snore loudly.

114
I started primary school (11)________________ the age of five. There was
(12)__________________ one teacher with about thirty children (13)__________________
from five to eleven, all of (14)__________________ studied in the same room. It
(15)__________________ terribly cold in winter. We had (16)__________________ old
stove that gave out a (17)__________________ deal of smoke but only a
(18)__________________ heat.

When I was eleven, I started (19)__________________ a secondary school in the nearest

(20)__________________. I was a bright student and (21)__________________ my
teachers' encouragement, I went to (22)__________________, where I studied psychology. I
was (23)__________________ first person in the village to (24)__________________ a
higher education. People like me (25)__________________ used to continue their education
then, (26)__________________ if they were girls. It was (27)__________________ for me
to go back to (28)__________________ village after that. I somehow felt
(29)__________________ was a kind of invisible wall (30)__________________ myself and
my old friends, and (31)__________________ my family. My father, in particular,
(32)__________________ understand why I wanted an education. He
(33)__________________ asking me when I intended to get married and have children.

19.

Last summer, Frank Cruise, a 55-year-old millionaire, went to a house-warming party in

Glasgow, and there, in a crowded room, he was (1)_____________________ to a young
woman sitting by the fire. Frank thought her clothes were (2)_____________________ rather
poor taste, but she certainly was very beautiful.

They chatted for some time, and Frank complimented her (3)_____________________ her
good looks, which pleased the woman very much. After a while, the woman said, "I'm afraid I
have to leave now. My great grandson is getting married tomorrow, and I'd
(4)_____________________ get some sleep."

"You have a great grandson? You (5)_____________________ be serious. You're so young!"

The lady smiled. "You are most kind, but your eyes are deceiving you. I'm 91 years of age."

"91!" Frank was incredulous. "But that's quite impossible."

"I can see from your face that you don't (6)_____________________ my words seriously.
You think I'm joking, but I'm not."

The woman made a (7)_____________________ to get up from her chair, but Frank stopped
her. "Tell me your secret then," he said.

115
The woman took (8)_____________________ a small bottle from her handbag and said,
"This is the blue water of eternal youth. Take one sip of the contents of this bottle and you
will be 18 again, just like me. I'm the only person in the whole world who
(9)_____________________ the secrets of this bottle, and the recipe has a price. If you are
interested in my youth potion, we can get (10)_____________________ to business, sir."

"All right," Frank replied. "I'll pay you. Just tell me what you want."

"Two million pounds," the woman said, (11)_____________________ deep into his eyes.
"And in cash, please."

"But that's ridiculous! I can't afford that much."

The woman took a small mirror from her pocket, and held it in front of his face. "Look at
yourself, sir." she said (12)_____________________ an aggressive manner. "You are no
longer young. You are a rich man, but it's no (13)_____________________ being rich if your
body is old, is it? Believe me this potion will (14)_____________________ you a lot of
good. Here's my phone number. If you (15)_____________________ your mind, call me."
And with that the woman turned and walked away.

20.

It would be interesting to know what (1)_____________ of a person writes to the Lonely

Hearts columns in magazines. (2)_____________ your most intimate problems to faceless
(3)_____________ in an editorial office must arise (4)____________ the same instinct that
moves travellers (5)_____________ confide the stories of their lives to (6)____________
strangers. This isnt as bad as it seems (7)______________ the chances are that you will never
(8)______________ this traveller again as long as you live. (9)_____________, he probably
doesnt listen to you very (10)______________ anyway. As you talk, it is (11)_____________
likely than not he is waiting for his (12)_____________ to tell you an even more
(13)_____________ story than yours. As a matter of fact, people who want to talk their hearts
out (14)______________ better in pubs. The minute they walk in, they (15)_______________
out as a drinking companion the most sympathetic looking customer (16)______________
they may look for the drunkest individual with (17)______________ their secrets will be safe
forever. Everybody (18)_______________ that it is the unwritten law of the pubs that
whatever (19)_______________ said in a pub remains there.

(20)_______________, when one writes to a Lonely Hearts column, his (21)______________

is there for all to see in (22)_______________ and white. Not only is the problem laid out on
the page there, (23)_____________ there is also an attendant answer
(24)_________________ hope and encouragement or sometimes a (25)________________

116
reprimand from Aunt Martha or Mary Wise or Gzin Abla. Are these advice seekers
(26)__________________ desperate or, as one sometimes wonders, only exhibitionists? Do
these letters written (27)__________________ such tragic simplicity reveal the inner
loneliness in (28)________________ these people apparently live, or do these letters
(29)________________ some other instinct? Since it is (30)_________________ to imagine
that any serious solution to a persons troubles can be (31)_______________ in these cliched
answers, these people must (32)_____________ writing to these columns for the sake
(33)_______________ seeing their own words in print.

21.

The belief that children will "go wrong" if discipline is not imposed upon them denotes a lack
of faith in human nature. Children are not inherently monsters, but they (1)______________
become so when parents are hostile (2)______________ suppress their independence. In the
eyes (3)______________ a child, such a parent is (4)______________ monster who can only
be opposed (5)______________ his own methods. Thus, a child (6)______________ like his
parent. It is astonishing (7)______________ easily people forget the fundamental law
(8)______________ reproduction, that 'like begets like'. The (9)______________ quality in a
parent is his (10)______________ of respect for the individuality of (11)______________
child. It is inhuman for a (12)______________ not to accept his child as
(13)______________ is but to try to mould (14)______________ into some image the parent
has (15)______________ his own mind of what his (16)______________ should be.

All children go through (17)______________ negative phase in the course of

(18)______________ development. Between eighteen months and two (19)______________
of age they will say no (20)______________ many parental demands and offerings. This
"(21)______________" expresses the child's growing consciousness that
(22)______________ can think for himself. It is (23)______________ so spontaneous that
the child may (24)______________ say no to something he likes. (25)______________
recall offering my young son one (26)______________ his favourite cookies. Before he even
(27)______________ it, he turned his head away (28)______________ a gesture of rejection.
A quick (29)______________, however, convinced him that it was (30)______________
desired object, and he reached for (31)______________. Any insistence on my part, however,
(32)______________ have firmed his initial refusal.

Whether (33)______________ should permit a child to make his own choice in any situation
depends on the circumstances of the situation. In principle we must always respect a child's
right to say no. In practice it is advisable to let the child have his own way whenever
possible. This allows a child to develop a sense of responsibility for his own behaviour,
which is a natural tendency in all organisms.

117
22.
Interest in Learning
In everyday life, we all encounter material which we could memorise if we wished. But much
of this material is, we feel, not worth memorising. It does not mean anything to
(1)______________ in the sense that its acquisition (2)______________ unlikely to serve any
future use. (3)______________ is also factual material of a (4)______________ which is
relevant to our interests (5)______________ we still don't memorize such material.
(6)______________ is because we are satisfied merely (7)______________ know where to
find the material (8)______________ it is needed. We feel that (9)______________
advantage of being able to reconstruct (10)______________ material from memory does not
justify (11)______________ effort in trying to memorise it. (12)______________, it is the
common experience of (13)______________ people that they have difficulty in
(14)______________ themselves to memorise material which they (15)______________ will
be of no value to (16)______________. In more general terms, if they (17)______________
an accomplishment as useless, then they (18)______________ unwilling to make the effort
necessary (19)______________ its acquisition. This familiar phenomenon can
(20)______________ described in various terms. We say, (21)______________ example, that
we lack motive, or (22)______________, or will, or concentration, or incentive,
(23)______________ intention to learn. And we know (24)______________ our experience
how greatly this lack (25)______________ learning. The student will remember that
(26)______________ those occasions when he couldn't build (27)______________ feelings
of enthusiasm for study, it (28)______________ hardly worth his effort to continue.
(29)______________ too are aware of the difference (30)______________ makes if their
students are interested (31)______________ a lesson or can be made (32)______________
want to learn about it. People (33)______________ claim to be 'just no good' with, say,
mathematics or car repairing or essay writing often mean, in fact, that they have never been
sufficiently interested in these activities to learn the necessary skills and knowledge. And
there seems to be no truth whatever in the claim that people who are sound asleep can
memorise words played over to them through earphones.

23.
Since I'm hopeless (1)______________ remembering things, I take my diet book everywhere
I go -- even to the restaurant (2)______________ I usually have lunch -- and look up the
cholesterol content of everything I want to eat (3)______________ I eat it. To tell the truth,
I'm tired (4)______________ doing this, but it's my doctor's advice and I will follow it
(5)______________ I've lost enough weight. I'm not too interested (6)______________
looking attractive. What bothers me is my poor health, which the doctor says is partly
(7)______________ to my bad eating habits. According to him, it is these habits that are
responsible (8)______________ the extra kilos I've had for years and keep complaining
(9)______________.

118
ANSWER

KEY

119
GRAMMAR
A.
1. 2. 3.
1. are going 1. are always finding 1. stood
2. always has / drinks 2. is writing 2. knocked
3. likes / enjoys / prefers 3. feels 3. was watching
4. ends / finishes 4. am having 4. was sitting
5. closes (down) 5. collapsed
6. is always complaining 6. Wasn't ... living
7. seems 7. got
8. became
9. found

4. 5.
1. were skiing 1. are always criticizing
2. was shining 2. to join
3. was melting 3. will be (fact)
4. didn't meet 4. is having (prearranged event)
5. set 5. starts (scheduled event)
6. disappeared 6. will certainly run (prediction)
7. became 7. will not be / won't be (prediction)
8. was falling 8. will have created
9. was beginning
10. heard

6. 7.
1. are going to crash 1. to spend
2. will get 2. had been / were invited
3. takes / will take / is going to take 3. would arrive / would be arriving
4. is giving / is going to give / will give 4. had drawn
5. will be sailing 5. didn't find
6. had been searching
7. discovered
8. were sleeping
9. were sitting
10. had broken

8. 9. 10.
1. the 1. in 1. in
2. a 2. off 2. for
3. the 3. from 3. with / by
4. the 4. in 4. for
5. the 5. for 5. in
6. the / a 6. at
7. a 7. about
8. an 8. on
9. 9. with / by
10. the 10. of

120
11. 12. 13.
1. by 1. on 1. off
2. into 2. from 2. at
3. of 3. close to 3. about
4. with 4. in 4. in
5. in 5. into 5. of
6. under 6. for
7. in
8. by

14. 15.
1. up 1. in / on 12. in
2. at 2. at 13. on
3. for 3. to 14. in
4. X 4. at 15. on
5. on 5. on / onto 16. in
6. on / X 6. off / out of 17. on
7. into 7. towards 18. in
8. through 8. at 19. in
9. across / past / round / through 9. on 20. on
10. about / X 10. in 21. at
11. on / at 11. on 22. in
12. out

16.
1. of 5. with
2. in 6. out
3. in 7. for
4. on 8. to

17.
1. where
2. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, whose films made the strange underwater world
marvelously familiar, had a rare enthusiasm for nature.
3. Sebastian's oldest brother, who is an army officer, will not be able to attend his
wedding.
4. After he was put in jail, Mr. Gullible was criticized by a lot of people, many of
whom were his old accomplices.
5. , which

18.
1. people involved
2. occasional rain

19.
1. rather 5. as
2. quite 6. like
3. rather 7. as
4. quite

121
20.
1. a better bike than / as good a bike as
2. quietly
3. more attractive than
4. the easiest
5. as stable as
6. less comfortable than

21.
1. having
2. to visit
3. used to live / had lived
4. to maintain
5. would spend / used to spend / had spent
6. imagining
7. bending
8. to keep
9. buying
10. to think

22.
1. giving 6. having
2. to hear 7. to sort
3. seeing 8. buying
4. putting 9. to win
5. to inform 10. maintain

23. 24.
1. to become 1. pulling
2. for wearing 2. to warn
3. having 3. marrying
4. to achieve 4. to live
5. to win 5. being
6. of using 6. sharing
7. to understand
8. competing

25.
1. was studying
2. developed
3. graduated
4. had already decided
5. wanted
6. got
7. opened
8. has always been
9. a) would have made b) had been
OR
a) would make b) were / was
10. a) had had b) would be running

122
26.
1. had been decorating / (had) decorated / were decorating
2. were you doing
3. are not / aren't
4. was peeling
5. caught
6. have always had
7. went
8. had already made
9. arrived
10. (had) decided
11. having already paid
12. a) had known b) would never have done
13. was standing
14. Being
15. was hardly expecting / hardly expected
16. a) would you be b) had not covered
17. a) hadn't seen b) I would be dancing

27.
1. Having lived 7. has passed
2. was working 8. still remember
3. struck 9. saw
4. had never seen 10. was always claiming / had always claimed
5. were begging / would beg 11. proved
6. Promising / Having promised

28.
1. decided 7. didn't grow
2. have been thinking 8. have spent
3. was watching 9. (much) quieter
4. was attracted 10. has already been sold
5. will be living 11. will have had
6. the most difficult

29.
1. has been 7. was going / went
2. take/are taking 8. used to be
3. warned 9. would also put
4. had taken / had been taking / was taking 10. started
5. felt 11. haven't touched
6. occurred 12. will ever change

30.
1. calls ... give
2. has ... brings
3. would be ... burned
4. talk ... will be

123
31. 32.
1. started 1. hadn't seen
2. was/is 2. wouldn't/couldn't have recognized
3. gave 3. had changed
4. is 4. kissed
5. is painting 5. would mean
6. has never made 6. had never experienced
7. wasn't
8. didn't have
9. is doing
10. loves

33. 34.
1. was looking 1. be divided
2. came 2. wept
3. (who was) living 3. was announced
4. more difficult than 4. her to keep
5. didn't have 5. a) hadn't trusted b) wouldn't be
6. was shown 6. wouldn't / didn't split
7. brought 7. had lent
8. was discovered 8. will retire / will be retiring / is retiring / is
9. has led / has been leading going to retire
10. most popular 9. us to realise
11. (she) is invited 10. to be completed
12. will have lived / will have been living
13. plan / are planning
14. to be

35. 36.
1. was doing 1. will have puslished
2. wasn't wearing 2. will be given
3. was thrown 3. will be watching
4. was lying 4. is going to faint
5. always took
6. rarely shot

37.
A.
1. had been working 8. ran
2. decided 9. hit
3. walked 10. had managed
4. had left 11. was trying
5. bent 12. was sent
6. was washing 13. realised
7. saw 14. had done

B.
1. a) had been b) would have stayed
2. a) wouldn't be lying b) hadn't thought

124
38.
1. have ever known
2. a) do not / don't change b) have
OR
2. a) have never changed b) had
3. bought
4. had sold
5. a) would not have bought b) had not increased
6. a) hadn't sold b) would be
7. has been married
8. a) hadn't made b) would still be living
9. a) were b) would be
10. a) had b) could / would go
OR
10. a) had had b) could have gone / would have gone

39.
1. has been attending 6. broke
2. has 7. took
3. has tried 8. has already arranged
4. was sculpting 9. is going to work / will be working / will work
5. fell 10. produces

40.
1. was climbing 11. will give
2. stood 12. was taken
3. demanded 13. have been hired / was hired
4. had never met 14. found
5. was 15. had been trying / had tried
6. giving 16. saw
7. reflected 17. to check
8. handed 18. didn't mean
9. would be 19. had met
10. win 20. wouldn't have caused

41. 42.
1. shouldn't / mustn't miss 1. must throw
2. Can / May / Could I ask 2. hasn't been able to come
3. don't have to / don't need to / needn't go 3. may / might / could be having
4. had to / needed to buy 4. can fix / is able to fix
5. needn't have wasted 5. could have sorted
6. shouldn't have let

43. 44.
1. can't be 1. may / might not have got(ten)
2. was able to beat him / win 2. can't be
3. may / might / could come / join you 3. must be joking
4. could have been / become 4. Were you able to find
5. must have gone

125
45. 46.
1. needn't / don't need to / don't have to 1. can / may leave
drive 2. needn't have gone
2. can / will be able to find 3. should / ought to have informed
3. may / can / might / could I borrow 4. will be able to make / will be allowed
4. have to / must post to make / can make
5. needn't have washed
6. must be having
7. must have been
8. shouldn't have lost

47. 48.
1. is respected 1. were told
2. has lately been promoted 2. have been paid
3. will be allowed 3. deserve
4. to be settled 4. are often blamed
5. (will) have to be persuaded 5. being distracted
6. had been treated / were treated 6. given
7. given 7. to be promoted
8. will be criticized 8. is being made
9. will still be forced

B.
1.
1. keeps folding my sweaters
2. don't often write letters

2.
1. youputonyourgloves,youcanplayinsnow
2. youhadn'tputthefishbowlonthefloor,thecatwouldn't/couldn'thaveeatenthegold
fish
3. mysisterweren't/wasn'tafraidofclosedspaces,shewouldgetonlifts
4. yougotoEnglandortheStates,youwon'timproveyourEnglish
5. I had remembered / hadn't forgotten to take my camera, I would / could have taken some
pictures
6. You can solve your problems ... you consult a psychologist
7. she were / was satisfied with the present situation, she wouldn't be complaining /
wouldn't complain so much
8. asgoodatennisplayerasLiam
atennisplayerasgoodasLiam
9. Jane is nearly / almost twice as tall as her little sister
10. producesuchhighqualityworkthattheycansettheirownprices
11. in spite of the teacher's repeated warnings / in spite of the repeated warnings of the
teacher / in spite of being repeatedly warned by the teacher / in spite of the teacher's
warning (having warned) him repeatedly
12. is too impatient to become a good scientist
13. had / had better not stay up all night / had / had better go to bed early tonight
14. I had been trained in first-aid procedures so that / then I could have helped

126
15. would / had rather be at home reading a book than / instead of
16. had I taken a bite out of my steak / it when the cat snatched it / my steak
17. as good a singer as Melody
18. eats like a horse
19. didwevisitthehistoricalplaces,butwe(also)didlotsofshopping
20. hadIgot/didIgetinbedthanthephonerang
21. togetusedtohisnewdentures./(that)hewillgetusedtohisnewdentures
22. is used to taking care
23. had the firemen left the building when it collapsed with a deafening noise
24. about / nearly half as many cigarettes as Gina (does)
25. had I entered the building than I heard an explosion
26. played the game as I (had) instructed him
27. nearly twice as many hours as George (does)
28. how tired I am, I read a few pages before I go to bed

3.
1. didn't use my belongings
2. could live / lived in a house with a swimming pool
had a house with a swimming pool
3. hadn't spent all my money on a leather jacket
4. bought a new one / washing machine
replaced it / the (old) washing machine with a new one
5. were very rich
had a lot of money
6. he didn't go out every evening.
he stayed home this evening
7. she noticed me
8. I hadn't talked to him so severely yesterday

4.
1. have the children done/eaten
2. is she sleeping in her sister's room
3. gave them a farewell dinner
4. did Bill come to school yesterday

5.
1. Due to / Owing to / Because of / As a result of
2. until / till / before
3. so (that) / in order that
4. in case
5. so(that)/inorderthat
6. dueto/asaresultof/becauseof/owingto
7. before
8. so...that
9. Because/As/Since
10. Hardly/Scarcely...when
No sooner ... than

127
6.
1. what you say / do, who you are etc.
2. (simple present or present perfect should be used.)
you can / you arrive / you've finished typing the letter etc.
3. (simple present or present perfect should be used.)
you pay my salary / you give me your answer / you've told me the truth / etc.
4. (present tense should be used)
we reach / he goes / they arrive / she gets there

7.
1. isgoingtofaint/passout/regurgitate/puke/throwup
2. willhaveheard
3. Shall...run/go
4. will go
5. are going to miss
aren't going to catch / get
6. will have read / finished (reading)
7. will give
8. will be having
9. Shall I carry
10. will phone / ring / call
11. will be

8.
1. will be
2. Shall ... call
3. a) will be b) are going
4. is going to mug

9. 10.
1. aboutgoing 1. shall we
2. ofcheating 2. will you
3. formaking 3. were they
4. oncatching 4. aren't I
5. onwearing 5. didn't we
6. Aftercompleting/finishing 6. have you

11.
Suggested answers
1. who damage books
who return books late
2. , which contain millions of plant and animal species,
, which help prevent global warming,
3. where we had dinner last night
that has just opened in the city centre
4. , which meant I was late for school
, which really annoyed me
5. who did well in the exam
(who are) on the basketball team

128
6. , which was a stupid thing to do
, which was really painful
7. , where we have most of our sailing competitions
, which is within the campus grounds
8. , who is a famous soprano,
, who is a magician,
9. which sank
10. whose works / compositions / symphonies / concerts etc.
11. who spent / lived
12. (why) s/he / they left

12.
1. typedby
2. doneto
3. shownat
4. broughtup/raised/rearedby

13.
Suggested answers
1. you hadn't given / lent / offered / handed
2. Why have you been going
3. (before) has there been
(before) has anyone seen / heard of
(before) have I / we seen / heard of
4. some / others / other people (prefer to) spend their
I / we / s(he) spend(s) my / our / his / her
5. they had offered (me)
I had been offered
6. were traveling without / with no / without having bought
didn't have / hadn't bought
had failed / forgotten to buy / get
7. The faster / more quickly you write
The more tired / hurried / nervous / excited you are
The less time you have to write something
8. to pay for / to compensate for
9. would it take (me) to lose
would it be before I lost
10. the game / match / concert had been canceled / postponed / put off / rescheduled
11. can work abroad
are willing to work outside the country
can speak German fluently
12. the waiter serves us
we are served
we can get a table
they take our order
we can give our order
13. how hard / how much I study
how regularly I attend classes
how much I try
14. we / you answer it
129
15. anyone / anybody came / went
16. anything he doesn't know
anyone who knows more (than him)

C.
1. 2. 3.
1. widely 1. unless 1. all
2. hardly 2. As long as 2. either
3. rather 3. so 3. none
4. flatly 4. both
5. lately 5. Neither
6. flat

4. 5. 6.
1. unless 1. No sooner 1. collecting
2. inotherwords 2. than 2. listening
3. Although 3. until 3. recording
4. Onthecontrary 4. so as to / to 4. spending
5. providedthat 5. such 5. to buy
6. however 6. that 6. to control
7. since 7. As soon as 7. to realise
8. Finally
8. forinstance
9. to / so as to
9. suchas
10. then
10. dueto
11. when / as soon as
11. Therefore 12. So
12. Otherwise 13. in case
14. since

7. 8. 9.
1. Each 1. neither 1. recommended by
2. neither 2. all 2. fitted with
3. either 3. every 3. written in
4. none 4. both 4. left in
5. Either 5. drawn by
6. each 6. taken from
7. none

10.
1. hadtomigrate
2. couldn'thavebeen/can'thavebeen
3. mightnotbeableto/wouldn'tbeabletolearn/mightnotlearn
4. didn'tlet/wouldn'tletVincenzospeak
5. needn'thaveworried
6. mightlose
7. was/hasbeenabletocombine
8. should/must/wouldhavetosee/havetosee
9. musthavebeen
10. should/musttalk

130
11. canreallyunderstand/will/wouldreallybeabletounderstand

131
11. 12.
1. hadtowear 1. need to
2. mustbefeeling/mustfeel 2. mustn't
3. shouldn'tfeel 3. needn't / don't have to
4. doesn'tlethimdrive/won'tlethimdrive 4. have to
5. shouldhavestopped 5. must
6. can't/cannotaccept 6. don't have to
7. mustn't/shouldn'tevenhint

13. 14. 15.

1. stranded 1. wound 1. across
2. in 2. ground 2. along
3. sent 3. laid 3. into
4. by 4. shrunk 4. past / round
5. damaged 5. flung 5. through
6. by/on 6. struck
7. written 7. trodden
8. in
9. left
10. in

16.
1. increase 8. routes
2. in 9. warn
3. admission 10. against / about
4. of 11. cleared
5. into 12. of
6. action 13. under
7. on 14. illusions

17.
1. DavidinvitedTonyandhiswifetodinner(for)thefollowing/nextevening
2. Tonyacceptedtheinvitationandinsistedonbringingthedrinks/insistedthatDavid
lethimbringthedrinks
3. DavidwarnedTonythathemighthavetospendmorethanhe
4. Tonypromised(that)hewouldbringenoughbeerforanarmy
Tonypromisedtobringenoughbeerforanarmy
5. David reminded Tony (him) to bring the rock 'n' roll album he had bought the
previousday/otherday

18.
1. He advised me to go and apologise to her immediately
He advised that I (should) go and apologise to her immediately
2. She confirmed (that) she would be flying to New York next week / the following
week
3. My daughter complained that her English teacher had given her a lot of extra
homework the day before

132
19.
1. confirmedthattheconcertstarted
2. boastedthathehadalwaysgot(ten)
3. warnedhernottotouch

D.
1.
1. home-made
2. 500-page

2.
1. well-known politician
2. well-dressed woman
3. red-haired girl
4. three-car family

3.
1. The more tired you are, the easier it is to make mistakes
2. The harder one works, the further one (he) goes / tends to go in one's (his) career
3. The farther / further we went into the forest, the less hope of survival we had

4.
1. The severe drought caused the crops to fail
2. I won't speak to him until he apologises / has apologised
3. Even though he was injured in the first ten minutes, he carried on playing to the end
He carried on playing to the end even though he was injured in the first ten minutes
4. Despite not eating salty food, he suffers from hypertension
Despite the fact that he doesn't eat salty food, he suffers from hypertension
5. a) Because of (using) cellular phones, some nervous disorders may be caused in the
human body
b) Using cellular phones may result in nervous disorders in the human body
6. a) In zmir, heavy rains frequently bring floods due to an inadequate drainage system
b) An inadequate drainage system (in zmir) is responsible for heavy rains frequently
bringing floods (to zmir)
7. a) Venice will sink under water someday because of the gradual rise in sea levels
b) Sea levels will rise gradually. As a result, Venice will sink underwater
8. a) Due to the migration of people from rural areas, there is social chaos in big cities /
social chaos in big cities happens / follows / occurs
b) People migrate from rural areas (to cities), resulting in social chaos in cities
9. a) In view of faster and easier communication, banking and trade can aim at globalization.
b) Communication is so much faster and easier that banking and trade can aim at
globalization
Communication is so fast and easy that banking and trade can aim at globalization

5.
1. Not being very interested, he rejected their offer
2. Knowing that this would happen, I took the necessary precautions

133
6.
1. but you don't have to / you needn't
2. We must obey whatever
3. Do you need / have to leave us

7.
1. a) Due to the great potential of nanotechnology, /Due to nanotechnology's great potential,
many respectable research institutions have been allocating large sums of money for its
development
b) The great potential of nanotechnology/Nanotechnology's great potential has led many
respectable research institutions to allocate large sums of money for its development
2. a) Some people may suffer from problems like anorexia and other mental disorders as a
result of dieting for extended periods of time / as a result of overextended diets. As a
result of dieting for extended periods of time / As a result of overextended diets, people
may suffer from problems like anorexia and other mental disorders
b) Some people diet for such extended periods of time that they may suffer from
problems like anorexia and other mental disorders
c) Some people diet for extended periods of time; hence, they may suffer from problems
like anorexia and other mental disorders

8.
1. a) Because of space travel, there will be dramatic effects on philosophy and religion
b) Dramatic effects on philosophy and religion will follow from space travel
2. a) The destruction of rain forests will set previously unknown bacteria and viruses free,
leading to the contamination of the world
b) The contamination of the world will be due to the destruction of rain forests, setting
the previously unknown bacteria and viruses free
3. a) Car accidents occur / happen as a result of faulty road conditions

9.
1. I have hardly any money / anything in my bank account
There is
2. If he hadn't been wearing his seat belt (when the accident happened), he would / could /
might have been hurt seriously
3. Fred and Bill are so alike (that) most people mistake them for each other
4. Jessica's father didn't let her go out that night even though she (had) begged him
5. Even if Sheila / she had had the proper equipment with her, she wouldn't have climbed that
mountain
6. I would rather you didn't listen to loud music in this house
7. Partial memory loss may result from excessive drinking
8. Parents whose children are studying for the university exam are having a hard time

10.
Yesterday we had a busy day at home. (No change) The garage door was mended by my
father. The carpets were cleaned by my mother. Our cat Samantha jumped from one
place to another (No change) The woodwork was polished by my sister and I. In
our house, such things are usually done collectively on a particular day of the week. (No
agent needed)

134
E.

1. c 49. d 97. b 145. c 193. a

2. a 50. a 98. c 146. d 194. c
3. c 51. d 99. a 147. c 195. d
4. a 52. c 100. d 148. c 196. d
5. a 53. b 101. c 149. a 197. b
6. c 54. c 102. c 150. c 198. c
7. b 55. b 103. d 151. a 199. d
8. d 56. c 104. a 152. a 200. a
9. c 57. a 105. a 153. b 201. c
10. b 58. c 106. d 154. b 202. c
11. b 59. c 107. b 203. c
155. d
12. c 60. b 108. b 204. c
156. c
13. d 61. c 109. b 205. b
157. a
14. c 62. b 110. c 206. d
158. b 207. c
15. b 63. d 111. a 159. b 208. b
16. d 64. a 112. a 160. c 209. c
17. c 65. b 113. c 161. d 210. b
18. c 66. d 114. d 162. a 211. c
19. b 67. a 115. b 163. a 212. b
20. c 68. b 116. d 164. d 213. d
21. c 69. c 117. b 165. c 214. c
22. b 70. d 118. d 166. b 215. d
23. c 71. c 119. a 167. b 216. b
24. d 72. b 120. c 168. d 217. d
25. c 73. a 121. c 169. b 218. b
26. c 122. b
74. b 170. c 219. d
27. b
75. a 123. d 171. c 220. a
28. a
76. d 124. c 172. d 221. d
29. b
77. c 125. a 173. b 222. a
30. d
78. d 126. b 174. c 223. a
31. b
79. b 127. c 175. d 224. b
32. a
80. a 128. d 176. a 225. b
33. c
81. b 129. d 177. a 226. d
34. b
82. c 130. a 178. c 227. c
35. b
83. a 131. b 179. b 228. a
36. d
84. d 132. c 180. c 229. c
37. a
85. c 181. d 230. b
38. c 133. c
86. d 182. b 231. a
39. c 134. b
87. a 183. a 232. c
40. b 135. b
184. c 233. b
41. d 88. b 136. d
185. d 234. d
42. a 89. c 137. a
186. c 235. b
43. d 90. b 138. c
187. b 236. c
44. c 91. c 139. a
188. a 237. b
45. a 92. a 140. d
189. c 238. d
46. d 93. d 141. d
190. c 239. b
47. b 94. c 142. b 240. d
135
 48. c 95. b 143. d 191. d
96. a 144. a 192. b

241. c 255. b 269. d 283. d 297. d

242. d 256. c 270. d 284. c 298. a
243. b 257. b 271. c 285. b 299. c
244. c 258. b 272. d 286. a 300. c
245. c 259. d 273. b 287. b 301. c
246. a 260. c 274. b 288. c 302. b
247. c 261. c 275. a 289. a 303. d
248. b 262. b 276. a 290. c 304. c
249. c 263. c 277. c 291. c 305. b
250. d 264. b 278. c 292. b 306. c
251. b 265. c 279. c 293. d 307. d
252. c 266. b 280. d 294. d 308. b
253. b 267. b 281. a 295. a
254. b 268. a 282. b 296. b

VOCABULARY
A.
1. c 32. a 63. a 94. c 125. d
2. b 33. d 64. b 95. a 126. d
3. d 34. c 65. d 96. c 127. b
4. a 35. b 66. c 97. a 128. a
5. c 36. d 67. b 98. a 129. d
6. d 37. c 68. c 99. c 130. d
7. a 38. a 69. d 100. d 131. a
8. c 39. b 70. b 101. b 132. d
9. b 40. c 71. c 102. b 133. b
10. d 41. d 72. d 103. c 134. a
11. c 42. b 73. d 104. c 135. b
12. d 43. a 74. b 105. d 136. c
13. a 44. d 75. d 106. a 137. c
14. c 45. b 107. c 138. c
15. a 46. c 76. c 108. b 139. a
16. b 47. c 77. b 109. d 140. b
17. c 48. a 78. a 110. c 141. a
18. d 49. b 79. d 111. a 142. d
19. b 50. d 80. c 112. c 143. b
20. a 51. c 81. a 113. d 144. c
21. c 52. c 82. d 114. a 145. d
22. d 53. b 83. c 115. c 146. b
23. d 54. c 84. b 116. b 147. a
24. a 55. d 85. a 117. d 148. a
25. a 56. b 86. d 118. a 149. a
26. c 57. c 87. c 119. d 150. c
27. d 58. a 88. b 120. a 151. d
28. c 59. c 89. a 121. a 152. c
29. b 60. a 90. d 122. d 153. b
30. c 61. b 91. c 123. c 154. b
136
31. a 62. d 92. b 124. b 155. d
93. a
B.
156. b 159. b 164. a 169. c 174. a
157. a 160. d 165. a 170. b 175. b
158. c 161. c 166. c 171. b 176. d
162. d 167. b 172. c
163. d 168. b 173. c

C.
1. 2. 3.
1. susceptible 1. flaw 1. condone
2. prolong 2. dilemma 2. indispensable
3. findings 3. coherent 3. violate
4. endure 4. random 4. obsession
5. contract 5. demise
6. dispose of 6. enrich
7. innate 7. thrive

4. 5. 6.
1. bad-tempered / aggressive 1. bland 1. blaze
2. selfish 2. sedentary 2. inquisitive
3. extrovert 3. tossed 3. cautious
4. aggressive 4. core 4. stampeded
5. assessment 5. lapsed 5. withdrawn
6. sensitive 6. dawned 6. embers
7. wrinkles 7. responsive

7.
1. see eye to eye
2. learn... by heart
3. shrug your shoulders
4. risk your neck
5. put your foot down

8.
1. integration 7. impending 12. dawned
2. might 8. doom 13. fosters
3. zest 9. facilitates / fosters 14. soaring
4. flourish (provided it is not used in 13) 15. craftily
5. wipe out 10. retards 16. internalize
6. acquisition 11. diversity

9.
1. validate 8. disorientated
2. predisposed 9. trampled
3. random 10. blaze
4. distortion 11. Leprosy
5. tangible 12. scarce
6. appalling 13. motive
137
7. prime 14. rage

10. 11. 12.

1. disrespect 1. peers 1. disrespect
2. irrelevant 2. logs 2. illegible
3. illogical 3. screen 3. irrational
4. immature 4. frame 4. misbehave
5. execute 5. impolite
6. peak

13.
1. into 6. ease 11. jokes
2. singled 7. good 12. stubborn ... mule
3. off 8. compliment 13. out
4. stick 9. move 14. blind ... bat
5. send 10. takes

D. WORD BUILDING
1. 2. 3.
1. confidence 1. imaginary 1. failure
2. amazement 2. variety 2. flight
3. commercial 3. occurrence 3. landing
4. shyness 4. increasingly 4. safety
5. depressed

4. 5. 6.
1. Addiction 1. sportsmanship 1. modification(s)
2. personality 2. Nervousness 2. qualify
3. increasingly 3. payment 3. clarify
4. resentful 4. imprisonment 4. specified / specific
5. darkened 5. horror
6. observation

7. 8. 9.
1. bankruptcy 1. Intelligence 1. miraculous
2. recede 2. sincerity 2. appliances
3. flawed 3. Loneliness 3. plantations
4. enrich 4. education 4. approval
5. lag
6. trendy
7. edge

10.
1. insecurity
2. invaluable
3. countless
4. solidify

138
CLOZE TEST
1.
1. on
2. resort / camp / village
3. used
4. coast
5. would
6. for / to
7. tends / attempts
8. for
9. always / forever / constantly

2.
1. live / reside
2. never / not
3. has
4. certainly / definitely / really / considered / becoming
5. long / cold / boring / tiresome / dark / depressing / horrible
6. bored
7. They / These
8. from
9. having
10. an
11. had / have
12. of
13. generally / basically / mostly / also
14. range / run / last / go
15. to
16. These / The
17. centres / schools / institutions
18. At
19. because
20. too / very / really
21. his / the / for
22. so
23. Realising / Seeing / Understanding / Since / Because / As
24. from
25. help
26. of / at / in
27. but / however
28. make
29. how
30. can't / doesn't
31. the
32. care
33. useful / beneficial / worthwhile / productive / too

139
3.
1. do/am/get
2. most/some/many/all/the
3. Even/Often
4. tightly/carefully/meticulously/badly/well
5. that
6. was/is
7. rather
8. not
9. buy/get/take/purchase/lift/choose
10. We
11. what/things/goods/items/products/commodities/whatever
12. took
13. up
14. nice/little/short
15. shopkeeper/grocer/clerk/assistant/owner
16. with
17. just/had
18. were
19. in/into
20. skilful/quick/rapid/casual/swift/funny/strange/peculiar
21. way/common
22. basket
23. counter/point/area
24. hygienically/carefully/impersonally/tightly/uncomfortably/intimidatingly/ingeniously
25. who
26. with
27. come/return/go/get/are/head
28. you
29. of
30. from
31. having
32. object/instrument/thing/item/gadget/tool/appliance
33. opening/tearing/ripping

4.
1. used / tended
2. himself
3. When / After
4. get
5. would
6. keeps
7. tends
8. on
9. for
10. enough / some / considerable / constant

140
5.
1. ideas / suggestions / recommendations / 17. the
advice 18. brakes / pedals
2. begin / start / tend 19. must / should
3. to / and 20. the
4. error 21. will / can / could / may / might
5. the / a 22. to
6. begin / start / try / do 23. decided / concluded / understood /
7. analysing discovered / thought / earned / realised
8. recognise / realise / see / acknowledge / decides / concludes / understands /
admit discovers / thinks / earns / realises
9. example / instance 24. because / for / since / as
10. can't / cannot 25. gear
11. usually / often / normally / generally / 26. look
frequently 27. read / learn
12. is 28. his / some / several
13. the / our / a 29. can / should
14. Sam / he 30. studying / analysing / determining
15. find / detect / earn / see / uncover / determine 31. several / some / good
16. work / function 32. Sam
33. might / may / can / could

6.
1. buying / getting 18. a
2. list 19. when / while
3. Then / Next 20. should / must / can
4. follow / read 21. tomatoes
5. go 22. buy
6. you 23. you
7. and / so 24. grade
8. you 25. product / one
9. you 26. a
10. children / kids 27. Grade
11. them 28. all
12. have 29. Shoppers / People / You / We
13. brand 30. they / you / we
14. points / things 31. are
15. can/tin 32. fresh
16. at 33. they
17. see / learn

7.
1. whom 6. where
2. whose 7. which
3. which / that 8. while
4. who 9. how
5. until / before 10. unless

141
8.
1. make 11. until
2. also 12. However / Nevertheless / Nonetheless / Yet
3. where 13. of
4. I 14. how
5. about 15. before / when / as
6. which 16. and
7. so 17. what
8. out 18. as
9. first 19. like
10. the / this / that 20. than

9.
1. at 8. by
2. priority 9. out
3. make 10. in
4. for 11. make
5. put 12. give / offer / provide
6. take 13. experience
7. of 14. do

10.
1. we 18. the
2. system 19. those
3. our / the 20. provide / allow
4. because 21. become / be
5. better 22. drama / play
6. even / sometimes 23. the
7. add / contribute 24. to
8. And / Even 25. it
9. be 26. to
10. we 27. power
11. our 28. ones
12. carefully / well 29. of
13. brainwashed / overwhelmed / bombarded 30. and
14. that / which 31. within / in
15. of 32. Every / Each / Any
16. this 33. In
17. and

11.
1. the 10. miss(ed)
2. must / will / can 11. the
3. course 12. not
4. you 13. you
5. study / work 14. $1,000
6. the 15. that
7. The 16. that / the
8. studying / working 17. not
9. you 18. your

142
19. Therefore / Thus 27. weather
20. the 28. the
21. the / a 29. has
22. needed / required / necessary 30. most
23. what 31. of
24. ask 32. are
25. and / or 33. and
26. is

12.
1. the 14. TV / television
2. didn't 15. control / check/ limit
3. chairs 16. TV / television
4. the 17. all / every / each
5. kept / continued 18. were
6. see / watch 19. experiment
7. started / began 20. everyone / everybody
8. our/the 21. TV / television
9. meals / dinner / supper 22. to
10. the 23. games
11. because / for / as / since 24. family
12. see / watch 25. my
13. favourite

13.
1. to / in 18. students
2. and / or 19. nanny / maid
3. are 20. then
4. with 21. speak
5. is 22. wash
6. work / go 23. the
7. travel / travelling / it 24. speak
8. work 25. a
9. kids / children / people 26. the
10. of 27. enjoys / likes
11. in 28. a
12. is 29. children / kids
13. used / seems / appears 30. who / that
14. Unless / If. Treat it accordingly with no 16 31. been
15. the 32. passport / bag / things / baggage /
16. very / a (paired with 'If') suitcase / money
17. an 33. was

14.
1. such
2. to
3. out
4. up
5. none

143
15.
1. in 5. in / every
2. into 6. on
3. in 7. with
4. against / about 8. under

16.
1. few 17. there
2. for 18. bring
3. offering / arranging / agreeing 19. find
4. I'm 20. that
5. of 21. brother
6. news 22. one
7. in / during 23. very / really
8. take / drive 24. either
9. where 25. cold
10. when 26. While
11. you're 27. could / can
12. Going 28. is
13. favourite 29. its
14. great / wonderful / terrific / fantastic / 30. book / reserve / arrange
marvellous / nice / good 31. hardly
15. I'd 32. stopped
16. as / since / because 33. there's

17.
1. started/began 18. paying
started / began 19. through / over
2. with 20. saw / noticed
3. buy / get 21. packets / tins
4. owned / run 22. instead
5. prices 23. basket(s)
6. shop(s) / market(s)/supermarket(s) 24. the
7. did 25. Let's
8. fresh(er) 26. one
9. couldn't 27. from
10. a 28. what
11. where 29. to
12. her / Jennifer 30. front
13. there 31. pay
14. whom 32. in
15. looked 33. even
16. such
17. teenagers / young

144
18.
1. those 18. little
2. in 19. attending
3. used 20. town / city
4. like 21. with
5. weren't 22. university / college
6. poor 23. the
7. family 24. get / receive
8. listening 25. never / rarely / seldom
9. fall 26. especially / particularly
10. and 27. difficult / impossible
11. at / before 28. the / my
12. only / just 29. there
13. aged / ranging 30. between
14. whom 31. even / also
15. got / was / became 32. didn't / couldn't
16. an 33. kept
17. great

19.
1. introduced 9. knows / has
2. in 10. down
3. on 11. looking / staring
4. better 12. in
5. can't 13. good / use
6. take 14. do
7. move 15. change
8. out

20.
1. kind / sort / type
2. Revealing / Telling / Writing / Admitting / Divulging / Disclosing / Presenting /
Explaining
3. people / individuals / journalists / staff / writers / persons / strangers
4. from
5. to
6. total / complete
7. since / because / as / considering / knowing / thinking / believing / given
8. see / meet / find / encounter
9. Besides / Moreover / Furthermore / Additionally
10. attentively / carefully / closely / seriously
11. more
12. turn / opportunity / chance / moment
13. interesting / dramatic / tragic / depressing / exciting / moving / heartbreaking / boring /
sordid / intimate
14. do / fare
15. single / seek
16. or
17. whom
18. knows / says / thinks

145
19. is / you
20. However
21. problem / story / secret / trouble / pain / tragedy
22. black
23. but
24. of / offering / providing / supplying / furnishing / giving / with
25. light / slight / gentle / harsh / severe / sharp / cutting
26. really / truly / genuinely / so / this / that
27. with
28. which
29. reflect / show / indicate / display / reveal / represent
30. impossible / hard / difficult / ridiculous / absurd
31. found / given / contained
32. be
33. of

21.
1. can / could / may / might / will
2. and / or
3. of
4. a
5. with / by / through / using
6. becomes / acts / behaves
7. how
8. of
9. monstrous / worst / best / essential / major / necessary / required
10. lack (if the answer to 9 is monstrous or worst) / feeling / sense / attitude
11. his
12. parent
13. he / she
14. him / her
15. in
16. child
17. a
18. their
19. years
20. to
21. "no"
22. he
23. often / usually / sometimes
24. actually / even / sometimes (provided the answer to 23 is not the same)
25. I
26. of
27. recognised / saw / tasted (if the answer to 29 is "explanation")
28. in / as
29. look / glance / explanation
30. a
31. it
32. would / could / might
33. we

146
22.
1. us
2. seems / is / appears
3. There
4. kind / sort
5. but
6. This / That
7. to
8. if / when
9. the
10. the
11. our / the / any
12. Now / Nowadays / Therefore / Thus / Hence
13. most / many
14. bringing / forcing / getting / disciplining
15. feel / think / know
16. them
17. regard / see / perceive
18. are
19. for
20. be
21. for
22. interest
23. or
24. from
25. obstructs / prevents / hinders / inhibits / affects / discourages
26. on
27. up
28. was
29. Teachers / Instructors
30. it
31. in
32. to
33. who

23.
1. at
2. where
3. before
4. of
5. until
6. in
7. due
8. for
9. about

147