G1 Group 1C

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
KNS 2601
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4
LABORATORY REPORT
Code & Title G1 – Shear Strength of Soil

Date of Submission 28/03/2017
Lecturer Dr. Alsidqi Hassan
Group 1C
Nur Hijjah Syazalina (50788)

Audrey Pearl ak Dehu @Richard Neru
(51280)
Group Members
Wegner ak Kuchong (55250)
Hasrol Hisham b. Hamdan (50533)
Syed Syabil Rahmat b. Syed Sarkawi (55087)
ABSTRACT
This lab report is about the Shear Strength of soil. The shear strength is most important
property of soil. Shear strength depends on interation between particles and shear failure
occur when particles slides over each other due to excessive shearing process. In the
laboratory, the shear strength of soil is conducted using four types of experiment. The
experiment are Unconfined Compression Shear test, Vane Shear test, Unconsolidated
Undrained Triaxial test and Direct Shear Stress test. Each equipment has different loading
capacity to applied to the sample. Apart from that, it also can test the sample on different
condition for example unconsolidated, consolidated, drained or undrained. Each test has its
own procedure to obtain the shear strength of the sample. For this experiment, we are using
the disturbed white clay as our sample. Disturbed soil is the soil that we obtain from in-situ
site and sieve it inside 0.03mm sieve tray. While doing the experiment, there is no change in
pore water pressure. Thus, we can obtain the moisture content loss of the sample by oven
dried the sample for 24 hours. It is important to understand behaviour and analyse the
property of soil. The shear resistance in cohesion less soil is of friction alone and in other
soils is result of both friction and cohesion.
TABLE OF CONTENT
No. CONTENT PAGES
1 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST 1

2 UNCONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST 20
3 VANE SHEAR TEST 35
4 DIRECT SHEAR TEST 45
5 CONCLUSION (Overall lab) 65
6 REFERENCES 65
7 APPENDIX 67
KNS 2601 Civil Engineering Laboratory 4
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
INTRODUCTION
Unconfined compression test is conducted to determine shear strength at failure of the sample.
Soil must have sufficient shear strength to resist shear stresses that develop during loading
(Kumar, 2005). This test can only be conducted on undisturbed or remoulded cohesive soils.
Because sands and gravel cannot stand without lateral support, so this test cannot be conducted
on coarse-grained soils. This test is conducted by applying axial load on the sample. By applying
axial load to the sample, the strength of the sample is determined and the strain-stress is obtain.
We can obtain various parameters of soil due to unconfined compression test such as unconfined
compressive strength, sensitivity of soil and shear parameters of the soil. In unconfined
compression test, there will be no pore water lost from the sample. The sample will remain
saturated during test without any changes in the volume, water content and void ratio.
The unconfined compressive strength is defined as the ratio of the failure of the load to the cross
sectional area of the soil sample that is not subjected to any lateral pressure.
To find the strain, we use the formula below:
Strain =
To determine the compressive stress:
Compressive stress =
The degree of saturation is determined by using the formula below:
= x 100%
1
OBJECTIVE
This laboratory is performed in order to determine:
- the unconfined compressive strength of a white clay using the Unconfined Compression
Test.
- the strength differences between fully and partially saturated white clay.
APPARATUS
Figure 1: Digital Tritest Figure 2: Soil trimmer
(Unconfined Compression Test Digital Readout Set)
Figure 3: Dial gauge used with Digital Tritest apparatus
2
Other apparatus includes: -
1. Bucket
2. Mixing container
3. Scooper
4. Weight balance
5. 3 tin cans
6. Distilled water
PROCEDURE
1. An estimated amount of white clay was scooped and placed in the mixing container.
2. Distilled water was slowly added to the white clay to saturate the soil until it reached a state
where it can be moulded.
3. The white clay mixture was then formed into a cylindrical-liked shaped in order to reshaped
it into the desired dimension which is 38mm in diameter and 76mm in length.
4. It is then placed on the soil trimmer to reshape the white clay mixture. To achieve the
desired length, the specimen was then trimmed with a string.
5. The first specimen in the desired dimension was mark as specimen 1, which is in a fully
saturated condition.
6. Two (2) more specimen was prepared the same as specimen 1. These two specimen were
then marked as specimen 2 and specimen 3 respectively. The 3 specimen was then weighted
on the weight balance.
7. Specimen 2 and 3 were placed into the oven for 10 and 30 minutes respectively to reduce the
water content in the mixture.
8. Specimen 1 was placed in the centre of the digital tritest 50 load frame to undergo the
compression test.
9. As the maximum value on the dial gauge is 13mm, the reading on the digital tritest machine
was taken every 0.2mm. Dial gauge reading was also stopped when the needle in digital
tritest turns anti-clockwise, indicating that the specimen has undergone failure. The
specimen was then removed from the machine.
3
10. The specimen was then placed inside the over to be dried for 24 hours to remove the water
content.
11. Procedure 8 till 10 was then performed for specimen 2 and specimen 3 after they have been
taken out of the oven.
RESULT
Type of sample White clay

Initial length of sample, L0 7.6 cm
Diameter of sample, d0 3.8 cm
Area of cross-sectional of sample, A0 11.341 cm2
Sample 1 2 3
Condition Fully saturated Dried after 10 Dried after 30
minutes into the minutes into the
oven oven
Mass of saturated 150 166 152
soil(g)
Mass of soil/dry 104 122 135
soil(g)
Mass of water(g) 46 44 17
Specific gravity,Gs 1.74 1.93 1.76
Water 44.23 36.10 12.59
content,w(%)
Void ratio, e 0.770 0.696 0.222
Bulk 1.418 1.549 1.622
density(g/cm3)
Degree of 99.97 100.00 99.95
saturation, Sr
4
SAMPLE 1
Dial Gauge Proving Axial load Strain (%) Area, A Compressive

reading, L ring (kN) (m2) stress (kPa)
(mm) reading A=A0 / 1-Ɛ
(Division)
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
0.20 1.000 0.001 0.263 0.001 1.185
0.40 1.000 0.001 0.526 0.001 1.182
0.60 1.500 0.002 0.789 0.001 1.769
0.80 1.500 0.002 1.053 0.001 1.764
1.00 1.800 0.002 1.316 0.001 2.111
1.20 2.000 0.003 1.579 0.001 2.340
1.40 2.000 0.003 1.842 0.001 2.333
1.60 2.000 0.003 2.105 0.001 2.327
1.80 2.500 0.003 2.368 0.001 2.901
2.00 2.500 0.003 2.632 0.001 2.893
2.20 2.800 0.004 2.895 0.001 3.232
2.40 3.000 0.004 3.158 0.001 3.453
2.60 3.000 0.004 3.421 0.001 3.444
2.80 3.500 0.005 3.684 0.001 4.007
3.00 3.800 0.005 3.947 0.001 4.338
3.20 4.000 0.005 4.211 0.001 4.554
3.40 4.000 0.005 4.474 0.001 4.542
3.60 4.000 0.005 4.737 0.001 4.529
3.80 4.200 0.006 5.000 0.001 4.743
4.00 4.500 0.006 5.263 0.001 5.067
4.20 5.000 0.007 5.526 0.001 5.615
4.40 5.000 0.007 5.789 0.001 5.599
5
4.60 5.000 0.007 6.053 0.001 5.583

4.80 5.000 0.007 6.316 0.001 5.568
5.00 5.500 0.007 6.579 0.001 6.107
5.20 5.500 0.007 6.842 0.001 6.090
5.40 5.800 0.008 7.105 0.001 6.404
5.60 6.000 0.008 7.368 0.001 6.606
5.80 6.000 0.008 7.632 0.001 6.587
6.00 6.000 0.008 7.895 0.001 6.569
6.20 6.200 0.008 8.158 0.001 6.768
6.40 6.500 0.009 8.421 0.001 7.075
6.60 7.000 0.009 8.684 0.001 7.598
6.80 7.000 0.009 8.947 0.001 7.576
7.00 7.000 0.009 9.211 0.001 7.554
7.20 7.200 0.010 9.474 0.001 7.747
7.40 7.500 0.010 9.737 0.001 8.047
7.60 7.800 0.011 10.000 0.001 8.344
7.80 8.000 0.011 10.263 0.001 8.533
8.00 8.000 0.011 10.526 0.001 8.508
8.20 8.500 0.011 10.789 0.001 9.013
8.40 8.500 0.011 11.053 0.001 8.986
8.60 8.800 0.012 11.316 0.001 9.276
8.80 9.000 0.012 11.579 0.001 9.459
9.00 9.000 0.012 11.842 0.001 9.431
9.20 9.000 0.012 12.105 0.001 9.403
9.40 9.200 0.012 12.368 0.001 9.583
9.60 9.500 0.013 12.632 0.001 9.865
9.80 9.800 0.013 12.895 0.001 10.146
10.00 10.000 0.013 13.158 0.001 10.322
10.20 10.000 0.013 13.421 0.001 10.291
6
10.40 10.000 0.013 13.684 0.001 10.260

10.60 10.000 0.013 13.947 0.001 10.228
10.80 10.200 0.014 14.211 0.001 10.401
11.00 10.500 0.014 14.474 0.001 10.674
11.20 10.500 0.014 14.737 0.001 10.641
11.40 11.000 0.015 15.000 0.001 11.113
11.60 11.000 0.015 15.263 0.001 11.079
11.80 11.000 0.015 15.526 0.001 11.045
12.00 11.000 0.015 15.789 0.001 11.010
12.20 11.200 0.015 16.053 0.001 11.175
12.40 11.200 0.015 16.316 0.001 11.140
12.60 11.500 0.016 16.579 0.001 11.403
12.80 11.500 0.016 16.842 0.001 11.367
13.00 11.800 0.016 17.105 0.001 11.626
7
Figure 4: Mohr columb for sample 1
SAMPLE 2

(Division)
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
0.20 1.000 0.001 0.263 0.001 1.185
0.40 1.500 0.002 0.526 0.001 1.774
0.60 2.500 0.003 0.789 0.001 2.948
0.80 3.000 0.004 1.053 0.001 3.528
1.00 3.500 0.005 1.316 0.001 4.105
1.20 4.000 0.005 1.579 0.001 4.679
1.40 4.500 0.006 1.842 0.001 5.250
1.60 5.000 0.007 2.105 0.001 5.818
1.80 5.500 0.007 2.368 0.001 6.383
2.00 6.000 0.008 2.632 0.001 6.944
2.20 6.500 0.009 2.895 0.001 7.502
8
2.40 7.000 0.009 3.158 0.001 8.058

2.60 8.000 0.011 3.421 0.001 9.184
2.80 8.500 0.011 3.684 0.001 9.731
3.00 9.500 0.013 3.947 0.001 10.846
3.20 10.000 0.013 4.211 0.001 11.386
3.40 11.000 0.015 4.474 0.001 12.490
3.60 11.500 0.016 4.737 0.001 13.022
3.80 12.000 0.016 5.000 0.001 13.550
4.00 12.500 0.017 5.263 0.001 14.076
4.20 13.500 0.018 5.526 0.001 15.159
4.40 14.000 0.019 5.789 0.001 15.677
4.60 15.000 0.020 6.053 0.001 16.750
4.80 15.500 0.021 6.316 0.001 17.260
5.00 16.500 0.022 6.579 0.001 18.322
5.20 17.000 0.023 6.842 0.001 18.824
5.40 18.000 0.024 7.105 0.001 19.875
5.60 18.500 0.025 7.368 0.001 20.369
5.80 19.500 0.026 7.632 0.001 21.409
6.00 20.000 0.027 7.895 0.001 21.895
6.20 21.000 0.028 8.158 0.001 22.924
6.40 21.500 0.029 8.421 0.001 23.403
6.60 22.500 0.030 8.684 0.001 24.421
6.80 23.000 0.031 8.947 0.001 24.892
7.00 24.000 0.032 9.211 0.001 25.899
7.20 25.000 0.034 9.474 0.001 26.900
7.40 26.000 0.035 9.737 0.001 27.895
7.60 26.500 0.036 10.000 0.001 28.348
7.80 27.000 0.036 10.263 0.001 28.799
8.00 28.000 0.038 10.526 0.001 29.778
9
8.20 28.500 0.038 10.789 0.001 30.220

8.40 29.000 0.039 11.053 0.001 30.660
8.60 29.500 0.040 11.316 0.001 31.096
8.80 30.000 0.040 11.579 0.001 31.529
9.00 30.500 0.041 11.842 0.001 31.959
9.20 31.000 0.042 12.105 0.001 32.386
9.40 31.500 0.042 12.368 0.001 32.810
9.60 32.000 0.043 12.632 0.001 33.231
9.80 32.500 0.044 12.895 0.001 33.649
10.00 33.500 0.045 13.158 0.001 34.579
10.20 34.000 0.046 13.421 0.001 34.989
10.40 35.000 0.047 13.684 0.001 35.908
10.60 35.500 0.048 13.947 0.001 36.310
10.80 36.000 0.049 14.211 0.001 36.709
11.00 36.500 0.049 14.474 0.001 37.105
11.20 37.500 0.051 14.737 0.001 38.004
11.40 38.000 0.051 15.000 0.001 38.392
11.60 39.000 0.053 15.263 0.001 39.280
11.80 39.500 0.053 15.526 0.001 39.660
12.00 40.000 0.054 15.789 0.001 40.037
12.20 40.000 0.054 16.053 0.001 39.912
12.40 41.000 0.055 16.316 0.001 40.782
12.60 41.500 0.056 16.579 0.001 41.149
12.80 43.000 0.058 16.842 0.001 42.502
13.00 43.500 0.059 17.105 0.001 42.860
10
11
SAMPLE 3

(Division)
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
0.20 20.000 0.027 0.263 0.001 23.710
0.40 64.000 0.086 0.526 0.001 75.671
0.60 140.000 0.189 0.789 0.001 165.091
0.80 125.000 0.169 1.053 0.001 147.012
1.00 145.000 0.195 1.316 0.001 170.080
1.20 165.000 0.222 1.579 0.001 193.024
1.40 264.000 0.356 1.842 0.001 308.012
1.60 271.000 0.365 2.105 0.001 315.331
1.80 276.000 0.372 2.368 0.001 320.286
2.00 282.000 0.380 2.632 0.001 326.367
2.20 288.000 0.388 2.895 0.001 332.410
2.40 293.000 0.395 3.158 0.001 337.264
2.60 299.000 0.403 3.421 0.001 343.235
2.80 303.000 0.408 3.684 0.001 346.880
3.00 308.000 0.415 3.947 0.001 351.640
3.20 315.000 0.425 4.211 0.001 358.647
3.40 316.000 0.426 4.474 0.001 358.797
3.60 320.000 0.431 4.737 0.001 362.338
3.80 324.000 0.437 5.000 0.001 365.853
4.00 329.000 0.443 5.263 0.001 370.470
4.20 333.000 0.449 5.526 0.001 373.933
4.40 334.000 0.450 5.789 0.001 374.011
12
4.60 340.000 0.458 6.053 0.001 379.666

4.80 343.000 0.462 6.316 0.001 381.943
5.00 346.000 0.466 6.579 0.001 384.202
5.20 349.000 0.470 6.842 0.001 386.441
5.40 351.000 0.473 7.105 0.001 387.558
5.60 351.500 0.474 7.368 0.001 387.011
5.80 352.500 0.475 7.632 0.001 387.009
6.00 353.500 0.477 7.895 0.001 387.001
6.20 354.500 0.478 8.158 0.001 386.987
6.40 355.000 0.479 8.421 0.001 386.423
6.60 355.000 0.479 8.684 0.001 385.312
6.80 357.000 0.481 8.947 0.001 386.366
7.00 359.000 0.484 9.211 0.001 387.408
7.20 361.000 0.487 9.474 0.001 388.437
7.40 361.000 0.487 9.737 0.001 387.308
7.60 361.000 0.487 10.000 0.001 386.179
7.80 361.000 0.487 10.263 0.001 385.049
8.00 361.000 0.487 10.526 0.001 383.920
8.20 361.000 0.487 10.789 0.001 382.791
8.40 361.000 0.487 11.053 0.001 381.662
8.60 361.000 0.487 11.316 0.001 380.533
8.80 361.000 0.487 11.579 0.001 379.404
9.00 361.000 0.487 11.842 0.001 378.274
9.20 361.000 0.487 12.105 0.001 377.145
9.40 361.000 0.487 12.368 0.001 376.016
9.60 361.000 0.487 12.632 0.001 374.887
9.80 361.000 0.487 12.895 0.001 373.758
10.00 361.000 0.487 13.158 0.001 372.629
10.20 361.000 0.487 13.421 0.001 371.499
13
10.40 361.000 0.487 13.684 0.001 370.370

10.60 361.000 0.487 13.947 0.001 369.241
10.80 361.000 0.487 14.211 0.001 368.112
11.00 361.000 0.487 14.474 0.001 366.983
11.20 361.000 0.487 14.737 0.001 365.853
11.40 361.000 0.487 15.000 0.001 364.724
11.60 361.000 0.487 15.263 0.001 363.595
11.80 361.000 0.487 15.526 0.001 362.466
12.00 361.000 0.487 15.789 0.001 361.337
12.20 361.000 0.487 16.053 0.001 360.208
12.40 361.000 0.487 16.316 0.001 359.078
12.60 361.000 0.487 16.579 0.001 357.949
12.80 361.000 0.487 16.842 0.001 356.820
13.00 361.000 0.487 17.105 0.001 355.691
14
CALCULATION
Formula:
1. 2.
3. 4.
15
SAMPLE 1
16
SAMPLE 2
17
SAMPLE 3
18
DISCUSSION
The graph shows the relationship between compressive stress and the unit strain. It required
more strength for the compressive stress on sample 3 than on sample 1 and 2. This is because
sample 3 has less water content compare to sample 1 and 2. These three samples did not have the
maximum compressive strength. This is because these samples are too soft when it is mixed with
water. So, the reading of compression dial reading is stop taken when it reach 15% strain. When
the sample reaches 15% strain, the compressive stress for sample 1, 2 and 3 is 11.626 kPa,
42.860 kPa and 388.437 kPa. By drawing the mohr coulomb, the shear stress can be obtained.
The shear stress for sample 1, 2 and 3 is 11.626 kPa, 21.43 kPa and 355.691 kPa. The result
show that sample 1 and 2 are bending while sample 3 was cracked.
PRECAUTIONS
Error may occur due to the setting up of sample on the unconfined compression test machine.
When the sample is not place vertically on the machine, it will cause error to the compression
strength reading. Apart from that, the gauge needs to set up properly in order for it to work
properly. Common errors that usually happen is when taking the reading. The dial gauge needs
to be properly monitored in order to prevent error from occurring.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, by performing the unconfined compressive strength test, the compressive strength
of each sample was determined. From the graphs, as the strain increases, the compressive
strength of the sample will increase. The highest compressive strength was the sample which is
the least saturated while the fully saturated had the lowest compressive strength. The moisture
content was the factors that affect the compressive strength in the soil, where as the moisture
content increases, the compressive strength will deceases. It important for the geotechnical
engineer to know the soil strength on site before the construction job is started.
19
UNCONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST
INTRODUCTION
Triaxial test are used to discover the compressive strength of soil in three condition
depending on the nature of loading and drainage condition. This three condition are consolidated
undrained test, consolidated drained test and unconsolidated undrained test. For this particular
laboratory experiment, the main focus is on unconsolidated undrained test where the soil
specimens are not consolidated and drainage is not allowed either during application of confining
pressure in a triaxial chamber or shearing. The saturated soil specimen is placed inside the
chamber after being prepped and is then axially loaded at a constant rate of axial deformation.
The compressive strength of the soil specimen is determined in terms of the total stress where the
resulting strength depends on the pressure developed in the pore fluid when the load is applied.
The parameters that will be calculated from the result of the experiment are axial strain,
corrected area of the specimen, deviator stress on the specimen, principle stress ratio and the
Mohr’s circle.
Axial strain,  =
Where,
is the vertical deformation of the soil specimen
L is the original length of the soil specimen
20
Corrected area, Ac =

Where,
Ao is the initial cross-sectional area
Deviator stress, σ = (σ1 – σ3)
(σ1 – σ3) =
Principle stress ratio =
Figure 1: Expected Mohr’s circle diagram with 3 soil specimens
21
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the test is to determine
- shear strength parameters of undisturbed (or remoulded) soil specimen in the triaxial
compression apparatus by conducting unconsolidated undrained(UU) test without any
changes in pore pressure.
APPARATUS
1. Triaxial cell with transparent chamber capable of resisting internal fluid pressure of
100kN/m2.
2. A hydraulic pressure apparatus for applying and maintaining the desired fluid
pressure in the cell together with the necessary control valves and pressure dials.
3. Compression machine, capable of applying axial compression to the specimen at
conventional speed.
4. A loading frame, in which the load is applied by yoke; acting through a proving ring,
which used to measure the load. The frame is operated at a constant rate by a small
electric motor.
5. Dial gauge to measure axial compression accurate to 0.01mm.
6. For sample preparation:
 3.8cm internal diameter and 7.6cm long sample tubes.
 Trimming knife, wire saw-meter straight edge.
 Seamless rubber membrane.
 An open-ended cylindrical section former, 3.8cm inside diameter, fitted with a
small rubber tube in its side.
 “O” rings.
 Moisture content determination can.
 A balance of 250g capacity and accurate to 0.01g.
22
Figure 2: A triaxial compression test machine.
PROCEDURES
1. An estimated amount of white clay was scooped and placed in the mixing container.
Distilled water was slowly added to the white clay to saturate the soil until it reached a
state where it can be moulded.
2. The white clay mixture was then formed into a cylindrical-liked shaped in order to
reshaped it into the desired dimension which is 38mm in diameter and 76mm in length.
3. It is then placed on the soil trimmer to reshape the white clay mixture. To achieve the
desired length, the specimen was then trimmed with a string.
4. The sample is put inside the seamless rubber membrane without any air bubble inside the
rubber. Then, the seanless rubber membrane is install inside the triaxial machine.
5. The pedestal was covered in the triaxial cell with a solid end cap (drainage valve was
closed). The specimen assembly was placed centrally on the pedestal. The cell was
assembled with the loading arm initially clear of the top of the specimen, and was then
placed in the loading machine.
23
6. The operating fluid in the cell was admitted and the pressure was raised to 100kPa. The
loading machine was adjusted to bring the loading ram a short distance away from the set
on the top cap of the specimen.
7. The initial reading to the load measuring gauge and the initial reading of the dial
measuring axial compression was taken and recorded.
8. The compression force was applied at a constant rate of axial compression. The
simultaneous reading of load and deformation dials was taken to define the stress-strain
curve.
9. The test was continued until an axial strain of about 15% reached.
10. The specimen was unloaded and the cell fluid was drained off. The cell was dismantled
and the specimen was taken out. The rubber membrane was removed and the mode of
failure was recorded.
11. The specimen was weighed and put into the oven for 24 hour to measure the moisture
content.
24
RESULT
Condition Partially saturated
Length of sample, L 76mm
Diameter of sample, d 38mm
Area of sample, A0 1.134 × 10-3 m2
Volume of sample, V 8.619 × 10-5 m3
Wet Sample Mass + Container 171 g
Dried Sample Mass + Container 159 g
Moisture Loss 12 g
Container Mass 42 g
Dried Sample Mass 117 g
Moisture Content, w 10.26 %
–( - )
25
PARTIALLY SATURATED SAMPLE
Strain Strain, ɛ Corrected Load Deviator ơ1 ơ1/ơ3

Division, (10-3 ) Area, Ac (kN) stress
(mm) (kN)
0 0 0.001134 0.0000 0 100.0000 1.0000
0.2 0.002632 0.001137 0.0030 2.6385 102.6385 1.0264
0.4 0.005263 0.00114 0.0080 7.0175 107.0175 1.0702
0.6 0.007895 0.001143 0.0130 11.3733 111.3733 1.1137
0.8 0.010526 0.0011461 0.0290 25.3040 125.3040 1.2530
1 0.013158 0.0011491 0.0420 36.5497 136.5497 1.3655
1.2 0.015789 0.0011522 0.0500 43.3955 143.3955 1.4340
1.4 0.018421 0.0011553 0.0520 45.0107 145.0107 1.4501
1.6 0.021053 0.0011584 0.0580 50.0696 150.0696 1.5007
1.8 0.023684 0.0011615 0.0650 55.9617 155.9617 1.5596
2 0.026316 0.0011646 0.0660 56.6695 156.6695 1.5667
2.2 0.028947 0.0011678 0.0680 58.2289 158.2289 1.5823
2.4 0.031579 0.001171 0.0710 60.6331 160.6331 1.6063
2.6 0.034211 0.0011742 0.0730 62.1716 162.1716 1.6217
2.8 0.036842 0.0011774 0.0760 64.5503 164.5503 1.6455
3 0.039474 0.0011806 0.0780 66.0679 166.0679 1.6607
26
3.2 0.042105 0.0011838 0.0810 68.4211 168.4211 1.6842
3.4 0.044737 0.0011871 0.0840 70.7602 170.7602 1.7076
3.6 0.047368 0.0011904 0.0880 73.9256 173.9256 1.7393
3.8 0.050000 0.0011937 0.0920 77.0723 177.0723 1.7707
4.0 0.052632 0.001197 0.0940 78.5297 178.5297 1.7853
4.2 0.055263 0.0012003 0.0970 80.8108 180.8108 1.8081
4.4 0.057895 0.0012037 0.1000 83.0781 183.0781 1.8308
4.6 0.060526 0.0012071 0.1030 85.3314 185.3314 1.8533
4.8 0.063158 0.0012104 0.1050 86.7446 186.7446 1.8674
5.0 0.065789 0.0012139 0.1070 88.1486 188.1486 1.8815
5.2 0.068421 0.0012173 0.1100 90.3648 190.3648 1.9036
5.4 0.071053 0.0012207 0.1120 91.7479 191.7479 1.9175
5.6 0.073684 0.0012242 0.1140 93.1217 193.1217 1.9312
5.8 0.076316 0.0012277 0.1150 93.6717 193.6717 1.9367
6 0.078947 0.0012312 0.1180 95.8415 195.8415 1.9584
6.2 0.081579 0.0012347 0.1180 95.5676 195.5676 1.9557
6.4 0.084211 0.0012383 0.1190 96.1014 196.1014 1.9610
6.6 0.086842 0.0012418 0.1200 96.6305 196.6305 1.9663
6.8 0.089474 0.0012454 0.1200 96.3520 196.3520 1.9635
27
7 0.092105 0.001249 0.1200 96.0735 196.0735 1.9607
7.2 0.094737 0.0012527 0.1230 98.1899 198.1899 1.9819
7.4 0.097368 0.0012563 0.1230 97.9045 197.9045 1.9790
7.6 0.100000 0.00126 0.1280 101.5873 201.5873 2.0159
7.8 0.102632 0.0012637 0.1290 102.0816 202.0816 2.0208
8 0.105263 0.0012674 0.1290 101.7822 201.7822 2.0178
8.2 0.107895 0.0012712 0.1310 103.0563 203.0563 2.0306
8.4 0.110526 0.0012749 0.1310 102.7523 202.7523 2.0275
8.6 0.113158 0.0012787 0.1340 104.7944 204.7944 2.0479
8.8 0.115789 0.0012825 0.1360 106.0429 206.0429 2.0604
9 0.118421 0.0012863 0.1360 105.7273 205.7273 2.0573
9.2 0.121053 0.0012902 0.1390 107.7369 207.7369 2.0774
9.4 0.123684 0.0012941 0.1410 108.9599 208.9599 2.0896
9.6 0.126316 0.001298 0.1410 108.6327 208.6327 2.0863
9.8 0.128947 0.0013019 0.1420 109.0736 209.0736 2.0907
10 0.131579 0.0013058 0.1440 110.2757 210.2757 2.1028
10.2 0.134211 0.0013098 0.1440 109.9415 209.9415 2.0994
10.4 0.136842 0.0013138 0.1440 109.6074 209.6074 2.0961
10.6 0.139474 0.0013178 0.1450 110.0320 210.0320 2.1003
28
10.8 0.142105 0.0013218 0.1460 110.4521 210.4521 2.1045
11 0.144737 0.0013259 0.1460 110.1132 210.1132 2.1011
11.2 0.147368 0.00133 0.1460 109.7744 209.7744 2.0977
11.4 0.150000 0.0013341 0.1460 109.4356 209.4356 2.0944
11.6 0.152632 0.0013383 0.1460 109.0968 209.0968 2.0910
11.8 0.155263 0.0013424 0.1460 108.7580 208.7580 2.0876
12 0.157895 0.0013466 0.1460 108.4192 208.4192 2.0842
12.2 0.160526 0.0013508 0.1460 108.0804 208.0804 2.0808
12.4 0.163158 0.0013551 0.1460 107.7416 207.7416 2.0774
12.6 0.165789 0.0013594 0.1460 107.4028 207.4028 2.0740
12.8 0.168421 0.0013637 0.1470 107.7973 207.7973 2.0780
13 0.171053 0.001368 0.1470 107.4561 207.4561 2.0746
13.2 0.173684 0.0013724 0.1480 107.8437 207.8437 2.0784
13.4 0.176316 0.0013767 0.1480 107.5002 207.5002 2.0750
13.6 0.178947 0.0013812 0.1490 107.8808 207.8808 2.0788
13.8 0.181579 0.0013856 0.1490 107.5350 207.5350 2.0754
14 0.184211 0.0013901 0.1490 107.1893 207.1893 2.0719
14.2 0.186842 0.0013946 0.1500 107.5606 207.5606 2.0756
14.4 0.189474 0.0013991 0.1500 107.2125 207.2125 2.0721
29
14.6 0.192105 0.0014036 0.1500 106.8644 206.8644 2.0686
14.8 0.194737 0.0014082 0.1500 106.5163 206.5163 2.0652
15 0.197368 0.0014129 0.1500 106.1682 206.1682 2.0617
CALCULATION
Area of Sample, A0= πd2/4
= (3.143)(0.038)2/4
=1.134 x 10-3 m2
Volume of Sample, V = A0h
= (1.134 x 10-3)(0.076)
= 8.619 x 10-5 m3
x 100%
x 100%
= 10.26 %
30
When ΔL = 0.2mm
From equation 1,
Strain =
When ΔL = 0.2mm
Strain, ɛ = = 0.002632 = 2.632 x 10-3
From equation 2,
Corrected Area, AC =
AC = = 1.134 x 10-3 m2
From equation 3,
Deviator Stress, (σ1- σ3) =
(σ1- σ3) = = 2.6385 kN m-2
From equation 4,
σ1= σ3 + (σ1 - σ3)

σ1 = 100 + 2.6385 = 102.6385 kN m-2
31
From equation 5,
Principle Stress Ratio, σ1/σ3 =
σ1/σ3 = = 1.0264
*Similar calculations are performed to obtain the values of various ΔL reading.
DISCUSSION
In Triaxial Shear Test of Unconsolidated Undrained (UU), the test sample is not allowed to
drain. The sample is compressed within a constant pressure which is 100kN/m2. During shear
stage, the soil is loaded axially in compression. According to Dr. Mesut Pervizpour (2014),
failure plane not predetermined and control of stress states are possible in Traxial test. Primary
parameters can be obtained from the Traxial test include the angle of friction(υ), cohesion(c),
and undrained shear strength(Cu). The soil is partially saturated, unconsolidated and sheared, that
make it response and to be observed under the condition.
Figure 1: Graph of Deviator Stress (kN) versus Strain (%)
32
Figure 2: Graph of Principal Stress Ratio versus Strain (%)
By observing on figure 1, it shows that the deviator stress increases slowly at the beginning
of the shearing and increased rapidly at strain of 0.02%, and the soil reached it maximum
deviator stress of 110.4521 kN at strain 0.142105%. Next, the soil sample was sheared to failure
and the reading started decreasing. The diameter of the Mohr’s circle was obtained by taking the
maximum deviator stress as shown.
Referring to figure 2, the graph shows that as the principle stress ratio increased, the strain
increased. The strain started increasing in the beginning with ratio of 1.4340 and strain of 2%
and the graph become more constant at the ratio 1.808 and strain of 10%. With the pressure of
100kPa, the final strain can be obtained from the test was 19.7%.
Figure 3 : Mohr Circle
33
Mohr’s circle for this test was generated by the computer software as shown in figure 3.
From the observation of the graph, there is no cohesion for the sample. The failure sheared
stress, tf, of the sample specimen is equal to the undrained shear strength, Cu which also equal to
the radius of the Mohr’s circle. Based on the Mohr’s circle that been plotted above, the failure
sheared stress, tc or Su is 55.22605 kN/m2.
PRECAUSIONS
1 During moulding of the soil sample, it must done properly and carefully to avoid and
prevent the cell water from penetrating the pores of the soil.
2. Air bubbles must be avoided in the triaxial test machine to prevent compressible
condition in the experiment.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the shear strength parameters of the soil with unconsolidated undrained state
can be determined. Even though the partially saturated sample is not drained in the triaxial
machine, it still received the stress from 100 kN/m2 pressure of water. It shows that the soil that
is not drained still received horizontal stress. The result shows that the sample is bending when
vertical load is applied. Mean that the sample was too soft. Failure occur when the reading
deviator stress start to decrease. This is because the sample already reaches it maximum strength.
When it reaches the maximum strength it tended to bend the sample.
34
VANE SHEAR TEST
INTRODUCTION
The vane shear test is a method used by the geotechnical engineer to estimate the undrained
shear strength of fully saturated clays without disturbance. Even though the vane shear test
commonly used in in-situ testing, it can also be carried out in the laboratory. Water is the factor
that made the soil formation possible. When there is too much water, the soil would not be able
to stand on its own. So, water will affects the shear strength of the soil. When the saturated soil is
compacted together in the vane, it will act as the in-situ soil on earth ground. The saturated soil
would be dig by the high tensile steel rod that consists of four stainless steel blades that fixed at
90º to each other. The shear strength of soil can be determined by rotating the Vane Geometry
which had a spring that connected with torque from the specimen surface at a standard rate of 0.1
degrees per second. The peak torque will be determined when the angular displacement scale is
split away.
The undrained shear strength is calculated by using the equating below:
Torque = Ts + Te
Ts = moment of shear resistance force on the side of the cylindrical failure surface
Te = moment of shear resistance force at the two ends of the cylindrical failure surface
By replacing the above equation with the test parameters, the undrained shear strength is solve
by using this formula:
Cu=T / [πD^2(H/2 + D/6)]
where
Cu - Undrained shear strength of the soil T - Maximum torque at failure
H - height of the vane D - diameter of the vane
35
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this experiment is to:
- determined undrained shear strength of fine-grained (cohesive) soil specimen.

- estimate the undrained shear strength of fully saturated clays without disturbance.
- determine the peak and remolded shear strength of soft to medium stiff clay soils.
- determine the shear strength that contributed by the two properties that is the cohesion
and angle of internal friction
APPARATUS
- Vane shear apparatus

- Specimen
- Distilled water
- Spatula
- Mould
- Containers
PROCEDURE
1. The soil type to be tested was choose and checked so that the sample’s cohesive and suitable
for Vane Shear Strength determination by the shear vane. The one that very sandy or brittle
are unsuitable.
2. The soft clay to be tested may include tube samples 38mm (1 ½ in) or 115mm (4 ¼in) or
soil in glass sampling jars or Proctor molds. The clamping attachment will hold the soil
container vertically below the vane shaft.
3. The soil surface should be trimmed so as to permit the vane to be lowered into the soil to a
depth sufficient to ensure that shearing would take place on the horizontal edges of the vane
without movement of the soil sample surface. The specimen of the soil sample was prepared
36
by mixing it with distilled water and pressed into the mould using spatula and ensured to be
evenly compressed.
4. The vane head and vane blade must be checked so that both clean and dry, and that the
pointer is free to move and does not stick at any position on the head.
5. The vane blade was picked the correct size and is not bent, worn or damaged. Checked also
the vane blade shaft is not bent or damaged. To avoid from damaging the spring, it was
important to make sure the vane blade and the vane head was fitted.
6. The shear vane must be hold in perpendicular position to the soil surface and the vane blade
being pushed into the soil to a depth at least twice the length of the vane blade, actually there
was marking line on the vane blade. Usually by using the marking line on the vane blade
was sufficient to ensure that shearing will take place on the vertical edges of the vane blade
without movement of the disturbed soil surface. The depth of vane embedment should not
exceed the length of the vane blade shaft.
7. Avoid any excessive sideways movement when pushing the vane into the soil. The test shall
be regarded as finished when the vane was unable to be pushed into the soil to the required
depth.
8. With the vane in position, the torque was applied to the vane at a rate that should not exceed
0.1 deg/s. This rate will normally give a time to failure of from 2 to 5 min. In very soft clays
the time to failure may be longer. The maximum torque with motorized apparatus was
recorded. Record values of spring and vane deflection at intervals of 15 s or less as needed
to prepare torque or strength curves. Immediately repeat the vane test to determine the
remolded vane shear strength. After the test select a representative portion of the sample for
a water content determination.
9. The vane pointer was checked at the correct starting position on the vane head.
10. Hold the vane head in one hand (or both hands) clear of the pointer and rotate the vane head
at a uniform rate of one revolution per minute i.e. slowly. This can be checked against the
second hand of a watch. Do not load the spring beyond the maximum value on the dial or
the calibration chart, otherwise the spring could be damaged.
37
11. If the soil shears radially without the presence of normal shear failure, either when inserting
the vane blade or during the test, then the soil is possibly too brittle or hard or too coarse
grained for an accurate test.
12. A small sample was taken, put into the container, weighed and put into oven. The moisture
content was calculated after 24 hours.
13. Dismantle the vane rods, clean and dry the vane blade, wipe the vane head and replace it in
its carrying box together with the calibration chart when the test have completed. It is
important to dismantle the vane blade from the vane head using both spanners to avoid
damaging the spring.
RESULT
Vane Diameter = 1.2 cm
Vane Height = 2.5 cm
Penetration Depth = 5.0 cm
Spring Number =3
Diameter of Mould, D = 10.2 cm
Height of Mould, H = 7.9 cm
38
Sample 1 2 3
Condition Fully Saturated Partially Saturated Least saturated
soil, g
Mass of water, g 3 2 2
Water Content, % 8.57 6.25 5.41
Average moisture 6.74

content
Table 1: Experimental data for determination of moisture content
Sample 1 2 3
Initial Reading, o 0 0 0
Final Reading, o 29 34 60
Differences, 29 34 60
o o
final- initial
Torque, Nm 0.058 0.067 0.116
Shear Modulus, 1.524 1.524 1.524

m-3
Shear strength, 0.0884 0.102 0.177

N/m2
Average Shear 0.1225

strength, N/m-2
Table 2: Record sheet for Vane Shear Test
39
CALCULATION
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Water Content, % Water Content, % Water Content, %
(Mwater/Msoil) X 100% (Mwater/Msoil) X 100% (Mwater/Msoil) X 100%
= (5/35) X 100% = (2/32) X 100% = (2/37) X 100%
= 8.57% = 6.25% = 5.41%
Difference in o Difference in o Difference in o
Y=29o - 0o Y=34o - 0o Y=60o - 0o
= 29o = 34o = 60o
Torque, T, Nm Torque, T, Nm Torque, T, Nm
Based On ELE Graph Based On ELE Graph Based On ELE Graph
Spring no. 3 Spring no. 3 Spring no. 3
Y=533.3T - 1.7201 Y=533.3T - 1.7201 Y=533.3T - 1.7201
29o=533.3T - 1.7201 34o=533.3T - 1.7201 60o=533.3T - 1.7201
T = 0.058 Nm T = 0.067 Nm T = 0.116 Nm
40
Shear Strength, S, N/m2 Shear Strength, S, N/m2 Shear Strength, S, N/m2
T T T
D H D3
2
D H D3
2
D H D3
2
(  ) (  ) (  )
2 6 2 6 2 6
= 0.0884 N/m2
= 0.1023 N/m2 = 0.1773 N/m2
DISCUSSION
Figure 1: Graph of shear strength vs water content
41
The shear strength of the soil sample is determined by rotating the vane geometry that has a
spring indicating the torque from surface of the specimen at a standard rate of 0.1 degree per
second. Based on the result, the average shear strength of the clay sample is 0.1227 N/m2 with
the average moisture content of 6.74%. Referring to table below, the undrained shear strength of
the soil sample is very soft.
Figure 2: Undrained strength of white clay
Water is known for a natural lubricant for soil as well as moisturising it, so more water was
added to prepare sample 2 to allow it to move easily. This is because as the moisture content
increase, the soil cohesion will decrease causes by the greater distance separation of the soil
particles, as stated by Richard (1988). The soil molecular bond is weakens by the increase of the
soil moisture content, which will result in decreases the cohesive force of the soil particles.
Richard (1988) also stated that intermolecular bond between the absorbed water surrounding
each grain causes the increase of the cohesion. Thus, the value of cohesion will depends with the
amount of the water content.
The moisture content of sample 1 is higher than that of sample 2, and the moisture content of
sample 2 is higher than that of sample 3. Looking at the experimental results, it is given when the
moisture content of a certain sample value is high, the measured torque value will be low and
vice versa. This is because the usage of water in the soil will reduce the torque if no condition is
42
used (Davidson. Howard, Jacobs, Pintabona, and Zernich, 2014). The peak shear strength on a
cylindrical surface failure is related to the peak torque by a constant. (Vane Shear Test, n.d). To
support this theory, the torque value of sample 1 is 0.058 Nm and it has the highest value of
moisture content in all three samples, while the torque value of sample 2 is 0.067 Nm and its
moisture content is slightly lower than that of sample 1. Same goes with sample 3, it shows that
it has the smallest value of moisture content and the value for its torque is the highest with 0.116
Nm. Because of the presence of water in the soil, it softens the sample. Hence causing the torque
to decrease which is leading the shear failure and also making the shear strength of the soil
specimen decreases.
There are a lot of factors that can affect the results of the vane shear test such as, the rate of
rotation of the vane, the type of soil specimen used and the friction between soil and the torque
rod. For example, when the vane is rotated too hastily, the soil sheared too rapidly and will
results in the increase of the strength measurement. Furthermore, presence of friction between
torque rod and the soil will cause the measured torque to include a component of resistance and
it will affect the strength measurement and calculation. Also, if the test is done in disturbed soil,
the structure of the soil will easily breaks, which will decrease the strength measurement. In a
nutshell, vane shear test is most suitable to be conducted on soft and medium stiff clay. It is also
useful to analyse the undrained shear strength especially the one with a low shear strength that is
less than 0.3kg/ which cannot be conducted by triaxial or unconfined tests.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Apply with constant speed when rotating the torque to eliminate the occurrence of errors
2. The mould should be tightened properly so it does not move when the vane is rotated.
3. The soil must be mix properly to reduce the errors in measurement
4. The sample must be compacted nicely to avoid the air from trapped in the sample which
then will disturb the accuracy of the results.
43
CONCLUSION
From the results that were obtained throughout this experiment, it can be concluded that the soil
sample that were used can be categories as very soft based on the table that was supplied in
discussion. The average shear strength that was calculated was 0.1225 with an average moisture
content of 6.74%. The result on the three soil sample were consistent with the theory where the
higher the water content is, the lower the torque value and as a result, lowers down the shear
strength of the soil sample. As this is a disturbed soil sample prepared in the laboratory, vane
shear test is suited to find the parameters needed to determine the shear strength of given soil
sample.
44
DIRECT SHEAR TEST
INTRODUCTION
Shear box is a test to determine the shear strength of soils. The test is carried out on either
undisturbed samples or remoulded samples. To facilitate the remoulding purpose, a fully
saturated soil sample is compacted at in a compaction mould. This test is not suitable to
determine the stress-strain properties of soils. This apparatus contains a copper box, horizontally
in the middle of the soil sample. A porous disc can be placed on the back if necessary to allow
the sample to drain. The size of the sample is of 60mm x 60mm. But to test granular materials
such as gravel or rocky clay, a larger box will be needed, which is a size of 300mm x 300mm.
Figure 1: Direct Shear machine
The strength of a soil depends on its resistance to shearing stresses. It is made up of basically the
components which are frictional that is due to friction between individual particles and cohesive
that is due to adhesion between the soil particles.
45
The two components are combined in Coulomb’s shear strength equation,
τf = c + σf tan ø
Where,
τf = shearing resistance of soil at failure
c = apparent cohesion of soil
σf = total normal stress on failure plane
ø = angle of shearing resistance of soil (angle of internal friction)
This equation can also be written in terms of effective stresses.
τf = c’ + σ’f tan ø’
Where,
c’ = apparent cohesion of soil in terms of effective stresses
σ'f = effective normal stress on failure plane
ø’ = angle of shearing resistance of soil in terms of effective stresses
σ'f = σf - uf
uf = pore water pressure on failure plane
46
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this experiment is to determine
- the shear strength parameters of the tested soil specimen by carrying it out at different
moisture contents.
- the shear strength at failure.
PROCEDURE
1. The soil specimen was prepared early on where it was placed in water to be saturated for 24
hours.
2. The soil specimen was the placed in a shear box. Vertical load was the applied on the
specimen.
3. The machine was turned on. The soil will shear until failure occurs. The horizontal force
recorded was then measured.
4. The test was ended at 15% horizontal strain regardless the peak was identified or not.
5. Step 2 until 4 were repeated with 20kPa, 40kPa, and 80kPa of vertical force.
6. Moisture cans were first weighed then a sample of the specimen after test were placed on it.
7. The moisture cans were placed into the oven to be dried for 24 hours to determine the
moisture content.
47
RESULT
Sample 1 2 3
Condition Fully saturated Fully saturated Fully saturated
Normal load applied 20 40 80
(kpa)
Height of sample (cm) 2.306 2.6 2.461
Length of sample 6 6 6
(cm)
Width of sample (cm) 6 6 6
Area of sample (cm2) 36 36 36
Volume of sample 83.016 93.6 88.596
3
(cm )
Horizontal and 0.01mm/div 0.01mm/div 0.01mm/div
vertical gauge factor
Provision ring (PR) 0.002mm/div 0.002mm/div 0.002mm/div
constant
Provision ring (PR) 1.449kN/mm 1.449kN/mm 1.449kN/mm
gauge factor
Settlement height 1.58mm 3.00mm 4.89mm
Table 1: Information of test
Sample 1 2 3
soil(g)
Mass of soil/dry 4 5 7
soil(g)
Mass of water(g) 2 2 2
Water content, w(%) 50 40 28.57
Table 2: The density of soil sample for normal applied load 20kPa, 40kPa and 80kPa
48
SAMPLE 1
Strain Proving Horizontal Horizontal Vertical Vertical Vertical Corrected Shear Shear Vertical
division ring displaceme strain gauge displacem strain Area Load Stress strain
reading nt reading ent (m2) (kN) (kN/m2) (%)
(div) (mm) (div)
1.32 0.0000 0.0359

20
0.1 0.2 0.003333 0.01 0.0001 x106 76 0.5796 16.11074
0.1189 0.0359
40
4.1 0.4 0.006667 0.03 0.0003 3.95 x106 52 1.1592 32.24299
0.1188 0.0359
60
4.5 0.6 0.01 0.03 0.0003 3.95 x106 28 1.7388 48.39679
0.1783 0.0359
80
4.8 0.8 0.013333 0.04 0.0004 5.26 x106 04 2.3184 64.57219
0.1783 0.0358
100
4.8 1 0.016667 0.05 0.0005 6.58 x106 8 2.898 80.76923
0.2139 0.0358
120
4.5 1.2 0.02 0.08 0.0008 1.05 x106 56 3.4776 96.98795
0.2376 0.0358
140
4.2 1.4 0.023333 0.09 0.0009 1.18 x105 32 4.0572 113.2284
0.2376 0.0358
160
4.2 1.6 0.026667 0.09 0.0009 1.18 x105 08 4.6368 129.4906
0.2376 0.0357
180
4.5 1.8 0.03 0.1 0.001 1.32 x105 84 5.2164 145.7746
0.2970 0.0357
200
4.5 2 0.033333 0.11 0.0011 1.45 x105 6 5.796 162.0805
0.2970 0.0357
220
5 2.2 0.036667 0.11 0.0011 1.45 x105 36 6.3756 178.4083
0.3326 0.0357
240
5 2.4 0.04 0.12 0.0012 1.58 x105 12 6.9552 194.7581
0.3564 0.0356
260
5 2.6 0.043333 0.12 0.0012 1.58 x105 88 7.5348 211.1298
0.3563 0.0356
280
4.8 2.8 0.046667 0.12 0.0012 1.58 x105 64 8.1144 227.5236
0.4157 0.0356
300
5 3 0.05 0.13 0.0013 1.71 x105 4 8.694 243.9394
0.4513 0.0356
320
5 3.2 0.053333 0.13 0.0013 1.71 x105 16 9.2736 260.3774
0.4750 0.0357
240
5 2.4 0.04 0.13 0.0013 1.71 x105 12 6.9552 194.7581
0.4750 0.0355
360
5.5 3.6 0.06 0.13 0.0013 1.71 x105 68 10.4328 293.3198
0.4750 0.0355
380
5.2 3.8 0.063333 0.14 0.0014 1.84 x105 44 11.0124 309.8244
49
0.4987 0.0355
400
5.2 4 0.066667 0.15 0.0015 1.97 x105 2 11.592 326.3514
0.5343 0.0354
420 5
4.8 4.2 0.07 0.16 0.0016 2.11 x10 96 12.1716 342.9006
0.5936 0.0354
440
4.8 4.4 0.073333 0.16 0.0016 2.11 x105 72 12.7512 359.4723
0.5936 0.0354
460
4.8 4.6 0.076667 0.17 0.0017 2.24 x105 48 13.3308 376.0664
0.5936 0.0354
480
4.8 4.8 0.08 0.18 0.0018 2.37 x105 24 13.9104 392.6829
500 0.5936
4.8 5 0.083333 0.18 0.0018 2.37 x105 0.0354 14.49 409.322
0.6529 0.0353
520
5.2 5.2 0.086667 0.19 0.0019 0.000025 76 15.0696 425.9837
0.6528 0.0353
540
5.2 5.4 0.09 0.2 0.002 2.63 x105 52 15.6492 442.668
0.6884 0.0353
560
5 5.6 0.093333 0.2 0.002 2.63 x105 28 16.2288 459.375
0.7121 0.0353
580
5.2 5.8 0.096667 0.2 0.002 2.63 x105 04 16.8084 476.1047
0.7121 0.0352
600
5.2 6 0.1 0.21 0.0021 2.76 x105 8 17.388 492.8571
0.7120 0.0352
620
4.8 6.2 0.103333 0.21 0.0021 2.76 x105 56 17.9676 509.6324
0.7357 0.0352
640
5.2 6.4 0.106667 0.21 0.0021 2.76 x105 32 18.5472 526.4305
0.7713 0.0352
660
5.8 6.6 0.11 0.21 0.0021 2.76 x105 08 19.1268 543.2515
0.8306 0.0351
680
5.2 6.8 0.113333 0.21 0.0021 2.76 x105 84 19.7064 560.0955
0.8305 0.0351
700
5.2 7 0.116667 0.21 0.0021 2.76 x105 6 20.286 576.9625
0.8305 0.0351
720
5.8 7.2 0.12 0.21 0.0021 2.76 x105 36 20.8656 593.8525
0.8542 0.0351
740
6 7.4 0.123333 0.21 0.0021 2.76 x105 12 21.4452 610.7656
0.8897 0.0350
760
5.8 7.6 0.126667 0.22 0.0022 2.89 x105 88 22.0248 627.7018
0.9253 0.0350
780
5.5 7.8 0.13 0.23 0.0023 3.03 x105 64 22.6044 644.6612
0.9489 0.0350
800
5.2 8 0.133333 0.24 0.0024 3.16 x105 4 23.184 661.6438
0.9489
820 0.0350
5 8.2 0.136667 0.24 0.0024 3.16 x105 16 23.7636 678.6498
50
1.0081 0.0349
840
5 8.4 0.14 0.24 0.0024 3.16 x105 92 24.3432 695.679
SAMPLE 2
(div) (mm) (div)
2.63
20
4.2 0.2 0.003333 0.02 0.0002 x106 0.035976 0.5796 16.11074 0.02
6
40 6.5 0.4 0.006667 0.04 0.0004 5.26 x10 0.035952 1.1592 32.24299 0.04
6
60 10 0.6 0.01 0.05 0.0005 6.58 x10 0.035928 1.7388 48.39679 0.05
6
80 9 0.8 0.013333 0.05 0.0005 6.58 x10 0.035904 2.3184 64.57219 0.05
5
100 5.5 1 0.016667 0.21 0.0021 2.76 x10 0.03588 2.898 80.76923 0.21
5
120 7.5 1.2 0.02 0.35 0.0035 4.61 x10 0.035856 3.4776 96.98795 0.35
140 9 1.4 0.023333 0.38 0.0038 0.00005 0.035832 4.0572 113.2284 0.38
160 10 1.6 0.026667 0.42 0.0042 5.53 x105 0.035808 4.6368 129.4906 0.42
5
180 9.8 1.8 0.03 0.5 0.005 6.58 x10 0.035784 5.2164 145.7746 0.5
5
200 9 2 0.033333 0.53 0.0053 6.97 x10 0.03576 5.796 162.0805 0.53
5
220 11.5 2.2 0.036667 0.56 0.0056 7.37 x10 0.035736 6.3756 178.4083 0.56
5
240 11 2.4 0.04 0.59 0.0059 7.76 x10 0.035712 6.9552 194.7581 0.59
5
260 12 2.6 0.043333 0.62 0.0062 8.16 x10 0.035688 7.5348 211.1298 0.62
5
280 11.5 2.8 0.046667 0.63 0.0063 8.29 x10 0.035664 8.1144 227.5236 0.63
5
300 11.5 3 0.05 0.65 0.0065 8.55 x10 0.03564 8.694 243.9394 0.65
320 8 3.2 0.053333 0.77 0.0077 0.000101 0.035616 9.2736 260.3774 0.77
240 8 2.4 0.04 0.82 0.0082 0.000108 0.035712 6.9552 194.7581 0.82
10.432
360
11 3.6 0.06 0.85 0.0085 0.000112 0.035568 8 293.3198 0.85
11.012
380
10 3.8 0.063333 0.91 0.0091 0.00012 0.035544 4 309.8244 0.91
400 9 4 0.066667 0.97 0.0097 0.000128 0.03552 11.592 326.3514 0.97
12.171
420
10.2 4.2 0.07 1.03 0.0103 0.000136 0.035496 6 342.9006 1.03
12.751
440
10 4.4 0.073333 1.05 0.0105 0.000138 0.035472 2 359.4723 1.05
13.330
460
10 4.6 0.076667 1.09 0.0109 0.000143 0.035448 8 376.0664 1.09
13.910
480
9 4.8 0.08 1.15 0.0115 0.000151 0.035424 4 392.6829 1.15
51
500 9.2 5 0.083333 1.2 0.012 0.000158 0.0354 14.49 409.322 1.2
15.069
520
10 5.2 0.086667 1.23 0.0123 0.000162 0.035376 6 425.9837 1.23
15.649
540
9 5.4 0.09 1.3 0.013 0.000171 0.035352 2 442.668 1.3
16.228
560
9 5.6 0.093333 1.32 0.0132 0.000174 0.035328 8 459.375 1.32
16.808
580
10 5.8 0.096667 1.34 0.0134 0.000176 0.035304 4 476.1047 1.34
600 12.2 6 0.1 1.35 0.0135 0.000178 0.03528 17.388 492.8571 1.35
17.967
620
11 6.2 0.103333 1.36 0.0136 0.000179 0.035256 6 509.6324 1.36
18.547
640
9.5 6.4 0.106667 1.38 0.0138 0.000182 0.035232 2 526.4305 1.38
19.126
660
12 6.6 0.11 1.4 0.014 0.000184 0.035208 8 543.2515 1.4
19.706
680
12.5 6.8 0.113333 1.42 0.0142 0.000187 0.035184 4 560.0955 1.42
700 11 7 0.116667 1.47 0.0147 0.000193 0.03516 20.286 576.9625 1.47
20.865
720
10.5 7.2 0.12 1.48 0.0148 0.000195 0.035136 6 593.8525 1.48
21.445
740
13 7.4 0.123333 1.5 0.015 0.000197 0.035112 2 610.7656 1.5
22.024
760
12 7.6 0.126667 1.51 0.0151 0.000199 0.035088 8 627.7018 1.51
22.604
780
15 7.8 0.13 1.52 0.0152 0.0002 0.035064 4 644.6612 1.52
800 15 8 0.133333 1.52 0.0152 0.0002 0.03504 23.184 661.6438 1.52
23.763
820
13 8.2 0.136667 1.53 0.0153 0.000201 0.035016 6 678.6498 1.53
24.343
840
14 8.4 0.14 1.54 0.0154 0.000203 0.034992 2 695.679 1.54
24.922
860
14.2 8.6 0.143333 1.55 0.0155 0.000204 0.034968 8 712.7316 1.55
25.502
880
14 8.8 0.146667 1.55 0.0155 0.000204 0.034944 4 729.8077 1.55
900 14 9 0.15 1.57 0.0157 0.000207 0.03492 26.082 746.9072 1.57
23.763
820
13.5 8.2 0.136667 1.59 0.0159 0.000209 0.035016 6 678.6498 1.59
27.241
940
13 9.4 0.156667 1.6 0.016 0.000211 0.034872 2 781.1769 1.6
960 27.820
13.5 9.6 0.16 1.61 0.0161 0.000212 0.034848 8 798.3471 1.61
52
28.400
980
13 9.8 0.163333 1.61 0.0161 0.000212 0.034824 4 815.541 1.61
1000
12.5 10 0.166667 1.62 0.0162 0.000213 0.0348 28.98 832.7586 1.62
29.559
1020
13 10.2 0.17 1.63 0.0163 0.000214 0.034776 6 850 1.63
30.139
1040
14 10.4 0.173333 1.63 0.0163 0.000214 0.034752 2 867.2652 1.63
30.718
1060
13 10.6 0.176667 1.64 0.0164 0.000216 0.034728 8 884.5543 1.64
31.298
1080
11 10.8 0.18 1.65 0.0165 0.000217 0.034704 4 901.8672 1.65
1100 14 11 0.183333 1.66 0.0166 0.000218 0.03468 31.878 919.2042 1.66
32.457
1120
15.5 11.2 0.186667 1.67 0.0167 0.00022 0.034656 6 936.5651 1.67
33.037
1140
14.5 11.4 0.19 1.68 0.0168 0.000221 0.034632 2 953.9501 1.68
33.616
1160
14 11.6 0.193333 1.68 0.0168 0.000221 0.034608 8 971.3592 1.68
34.196
1180
13.5 11.8 0.196667 1.68 0.0168 0.000221 0.034584 4 988.7925 1.68
1200 13 12 0.2 1.69 0.0169 0.000222 0.03456 34.776 1006.25 1.69
SAMPLE 3
(div) (mm) (div)
1.97
20
12 0.2 0.003333 0.15 0.0015 x105 0.035976 0.5796 16.11074 0.15
5
40 14 0.4 0.006667 0.2 0.002 2.63 x10 0.035952 1.1592 32.24299 0.2
5
60 14 0.6 0.01 0.27 0.0027 3.55 x10 0.035928 1.7388 48.39679 0.27
5
80 13.5 0.8 0.013333 0.3 0.003 3.95 x10 0.035904 2.3184 64.57219 0.3
5
100 12 1 0.016667 0.34 0.0034 4.47 x10 0.03588 2.898 80.76923 0.34
5
120 12 1.2 0.02 0.41 0.0041 5.39 x10 0.035856 3.4776 96.98795 0.41
5
140 15 1.4 0.023333 0.45 0.0045 5.92 x10 0.035832 4.0572 113.2284 0.45
5
160 15 1.6 0.026667 0.5 0.005 6.58 x10 0.035808 4.6368 129.4906 0.5
5
180 14 1.8 0.03 0.54 0.0054 7.11 x10 0.035784 5.2164 145.7746 0.54
200 5
17 2 0.033333 0.6 0.006 7.89 x10 0.03576 5.796 162.0805 0.6
5
220 17 2.2 0.036667 0.64 0.0064 8.42 x10 0.035736 6.3756 178.4083 0.64
53
240 17 2.4 0.04 0.69 0.0069 9.08 x105 0.035712 6.9552 194.7581 0.69
5
260 17 2.6 0.043333 0.73 0.0073 9.61 x10 0.035688 7.5348 211.1298 0.73
280 18 2.8 0.046667 0.79 0.0079 0.000104 0.035664 8.1144 227.5236 0.79
300 17 3 0.05 0.84 0.0084 0.000111 0.03564 8.694 243.9394 0.84
320 17 3.2 0.053333 0.86 0.0086 0.000113 0.035616 9.2736 260.3774 0.86
240 19 2.4 0.04 0.89 0.0089 0.000117 0.035712 6.9552 194.7581 0.89
10.432
360
18 3.6 0.06 0.92 0.0092 0.000121 0.035568 8 293.3198 0.92
11.012
380
19 3.8 0.063333 0.95 0.0095 0.000125 0.035544 4 309.8244 0.95
400 18 4 0.066667 0.99 0.0099 0.00013 0.03552 11.592 326.3514 0.99
12.171
420
17 4.2 0.07 1.03 0.0103 0.000136 0.035496 6 342.9006 1.03
12.751
440
17 4.4 0.073333 1.07 0.0107 0.000141 0.035472 2 359.4723 1.07
13.330
460
15.5 4.6 0.076667 1.1 0.011 0.000145 0.035448 8 376.0664 1.1
13.910
480
15.5 4.8 0.08 1.13 0.0113 0.000149 0.035424 4 392.6829 1.13
500
18 5 0.083333 1.17 0.0117 0.000154 0.0354 14.49 409.322 1.17
15.069
520
18 5.2 0.086667 1.18 0.0118 0.000155 0.035376 6 425.9837 1.18
15.649
540
16.5 5.4 0.09 1.21 0.0121 0.000159 0.035352 2 442.668 1.21
16.228
560
18 5.6 0.093333 1.23 0.0123 0.000162 0.035328 8 459.375 1.23
16.808
580
18 5.8 0.096667 1.25 0.0125 0.000164 0.035304 4 476.1047 1.25
600 19 6 0.1 1.27 0.0127 0.000167 0.03528 17.388 492.8571 1.27
17.967
620
18 6.2 0.103333 1.29 0.0129 0.00017 0.035256 6 509.6324 1.29
18.547
640
18 6.4 0.106667 1.31 0.0131 0.000172 0.035232 2 526.4305 1.31
19.126
660
19 6.6 0.11 1.33 0.0133 0.000175 0.035208 8 543.2515 1.33
19.706
680
19.5 6.8 0.113333 1.35 0.0135 0.000178 0.035184 4 560.0955 1.35
700 21 7 0.116667 1.37 0.0137 0.00018 0.03516 20.286 576.9625 1.37
20.865
720
21 7.2 0.12 1.39 0.0139 0.000183 0.035136 6 593.8525 1.39
21.445
740
21 7.4 0.123333 1.41 0.0141 0.000186 0.035112 2 610.7656 1.41
54
22.024
760
18 7.6 0.126667 1.44 0.0144 0.000189 0.035088 8 627.7018 1.44
780 22.604
21 7.8 0.13 1.46 0.0146 0.000192 0.035064 4 644.6612 1.46
800 19 8 0.133333 1.47 0.0147 0.000193 0.03504 23.184 661.6438 1.47
23.763
820
22 8.2 0.136667 1.49 0.0149 0.000196 0.035016 6 678.6498 1.49
24.343
840
21 8.4 0.14 1.51 0.0151 0.000199 0.034992 2 695.679 1.51
24.922
860
22 8.6 0.143333 1.53 0.0153 0.000201 0.034968 8 712.7316 1.53
25.502
880
22 8.8 0.146667 1.55 0.0155 0.000204 0.034944 4 729.8077 1.55
900 22 9 0.15 1.57 0.0157 0.000207 0.03492 26.082 746.9072 1.57
23.763
820
21 8.2 0.136667 1.59 0.0159 0.000209 0.035016 6 678.6498 1.59
27.241
940
21 9.4 0.156667 1.61 0.0161 0.000212 0.034872 2 781.1769 1.61
27.820
960
21 9.6 0.16 1.63 0.0163 0.000214 0.034848 8 798.3471 1.63
28.400
980
22 9.8 0.163333 1.65 0.0165 0.000217 0.034824 4 815.541 1.65
1000 22 10 0.166667 1.66 0.0166 0.000218 0.0348 28.98 832.7586 1.66
29.559
1020
22 10.2 0.17 1.68 0.0168 0.000221 0.034776 6 850 1.68
30.139
1040
20 10.4 0.173333 1.69 0.0169 0.000222 0.034752 2 867.2652 1.69
1060 30.718
24 10.6 0.176667 1.71 0.0171 0.000225 0.034728 8 884.5543 1.71
31.298
1080
23 10.8 0.18 1.73 0.0173 0.000228 0.034704 4 901.8672 1.73
1100 22 11 0.183333 1.74 0.0174 0.000229 0.03468 31.878 919.2042 1.74
32.457
1120
23 11.2 0.186667 1.75 0.0175 0.00023 0.034656 6 936.5651 1.75
33.037
1140
23 11.4 0.19 1.77 0.0177 0.000233 0.034632 2 953.9501 1.77
33.616
1160
24 11.6 0.193333 1.78 0.0178 0.000234 0.034608 8 971.3592 1.78
34.196
1180
22 11.8 0.196667 1.8 0.018 0.000237 0.034584 4 988.7925 1.8
1200 21 12 0.2 1.81 0.0181 0.000238 0.03456 34.776 1006.25 1.81
35.355
1220
22 12.2 0.203333 1.83 0.0183 0.000241 0.034536 6 1023.732 1.83
55
35.935
1240
24 12.4 0.206667 1.84 0.0184 0.000242 0.034512 2 1041.238 1.84
36.514
1260
21 12.6 0.21 1.85 0.0185 0.000243 0.034488 8 1058.768 1.85
1300 24 13 0.216667 1.87 0.0187 0.000246 0.03444 37.674 1093.902 1.87
38.253
1320
25 13.2 0.22 1.88 0.0188 0.000247 0.034416 6 1111.506 1.88
1340 38.833
25 13.4 0.223333 1.89 0.0189 0.000249 0.034392 2 1129.135 1.89
39.992
1380
25 13.8 0.23 1.91 0.0191 0.000251 0.034344 4 1164.465 1.91
1400 25 14 0.233333 1.92 0.0192 0.000253 0.03432 40.572 1182.168 1.92
41.151
1420
27 14.2 0.236667 1.93 0.0193 0.000254 0.034296 6 1199.895 1.93
41.731
1440
26 14.4 0.24 1.95 0.0195 0.000257 0.034272 2 1217.647 1.95
42.310
1460
23 14.6 0.243333 1.96 0.0196 0.000258 0.034248 8 1235.424 1.96
42.890
1480
24 14.8 0.246667 1.97 0.0197 0.000259 0.034224 4 1253.226 1.97
1500 26 15 0.25 1.99 0.0199 0.000262 0.0342 43.47 1271.053 1.99
56
CALCULATION
= 20 x 0.01mm
= 0.2 mm =
= 0.00333
= 0.01 x 0.01mm
= 0.0001 mm =
= 1.32 x 10-6
( )
57
(kPa) Peak
σ1 = 20 kPa p = 24.34 kPa
σ2 = 40 kPa p = 1006.25 kPa
σ3 = 80 kPa p = 1271.053 kPa
Peak
Gradient Gradient
Average
p = 27.86 σ1 + Cp
When σ1 = 20 ; p = 24.34 kPa
24.34 = 27.86(20) + Cp
Cp = – 532.86
y = 27.86x – 532.86
tan p = 27.86
p = 87.94°
58
59
60
61
62
DISCUSSION
From the graph of shear stress against horizontal strain, the peak for sample 1, 2, and 3 are 24.34
kPa, 1006.25 kPa, and 1291.053 kPa. By using the axial load and peak for the shear stress, the
equation for the graph of shear stress against horizontal strain can be obtained. The settlement of
the sample depend on the load apply on top of the sample. Thus, the water content will affect the
amount of settlement value on the sample. On this experiment, we has proved that the more
water content the more settlement occur. When the load applied was 20 kPa, 40 kPa, and 80 kPa,
the settlement height was 1.58 mm, 3.00 mm and 4.89 mm. When the load applied increased, the
amount of water inside the sample decreases. This experiment being conducted by applying the
vertical and horizontal stress on the sample inside the shear box. By determining the vertical and
horizontal stress, we can obtained the shear strength at failure, ( f’). Shear strength at failure is
equal to undrained shear strength, (Su).
PRECAUTIONS
Error may occur when:-
 The sample is not settled completely. ( the vertical gauge reading still not stop)
When the sample already being put into the mould and submerged into the shear box, it was
found that the setting up of the axial vertical gauge still not stopping. By this, it would be effect
the value of the settlement while tabulating the data into the table.
 The loading pad is not properly put inside the shear box.
 The shear box with sample is not fully filled with water
 The sample is not fully saturated when it is put inside the shear box
 Reading error when the process recording the data into the table prepared.
This kind of error always happen in almost every laboratory test such as overlooked the reading
because of the not consistency of the increment of the reading. Sometimes this incidents can
happen because of the attraction from the other source that coming from the surrounding and
63
made the data reader overlooked the reading. Other cases also occur when tabulating the data
into the table such as wrongly put the value into the table column. Beside, reading error also can
happen when the calculation process like wrongly used of formulae.
 The duration for the laboratory experiment needs to be extended.
Depending with the actual duration of the test, the experiment should be carried out with longer
period of time if want to get the good result. With the limited time of laboratory time, we failed
to manage the analysis process about the experiment that have been conduct. And if the problem
occurs, there was no time to repeat the laboratory test or redo the test. Besides, with limited time,
the test that is being conducted need to more time for the settlement to get the accurate results. It
only took us at least 30-45 minutes to complete a sample so error will occur.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the experiments that have been conducted on white clay are presented to show
the influence of the boundary conditions on the experiment measurement. Data of the loading in
the test show that a symmetrical direct shear test arrangement is preferable although there was
some error in our experiment. Direct shear test is an effective method for measurement of the
plane strain at stress level tested. The measured sample corresponds closely with the minimum
value with respect to strength anisotrophy. This experiment actually give us the peak and
residual stress of the sample. With this, we are able to form a graph which has linear line of peak
and residual stress of the sample.
64
CONCLUSION (Overall lab)
In conclusion, the shear strength parameter of the soil can be determined using four
different experiment. It is important to know the shear strength of soil. This is because the
construction of building, damns or road need to consider the earth retaining structure and
foundation shear strength of soil.
REFERENCES
Webpages
1. Unconfined Compression Test.(23 March 2017.)

Retrieved from http://www.geotechdata.info/geotest/unconfined-compression-test.html
2. Atkinson, J. (2007). Consolidation. Retrieved from

http://www.environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/SoilMech/consol/soilcons.htm
International Journal of Geosciences (2012). Retrieved from http://file.scirp.org/Html/10-
2800275_22922.htm.
3. Tiwari, B. (2008). UU Triaxial Test.

Retrieved from
http://www.faculty.fullerton.edu/btiwari/geotech_Lab/mainpage_files/other/UU%20Triaxial%20
Test.pdf
4. F. Meulenkamp, M. Alvares Grima, January 1999, Application of neural networks for the
prediction of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) from Equotip hardness.
Retrieved from International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Volume 36, Issue
1, January 1999, Pages 29–39.
Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148906298001739
5. Mishra, G. (2010). Consolidation Test of Soil. Retrieved from
65
http://www.theconstructor.org/geotechnical/consolidation-test-of-soil/3054/
6. Sean, R. (2013). Part One : Introduction To Triaxial Testing. Retrieved from

http://www.gdsinstruments.com
Journal/ reference books
1. Hill, R. (1950). The mathematical theory of plasticity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2. Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing (1994). Permeability, Shear Strength and

Compressibility Tests. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
3. Reddy, E. S. (2002). Measurement of Engineering Properties of Soils. Daryaganj,

New Delhi : New Age International (P) Ltd.
4. Skempton, A. W. (1985). Residual strength of clays in landslides, folded strata and the
laboratory; Géotechnique. Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
5. Venkatramaiah, C. (2006). Geotechnical Engineering. (3rd.ed). Daryaganj, New
Delhi : New Age International (P) Ltd.
6. Whitman, R. V., and Healy, K. A. (1962). Shear strength of sands during rapid loading. J.
Soil Mech. Found. Div., 88(SM2), 99–132.
7. Craig, R.F.. (2004). Craig’s soil mechanics (7th ed.). New York, NY: Spon Press
8. Day, R. W. (2001). Soil Testing Manual: Procedures, Classification Data, and Sampling
Practices. New York, McGraw-Hill Publication.
9. Som, N. N., & Das, S. C. (2003). Theory and practice of foundation design. PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd., pp 19-2.
66
APPENDIX
Unconfined compressive stress
Vane shear test
67
Unconsolidated undrained (UU) Triaxial Test
Direct shear test
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G1 Group 1C

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Code & Title G1 – Shear Strength of Soil

Nur Hijjah Syazalina (50788)

No. CONTENT PAGES

1 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST 1

UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST

To find the strain, we use the formula below:

To determine the compressive stress:

The degree of saturation is determined by using the formula below:

This laboratory is performed in order to determine:

Figure 1: Digital Tritest Figure 2: Soil trimmer

(Unconfined Compression Test Digital Readout Set)

Figure 3: Dial gauge used with Digital Tritest apparatus

Other apparatus includes: -

Type of sample White clay

Dial Gauge Proving Axial load Strain (%) Area, A Compressive

4.60 5.000 0.007 6.053 0.001 5.583

10.40 10.000 0.013 13.684 0.001 10.260

Figure 4: Mohr columb for sample 1

Dial Gauge Proving Axial load Strain (%) Area, A Compressive

2.40 7.000 0.009 3.158 0.001 8.058

8.20 28.500 0.038 10.789 0.001 30.220

Figure 5: Mohr columb for sample 2

Dial Gauge Proving Axial load Strain (%) Area, A Compressive

4.60 340.000 0.458 6.053 0.001 379.666

10.40 361.000 0.487 13.684 0.001 370.370

Figure 6: Mohr columb for sample 3

UNCONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST

is the vertical deformation of the soil specimen

L is the original length of the soil specimen

Ao is the initial cross-sectional area

Deviator stress, σ = (σ1 – σ3)

Principle stress ratio =

Figure 1: Expected Mohr’s circle diagram with 3 soil specimens

The purpose of the test is to determine

Figure 2: A triaxial compression test machine.

Condition Partially saturated

Length of sample, L 76mm

Diameter of sample, d 38mm

Area of sample, A0 1.134 × 10-3 m2

Volume of sample, V 8.619 × 10-5 m3

Wet Sample Mass + Container 171 g

Dried Sample Mass + Container 159 g

Dried Sample Mass 117 g

Moisture Content, w 10.26 %

PARTIALLY SATURATED SAMPLE

Strain Strain, ɛ Corrected Load Deviator ơ1 ơ1/ơ3

0 0 0.001134 0.0000 0 100.0000 1.0000

0.2 0.002632 0.001137 0.0030 2.6385 102.6385 1.0264

0.4 0.005263 0.00114 0.0080 7.0175 107.0175 1.0702

0.6 0.007895 0.001143 0.0130 11.3733 111.3733 1.1137

0.8 0.010526 0.0011461 0.0290 25.3040 125.3040 1.2530

1 0.013158 0.0011491 0.0420 36.5497 136.5497 1.3655

1.2 0.015789 0.0011522 0.0500 43.3955 143.3955 1.4340

1.4 0.018421 0.0011553 0.0520 45.0107 145.0107 1.4501

1.6 0.021053 0.0011584 0.0580 50.0696 150.0696 1.5007

1.8 0.023684 0.0011615 0.0650 55.9617 155.9617 1.5596

2 0.026316 0.0011646 0.0660 56.6695 156.6695 1.5667

2.2 0.028947 0.0011678 0.0680 58.2289 158.2289 1.5823