GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

REVISION DATE REASON(S) FOR REVISION

0 4/1/2017 Initial release
GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

FIG. 19-1
Nomenclature
a't = tube flow area, ft2 TS =
at = total tube flow area, ft2 UD =
A = absorption factor used in Equation 19-28 v =
Ac = cross sectional area, ft2 vmax =
At = heat transfer surface, ft 2 vi =
AAM = tray active area, ft2 vo =
ADM = tray downcomer area, ft 2
V =
ATM = tower cross sectional area, ft 2 V1 =
b = exponent used in Equations 19-5 and 19-6 Vmax =
B = bottoms product flowrate, moles/unit time VD dsg*
=
C = coefficient in Equation 19.11, ft/hr VDdsg =
CAF = vapor capacity factor, corrected, ft/sec Vload =
CAF0 = vapor capacity factor, uncorrected, ft/sec V0 =
CFS = vapor loading, ft /sec
3
w =
D' = diameter, ft x =
D = distillate (overhead) product flowrate, moles/unit time X =

DT = tower diameter, ft Xm+1 =

Ea = absorption efficiency, Equation 19-30 x1 =
Es = stripping efficiency, Equation 19-32 X0 =

f = friction factor (Moody friction factor/144), ft 2/in2 y =

F = feed rate, moles/unit time Yi =

Fp = packing factor Yn+1 =

FF = flooding factor used in Equation 19-17, usually 0.82 Y0 =

FPL = flow path length, ft Z =

gc = conversion factor, 32.174 (ft·lbm) / (lbf·sec2)
Gt = mass velocity, lb/(hr·ft2) Greek
Gp = tower vapor loading, lb/(ft2·sec) α =
GPM = tower liquid loading, gal/min βij =
H = enthalpy, Btu/lb θ =
HETP = height of packing equivalent to a theoretical plate σ =
HTU = height of a transfer unit ρ =
K = equilibrium K-value, y/x ε =
L0 = liquid reflux rate, moles/unit time μ =
Lp = liquid loading, lb/(ft2·sec)
L = liquid rate, moles/unit time Subscripts
Lt = tube length, ft avg =
Lm+1 = rich oil entering stripper, moles/unit time B =
LMTD = log mean temperature difference BP =
m = number of stripping stages bottom =
M = mass flowrate, lb/hr calc =
n = number of absorber stages corr =
Nm = minimum number of theoretical stages D =
NP = number of passes in a tray F =
Nt = number of tubes G =
ΔP = pressure drop, psi HK =
q = moles of saturated liquid in the feed per mole of feed i =
Q = heat transfer duty, Btu/hr L =
Qc = condenser duty, Btu/hr LK =
reflux ratio, moles of reflux divided by moles of net
R = m =
overhead product
Re = Reynold's number, dimensionless n =
s = specific gravity top =
S = number of stages VF =
ST = stripping factor used in Equation 19-31 v =
SF = separation factor defined by Equation 19-1
SM = minimum number of stages defined by Equation 19-6
tray spacing, inches
overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/(hr·ft 2·°F)
specific volume, ft3/lb
maximum velocity, ft/hr
specific volume of the inlet, ft3/lb
specific volume of the outlet, ft3/lb
vapor rate, moles/unit time
vapor rate leaving top tray, moles/unit time
volumetric vapor flow rate, ft3/hr
downcomer velocity, uncorrected, gpm/ft 2
downcomer velocity, corrected, gpm/ft 2
vapor loading defined by Equation 19-13, ft3/sec
stripping medium rate, moles/unit time
weight flow, lb/hr
liquid mole fraction
liquid rate, moles/unit time
moles of a component in the rich oil entering a stripper
per mole of rich oil entering the stripper
moles of a component in the lean oil per mole of rich
oil
moles of a component in the liquid in equilibrium with
the stripping medium per mole of entering rich oil
vapor mole fraction
moles of any component in the lean gas leaving the
absorber per mole of rich gas
moles of any component in the entering rich gas per
mole of rich gas
moles of any component in the gas in equilibrium with
the entering lean oil, per mole of rich gas
static head, ft

relative volatility
volatility factor defined in Equation 19-5
correlating parameter in Equations 19-7, 19-8
surface tension, dyne/cm
density, lb/ft3
efficiency
viscosity, cp

average value
bottoms
bubble point feed stream
bottom of the column
calculated value
corrected value
distillate (overhead)
feed
gas
heavy key
any component
liquid
light key

minimum

tray number
top of the column
vaporized feed stream
vapor phase
GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

Example 19-1 Application of 19-1

This will calculate a material balance for the following components, given the information below.
For the given feed stream, estimate the product stream compositions
for 98% propane recovery in the overhead and with a maximum iso- User-entered data is in BOLD RED.
butane content of 1%.

Feed Component Moles

C2 2.4 Operating Conditions and Design
C3 162.8 Propane recovery in overhead 0.98
iC4 31.0 Maximum iso-butane content 0.01
nC4 76.7 Feed Component Moles
C5 76.5 C2 2.4
349.4 moles C3 162.8
iC4 31.0
To find the propane in the overhead with 98% recovery: nC4 76.7
C5 76.5
C 3 in overhead = .98 * 162.8 349.4 moles

159.5 moles
Material Balance
By steady state material balance, the moles of propane in the bottoms: C3 in overhead = 159.5 moles
C3 in bottoms = 3.3 moles
C 3 in bottoms = C3 feed - C3 overhead C2 in overhead = 2.4 moles
iC4 in overhead = 1.6 moles
3.3 moles iC4 in bottoms = 29.4 moles
nC4 in bottoms = 76.7 moles
Because propane is the light key, all the ethane in the feed C5 in bottoms = 76.5 moles
will appear in the overhead.

C 2 in overhead = C2 in feed Feed Overhead Bottoms

moles mole % moles mole % moles mole %
2.4 moles C2 2.4 0.7 2.4 1.5 0.0 0.0
C3 162.8 46.6 159.5 97.5 3.3 1.8
To find the amount of iso-butane in the overhead with maximum 1%: iC4 31.0 8.9 1.6 1.0 29.4 15.8
nC4 76.7 22.0 0 0.0 76.7 41.3
The remainder of the materials in the overhead will be 99% of the total. C5 76.5 21.9 0 0.0 76.5 41.2
Total 349.4 100.0 163.6 100.0 185.8 100.0
C2 2.4 moles
C3 159.5 moles
C 2 + C3 161.9 moles

Total moles in overhead = 161.9 moles / .99

163.6 moles

Therefore, the number of moles of iso-butane can be found by:

iC4 in overhead= .01 * total moles in overhead

1.6 moles

The rest of the iso-butane will be in the bottoms.

iC4 in bottoms = iC4 , feed - iC4, overhead

29.4 moles

The remainder of the components (nC 4 , C5) will all be in the bottoms.
A material balance table is shown below.

Feed Overhead Bottoms

moles mole % moles mole % moles mole %
C2 2.4 0.7 2.4 1.5 0.0 0.0
C3 162.8 46.6 159.5 97.5 3.3 1.8
iC4 31.0 8.9 1.6 1.0 29.4 15.8
nC4 76.7 22.0 0 0.0 76.7 41.3
C5 76.5 21.9 0 0.0 76.5 41.2
Total 349.4 100.0 163.6 100.0 185.8 100.0

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property.
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to, reference to or reliance on the information in this Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to: temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
 αC3/iC4 = 1.643

Tray Count

αAVG = 1.855 Equation 19-4

SF = 936.2 Equation 19-1
Sm = 11.08 trays Equation 19-3
checking for changes in α b = 0.798 Equation 19-6
β = 1.759 Equation 19-6
Sm = 11.06 trays (with relative volatility correction)
Sm = 11.08 trays (without relative volatility correction)
GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

Example 19-3
Find the diameter of a depropanizer given the following:

Vapor rate 70,418 ft3/h 19.561 ft3/s

Vapor density 3.0 lb/ft3
Liquid rate 1,190 gpm
Liquid density 28.8 lb/ft3
Liquid surface tension 3.3 dyne/cm
tray spacing 24 inches

There are three methods of finding tower diameter. All three will be explored.

C Factor Method

From Figure 19.14, C was found to be approximately 425 ft/h.

Using Equation 19.11, vmax can be found.

vmax 1,261 ft/hr

This can be used in Equation 19.12 to find D.

DT 8.43 feet
101 inches

Nomograph Method

Vload needs to be found in order to use Figure 19.15. Vload is found from Equation 19.13.

Vload 6.67 ft3/s

Using Vload and the liquid rate of 1190 gpm on Figure 19.15, tower diameters were read for one and two pass trays.

One pass tray 9.5 ft

114 in
Two pass tray 7.5 ft
 90 in

Detailed Method

From the equation in the bottom of Figure 19.16, the system factor for the tower was found.

System factor 0.85

Using Figure 19.17 and the given specifications, VD*dsg was found.

VD*dsg 186 gpm/ft2

VDdsg = VD*dsg * System factor

VDdsg 158.4 gpm/ft2

From Figure 19.18, CAF0 is 0.41.

CAF = CAF0 * System factor

CAF 0.349 ft/s

Using Dt from the nomograph method for a one pass tray (9.25 ft) and a two pass tray (7.1 ft)

FPL = 9 * DT / NP

FPL 85.5 ft one pass tray

33.75 ft two pass tray

Using Equation 19.17, the active area can be found.

AAM 50.65 ft2 one pass tray

34.10 ft 2
two pass tray
The area of the downcomer can be found using Equation 19.18. If it is less than 11% of AAM, use either 11% of AAM or
double ADM, whichever is smaller.

ADM 9.16 ft2

ADM / AAM 0.18 one pass

0.27 two pass

In both cases, the downcomer areas are sufficiently large.

Now the cross sectional area of the tower can be found using Equation 19.19

ATM 68.98 ft2 one pass tray

52.43 ft2 two pass tray

Another method to find the cross sectional area of the tower is Equation 19.20.

ATM 29.88 ft2

The larger of the two ATM values is used. In this case, it will be the ones calculated from Equation 19.19.
The diameter of the column can be calculated by Equation 19.21.

DT 9.37 ft one pass tray

8.17 ft two pass tray

A comparison of the different calculated diameters follows.

Estimated
Number
Method Diameter
of Passes
(in)

C Factor - 101
Nomograph 1 114
Nomograph 2 90
Detailed 1 112
Detailed 2 98

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engine
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, thos
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad as
 Application of 19-3
This finds the diameter of a depropanizer with the following specifications using three metho
User-entered data is in BOLD RED.

Operating Conditions and Design

Vapor rate = 70,418 ft3/h
= 19.561 ft3/s
Vapor density = 3.0 lb/ft3
Liquid rate = 1,190 gpm
Liquid density = 28.8 lb/ft3
Liquid surface tension = 3.3 dyne/cm
tray spacing = 24 inches

C Factor Method
Using the surface tension and tray spacing entered above, use Figure 19.14 and input C
C = 430 ft/h
vmax = 1,261 ft/h
DT = 8.43 feet

Nomograph Method

Vload = 6.67 ft3/s

DT - One Pass Tray = 9.5 ft
Two Pass Tray = 7.5 ft

Detailed Method

System factor = 0.85

ρV-ρL = 25.8 lb/ft3
VD*dsg = 186 gpm/ft2
d two pass trays. VDdsg = 158.4 gpm/ft2
CAF0 = 0.41 ft/s
CAF = 0.349 ft/s
FPL - One Pass = 85.5 ft
Two Pass = 33.75 ft
 FF = 0.82
AAM - One Pass = 50.65 ft2
Two Pass = 34.10 ft2
The area of the downcomer can be found using Equation 19.18. If it is less than 11% of AAM
either 11% of AAM or double ADM, whichever is smaller.

ADM = 9.16 ft2

ADM / AAM: -One Pass = 0.18
Two Pass = 0.27
ATM - One Pass = 68.98 ft2
Two Pass = 52.43 ft2
ATM = 29.88 ft2

The larger of the two ATM values is used. In this case, it will be the ones calculated from Eq

DT - One Pass = 9.37 ft

Two Pass = 8.17 ft

Estimated
Number
Method Diameter
of Passes
(in)
C Factor - 101
Nomograph 1 114
Nomograph 2 90
Detailed 1 112
Detailed 2 98
ther 11% of AAM or

es published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing indu
ion spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and
uracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or n
ng without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to, reference to or re
n based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to: temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions e
owing specifications using three methods.

above, use Figure 19.14 and input C.

Figure 19-14
Equation 19-11
Equation 19-12

Equation 19-13
Figure 19-15
Figure 19-15

Figure 19-16

Figure 19-17
Equation 19-14
Figure 19-18
Equation 19-15
Equation 19-16
 Equation 19-17
Equation 19-17

ion 19.18. If it is less than 11% of AAM, use

aller.

must be at least 11% of AAM

Equation 19-19

Equation 19-20

, it will be the ones calculated from Equation 19-19.

Equation 19-21
Equation 19-21
 as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas
ormation is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, or timeliness of such information. Ref
ty, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property.
m the use, inability to, reference to or reliance on the information in this Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other l
ions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process co
nd edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
eliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, t

anty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
ng into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitation
r service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation
point dead-band limitations.
orsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

Example 19-4
Find the tray efficiency of the column in Example 19-2.

Figure 19.18 will be used to estimate a plate efficiency. This needs the relative volatility
and the viscosity of the key component at average column conditions.

Tavg = (Ttop + Tbottom) / 2

Tavg 185 °F

It is given that at 185 F, the viscosity of the feed is 0.076 cp and the average α is 1.854.

μ 0.076 cp
α 1.854

To use Figure 19.19, the product of these two is needed.

product 0.141

From the figure, the efficiency was estimated to be 80%. The number of actual trays can be found with this
number as follows. The method below counts the reboiler as a stage.

Ntrays = (theoretical trays - 1) / efficiency

Ntrays 25

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engine
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, thos
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad as
 Application of 19-4
This will find the tray efficiency of a column.
User-entered data is in BOLD RED

Operating Conditions and Design

Ttop = 120 °F
Tbottom = 250 °F
Tavg = 185 °F

Tray Efficiency

μ = 0.076 cp
α = 1.854
μ*α = 0.141
ε = 0.8 Figure 19-19
Ntheoretical trays = 21 trays
Ntrays = 25 trays Equation 19-22

s published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing indus
on spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and
uracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or no
ng without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to, reference to or re
n based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to: temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions et
o the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors A
oluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, or timeliness of such information. Reference herein
a particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ility to, reference to or reliance on the information in this Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory an
curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid
on with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
mation. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and servic

r any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
al process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
me, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the G
dation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

Example 19-5
Find the diameter for a packed tower using 2" plastic Pall rings for the column in Example 19-3. The given data
for that problem are copied below.

Vapor rate 70,418 ft3/h 19.561 ft3/s

Vapor density 3 lb/ft3
Liquid rate 1,190 gpm
Liquid density 28.8 lb/ft3
Liquid surface tension 3.3 dyne/cm
tray spacing 24 inches

Also given:

μ 0.076 cp
ΔP 0.5 in H2O/ft packing

From Figure 19.26, the packing factor (Fp) for the specified packing is 26.

Fp 26

Figure 19.27 can now be used. The bottom axis is defined by ( L p / Gp ) * sqrt ( ρv / ρL). Lp/ Gp can be substituted with M

ML =( 1190 gpm * 18.8 lb/ft3 * 60 min/h )/ (7.48 gal/ft3)

ML 274,909 lb/h

MG = 70,418 ft3/h * 3 lb/ft3

MG 211,254 lb/h

bottom
0.420
axis of
Figure
19.27

Using 0.420 on the bottom axis, following the graph up to the specified pressure drop, the left axis can be found.
The left axis is equal to a large equation that includes Gp, which can be solved for.
Using 0.420 on the bottom axis, following the graph up to the specified pressure drop, the left axis can be found.
The left axis is equal to a large equation that includes Gp, which can be solved for.

left axis 0.024

Gp 1.659 lb/ft2*s

The cross sectional area of the column can be found by taking the mass of the gas flowrate and
dividing by Gp and the conversion between seconds and hours.

Ac 35.37 ft2

The diameter of the tower can be found using the equation for area of a circle.

DT 6.71 ft

This would likely be rounded to 7 ft

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engine
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, thos
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad as
 Application of 19-5
19-3. The given data This will find the diameter of a packed tower.
User-entered data is in BOLD RED.

Operating Conditions and Design

Vapor flow rate =
=
Vapor density =
Liquid rate =
Liquid density =
Liquid surface tension =
tray spacing =
μ =
ΔP =
Packing Type =

Diameter
p
/ Gp can be substituted with ML / MG. Fp =
MassL =
MassG =
Horizontal Axis of Figure 19-27 =
Vertical Axis of Figure 19-27 =
Gp =
Ac =
DT =

left axis can be found.

ng examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association as a service to the gas proce
d calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the
ties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular pur
er (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to, referen
calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to: temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site co
 70,418 ft3/h
19.561 ft3/s
3 lb/ft3
1,190 gpm
28.8 lb/ft3
3.3 dyne/cm
24 inches
0.076 cp
0.5 in H2O/ft packing
2" plastic Pall Rings

26 Figure 19.26
274,909 lb/h
211,254 lb/h
0.420
0.024 Figure 19-27
1.659 lb/ft2*s Figure 19-27
35.368592 ft2
7 ft
n as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Ga
formation is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, or timeliness of such information. Re
lity, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property.
m the use, inability to, reference to or reliance on the information in this Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other
itions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process c
ed in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
s of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, tradem

contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
o account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
ice by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or fa

dead-band limitations.
ent, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

Example 19-6

Find the optimum heat exchanger for a vertical thermosyphon application given it must produce 40,800 lb/h vapor (assume pu
pressure of the column is 275 psig, has an isothermal boiling point of 228 F. The energy for the reboiler will be supplied by sat
125 psig. The recirculation ratio should be at least 4:1.

Tube Data
Inner Diameter 0.62 in
Surface Area 0.1963 ft2/ft
Internal Tube Area 0.302 in2
Vapor Density 2.27 lb/ft3
Liquid Viscosity 0.1 cp
Liquid Specific Gravity 0.43

An energy balance should be calculated. Using thermodynamic data:

Enthalpy at 228 F and 290 psia of:
Liquid Butane 241 Btu/lb
Vapor Butane 338 Btu/lb

The energy needed to make 40,800 lb/ vapor:

Q = m * ΔH

Q 3,957,600 Btu/h

To find how much steam is needed:

Enthalpy of steam at given

conditions 868 Btu/lb

m= Q/ H
m 4,559 lb/h steam

ΔT 125 °F
The maximum energy flux is 12,000 Btu/ft2

A = Q / flux

A 329.8 ft2

This is the area that the heat exchanger must provide. Using the specification for the surface area and assuming a length,
the number of tubes can be found. I'll start using 16 ft, 12 ft, and 10 ft long tubes.

Length of Tube
16 ft 12 ft 10 ft

N = required surface area / (length of tube * surface area of tube )

N 105 tubes 140 tubes 168 tubes

Using Equation 19.27, the static pressure of the reboiler leg can be found.

vv = 1 / ρv

vv 0.4405 ft3/lb 0.4405 ft3/lb 0.4405 ft3/lb

vL = 1 / ρL

vL 0.0373 ft3/lb 0.0373 ft3/lb 0.0373 ft3/lb

The weight of the recirculated liquid can be found by multiplying the vapor mass by 4 (the minimum recirculation ratio).

ML 163,200 lb liquid/hr 163,200 lb liquid/hr 163,200 lb liquid/hr

With this, the total volume of the reboiler outlet can be found.

VL = ML * vL

VL 6082 ft3 6082 ft3 6082 ft3

Vv = Mv * vv

Vv 17,974 ft3 17,974 ft3 17,974 ft3

Total volume 24,056 ft3 24,056 ft3 24,056 ft3
The specific volume of the outlet can now be found using the total volume and the total mass.

vo = Vo / Mo

vo 0.1179 ft3/lb 0.1179 ft3/lb 0.1179 ft3/lb

Now that vo has been obtained, the static pressure of the reboiler leg can be found using Eq. 19.27.

P 1.59 psi 1.19 psi 0.99 psi

Now the frictional resistance can be found. When added to the static pressure, this will give the total resistance to flow. To find
frictional resistance to flow, the area of flow must be found. This is a t = Nt * a't / 144

at 0.220 ft2 0.294 ft2 0.352 ft2

The mass velocity, Gt, can be found by dividing the mass flowrate by the area of the tube.

Gt 926,351 lb/hr * ft2 694,763 lb/hr * ft2 578,969 lb/hr * ft2

Converting the viscosity units:

μ 0.242 ft*h/lb 0.242 ft*h/lb 0.242 ft*h/lb

Converting the diameter of the pipe:

D 0.052 ft 0.052 ft 0.052 ft

Now the Reynold's number can be found. Re = D * Gt / μ

Re 197,775 148,331 123,609

Using a Moody plot, the friction factor can be found.

f 0.000127 ft2/in2 0.000135 ft2/in2 0.0001483

The average specific gravity can be found.

savg 0.283 0.283 0.283

Using Bernoulli's equation the pressure drop can be found.

 ΔP 2.28 psi 1.02 psi 0.65 psi

The total resistance to flow can be calculated by adding the frictional resistance and static resistance.

Total ΔP 3.87 psi 2.21 psi 1.64 psi

The driving force can be calculated:

2.98 psi 2.24 psi 1.86 psi

The difference in the driving force and resistance to flow determines whether or not the flow will go into the reboiler.

-0.89 psi 0.02 psi 0.22 psi

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engine
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, thos
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad as
 Application of 19-6
This will find the optimum heat exchanger tube length for a vertical th
User-entered data is in BOLD RED.
0,800 lb/h vapor (assume pure butane). The
boiler will be supplied by saturated steam at

Operating Conditions and Design

Saturated steam heat supply =

Tube Data
Inner Diameter =
Surface Area =
Internal Tube Area =
Vapor Density =
Liquid Viscosity =
Liquid Specific Gravity =

Thermodynamic Data and Energy Balance

Isothermal Boiling Point: =

Column Pressure: =
Enthalpy of bottoms liquid at
specified T, P =
Enthalpy of bottoms vapor at
specified T, P =
Enthalpy of steam at given
conditions =
Maximum Energy Flux =

Q =
m =
ΔT =
A =

Tube Calculations
 Length of Tube =
N =
vv = 1/ρv =
1/ρL =
ML =
VL =
Vv =
and assuming a length,
Total volume =
vo =
P =
at =
Gt =
μ =
D' =
Re =
f =
savg =
ΔPt =
Total ΔP =
Driving Force =
difference =

GRAPHIC SOLUTION

To find the length where the difference is zero, use this curve. Enter a
where the curve intersects with the y axis to find the maximum length
um recirculation ratio). outside the range.

lb liquid/hr Length of Tubes, ft Difference

-0.89
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
 GOAL SEEKING SOLUTION

To find the length where the difference is zero, use Goal Seek. This is
the What-If Analysis button and selecting Goal Seek. Fill in the pop-u
click OK. Cell P34 will show the maximum length where the required

tal resistance to flow. To find the Length of Tube, ft Difference

12.51 0
go into the reboiler.

ples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing in
lation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA a
accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, o
uding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to, reference to or
tion based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to: temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions
exchanger tube length for a vertical thermosyphon.
RED.

40,800 lb vapor produced/h

4 :1 recirculation ratio recirculation ratio must be greater than or equal to 4:1
125 psig 353 °F

0.62 in
0.1963 ft2/ft
0.302 in2
2.27 lb/ft3
0.1 cp
0.43

ergy Balance

228 °F Isothermal boiling point at column pressure

290 psia

241 Btu/lb

338 Btu/lb

868 Btu/lb
12,000 Btu/ft2

3,957,600 Btu/h
4559 lb/h steam
125 °F Log Mean Temperature Difference
329.8 ft 2
 16 ft Starting assumption
105 tubes
0.4405 ft3/lb
0.0373 ft3/lb
163200 lb liquid/hr
6,082 ft3
17,974 ft3
24,056 ft3
0.1179 ft3/lb
1.59 psi Equation 19-27
0.220 ft2
926,351 lb/hr * ft2
0.242 ft*h/lb
0.052 ft
197,775
0.000127 ft2/in2 Moody plot
0.283
2.28 psi
3.87 psi
2.98 psi
-0.89 psi

ference is zero, use this curve. Enter a length in cell N64. The table will populate with lengths plus or minus 2 feet and calculate the differen
the y axis to find the maximum length where the required recirculation ratio is assured. If there is no intersect, choose a difference value for

Thermosyphon Reboiler Driving Force Curve

12.0000

10.0000
Driving Force - Resistance, psi

8.0000

6.0000

4.0000

2.0000

0.0000
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Tube Length, f
 Driving Forc
4.0000

2.0000

0.0000
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Tube Length, f

ference is zero, use Goal Seek. This is found on the Data Ribbon, in the Data Tools group by pulling down
selecting Goal Seek. Fill in the pop-up form with the information shown in the figure to the right and
e maximum length where the required recirculation ratio is assured.
n as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with G
formation is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, or timeliness of such information. Re
lity, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property.
m the use, inability to, reference to or reliance on the information in this Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other
itions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process c
an or equal to 4:1
us 2 feet and calculate the difference. Find
sect, choose a difference value for N64

riving Force Curve

16 18 20 22 24
gth, f
16 18 20 22 24
gth, f
 and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
imeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name

arranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
aking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitat
, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendat

et-point dead-band limitations.

ndorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

Example 19.17

Find the oil circulation rate and the composition of the residue gas given the following information. 75 percent of the propane
from 100 mol of the rich gas stream. The absorber will have six theoretical plates, the average temperature and pressure of the
and 1000 psig. Assume the lean oil is completely stripped of rich gas components. The feed composition is given below.

Component Mol %
C1 90.6
C2 4.3
C3 3.2
iC4 0.5
nC4 1.0
C6 0.4

K values can be found from the equilibrium data in Chapter 25, using the average absorber conditions.

Component K
C1 3.250
C2 0.900
C3 0.370
iC4 0.100
nC4 0.170
C6 0.035

From Figure 19.52, A can be found using Ea as .75 (specified efficiency for propane absorption) and n=6 (specified trays).

A 0.8

Equation 19.29 can now be used.

L0 29.6 mol/h

Now, A can be calculated for the remaining components.

Component A
C1 0.091
C2 0.329
C3 0.800
 iC4 2.960
nC4 1.741
C6 8.457

Now the absorption efficiencies can be determined for each component, using Figure 19.52.

Component Ea
C1 0.091
C2 0.329
C3 0.75
iC4 0.96
nC4 0.98
C6 1

Now, the Ea value can be used to solve Eq 19.30 for the outlet composition of the lean gas.

Component Y1
C1 82.36
C2 2.89
C3 0.80
iC4 0.02
nC4 0.02
C6 0.00

Now the moles of each component in the rich oil, I, can be calculated by steady state material balance.

Component I
C1 8.24
C2 1.41
C3 2.40
iC4 0.48
nC4 0.98
C6 0.40

All the calculated properties are summarized in a table below.

Component Mol % K A Ea Y1 I
C1 90.6 3.250 0.091 0.091 82.36 8.24
C2 4.3 0.900 0.329 0.329 2.89 1.41
C3 3.2 0.370 0.800 0.75 0.80 2.40
 iC4 0.5 0.100 2.960 0.96 0.02 0.48
nC4 1.0 0.170 1.741 0.98 0.02 0.98
C6 0.4 0.035 8.457 1 0.00 0.40
TOTAL 100.0 86.08 13.92

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engine
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, thos
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad as
 Application of 19.17
This will find the oil recirculation rate and the composition
mation. 75 percent of the propane needs to be removed completely stripped.
ge temperature and pressure of the absorber are 104 F
composition is given below. User-entered data is in BOLD RED.

Component Mol %
C1 90.6
C2 4.3
C3 3.2
iC4 0.5
nC4 1.0
C6 0.4

K values can be found from the equilibrium data in Ch

Component K
C1 3.250
C2 0.900
C3 0.370
iC4 0.210
nC4 0.170
C6 0.035

ion) and n=6 (specified trays).

A = 0.8
L0 = 29.6

Component A
C1 0.091
C2 0.329
C3 0.800
iC4 1.410
nC4 1.741
C6 8.457

Component Ea
 C1 0.091
C2 0.329
C3 0.75
iC4 0.96
nC4 0.985
C6 1

Component Y1
C1 82.36
C2 2.89
C3 0.80
iC4 0.02
nC4 0.01
C6 0.00

Component l
C1 8.24
C2 1.41
C3 2.40
iC4 0.48
nC4 0.99
C6 0.40

All the calculated properties are summarized in a table bel

Component Mol %
C1 90.6
C2 4.3
C3 3.2
iC4 0.5
nC4 1.0
C6 0.4
Total 100.0
 examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processi
calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the G
es of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpo
(including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to, reference
alculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to: temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site cond
circulation rate and the composition of the residue gas for an absorber, assuming the lean oil comes in

n BOLD RED.

75 % of propane removed

6 theoretical plates

104 F, average temperature

1000 psig, average pressure

from the equilibrium data in Chapter 25, using the average absorber conditions. Enter them below.

Figure 19-52
mol/h Equation 19-29

Equation 19-28
 Figure 19-52

Equation 19-30

erties are summarized in a table below.

K A Ea Y1 l
3.250 0.091 0.091 82.36 8.24
0.900 0.329 0.329 2.89 1.41
0.370 0.800 0.75 0.80 2.40
0.210 1.410 0.96 0.02 0.48
0.170 1.741 0.985 0.01 0.99
0.035 8.457 1 0.00 0.40
86.1 13.9
 tion as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with
information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, or timeliness of such information.
ability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property.
from the use, inability to, reference to or reliance on the information in this Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any oth
positions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual proces
edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
ness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trad

y, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
rvice by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or

nt dead-band limitations.
ment, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

Example 19-8
Determine the number of theoretical stages given the following information. Sour water containing 2500 ppmw needs to be str
ppmw. Enough energy is provided by the reboiler to produce .75 lb steam per gallon feed. The feed rate is 10 gpm and the top
operates at 21 psia. First, an overall material balance will be performed using the given specifications.

The feed will be converted to mass flowrate.

Feed 10 gpm
4,998 lb/h

Now the mass of overhead steam can be calculated using the given specification.

Overhead steam 450 lb/h

Now the overall steady state material balance can be done, using the specifications given.

Overhead Bottoms
Feed (lb/h) (lb/h) (lb/h)
H2S 12.495 12.488 0.007
H2O 4,985.505 450.000 4,535.505
total 4,998.000 462.488 4,535.512

The fraction of H2S stripped can be found by dividing the H2S in the overhead by the H2S in the feed.

Fraction H2S Stripped

0.9995

In order to estimate the top temperature, the fraction of water in the overhead and the partial pressure of
water in the overhead need to be found.

Fraction of H2O in overhead

0.973

Partial pressure of H2O = fraction of H2O * pressure

20.433 psi

Using the steam tables from Chapter 24, the temperature of the top was estimated to be 229 °F.
Now that the temperature is known, the K value for H2S can be obtained. K = H / P where H is Henry's Law Constant and P is

From Figure 19.53:

T (°F) H, H2S (psia)

100 11,000
200 18,200
300 26,000

At 229 °F, the Henry's constant was interpolated and found to be 2.05 10 4.

K 976.19

Now the moles of vapor leaving the top tray can be found using the masses from the material balance and the molecular weigh

V 25.37 mol

The same can be done for the moles of liquid leaving the top tray.

L 277.34 mol

Now the stripping factor can be found. ST = K * V / L

ST 89.29

Now various values of Es, the efficiency, can be calculated assuming multiple values of m.

m Es
1 0.98892
2 0.99988
3 1.00000

In order to get the required H2S removal fraction, 2 theoretical trays are needed.

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Engine
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, thos
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad as
ning 2500 ppmw needs to be stripped to 1.5
feed rate is 10 gpm and the top of the tower
ations.
 Henry's Law Constant and P is the pressure.

alance and the molecular weights of each component.

amples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing
culation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA
of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose
cluding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to, reference to
ulation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to: temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditi
Application of 19-8
This will calculate the number of theoretical stages needed to strip H 2S from sour water.

User-entered data is in BOLD RED.

Feed = 10 gpm
= 4,998 lb/h
H2S Concentration, inlet = 2,500 ppmw
outlet = 1.5 ppmw
operating pressure = 21 psia typically between 24.7 to 29.7 psia
steam produced per gallon feed = 0.75 lb

Mass Balance

Overhead steam = 450 lb/h

Bottoms
Feed (lb/h) Overhead (lb/h) (lb/h)
H 2S 12.495 12.488 0.007
H2O 4,985.505 450.000 4,535.505
total 4,998.000 462.488 4,535.512

Fraction H2S Stripped = 0.9994

Mass Fraction H2O in Overhead = 0.973
Partial Pressure H2O = 20.433 psi

Stripping Calculation

Using the steam tables from Chapter 24, estimate the temperature of the top and enter it below.

Ttop = 229 °F
H = 20,575 psia Figure 19-53
K = 979.8
V = 25.37 mol
L = 277.34 mol
ST = 89.615 Equation 19-31

m Es Equation 19-32
 1 0.98896
2 0.99988
3 1.00000 Required fraction
4 1.00000 0.9994
5 1.00000

sors Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edite
ations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, or timeliness
clusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property.
s interruption) arising from the use, inability to, reference to or reliance on the information in this Publication, whether based on warranty, c
tures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into
water.

24.7 to 29.7 psia

 has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
eness, efficacy, or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or ser

whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
sign Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-poin
ation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endors

of such damages.
g and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
GPSA Engineering Data Book 14th Edition

LIMITS

Example 19-2
Optimum operating reflux ratio are 1.2 to 1.3 times the minimum reflux ratio

Example 19-3
Use flooding factor of 0.82 for most systems

Example 19-4
Add an extra tray to tray count for each feed tray and side exchanger

Example 19-5
Pressure drop for packed columns should be 0.20 to 0.60 inches of water per foot of pack depth; 1 inch maximum

Example 19-6
Use recirculation ratios 4:1 or greater
Use the maximum allowable flux when initially determining reboiler surface area

Example 19-7
Use average absorption factor determined by Kremser and Brown, eqn. 19-28,29

Example 19-8
Typical operating conditions:
Pressure 10-15 psig
Feed Temp. 200-230 °F
Bottoms Temp. 240-250 °F
Reboil Heat 1000-2000 Btu/gal
Residual H2S 0.5-2.0 ppmw

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Enginee
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on t
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad ass
h maximum

published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing indust
on spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and G
racy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or no
g without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to, reference to or reli
based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to: temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc
 the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors As
untary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, or timeliness of such information. Reference herein t
particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property.
lity to, reference to or reliance on the information in this Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and
curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid
on with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
mation. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service

any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
l process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
me, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the G
ation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.