Textt Book

T B k
Computer Numerical Control
from pprogramming
g g to Networking
g
S. C. J. Lin, Delmar
1994
 Numerical control
A numerical control system is a system in which
actions are controlled by the direct insertion of
numerical data at some point. The system must
automatically interpret at least some portion of this
data. The coded instructions are converted into two
types of control signals.

 pluses of electric output: positioning of the machine

spindle
p relative to the workpiece
p and its speed.
p
 on/off control signals: spindle rotation control, coolant
supply,
pp y, selection of cutting
g tool,, stop,
p, clamping
p g and
unclamping.
 Birth of NC Machine
 1 9 4 7 - John Parsons (Michigan UAS): Three-axis
curvature data to control machine tool motion for the
complex
l machining
hi i off aircraft
i ft components.
t

 1949 - Parsons joined MIT.

 1951 - First numerically controlled machine tool was

developed in MIT.
 Programming Languages
Development
 Automatically Programmed Tool (APT) was

d
developed
l d iin MIT to define
d fi part geometry and
d
cutter p
paths for workpieces.
p The majority
j y of today’s
y
computer-aided design/computer-aided
manufacturing (CAD/CAM) NC systems are APT-
based. Other ATP-based languages
g g are
ADAPT(IBM), IFAPT(France), FAPT(Japan).
Direct Numerical Control (DNC)
 Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
and Distributive Numerical Control
A dedicated computer
is built into the MCU
to control one
machine tool.

1980 - a network of
computers is used to
coordinate the
operation of a number
of CNC machines.
Basic Element of
a CNC System
Machine Control Unit
(MCU)
It reads and interprets the
coded instructions for
machining a particular
workpiece
p and ggenerating g
electric output signals. It
also acts as a feedback
controller for precise
positioning of machine table
or spindle. MCU consists of
two main units.
Machine Control Unit (MCU)
MCU consists of two main units.
 Data-processing unit (DPU)
reads coded instructions
processes coded instructions
transmits data pertaining to the position of each
axis to the CLU.
 Control loop unit (CLU)
executes linear or circular interpolations based
on the position and speed signals from the DPU
and generates control signals
receives axis feedback signal
implement auxiliary control function
 Computer Numerical Control
(CNC)
CNC is a self-contained NC system for a single
machine tool that uses a dedicated computer
controlled
t ll d by
b stored
t d instructions
i t ti i the
in th memory tot
implement some or all of the basic NC functions. It is
flexible and relatively low-cost.
low cost
 Monitoring display and graphic representation of the
part program
 Data entry: manual data input (MDI) and RS-232-C
 Controller
C ll memory: The Th execution
i program resides
id ini
Read only memory (ROM). The part programs are
stored in random-access
random access memory (RAM).
(RAM)
 Features of CNC
 Program editing: After part programs are downloaded
to the CNC memory, changes or updates can be
maded att the
th machine.
hi
 Program verification: Simulation programs allow the
cutter
tt pathth to
t be
b displayed
di l d and
d verified
ifi d graphically
hi ll on
a display unit before the part program is run on the
machine.
machine
 Error diagnostics: program error, operation error and
servo error can be detected
detected.
 Communication facility. CNC control units have the
capability of communicating with other
microprocessor-based devices.
 Features of CNC
 Management information: on-line parameter and
information display
 Coordinate system (absolute vs. Incremental)
 Unit system ( inch vs. Metric)
 Code format (EIA vs. ASCII)
 Macro and computing
p g capability
p y
 Cutter compensation for size and length
 Interpolation function
 Advanced programming features
 Advantages of CNC
 Increased productivity
 High accuracy and repeatability
 Reduced production costs
 Reduced indirect operation
p costs
 Facilitation of complex machining operations
 Greater flexibility
 Improved production planning and control
 Lower operator skill requirement
 Facilitation of flexible automation
 Accuracy: agreement between the actual
value
l off the
h measuredd variable
i bl andd the
h
measurement as it is output by the sensor.

Repeatability
R t bilit (Precision):
(P i i ) variation
i ti over
repeated measurement.

Resolution: the change in the measured

variable to which the sensor will respond
with a like change in the measurement

Range: the upper and lower limits of the

measured variable for which
measurement can be made.
CNC Machining Centre
Tooling system Machine control unit

Three-axis
Three axis vertical machining
centre
Cooling system
Calibrated by laser equipment
Dynamic Calibration
Anglar Measurement
St i ht
Straightness Measurement
M t
Measurement of H type system
新諦科技股份有限公司--CNC工作母機,立式加機,
五軸加工機

SMV500H The
h spindle
i dl suspendedd d by
b "Active
"A i Magnet
Bearings". It also uses HSK50 tooling system and
increases the rigidity of the tool clamping. This
allows
ll for
f extreme
t high
hi h speedd cutting
tti with
ith rates
t
up to 40 m/min. The machine employs noiseless
slide covers, oilless guide ways and precision ball
screws.
screws
Travel___________ __800x500x550mm
Table working surface_____900x465mm
Spindle taper______HSK50E/BBT
taper HSK50E/BBT
Spindle speed______Max.10,000-
160,000rpm
Rapid traverse(X,Y,Z)____40x40x30m/min
traverse(X,Y,Z) 40x40x30m/min
OPT(60x60x30m/min)