DOCKET NO.

SA 516

E X H I B I T N O . 8L

NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD

WASHINGTON, D.C.

ASTM STANDARD D-2624-95: “STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AVIATION AND DISTILLATE
FUELS.”.

by

Gordon J. Hookey
 ‘,; s !I

Designation: D 2624 - 95 AnknwicanNationalStandard i’

/

_‘\

y*,\.,llttl* Designation:
i,‘1.,““lU.l‘~~‘
274/95
.’ :

Standard Test M,ethods for

Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels’
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2624; the number immediately following the de&nation indicates the year of
original adoption or..in the easeof revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last ml. A
superscript epsilon (t) indicates an e&orial change sinee the last revision or reapproval; This is also a Standard of the Institute of
Petroleum issued under the fixed designation IP 274. The linal number indicates the year of last revision.

,z.’ This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the De&near .of Ddense. Consul the DOD Index qfSpe@~~ion~ and
Standards for the qxc~$ic .war o$isque which has been adopled b-v [he Deparmenr of Defense.

1. Scope conductivity is also called a conductivity unit (CU). A

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the siemen is the- SI definition of reciprocal ohm sometimes
electrical conductivity of aviation and distillate fuels with called mho.
and without a static dissipator additive. The test methods 1 pS/m= 1 x lo-12 fi-’ m-t = I cu = 1 picomho/m (1)
normally give a measurement of the conductivity when the 3.1.2 rest conductivity, n-the reciprocal of the resistivity
fuel is uncharged, that is, ‘electrically at rest (known as the of uncharged fuel in the absence of ionic depletion or
rest conductivity). polarization.
1.2 Two test methods &re available ,for field tests of fuel
conductivity. These are: (a) portable meters for the direct DrscUSStoN-It is the ekctri~ conductivity at the initial instant of
measurement in tanks or the field or laboratory measure- current measurement after a d-c voltage is impressed between electrodes.
ment of fuel samples, and (fr) in-line meters for the contin-
uous measurement of fuel conductivities in a fuel distribu-
tion system. In using either type of instrument, care must be
taken in allowing the relaxation of residual electrical charges 4. Summary of Test Methods
before measurement and in preventing fuel contamination. 4.1 A voltage is applied across two electrodes in the fuel
For specification purposes, conductivity measurements and the resulting current expressed as a conductivity value.
should be made with the portable meters. With portable meters, the current measurement is made
1.3 The values stated in SI units ‘are to be regarded as the almost instantaneously upon application of the voltage to
standard. avoid errors due to ion depletion. Ion depletion or
1.4 This stahdard does not purport to address all of the polarisation is eliminated in dynamic monitoring systems by -
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the continuous replacement of the sample in the measuring cell.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- The procedure, with the correct selection of electrode size
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- and current measurement apparatus, can be used to measure
bility of regulatory limitations prior to L(se. For specific conductivities from 1 pS/m or greater: The commercially
precautionary statements, see Notes I, 2, and 5.. available equipment referred to in these methods covers a
conductivity range up to 2000 pS/m with good precision (see
2. Referenced Documet$ Section I l), although some meters can only read to 500 or
2.1 ASTM Standards:. i 1000 pS/m.
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for 4.1.1 The EMCEE Model I 152 Meter is available with
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination’ expanded ranges but the precision of the extended range
D 4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid meters has not been determined. If it is necessary to measure
Hydrocarbons by Pm&ion Mete9 conductivities below 1 pS/m, for example in the case of clay
treated fuels or refined hydrocarbon solvents, Test Method
3. Terminology D 4308 should be used.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 picosiemens per metre, n-the unit of electrical
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The ability of a fuel to dissipate charge that has been
I These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
Petroleum Produets and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcom-
generated during pumping and filtering operations is con:
mittee DOZJ on Aviation Fuels. trolled by its electrical conductivity, which depends upon its
In the IP, these test methods am under the jurisdiction of the Standardization content of ion species. If the conductivity is sufficiently high,
Committee.
Current edition appmved Sept. IO. 1995. Published November 1995. Originally
charges dissipate fast enough to prevent their accumulation
published as D 2624 - 67 T. Last previous edition D 2624 - 94. and dangerously high potentials in a receiving tank are
2 .4nnual Bwk of ASTM Stan&rds. V0105.02. avoided.
 PORTABLE METER METHOD 9.1.2 The sample size should be as large as p:
and not less than 1 L.
6. Apparatus NOTE 3-Test method results are known to be sensir~
6.1 Conductivity Cell and Current-Measuring Appara- contamination from sampling containers. For recommend<
tus-Any equipment capable of giving a conductivity containers refer to Practice D 4306.
reading almost instantaneously with the application of the 9.1.3 All sample containers should be thorough.
voltage.3 with cleaning solvent and dried with a stream of ai
6.2 Thermometer, having a suitable range for measuring taking the samples, all containers, including caps,
fuel temperature in the field. A thermometer holder should rinsed at least three times with the fuel under test.
be available so that the temperature can be directly deter- 9.1.4 Conductivity measurements should be mat
mined for fuel in bulk storage, rail tank cars, and trucks. *gs possible after sampling and preferably within 2~
6.3 Measuring Vessel-Any suitable cylindrical vessel
capable of holding sufficient fuel to cover the electrodes of 10. Procedure
the conductivity cell. For the equipment referred to in 10.1 The specific instrument calibration proce
Footnote 3, a minimum volume of 1 L is required. tailed in Annexes Al and A2 are an essential p:
following generalized procedures. The appropriat
7. Reagents and Materials tion steps for the instrument used should be follow<
7.1 Cleaning Solvents-Use isopropyl alcohol if water is commencing the subsequent procedures.
suspected (Warning-See Note 1.) followed by analytical 10.2 In Situ Field Measurement on Tanks, T‘
grade toluene. (Warning-See Note 2.) Tank Trucks, etc.-For field measurements the COI
NOTE I: Warning-Flammable.
meters referred to in Footnote 3 are considered sui L
NOTE 2: Warning-FIammable. Vapor harmful.
use of these meters in hazardous locations may be
by the regulatory agency having jurisdiction. Eat
7.1.1 A mixture of 50 % volume analytical grade extension cable or can be equipped with one to 10~
isopropanol and 50 % volume analytical grade heptane into the tank. High impedance hand held rr
(Warning-See Note 2) is a satisfactory substitute for tol- susceptible to electrical transients caused by exten
uene. flexing during measurements. Failure to hold the
steady during measurement can result in significan
8. Calibration precision than shown in Table 1. The following in
8. I The calibration procedure will be dependent upon the apply to the meters referenced in Footnote 3.
equipment used. The procedures for the instruments listed in 10.2.1 Check meter calibration as detailed in An
Footnote 3 are described in Annexes AI and A2. A2, depending on the meter used. Bond the me
tank and lower the conductivity cell into the ta
9. Sampling desired level taking care to avoid partial imm
9.1 Fuel conductivity measurements should be made in contact with tank water bottoms, if present. I
conductivity cell in an up-and-down motion tl
situ to avoid changes during sample shipment. If it is
necessary to take samples for subsequent analysis, the previous fuel residues.
following precautions should be taken: NOTE 4: Caution-To prevent static diihatge betwezer
9.1.1 If the cell is in contact with water and the instru- fuel and a conductive probe inserted into a tank, the appror
ment is switched on, an immediate off&ale reading will be precautions of bonding and waiting for charge dissipatior
observed. For example, the American Petroleum Institute
obtained. If the cell has been in contact with water, it shall be recommends that a 30-min interval be allowed after pum
thoroughly rinsed with cleaning solvent, preferably isopropyl storagetank before an operator mounts a tank to insert
alcohol, and dried with a stream of air. In hot, humid device. This will also ensure that the fuel’ is electrically at re
conditions, condensation on the cell can occur, which can 10.2.2 After flushing the cell, hold it steady
cause abnormally high zero, calibration and sample readings.
This can be avoided by storing the cell at a temperature 2 to
TABLE 1 Precision”
5°C in excess of the maximum ambient temperature where
this is practicable.
.
1 1
15 1
‘The foIlowing portable equipment has been found satisfactory for this 20 1
purpose: 30 2
(a) Maihak MLA Conductivity Indicator, manufactured by H. Maihak, Zoo0 3
50
Hamburg 60, Postfach 601709. W. Germany; the U. S. agent is Ampower Corp., 70 4
7700 Marenc Rd., North Bergen, NJ 07047; the U. K. agent, Smail Sons & Co. 100 5
Ltd.. 129 Whitefteld Road Glasgow SWI. Scotland. 200 10
(b) Ethyl ‘Distillate Co~ducti&y Meter, Models 8 I50 and 8 IS I manufactured 300 14
by Ethyl Corp., 19 R&ei Rd. Princeton, NJ 08540. These meters are no longer 500 21 f
available. However,calibration procedures for the existing metels can be obtained 700 29 !
from the manufacturer. 1000 39 1:
(c) Emcee Conductivity Meter. Models I ISIA and 1152, manufactured by 1500 55 1.
Emcee Electronics, Inc., 520 Cypress Ave., Venice. FL 34292. The Model I15 IA is
no longer available. However. calibration for the existing meters can be obtained AThepre&kwtimitsinTaMel areappkcableatmorntempe
from the manufacturer. cantly higher precision (x2) may be applicable at tfa-npemtufes near

26
 ds[E, D 2624

activating the instrument record the highest reading after of the test method, exceed the values in Table 1 only in one
initial stabilization. This should occur within 3 s. On instru- case in twenty.
ments with more than one scale range, select the scale that 12.1.2 Reproducibility-The difference between two
gives the greatest sensitivity for the conductivity value being single and independent measurements of conductivity ob-
determined. Ensure that the appropriate scale multiplying tained by different operators working at the same location
factor (or scale range) is used. Record the fuel temperature. (12.2) on identical test material at the same fuel temperature
10.3 Laborarory and Field Measurements on Satnpled would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation
Fuels: of the test method, exceed the values in Table I only in one
10.3. I Preparation of Containers (Melal or Glass)-Prior case in twenty.
to taking samples, take extreme care to ensure that all 12.2 In 1987, a test program was carried out to investigate
containers and measuring vessels have been thoroughly reproducibility of results when samples are shipped between
cleaned. it is preferable that containers are laboratory laboratories. (See Appendix X 1.)s While repeatability values
cleaned prior to shipment to the field for sampling (see were similar to those in Table 1, it was concluded that
Section 9). adequate reproducibility values were not obtained due to
10.3.2 Measurement-Rinse the conductivity cell thor- changes in conductivity of samples during shipment and
oughly with the fuel under test to remove fuel residues storage. In the event of dispute or concern regarding shipped
remaining on the cell from previous tests. Transfer the fuel to sample conductivity, it is recommended that operators come
the measuring vessel and record the conductivity of the fuel to the bulk fuel storage site to measure conductivity on bulk
using the procedure applicable to the particular apparatus. If fuel or on freshly obtained samples according to cited
one of the conductivity meters referenced in Footnote 3 is procedures. This assures that a sample identical to the bulk
used, follow these instructions: Rinse the cell concurrently supply is tested by either or both parties and the precision
with the rinsing of the measuring vessel. Then transfer the data shown in Table 1 shall apply.
sample to be tested to the clean, rinsed measuring vessel. 12.3 Bias-Since there is no accepted reference material
Check meter calibration as detailed in Annex Al or A2, or test method for determining the bias of the procedure in
depending on the meter used. Fully immerse the conduc- Test Methods D 2624 for measuring electrical conductivity,
tivity cell into the test fuel and measure the conductivity bias cannot be determined.
following the procedure in 10.2.2 and the appropriate
Annex. Record the fuel temperature. CONTINUOUS IN-LINE CONDUCTIVITY
MONITOR METHOD
NOTE S--In order to avoid erroneous readings, it is important to
ensure that the bottom of the conductivity cell does not touch the 13. Apparatus6
sample container. This is applicable to all containers, whateverthe
13.1 Continuous measurements can be made where suit-
material of construction.
able precautions have been taken to remove Static charges
before the representative fuel stream is passed through the
11. Report
in-line measuring cell. A controlled, continuous flow
11.1 Report the electrical conductivity of the fuel and the through the cell prevents ion depletion, thereby providing
fuel temperature at which measurement was made. If the the equivalent of rest conductivity as a continuous measure-
electrical conductivity reads zero on the meter, report less ment.
than 1 pS/M.
NOTE 6-It is recognized that the electrical conductivity of a fuel 14. Installation
varies significantly with temperature and that the relationship differs for 14.1 In general, the equipment is designed for permanent
various types of aviation and distillate fuel. If it is necessaryto correct installation in the fuel distribution system. Follow the
conductivity readings to a particular temperature, each laboratory would manufacturer’s recommendations concerning installation
haveto establishthis relationship for the fuelsand temperature rangeof and flow control, particularly with respect to the provision of
interest.Refer to Appendix X2 for additional information of the effect
terWerature hason the electrical conductivity of fuels. adequate relaxation time. Install the sample tapping point at
least 30 m downstream of any additive injection system,
12. Precision and Bibs4 unless a mixing device is used which has been shown to give
adequate mixing of the additive concerned prior to sampling.
12.1 The precision of this test method as determined by A thermometer having a suitable range for measuring fuel
statisticalanalysis of test results obtained by operator-in- temperature in the field should be installed downstream of
strument pairs at a common test site is as follows. The the test cell.
Precision data generated for Table 1 did not include any
gasolines or solvents. 15. Procedure
12.1.1 Repeafability-The difference between successive
15.1 Flush the cell thoroughly by initiating a controlled
measured conductivity values obtained by the same operator flow of the fuel to be measured. Purging of air from the cell
with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions and adequate flushing is normally achieved in a few minutes
on identical test material at the same fuel temperature
would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation
5 Refer to Appendix XI for a summary of the data and conclusions from this
program on tile at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:DOZ- 1235.
‘Supporting data can be obtained from ASTM Headquarters. Request 6 The following continuous measuring equipment has been found satisfactory
RR:W2-I013 and RRDOZ-I 161. The second report is details of data by the IP for this purpose: Staticon Conductivity Monitor. Manufacturkd by Emcee Elec-
which resulted in the data in Table I. tronics. 520 Cypress Avenue, Venice, FL 34292.
but a longer flush is recommended’ when calibrating the 18. Report
instrument. The controlled flow must conform to the man- 18.1 Report the electrical conductivity of the fuel an
ufacturer’s recommendation. Too fast or too slow a flow will fuel temperature at which measurement was made’(sec
result in inaccuracies in the conductivity measurement.
7).
16. Calibration
19. Precision and Bias
16.1 The specific calibration procedure detailed in Annex
A4 is an essential part of the general procedure and should be 19.1 Repeatability of the continuous meter has
completed prior to initiating automatic monitoring and established to be within the range given for the po:
control of continuous fuel streams. If fitted, the high- and instruments (see 12. I. 1).4
low-level alarm circuits should be calibrated as recom- 19.2 Reproducibility has not been established.
mended by the manufacturer. 13.3 Bias-Since there is no accepted reference ml:
or test method for determining the bias of the procedt
17. Mcastiement this test method, bias cannot be determined.
17.1 After calibration, select the instrument scale of the
approximate range anticipated for the fuel stream and 20. Keywords
initiate continuous measurements of fuel conductivity. Make 20.1 aviation fuels; conductivity meter, conductivit!
measurements at the test cell temperature (indicated by the distillate fuels; electrical conductivity; picosiemen<
installed thermometer), which should approximate the tem- meter, rest conductivity; static dissipator additives:
perature of the fuel in the system. electricity

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

Al. CALIBRATION OF THE MAIHAK METER (Analog Type)

Al .I Before carrying out the calibration procedure the while pressing the red 2x button. For Series 3 s
conductivity cell must be clean and dry (Note 4 in Test instruments a reading of zero should be obtained. For
Method D 2624). I and 2 instruments a positive reading of about 10
.A 1.2 The Maihak meter has been built in four models or pS/m should be obtained. This value must be subti
series with different characteristics. The corresponding in- from all measured conductivity readings. If readings \
strument numbers tie as follows: these limits are not obtained, the instrument require
vicing.
series instrument Number
NOTE AI.I-If the pointer of the meter oscillates during rn:
1 64001 to 64068,64070 men& it is likely that the battery needs replacing.
2 64069. 64071 to 64171
3 Pretix 2- A I .4 Verifying Performance of the Meter-Fully im :
4 Prefix 3- the conductivity cell into the test fuel, hold it stead!
Series 2 and 3 instruments should have been subsequently then press the green READ button and record the h
modified with parts supplied by the manufacturer; in this reading after the needle has recovered from the
case, the instrument numbers bear the suffix “M.” overswing caused by inertia. The initial recovery shou.
Al.3 Checking the Calibration-To check the calibration exceed 20 pS/m and will be completed in less than 1
reading, press the green READ button with the conductivity conductivities in the range From 500 to 1000 pS/m tl-
cell in the rest position against the calibration resistor in the 2X button should be pressed and kept pressed whi:
housing. A meter reading of 465 & 10 pS/m should be READ button is pressed. Multiply the resultant scale rc
obtained. For confirmation press the red 2X button and then by 2 to obtain the correct conductivity reading.
technique is also applicable for conductivities less tha
also the green READ button, as above. The meter should as a check on the direct reading.)
read 232 & 10 pS/m.
NOTE A I .2-h has been found that the early series instrum, ’
A 1.3.1 To check the live zero reading, lift the conductivity
not work properly at very low ambient temperatures.However. Y
cell slightly in the housing to break contact with the and 4 instruments operate satisfactorily at temperatures down to
calibration resistor. Press the green READ button. Repeat provided that the exposure time is limited to 30 min maximum
 @ D 2624

A2. CALlBRATION OF THE EMCEE CONDUClWITY METER (Digital Type)

Model i152
A2.1 Connect the probe to the connector on the Emcee of the fuel sample. The reading should be ten times the
Digital Conductivity Meter and depress the MEASURE number stamped on the probe kO.005 (after approximately 3
switch (M) with the probe out of the fuel sample. Zero s). For exan..,le: Probe number equals 40, meter reading
reading should be 000 + 001 (in approximately 3 s). n Jst be 400 + 005 (395 to 405). If instrument does not meet
A2.2 If the instrument does not meet the specification, specification, proceed to A2.5.
remove the probe and depress MEASURE switch (M). If the A2.4 Zero adjustment is performed without the probe
instrument meets the specification without the probe at- attached and the MEASURE switch (M) depressed. Insert a
tached, the probe should be thoroughly rinsed with isopropyl screwdriver in the hole marked “Zero” and adjust the control
alcohol and allowed to air dry before .retesting for zero. If the until the DISPLAY reads 000 + 001.
instrument does not meet thespecification without the probe A2.5 Calibration is performed without the probe attached
attached, then the adjustment procedure of A3.4 should be and with the. CALIBRATION switch depressed. Insert a
performed. screwdriver in the hole marked “CALIBRATE” and adjust
A2.3 Note the calibration number stamped on the probe. to w~Ihin.,&002 of ten:t)mes the number stamped on the
Depress the CALIBRATIONS\kitch (C) with the. probe out globe. ;I m ti

A3. CALIBRATION OF THE STATICON $%DUCTIVITY

..I MONITOR
>
>; -! Ii% ” (L
Model 1150 (I$Line)
A3.1 Before carrying out the calibration procedure, flush iLARM, adju&&re alarm-Ieve1 as required. The optional
the installed conductivity cell and adjust the fuel $0~ to the high-level alarm may be calibrated in a similar manner on
recommended level. lhonitors fitted with this equipment. Turn the function
A3.2 Before calibrating, turn the power switch to .Qp and &it&.,to OPERATE and ,lift the reset switch. (The alarm
adjust the meter to zero as directed. Turn the function switch light will’.go out.) The recorder will then indicate the
to CALIBRATE. Press the meter button and read. The meter conductivity of the fuel stream. The alarm will be activated
should indicate 100 pS/m on each of three scales. If not; and the pumping circuits disabled if the conductivity drops
adjust as instructed. Turn the function switch to LOW below (or above) the preset level.

APPENDIXES ---

(Nonmandatory Information)

Xl. DISCUSSION OF PRECISION STATEMENTS--TESTS CONDUCT%D AT A COMMON SITE VERSUS

DIFFERENT LOCATIONS (RR:DO2-1235)
Xl. 1 PurposeOf Test Program-A round-robin test reproducibility shown in Test Methods D 2624 - 89.
programs was conducted to determine if the precision of the XI .2.2 The question still remained, however, of whether
test method is affected when samples are shipped to different the judgment that samples shipped to various laboratories
laboratories for testing. would not be “identical” was substantially correct. A coop
X 1.2 Background: erative test program was therefore organized to evaluate the
Xl .2.1 From past test programs such as the one docu- precision of Test Methods D 2624 when samples were
mented in RRDOZ- 1013 (9/l l/75), it was determined sam- shipped between laboratories. The test program was con-
ples may change as a function of time. Therefore, the ducted in 1987, and documented in RRDOZ 1235.
precision statement in Test Methods D 2624 - 89 was calcu- X1.3 Test Program:
lated from data obtained at a common test site. The basis for X1.3.1 In the 1987 program, ten fuels of various types
the precision data was developed in a cooperative test were prepared with a planned conductivity range of 0 to
program carried out on October 28, 1981, at the Mobil 1000 pS/m. Details of the fuel types and additives are given
Paulsboro laboratory. These data are reported in RR:DO2- in Appendix I of the research report. Samples included Jet A,
1161, dated June 1982, and were further analyzed by the IP Jet A-l, Diesel, JP-4, JP-8, and Jet-B fuels (the military
to result in the precision statement data for repeatability and specification fuels contained the fuel FSII/corrosion inhib-
 #)I D 2624

itor package). Conductivity additives included Stadis 450 TABLE X1.1 Comparison of Precision Data from Comm
and ASA- in aviation fuels and Petrolite T-5 11 and Mobil Different Sites
Conductivity Improver in the nonaviation fuels. Conductivity. Repeatability Repfoducibcl
XI .3.2 The protocol for testing as provided to participants N/m Common Site Different Sites Common Site DIH~
is given in Appendix II of the research report. Tests were 30 2 4 6
carried out with Emcee Model 1152 Digital Conductivity 100 5 7 17
300 14 13 45
Meter only; participarts were asked to measure conductivity 22 69
500 21
directly in th 3 containL.-s.
X 1.4 Date:
X 1.4.1 Data were obtained at typical laboratory (20°C) should not be shipped between laboratories for tht
and reduced temperatures. Data obtained at typical labora- ,The basis for this recommendation is that adequal ;
tory temperatures outside 19 to 2 1°C were temperature- ducibility is not obtained for shipped samples.
compensated to 20°C. X1.6.2 It is not possible to decide on the basi
X 1.4.2 The data obtained from the test program as well as I
study that any one fuel or additive type presents a p 1
the temperature-compensated data -are in Appendix III, problem with respect to shipment of samples 1
Tables I, 2, and 3 of the research report. laboratories, or that any one fuel type is less vulnr +
X 1.5 Statistical Analyses-The reduced temperature data change in transit/storage.
were not used to calculate precision. Details of the statistical X1.6.3 It might be possible to define a narrow r
analysis are in Appendix IV of the research report. The conditions under which many samples could be tra c
results from Appendix III, Table 3, temperature-compen-
to other laboratories and tested with acceptable rc t
sated data, are given in Table X 1.1. Information for the table i
was extracted from the April 7, 1988, minutes of the Test ibility of data. However, one reason for change ir
conductivity is interactidn of the conductivity addi I
Methods D 2624 Conductivity Round Robin Task Force of
Section J- 11 on Electrical Characteristics. other trace materials in the fuel, unrelated to the L f
X 1.6 Conclusions: type oi other conditions. Because type and amount
X1.6.1 The task force recommended that results of this materials vary, there is no way of predicting B
program (RRDOZ-1235) be referenced in Test Methods specific fuel sample will or will not be affected. This
D 2624 and D 4308, with the recommendation that samples has been observed with all fuel and additive types. I

X2. TEMPERATURE-CONDUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS

Ii
Log,,, 4, - Log,, I
X2.1 Introduction: - “=.
42

X2.1.1 The conductivity of hydrocarbon fuels and sol- t1 - 12

vents generally changes with temperature, primarily due to Thus after measuring the conductivity of a fue
changes in the mobility of the conducting species related to different temperatures the value of n can be calcul
fuel viscosity effects. The possibility of dramatic temperature then, using Eq (I), the conductivity of that fue
changes during the handling of hydrocarbons should espe- estimated at other temperatures.
cially be considered when the fuel or solvent is treated with X2.2.2 There are, however, some limitations
static dissipator (conductivity improving) additives. The approach. Studies with jet fuels’ have shown
temperature-conductivity relationship of jet fuels and No. 2 temperatureconductivity coefftcients grows larger a
heating and diesel fuels has been studied extensively,’ atures below about -10°C. In other words, the
although much data are not in the open literature. Extensive -0lationship is not always linear over a broad
data are not available for other hydrocarbons. onductivity at very low or high temperatures is of
X2.1.2 This appendix provides some guidance on how to
separate coefficient should be calculated based (
evaluate low temperature needs and on the examination of measurements at the lowest temperatures likely 1
fuel or iSplvent behavior.
countered.
X2.2 Fundamental Relationships:
X2.3 Practical Considerations:
X2.2.1 Conductivity has a semi-log relationship to tem- X2.3.1 Unfortunately, only very clean hydr
perature, but with some restrictions, as shown in Eq (I I. show reproducible conductivity-temperature rela.
Log,0 4, = nw - 12) + h?,, & (1) Most fuels contain trace contaminants or co-additi,
where K,, and K,, are the conductivities at temperatures II strongly affect the behavior of conductivity as ter
and t2, and n is the temperature-conductivity coefficient and varies. In exceptional circumstances fuels have she\
has units of “F’ or “C-i. It is important to show these units conductivity at -2OY?than at +25”C. Evaluation,
to avoid confusion. This equation can be rearranged to give dissipator additives in clay-treated versus nontrc
the following: have demonstrated that trace impurities play an i
role.
X2.3.2 Either the temperature-conductivity (
‘Gardner, L.. and Moon, F. G., “The Relationship Between Electrical
can be assumed to vary over a wide range, or se\
Conductivity and Temperature of Aviation Fuels Containing Static Dissipator from a specific source can be evaluated to see if ;I
Additives.” NRC Repm No. 22648, 1983. range applies.
 X2.3.3 Temperatures likely to be encountered can be X2.5.1 Measurements to determine coefficients are easily
determined based on expected ambient temperatures during carried out and require only a few simple precautions. In
the lifetime of the hydrocarbon, bulk storage temperatures, general, these simply assure that other variables are con-
and line-fill volume and temperatures. trolled so that temperature effects only are measured.
X2.4 Typical Temperature-Conductivity Coeflcients- X2.5.2 Test containers should be as specified in Practice
Temperature-conductivity coefficients likely to be encoun- D 4306.
tered are cited in the following table. These data are not X2.5.3 Before varying temperature, fuel should be stored
in the test container for a time until a stable conductivity
represented, or expected, to include the extremes of behavior
value is obtained at room temperature; one or two weeks
which can be encountered and are only for guidance
may be required.
purposes.
X2.5.4 Conductivity should then be measured at room
Fuel Type n. Typical, ‘C-l temperature, then after storage for 24 h at each test temper-
Jet B (JP-4) . 0.007 to 0.0 I5 ature. Temperatures should include the complete range of
Jet A-l (Jet A) 0.013 to 0.018 interest.
No. 2. 2D 0.015 to 0.022
X2.5.5 The container should then be stored for 24 h at
X2.5 Determination cf Temperature-Conductivity Coeffi- room temperature and conductivity remeasured; a value
cients: close to that obtained originally should be obtained.

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with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the va/idify of any such
patent rights, and the risk ol infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any lime by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
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