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    Concepts of Design: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017

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    Concepts of Design: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017

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    Concepts of Design: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017

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    CONCEPTS OF

    DESIGN

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    Yours truly, as a high-school senior!

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    Tradeoffs
    • Everything interesting that you do in LIFE and in
    DESIGN is a tradeoff – getting what you want at
    the expense of something else.
    Building Motor

    power consumption
    Industrial materials servo
    purchase cost

    machines weight
    steel
    B

    Brand A Al A smarter
    C carbon controller!
    fiber
    breakdowns/year strength positioning error

    Old vs. used? Cost? Fatigue? Complexity?


    Maintenance? Heterogeneous? Robustness? Cost?
    Finish? Corrosion?
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017
    • Design is a process of
    – Understanding the problem Need/Goal

    – Creating solutions Clarify


    functions and
    – Evaluating solutions objectives
    • Crucial role of modeling and testing
    Problem Statement
    – Refining and revising Create
    – Detailing the design Candidates

    Evaluate
    Best Candidate
    Detail
    DOCUMENTATION THROUGHOUT !
    Product

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    Other Views of Design …
    Math, Science,
    “classwork” Engineering Practical “hands-on”
    Fundamentals Knowledge “what works”

    “formal” Quantitative “organization”


    Pragmatic
    Design Analysis,
    “modeling” Design Analysis “planning”
    Optimization

    geometry Product
    payload
    maintenance

    sensors design knowledge


    sea-
    keeping Design freedom
    Spiral
    propulsion control
    power
    time
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017
    The Objectives Tree
    The FSH Objectives Tree

     HOW ? 
    Broad objectives… … Specific objectives
     WHY ? 

    Participate, innovate, initiate


    Get a good grade Do assigned work

    Request lectures
    Take advantage
    Have a of resources
    Learn a lot Use the shop
    positive
    experience
    Apply prior knowledge
    in 2.017

    Have fun Get along Establish responsibilities


    Plan ahead Use a few design
    methods !
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017
    A Decision Matrix: Flettner Rotorship
    What is the impact of these ENGINEERING ATTRIBUTES, relative to REQUIREMENTS?
    A: High rotary speed B: Large rotor diameter C: Stiff inner structure
    D: Number of rotors E: Height of rotor

    REQUIREMENTS Weighting A B C D E
    Propels the boat 40 2 2 0 2 2
    Robust to damage 10 -1 0 2 -1 -1
    Easy to fabricate 30 -1 0 -1 -1 -1
    High boat stability 20 0 -1 -1 0 -2

    Weighted sums: 40 60 -30 40 -40

    • Attribute B (a large rotor diameter) is most important to meeting the requirements.


    • Attributes C and E (stiff inner structure, tall rotors) have negative impact on meeting
    the requirements.
    • The calculation helps identify and document priorities and the direction of the design.
    • It suggests areas where further clarification of requirements or attributes is needed.
    • Related to “House of Quality” and “Quality Function Deployment”

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    Knowledge vs.
    Photo removed due to copyright restrictions.

    Confidence
    • Knowledge about an idea and confidence Knowledgeable but
    probably not confident at
    in it are not the same thing! the moment – his vehicle
    just went into the ocean
    • Target: a specification, criterion, requirement for the first time!

    • Idea: one possible solution


    • A measure of knowledge: what is the probability of you getting a
    true/false question right about the idea?
    Clueless: K = 0.5 Expert: K = 1.0
    • A measure of confidence: what is your certainty that the idea will
    meet the target?
    Impossible  Doubtful  Likely  Perfect
    C = 0.0 C = 0.3 C = 0.7 C = 1.0
    Confidence is subjective!

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    Combine Knowledge and
    Confidence: Belief
    • A measure of belief: confidence that an idea meets the
    target, based on current knowledge.
    • Using the above numerical values and Bayesian
    analysis, Ullman (2001) computes
    Belief = 2KC - K - C + 1,
    leading to a “belief map”  Decisions should be
    Belief based on a high
    high

    Contours: level of belief – you


    EO
    confidence

    0.8 have to have


    0.5 0.6 knowledge of the
    0.4 idea AND
    0.2 confidence that it
    low

    EP meets the target


    low knowledge high

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    Robot and

    Function Analysis docking


    mechanism

    Flow-Chart: Algorithm design, Processes

    _
    Go in a straight
    Drive robot Turn
    Range rate? line for one
    toward target + around
    minute
    0
    Autonomous underwater vehicle homing to an
    Captured! acoustic beacon

    Layered Functions: A complex system having multiple functions

    Allows a person to write and Similarity to objectives tree


    edit words or images on paper

    Makes mark on paper Fits in hand Erases own marks


    comfortably

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    Fluid mechanics rig at the
    MIT Testing Tank

    Understanding Complexity
    • Complexity is often what causes the hardest problems – and
    solutions that are time-consuming and expensive.
    • High costs of errors once a product is out the door.
    • Piecemeal vs. Holistic design.
    • Fundamental rules of design – e.g. grounding & isolation, stainless
    steel, well-known vendors, etc.
    • Basic rule: Layered Sub-functions  Complexity.

    Main function Level 1

    Subfunction 1 Subfunction 2 Subfunction 3 2

    Subfunction 1.1 Subfunction 1.2 Subfunction 3.1 3

    How many functions does a car door serve?


    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017
    Why does it take
    so long!?
    Autonomous kayak in
    Singapore Harbor – lots of
    Person-hours design effort can be estimated as functions but not too many
    subfunctions
    H = A * B * C where
    A = a constant depending on communication and size of
    engineering group: values typically in the range 30-150 in
    commercial world – it may be lower or higher for students!
    B = sum of products of level number and number of subfunctions at
    that level (1+6+9 = 16 in figure above).
    C = difficulty (1 is easy – known technologies, 3 is hard – many
    unknown technologies)
     Even a seemingly simple project easily runs into thousands of
    hours @#$%^&*
     Role of complexity should be kept in mind when milestones
    are defined and set

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    Gantt Charts: a Graphical Schedule
    Documentation
    Clarify problem
    Modeling
    Brainstorming What are the
    First design iteration dependencies
    Experiments & research among tasks?
    Test candidate solutions
    Second design iteration What is the Is the time
    Finalize design choices order of allotted for each
    Order parts tasks? task appropriate?
    Make machine drawings
    Fabricate subsystems Does the division of
    Assemble system effort make sense?
    Integrated testing
    Field tests What tasks are
    Documentation concurrent?

    Quarter 1 2 3 4 time

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    A Few References…
    • D.G. Ullman. The mechanical
    design process (Third edition).
    New York: McGraw-Hill. 2003.
    • N. Cross. Engineering Design
    Methods: Strategies for product
    design (Third edition). New York:
    Wiley. 2000.

    Acoustic image of a metal box on the bottom of a barge,


    taken from an autonomous underwater vehicle, June 2007.

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Subject 2.017


    MIT OpenCourseWare
    http://ocw.mit.edu

    2.017J Design of Electromechanical Robotic Systems


    Fall 2009

    For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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