Aci 350.3-06 PDF

ACI 350.
3-06
Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing

Concrete Structures and Commentary
(ACI 350.3-06)
An ACI Standard
Reported by ACI Committee 350

Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures
and Commentary
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ISBN 0-87031-222-7
Concrete Structures
and Commentary (ACI 350.3-06)
AN ACI STANDARD
REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350

Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures
Satish K. Sachdev
Chair
Jon B. Ardahl John W. Baker
Vice Chair Secretary
Walter N. Bennett Carl A. Gentry* Dennis C. Kohl Jerry Parnes

Lucian I. Bogdan Gautam Ghosh* Nicholas A. Legatos† Andrew R. Philip
*
Steven R. Close Charles S. Hanskat Ramon E. Lucero Narayan M. Prachand
* ‡
Patrick J. Creegan Keith W. Jacobson Andrew R. Minogue Risto Protic*
Ashok K. Dhingra* Dov Kaminetzky Lawrence G. Mrazek* William C. Sherman*
Robert E. Doyle M. Reza Kianoush* Javeed A. Munshi* Lawrence M. Tabat*
Anthony L. Felder David G. Kittridge
Subcommittee Members
Iyad M. Alsamsam Daniel J. McCarthy

Clifford T. Early, Jr. Carl H. Moon
Paul Hedli G. Scott Riggs
Jerry A. Holland John F. Seidensticker
Lawrence E. Kaiser Paul J. St. John
Salvatore Marques Paul Zoltanetzky, Jr.
Consulting Members
William Irwin
Terry Patzias
Lawrence Valentine
*Members of Seismic Provisions Subcommittee.

†
Seismic Provisions Subcommittee Chair.
‡
Seismic Provisions Subcommittee Secretary.
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-1

Concrete Structures and
Commentary (ACI 350.3-06)
REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350
This standard prescribes procedures for the seismic design: the “loading side” (namely the determination of the
analysis and design of liquid-containing concrete seismic loads based on the mapped maximum considered
structures. These procedures address the loading side of earthquake spectral response accelerations at short periods
seismic design and are intended to complement ACI 350-06, (Ss) and 1 second (S1) obtained from the Seismic Ground
Section 1.1.8 and Chapter 21. Motion maps [Fig. 22-1 through 22-14 of ASCE 7-05,
Chapter 22] and the geometry of the structure); and the
Keywords: circular tanks; concrete tanks; convective component; earth- “resistance side” (the detailed design of the structure in
quake resistance; environmental concrete structures; impulsive component; accordance with the provisions of ACI 350, so as to resist
liquid-containing structures; rectangular tanks; seismic resistance; those loads safely); and
sloshing; storage tanks.
2. To establish the scope of the new procedures consistent
with the overall scope of ACI 350. This required the inclusion of
INTRODUCTION
all types of tanks—rectangular, as well as circular; and
The following paragraphs highlight the development of this
reinforced concrete, as well as prestressed.
standard and its evolution to the present format:
(Note: While there are currently at least two national standards
From the time it embarked on the task of developing an that provide detailed procedures for the seismic analysis and
ACI 318-dependent code, ACI Committee 350 decided to design of liquid-containing structures (ANSI/AWWA
expand on and supplement Chapter 21, “Special Provisions 1995a,b), these are limited to circular, prestressed concrete
for Seismic Design,” to provide a set of thorough and tanks only).
comprehensive procedures for the seismic analysis and design of
all types of liquid-containing environmental concrete structures. As the loading side of seismic design is outside the scope of
The committee’s decision was influenced by the recognition ACI 318, Chapter 21, it was decided to maintain this practice
that liquid-containing structures are unique structures in ACI 350 as well. Accordingly, the basic scope, format, and
whose seismic design is not adequately covered by the mandatory language of Chapter 21 of ACI 318 were retained
leading national codes and standards. A seismic design with only enough revisions to adapt the chapter to environmental
subcommittee was appointed with the charge to implement engineering structures. Provisions similar to Section 1.1.8
the committee’s decision. of ACI 318 are included in ACI 350. This approach offers
at least two advantages:
The seismic subcommittee’s work was guided by two 1. It allows ACI 350 to maintain ACI 318’s practice of
main objectives: limiting its seismic design provisions to the resistance side
1. To produce a self-contained set of procedures that only; and
would enable a practicing engineer to perform a full seismic 2. It makes it easier to update these seismic provisions so as to
analysis and design of a liquid-containing structure. This meant keep up with the frequent changes and improvements in the
that these procedures should cover both aspects of seismic field of seismic hazard analysis and evaluation.
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standards, and Commentaries are intended

for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. ACI 350.3-06 supersedes 350.3-01 and became effective on July 3,
This Commentary is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to 2006.
evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations Copyright © 2006, American Concrete Institute.
and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any
The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo
stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written
therefrom. Reference to this commentary shall not be made in contract docu- or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any
ments. If items found in this Commentary are desired by the Architect/Engineer knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.
350.3-2 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
The seismic force levels and R-factors included in this standard differences relative to traditional methodologies, such as
provide results at strength levels, such as those included for those described in ASCE (1984):
seismic design in the 2003 International Building Code (IBC), 1. Instead of assuming a rigid tank for which the acceleration
particularly the applicable connection provisions of 2003 IBC, is equal to the ground acceleration at all locations, this
standard assumes amplification of response due to natural
as referenced in ASCE 7-02. When comparing these provisions
frequency of the tank;
with other documents defining seismic forces at allowable 2. This standard includes the response modification factor;
stress levels (for example, the 1994 Uniform Building Code 3. Rather than combining impulsive and convective modes by
[UBC] or ACI 350.3-01), the seismic forces in this standard algebraic sum, this standard combines these modes by
should be reduced by the applicable factors to derive comparable square-root-sum-of-the-squares;
forces at allowable stress levels. 4. This standard includes the effects of vertical acceleration;
and
The user should note the following general design methods 5. This standard includes an effective mass coefficient,
used in this standard, which represent some of the key applicable to the mass of the walls.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................ 5
1.1—Scope
1.2—Notation
CHAPTER 2—TYPES OF LIQUID-CONTAINING STRUCTURES ......................................... 11

2.1—Ground-supported structures
2.2—Pedestal-mounted structures
CHAPTER 3—GENERAL CRITERIA FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ................................... 13

3.1—Dynamic characteristics
3.2—Design loads
3.3—Design requirements
CHAPTER 4—EARTHQUAKE DESIGN LOADS .................................................................... 15

4.1—Earthquake pressures above base
4.2—Application of site-specific response spectra
CHAPTER 5—EARTHQUAKE LOAD DISTRIBUTION........................................................... 21

5.1—General
5.2—Shear transfer
5.3—Dynamic force distribution above base
CHAPTER 6—STRESSES....................................................................................................... 27
6.1—Rectangular tanks
6.2—Circular tanks
CHAPTER 7—FREEBOARD ................................................................................................... 29

7.1—Wave oscillation
CHAPTER 8—EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED EARTH PRESSURES .......................................... 31

8.1—General
8.2—Limitations
8.3—Alternative methods
CHAPTER 9—DYNAMIC MODEL ........................................................................................... 33

9.1—General
9.2—Rectangular tanks (Type 1)
9.3—Circular tanks (Type 2)
9.4—Seismic response coefficients Ci , Cc, and Ct
9.5—Site-specific seismic response coefficients Ci , Cc, and Ct
9.6—Effective mass coefficient ε
9.7—Pedestal-mounted tanks
CHAPTER 10—COMMENTARY REFERENCES .................................................................... 53

APPENDIX A—DESIGN METHOD...........................................................................................55

A.1—General outline of design method
APPENDIX B—ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS

BASED ON 1997 Uniform Building Code...........................................................................57
B.1—Introduction
B.2—Notation (not included in Section 1.2 of this standard)
B.3—Loading side, general methodology
B.4—Site-specific spectra (Section 1631.2(2))
B.5—Resistance side
B.6—Freeboard
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
STANDARD COMMENTARY
1.1—Scope R1.1—Scope
This standard describes procedures for the design of This standard is a companion standard to Chapter 21 of the
liquid-containing concrete structures subjected to seismic American Concrete Institute, “Code Requirements for Environ-
loads. These procedures shall be used in accordance mental Engineering Concrete Structures and Commentary (ACI
with Chapter 21 of ACI 350-06. 350-06)” (ACI Committee 350 2006).
This standard provides directions to the designer of liquid-

containing concrete structures for computing seismic forces
that are to be applied to the particular structure. The
designer should also consider the effects of seismic forces
on components outside the scope of this standard, such as
piping, equipment (for example, clarifier mechanisms), and
connecting walkways where vertical or horizontal movements
between adjoining structures or surrounding backfill could
adversely influence the ability of the structure to function
properly (National Science Foundation 1981). Moreover,
seismic forces applied at the interface of piping or walkways
with the structure may also introduce appreciable flexural or
shear stresses at these connections.
1.2—Notation R1.2—Notation
As = cross-sectional area of base cable, strand,

or conventional reinforcement, in.2 (mm2)
b = ratio of vertical to horizontal design accel-
eration
B = inside dimension (length or width) of a rectan-
gular tank, perpendicular to the direction of
the ground motion being investigated, ft (m)
Cc, Ci ,
and Ct = period-dependent seismic response coeffi-
cients defined in 9.4 and 9.5.
Cl , Cw = coefficients for determining the fundamental
frequency of the tank-liquid system (refer
to Eq. (9-24) and Fig. 9.3.4(b))
Cs = period-dependent seismic coefficient For Cs, refer to “International Building Code (IBC)”
d, dmax= freeboard (sloshing height) measured from (International Code Council 2003), Section 1617.4.
the liquid surface at rest, ft (m)
D = inside diameter of circular tank, ft (m)
EBP = excluding base pressure (datum line just EBP refers to the hydrodynamic design in which it is necessary
above the base of the tank wall) to compute the overturning of the wall with respect to the
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, lb/in.2 (MPa) tank floor, excluding base pressure (that is, excluding the
Es = modulus of elasticity of cable, wire, strand, pressure on the floor itself). EBP hydrodynamic design is
or conventional reinforcement, lb/in.2 (MPa) used to determine the need for hold-downs in nonfixed base
Fa = short-period site coefficient (at 0.2 second tanks. EBP is also used in determining the design pressure
period) from ASCE 7-05, Table 11.4-1 acting on walls. (For explanation, refer to Housner [1963].)
Fv = long-period site coefficient (at 1.0 second
period) from ASCE 7-05, Table 11.4-2
Gp = shear modulus of elastomeric bearing pad,
lb/in.2 (MPa)
g = acceleration due to gravity [32.17 ft/s2
(9.807 m/s2)]
STANDARD COMMENTARY
h = as defined in Section R9.2.4, ft (m)
hc = height above the base of the wall to the
center of gravity of the convective lateral
force for the case excluding base pressure
(EBP), ft (m)
hc′ = height above the base of the wall to the
center of gravity of the convective lateral
force for the case including base pressure
(IBP), ft (m)
hi = height above the base of the wall to the
center of gravity of the impulsive lateral
force for the case including base pressure
(EBP), ft (m)
hi′ = height above the base of the wall to the center
of gravity of the impulsive lateral force for the
case including base pressure (IBP), ft (m)
hr = height from the base of the wall to the
center of gravity of the tank roof, ft (m)
hw = height from the base of the wall to the
center of gravity of the tank shell, ft (m)
HL = design depth of stored liquid, ft (m)
Hw = wall height (inside dimension), ft (m)
I = importance factor, from Table 4.1.1(a)
IBP = including base pressure (datum line at the IBP refers to the hydrodynamic design in which it is necessary
base of the tank including the effects of the to investigate the overturning of the entire structure with
tank bottom and supporting structure) respect to the foundation. IBP hydrodynamic design is used
k = flexural stiffness of a unit width of a rectilinear to determine the design pressure acting on the tank floor and
tank wall, lb/ft per foot of wall width (N/m the underlying foundation. This pressure is transferred
per meter of wall width) directly either to the subgrade or to other supporting
ka = spring constant of the tank wall support structural elements. IBP accounts for moment effects due to
system, lb/ft2 per foot of wall width (N/m per dynamic fluid pressures on the bottom of the tank by
meter of wall width) increasing the effective vertical moment arm to the applied
Ka = active coefficient of lateral earth pressure forces. (For explanation, refer to Housner [1963].)
Ko = coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest
L = inside dimension of a rectangular tank,
parallel to the direction of the ground motion
being investigated, ft (m)
Lc = effective length of base cable or strand
taken as the sleeve length plus 35 times the
strand diameter, in. (mm)
Lp = length of individual elastomeric bearing
pads, in. (mm)
m = total mass per unit width of a rectangular
wall = mi + mw , lb-s2/ft per foot of wall
width (kg per meter of wall width)
mi = impulsive mass of contained liquid per unit
width of a rectangular tank wall, lb-s2/ft per
foot of wall width (kg per meter of wall width)
mw = mass per unit width of a rectangular tank
wall, lb-s2/ft per foot of wall width (kg per
meter of wall width)
Mb = bending moment on the entire tank cross
section just above the base of the tank wall,
ft-lb (kN-m)
Mc = bending moment of the entire tank cross
section just above the base of the tank wall
(EBP) due to the convective force Pc , ft-lb
(kN-m)
STANDARD COMMENTARY
Mc′ = overturning moment at the base of the tank,
including the tank bottom and supporting
structure (IBP), due to the convective force
Pc, ft-lb (kN-m)
Mi = bending moment of the entire tank cross
section just above the base of tank wall (EBP)
due to the impulsive force Pi, ft-lb (kN-m)
Mi′ = overturning moment at the base of the tank,
structure (IBP), due to the impulsive force
Pi, ft-lb (kN-m)
Mo = overturning moment at the base of the tank,
structure (IBP), ft-lb (kN-m)
Mr = bending moment of the entire tank cross
(EBP) due to the roof inertia force Pr, ft-lb
(kN-m)
Mw = bending moment of the entire tank cross
(EBP) due to the wall inertia force Pw, ft-lb
(kN-m)
Ncy = in circular tanks, hoop force at liquid level y,
due to the convective component of the
accelerating liquid, lb per foot of wall height
(kN/m)
Nhy = in circular tanks, hydrodynamic hoop force
at liquid level y, due to the effect of vertical
acceleration, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Niy = in circular tanks, hoop force at liquid level y,
due to the impulsive component of the
accelerating liquid, lb per foot of wall height
(kN/m)
Nwy = in circular tanks, hoop force at liquid level y,
due to the inertia force of the accelerating
wall mass, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Ny = in circular tanks, total effective hoop force at
liquid level y, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
pcy = unit lateral dynamic convective pressure distributed
horizontally at liquid level y, lb/ft2 (kPa)
piy = unit lateral dynamic impulsive pressure distributed
horizontally at liquid level y, lb/ft2 (kPa)
pvy = unit equivalent hydrodynamic pressure due
to the effect of vertical acceleration, at liquid
level y, above the base of the tank (pvy = üv
× qhy), lb/ft2 (kPa)
pwy = unit lateral inertia force due to wall dead weight,
distributed horizontally at liquid level y, lb/ft2 (kPa)
Pc = total lateral convective force associated
with Wc , lb (kN)
Pcy = lateral convective force due to Wc , per unit
height of the tank wall, occurring at liquid
level y, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Peg = lateral force on the buried portion of a tank
wall due to the dynamic earth and ground-
water pressures, lb (kN)
STANDARD COMMENTARY
Ph = total hydrostatic force occurring on length B For a schematic representation of Ph, refer to Fig. R5.3.1(a)
of a rectangular tank or diameter D of a and (b)
circular tank, lb (kN)
Phy = lateral hydrostatic force per unit height of
the tank wall, occurring at liquid level y, lb
per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Pi = total lateral impulsive force associated with
Wi , lb (kN)
Piy = lateral impulsive force due to Wi , per unit
height of the tank wall, occurring at liquid
level y, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Pr = lateral inertia force of the accelerating roof
Wr , lb (kN)
Pw = lateral inertia force of the accelerating wall
Ww, lb (kN)
Pw′ = in a rectangular tank, lateral inertia force of
one accelerating wall (Ww′ ), perpendicular to
the direction of the earthquake force, lb (kN)
Pwy = lateral inertia force due to Ww , per unit
height of the tank wall, occurring at level y
above the tank base, lb per foot of wall
height (kN/m)
Py = combined horizontal force (due to the
impulsive and convective components of
the accelerating liquid; the wall’s inertia,
and the hydrodynamic pressure due to the
vertical acceleration) at a height y above
the tank base, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
qhy = unit hydrostatic pressure at liquid level y above
the tank base [qhy = γL (HL – y)], lb/ft2 (kPa)
q, qmax = unit shear force in circular tanks, lb/ft (kN/m)

Q = total membrane (tangential) shear force at the
base of a circular tank, lb (kN)
Qhy = in circular tanks, hydrostatic hoop force at liquid
level y (Qhy = qhy × R), lb per foot of wall
height (kN/m)
r = inside radius of circular tank, ft (m)

R = response modification factor, a numerical
coefficient representing the combined effect of
the structure’s ductility, energy-dissipating
capacity, and structural redundancy (Rc for
the convective component of the accelerating
liquid; Ri for the impulsive component) from
Table 4.1.1(b)
S0 = effective peak ground acceleration (at T = 0)

related to the maximum considered earthquake;
expressed as a fraction of the acceleration due to
gravity g from a site-specific spectrum. (S0 is
equivalent to a PGA having a 2% probability of
exceedance in 50 years, as given in the U.S. Geo-
logical Survey (USGS) database at website (http://
eqhazmaps.usgs.gov)
STANDARD COMMENTARY
S1 = mapped maximum considered earthquake
5% damped spectral response acceleration;
parameter at a period of 1 second, expressed
as a fraction of the acceleration due to gravity
g, from ASCE 7-05, Fig. 22-1 through 22-14
Sa = generalized design spectral response acceleration

corresponding to a given natural period T,
expressed as a fraction of the acceleration due to
gravity g
SaM = maximum considered earthquake spectral

response acceleration, 5% damped, at
period Ti or Tv , taken from a site-specific
acceleration response spectrum
Sc = center-to-center spacing between individual
base cable loops, in. (mm)
ScM = maximum considered earthquake spectral
response acceleration, 0.5% damped, at
period Tc , taken from a site-specific
acceleration response spectrum
SD = spectral displacement, ft (m)
SD1 = design spectral response acceleration, 5%

damped, at a period of 1 second, as
defined in 9.4.1, expressed as a fraction
of the acceleration due to gravity g
SDS = design spectral response acceleration, 5%
damped, at short periods, as defined in
9.4.1, expressed as a fraction of the accel-
eration due to gravity g
Sp = center-to-center spacing of elastomeric
bearing pads, in. (mm)
Ss = mapped maximum considered earthquake
5% damped spectral response acceleration
parameter at short periods, expressed as a
fraction of the acceleration due to gravity g,
from ASCE 7-05, Fig. 22-1 through 22-14
tp = thickness of elastomeric bearing pads,
in. (mm)
tw = average wall thickness, in. (mm)
Tc = natural period of the first (convective) mode
of sloshing, s
Ti = fundamental period of oscillation of the tank
(plus the impulsive component of the
contents), s
TS = SD1/SDS T S: In Appendix B,
Cv Cv
T s = --------------- = 0.40 -------
2.5C a Ca
where Ca and Cv are defined in Appendix B.

STANDARD COMMENTARY
Tv = natural period of vibration of vertical liquid
motion, s
üv = effective spectral acceleration from an
inelastic vertical response spectrum, as
defined by Eq. (4-15), that is derived by
scaling from an elastic horizontal response
spectrum, expressed as a fraction of the
acceleration due to gravity g
V = total horizontal base shear, lb (kN)
wp = width of elastomeric bearing pad, in. (mm)
Wc = equivalent weight of the convective compo-
nent of the stored liquid, lb (kN)
We = effective dynamic weight of the tank structure
(walls and roof) [We = (εWw + Wr )], lb (kN)
Wi = equivalent weight of the impulsive component
of the stored liquid, lb (kN)
WL = total equivalent weight of the stored liquid,
lb (kN)
Wr = equivalent weight of the tank roof, plus
superimposed load, plus applicable portion
of snow load considered as dead load, lb (kN)
Ww = equivalent weight of the tank wall (shell),
lb (kN)
Ww′ = in a rectangular tank, the equivalent
weight of one wall perpendicular to the
direction of the earthquake force, lb (kN)
y = liquid level at which the wall is being investi-
gated (measured from tank base), ft (m)
α = angle of base cable or strand with horizontal,
degree
β = percent of critical damping
γc = density of concrete, [150 lb/ft3 (23.56 kN/m3)
for standard-weight concrete]
γL = density of contained liquid, lb/ft3 (kN/m3)
γw = density of water, 62.43 lb/ft3 (9.807 kN/m3)
ε = effective mass coefficient (ratio of equivalent
dynamic mass of the tank shell to its
actual total mass), Eq. (9-44) and (9-45)
ηc , ηi = coefficients as defined in Section R4.2
θ = polar coordinate angle, degree For θ, refer to Fig. R5.2.1 and R5.2.2.
λ = coefficient as defined in 9.2.4 and 9.3.4
σy = membrane (hoop) stress in wall of circular
tank at liquid level y, lb/in.2 (MPa)
ωc = circular frequency of oscillation of the first
(convective) mode of sloshing, radian/s
ωi = circular frequency of the impulsive mode of
vibration, radian/s
CHAPTER 2—TYPES OF LIQUID-CONTAINING STRUCTURES
STANDARD COMMENTARY
2.1—Ground-supported structures R2.1—Ground-supported structures
Structures in this category include rectangular and For basic configurations of ground-supported, liquid-
circular liquid-containing concrete structures, on-grade containing structures, refer to Fig. R2.1.
and below grade.
2.1.1—Ground-supported liquid-containing structures R2.1.1—The classifications of Section 2.1.1 are based

are classified according to this section on the basis of on the wall-to-footing connection details as illustrated in
the following characteristics: Fig. R2.1.1.
• General configuration (rectangular or circular); The tank floor and floor support system should be designed
• Wall-base joint type (fixed, hinged, or flexible for the seismic forces transmitted therein. With any one of
base); and the tank types covered under this standard, the floor may be
• Method of construction (reinforced or prestressed a membrane-type slab, a raft foundation, or a structural slab
concrete). supported on piles. This standard, however, does not cover
the determination of seismic forces on the piles themselves.
Type 1—Rectangular tanks
Type 1.1—Fixed base The tank roof may be a free-span dome or column-supported
Type 1.2—Hinged base flat slab, or the tank may be open-topped.
Type 2—Circular tanks

Type 2.1—Fixed base
2.1(1)—Reinforced concrete
2.1(2)—Prestressed concrete
Type 2.2—Hinged base
2.2(1)—Reinforced concrete
2.2(2)—Prestressed concrete
Type 2.3—Flexible base (prestressed only)
2.3(1)—Anchored
2.3(2)—Unanchored, contained
2.3(3)—Unanchored, uncontained
2.2—Pedestal-mounted structures
Structures in this category include liquid-containing

structures mounted on cantilever-type pedestals.
Fig. R2.1—Typical tank configurations (adapted from ASCE

[1984]).
COMMENTARY
Fig. R2.1.1—Types of ground-supported, liquid-containing structures classified on the basis of their wall-to-footing connection details
(base waterstops not shown).
CHAPTER 3—GENERAL CRITERIA FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
STANDARD COMMENTARY
3.1—Dynamic characteristics R3.1—Dynamic characteristics
The dynamic characteristics of liquid-containing For an outline of the general steps involved in the interaction
structures shall be derived in accordance with either between the structure and the contained liquid, refer to
Chapter 9 or a more rigorous dynamic analysis that Appendix A.
accounts for the interaction between the structure and
the contained liquid.
3.2—Design loads
The loads generated by the design earthquake shall

be computed in accordance with Chapter 4.
3.3—Design requirements
3.3.1—The walls, floors, and roof of liquid-containing

structures shall be designed to withstand the effects of
both the design horizontal acceleration and the design
vertical acceleration combined with the effects of the
applicable design static loads.
3.3.2—With regards to the horizontal acceleration, the

design shall take into account the effects of the transfer
of the total base shear between the wall and the footing
and between the wall and the roof, and the dynamic
pressure acting on the wall above the base.
3.3.3—Effects of maximum horizontal and vertical

acceleration shall be combined by the square-root-
sum-of-the-squares method.
Notes
CHAPTER 4—EARTHQUAKE DESIGN LOADS
STANDARD COMMENTARY
4.1—Earthquake pressures above base R4.1—Earthquake pressures above base
The walls of liquid-containing structures shall be The general equation for the total base shear normally
designed for the following dynamic forces in addition to encountered in the earthquake-design sections of governing
the static pressures in accordance with Section 5.3.1: building codes V = CsW is modified in Eq. (4-1) through
(4-4) by replacing the term W with the four effective
weights: the effective weight of the tank wall εWw and roof
(a) Inertia forces Pw and Pr ; Wr; the impulsive component of the liquid weight Wi and
(b) Hydrodynamic impulsive force Pi from the contained the convective component Wc; and the term Cs with Ci, Cc,
liquid; or Cv as appropriate. Because the impulsive and convective
(c) Hydrodynamic convective force Pc from the contained components are not in phase with each other, practice is to
liquid; combine them using the square-root sum-of-the-squares
(d) Dynamic earth pressure from saturated and method (Eq. (4-5)) (New Zealand Standard [NZS] 1986;
unsaturated soils against the buried portion of the ASCE 1981; ANSI/AWWA 1995a).
wall; and
(e) The effects of vertical acceleration. A more detailed discussion of the impulsive and convective
components Wi and Wc is contained in Section R9.1.
The imposed ground motion is represented by an elastic

response spectrum that is either derived from an actual
earthquake record for the site, or is constructed by analogy
to sites with known soil and seismic characteristics. The
profile of the response spectrum is defined by Sa, which is a
function of the period of vibration and the mapped accelerations
SS and S1 as described in Section R9.4.
Factor I provides a means for the engineer to increase the

factor of safety for the categories of structures described in
Table 4.1.1(a). Engineering judgment may require a factor I
greater than tabulated in Table 4.1.1(a) where it is necessary to
reduce further the potential level of damage or account for the
possibility of an earthquake greater than the design earthquake.
The response modification factors Rc and Ri reduce the elastic

response spectrum to account for the structure’s ductility,
energy-dissipating properties, and redundancy (ACI 350-06,
Section R21.2.1).
Explanations of the impulsive and convective pressures Pi

and Pc are contained in Section R9.1 and Housner (1963).
STANDARD COMMENTARY
4.1.1—Dynamic lateral forces R4.1.1—Dynamic lateral forces
The dynamic lateral forces above the base shall be A model representation of Wi and Wc is shown in Fig. R9.1.
determined as
εW w
P w = C i I -----------
- (4-1)
Ri
εW w ′
P w′ = C i I -------------
- (4-1a)
Ri
W
P r = C i I -------r (4-2)
Ri
Wi
P i = C i I ------- (4-3)
Ri
Wc
Pc = Cc I -------- (4-4)
Rc
where Ci and Cc are the seismic response coefficients

determined in accordance with Sections 9.4 and
9.5; I is the importance factor defined in Table 4.1.1(a);
Ww and Wr are the weights of the cylindrical tank wall
(shell) and tank roof, respectively, and Ww ′ is the
weight of one wall in a rectangular tank, perpendicular
to the direction of the ground motion being investigated; ε
is a factor defined in Section 1.2 and determined in
accordance with Section 9.6; Wi and Wc are the
impulsive and convective components of the stored
liquid, respectively, as defined in Section 1.2 and
determined in accordance with Sections 9.2.1 and
9.3.1; and Ri and Rc are the response modification
factors defined in Section 1.2 and determined in
accordance with Table 4.1.1(b).
Where applicable, the lateral forces due to the

dynamic earth and groundwater pressures against the
buried portion of the walls shall be computed in
accordance with the provisions of Chapter 8.
4.1.2—Total base shear Energy Method: An energy method of dynamic analysis

may be used instead of the base-shear approach of Section 4.1
The base shear due to seismic forces applied at the for sizing earthquake cables and base pad for flexible base
bottom of the tank wall shall be determined by joints (Housner 1963; John A. Blume & Associates 1958;
Medearis and Young 1964; Uang and Bertero 1988; Bertero
2 2 2 1995; Scarlat 1997).
V = ( Pi + Pw + Pr ) + P c + P eg (4-5)
Where applicable, the lateral forces due to dynamic

earth and groundwater pressures against the buried
STANDARD COMMENTARY
portion of the walls shall be included in the determination
of the total base shear V.
4.1.3—Moments at base, general equation
The moments due to seismic forces at the base of the

tank shall be determined by Eq. (4-10) and (4-13).
Bending moment on the entire tank cross section just

above the base of the tank wall (EBP)
Mw = Pw hw (4-6)
Mr = Pr hr (4-7)
Mi = Pihi (4-8)
Mc = Pc hc (4-9)
2
Mb = ( M i + M w + M r ) + M c2 (4-10)
Overturning moment at the base of the tank, including

the tank bottom and supporting structure (IBP)
M i ′ = P i h i′ (4-11)
Mc ′ = Pc hc ′ (4-12)
2
Mo = ( M i ′ + M w + M r ) + M′ c2 (4-13)
Where applicable, the effect of dynamic earth and

groundwater pressures against the buried portion of
the walls shall be included in the determination of the
moments at the base of the tank.
4.1.4—Vertical acceleration R4.1.4—Vertical acceleration
4.1.4.1 The tank shall be designed for the effects of The effective fluid pressure will be increased or decreased
vertical acceleration. In the absence of a site-specific due to the effects of vertical acceleration. Similar changes
response spectrum, the ratio b of the vertical-to- in effective weight of the concrete structure may also
horizontal acceleration shall not be less than 2/3 be considered.
4.1.4.2 The hydrostatic load qhy from the tank IBC (2003), Section 1617.1.1, and Building Seismic Safety
contents, at level y above the base, shall be multiplied Council (2000), Section 5.2.7, use a factor of 0.2SDS to
by the spectral acceleration üv to account for the effect account for the effects of vertical ground acceleration in the
of the vertical acceleration. The resulting hydrodynamic definition of seismic effects.
pressure pvy shall be computed as
pvy = üv qhy (4-14)

STANDARD COMMENTARY
where
b
üv = C t I ----- ≥ 0.2S DS (4-15)
Ri
where Ct is the seismic response coefficient determined

in accordance with Sections 9.4 and 9.5.
4.2—Application of site-specific R4.2—Application of site-specific

response spectra response spectra
4.2.1—General R4.2.1—General
Where site-specific procedures are used, the maximum In locations with Ss ≥ 1.5 or S1 ≥ 0.60 and sites with weak soil
considered earthquake spectral response acceleration conditions, site-specific response spectra are normally used.
shall be taken as the lesser of the probabilistic maximum
earthquake spectral response acceleration as defined
in Section 4.2.2 and the deterministic maximum spec-
tral response acceleration as defined in Section 4.2.3.
4.2.2—Probabilistic maximum considered earthquake R4.2.2—Probabilistic maximum considered earthquake
The probabilistic maximum considered earthquake For probabilistic ground motions, a 2% probability of exceed-
spectral response acceleration shall be taken as the ance in a 50-year period is equivalent to a recurrence
spectral response acceleration represented by a 5% interval of approximately 2500 years.
damped acceleration response spectrum having a 2%
probability of exceedance in a 50-year period. When the available site-specific response spectrum is for a
damping ratio β other than 5% of critical, the period-depen-
dent spectral acceleration SaM given by such site-specific
spectrum should be modified by the factor η i to account for
the influence of damping on the spectral amplification as
follows (Newmark and Hall 1982)
For 0 seconds < (Ti or Tv) < Ts
2.706
η i = ------------------------------------
4.38 – 1.04 ln β
For Ts < (Ti or Tv) < 4.0 seconds
2.302
η i = ------------------------------------
3.38 – 0.67 ln β
For β = 5%, ηi = 1.0
When the available site-specific response spectrum is for a

damping ratio β other than 0.5% of critical, the period-
dependent spectral acceleration ScM given by that spectrum may
be modified by the ratio ηc to account for the influence of
damping on the spectral amplification as follows
3.043
η c = ------------------------------------
2.73 – 0.45 ln β
STANDARD COMMENTARY
For β = 0.5%, ηc = 1.0
For site-specific response spectra drawn on a tripartite

logarithmic plot, the design spectral acceleration ScM can
also be derived by using the relationship
S 2π 2 1.226S D
S cM = η c -----D- ⎛ ------⎞ = η c -------------------
-
g ⎝ Tc ⎠ T c2
where SD is the spectral displacement corresponding to Tc

obtained directly from the site-specific spectrum in the
range Tc > 1.6/Ts.
4.2.3—Deterministic maximum considered earthquake R4.2.3—Deterministic maximum considered earthquake
The deterministic maximum considered earthquake For deterministic ground motions, the magnitude of a
spectral response acceleration at each period shall be characteristic earthquake on a given fault should be the
taken as 150% of the largest median 5% damped best estimate of the maximum magnitude capable for that
spectral response acceleration computed at that period fault, and should not be less than the largest magnitude that
for characteristic earthquakes on all known active faults has occurred historically on the fault.
within the region. The deterministic value of the spectral
response acceleration shall not be taken lower than
0.6Fv /T except that the lower limit of the spectral
response acceleration shall not exceed 1.5Fa. The site
coefficients Fa and Fv shall be obtained from ASCE 7-05,
Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2, respectively.
4.2.4 The maximum considered earthquake spectral

response accelerations SaM and ScM shall be determined
in accordance with Section 9.5 using the site-specific
acceleration response spectrum as defined in Section
4.2.1.
STANDARD
Table 4.1.1(a)—Importance factor I Table 4.1.1(b)—Response modification factor R
Tank use Factor I Ri
III Tanks containing hazardous materials* 1.5 On or
above
Tanks that are intended to remain usable for Type of structure grade Buried* Rc
II emergency purposes after an earthquake, or 1.25
tanks that are part of lifeline systems Anchored, flexible-base tanks 3.25† 3.25† 1.0
I Tanks not listed in Categories II or III 1.0 Fixed or hinged-base tanks 2.0 3.0 1.0
*
In some cases, for tanks containing hazardous materials, engineering judgment Unanchored, contained,
may require a factor I > 1.5. 1.5 2.0 1.0
or uncontained tanks‡
Pedestal-mounted tanks 2.0 — 1.0
*Buried tank is defined as a tank whose maximum water surface at rest is at
or below ground level. For partially buried tanks, the Ri value may be linearly
interpolated between that shown for tanks on grade and for buried tanks.
†R = 3.25 is the maximum R value permitted to be used for any liquid-con-
i i
taining concrete structure.
‡
Unanchored, uncontained tanks shall not be built in locations where SDS ≥
0.75.
CHAPTER 5—EARTHQUAKE LOAD DISTRIBUTION
STANDARD COMMENTARY
5.1—General
In the absence of a more rigorous analysis that takes

into account the complex vertical and horizontal
variations in hydrodynamic pressures, liquid-containing
structures shall be designed for the following dynamic
shear and pressure distributions in addition to the
static load distributions:
5.2—Shear transfer R5.2— Shear transfer (NZS 1986)
The horizontal earthquake force V generates shear forces

between the wall and footing and the wall and roof.
5.2.1—Rectangular tanks R5.2.1—Rectangular tanks
The wall-to-floor, wall-to-wall, and wall-to-roof joints of Typically, the distribution of forces and wall reactions in
rectangular tanks shall be designed for the earthquake rectangular tank walls will be similar to that shown in
shear forces on the basis of the following shear- Fig. R5.2.1.
transfer mechanism:
• Walls perpendicular to the direction of the ground

motion being investigated shall be analyzed as slabs
subjected to the horizontal pressures computed in
Section 5.3. The shears along the bottom and side
joints and the top joint in case of a roof-covered tank
shall correspond to the slab reactions; and
• Walls parallel to the direction of the ground motion
being investigated shall be analyzed as shearwalls
subjected to the in-plane forces computed in
Section 5.3.
5.2.2—Circular tanks R5.2.2—Circular tanks
The wall-to-footing and wall-to-roof joints shall be In fixed- and hinged-base circular tanks (Types 2.1 and 2.2), the
designed for the earthquake shear forces. earthquake base shear is transmitted partially by membrane
(tangential) shear and the rest by radial shear that causes vertical
bending. For a tank with a height-to-diameter ratio of 1:4 (D/HL
= 4.0), approximately 20% of the earthquake shear force is
transmitted by the radial base reaction to vertical bending. The
remaining 80% is transmitted by tangential shear transfer Q. To
transmit this tangential shear Q, a distributed shear force q is
required at the wall/footing interface, where
Q
q = ----- sin θ
πr
The distribution is illustrated in Fig. R5.2.2.
The maximum tangential shear occurs at a point on the tank

wall oriented 90 degrees to the design earthquake direction
being evaluated and is given by
STANDARD COMMENTARY
Q 0.8V
q max = ----- = -----------
πr πr
The radial shear is created by the flexural response of the wall

near the base, and is therefore proportional to the hydrodynamic
forces shown in Fig. R5.2.1. The radial shear attains its
maximum value at points on the tank wall oriented zero
and 180 degrees to the ground motion and should be
determined using cylindrical shell theory and the tank
dimensions. The design of the wall-footing interface
should take the radial shear into account.
In general, the wall-footing interface should have reinforcement

designed to transmit these shears through the joint.
Alternatively, the wall may be located in a preformed slot in
the ring beam footing.
In anchored, flexible-base, circular tanks (Type 2.3(1)) it is

assumed that the entire base shear is transmitted by membrane
(tangential) shear with only insignificant vertical bending.
Q = 1.0V
Q V
q max = ----- = -----
πr πr
In tank Types 2.3(2) and 2.3(3) it is assumed that the base

shear is transmitted by friction only. If friction between the
wall base and the footing, or between the wall base and the
bearing pads, is insufficient to resist the earthquake shear,
some form of mechanical restraint such as dowels, galvanized
steel cables, or preformed slots may be required.
Failure to provide a means for shear transfer around the

circumference may result in sliding of the wall.
When using preformed slots, vertical bending moments

induced in the wall by shear should be considered.
The roof-to-wall joint is subject to earthquake shear from

the horizontal acceleration of the roof. Where dowels are
provided to transfer this shear, the distribution will be the
same as shown in Fig. R5.2.2 with maximum shear given by
0.8P
q max = -------------r
πr
where Pr is the force from the horizontal acceleration of

the roof.
For tanks with roof overhangs, the concrete lip can be

designed to withstand the earthquake force. Because the
roof is free to slide on top of the wall, the shear transfer will
take place over that portion of the circumference where the
lip overhang comes into contact with the wall. Typically, the
distribution of forces and wall reactions in circular tanks
STANDARD COMMENTARY
will be similar to that shown in Fig. R5.2.1, but reacting on
only half of the circumference. The maximum reaction
force will be given by
2.0P
q max = -------------r
πr
Fig. R5.2.1—Hydrodynamic pressure distribution in tank

walls (adapted from Housner [1963] and NZS [1986]).
Fig. R5.2.2—Membrane shear transfer at the base of circular

tanks (adapted from NZS [1986]).
STANDARD COMMENTARY
5.3—Dynamic force distribution above base R5.3—Dynamic force distribution above base
5.3.1—Rectangular tanks R5.3.1—Rectangular tanks
Walls perpendicular to the ground motion being investi- The vertical distribution, per foot of wall height, of the
gated and in the leading half of the tank shall be dynamic forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the wall
loaded perpendicular to their plane (dimension B ) by may be assumed as shown below (adapted from NZS
the wall’s own inertia force Pw′ , one-half the impulsive [1986], Section 2.2.9.5), and Fig. R5.3.1(b).
force Pi , and one-half the convective force Pc .
Walls perpendicular to the ground motion being

investigated and in the trailing half of the tank shall be
loaded perpendicular to their plane (dimension B) by
the wall’s own inertia force Pw′ , one-half the impulsive
force Pi; one-half the convective force Pc , and the
dynamic earth and groundwater pressure against the
buried portion of the wall.
Walls parallel to the direction of the ground motion

being investigated shall be loaded in their plane
(dimension L) by: (a) the wall’s own in-plane inertia
force Pw′ and the in-plane forces corresponding to the
edge reactions from the abutting wall(s).
Superimposed on these lateral unbalanced forces

shall be the lateral hydrodynamic force resulting from
the hydrodynamic pressure due to the effect of vertical
acceleration pvy acting on each wall.
5.3.2—Combining dynamic forces for rectangular

tanks
The hydrodynamic force at any given height y from the

base shall be determined by
2
Py = ( P iy + P wy ) + P cy
2 + ( p B )2
vy (5-1)
Where applicable, the effect of the dynamic earth and

groundwater pressures against the buried portion of
the walls shall be included.
Fig. R5.3.1(a)—Vertical force distribution: rectangular tanks.
The horizontal distribution of the dynamic pressures across

the wall width B is
P wy P cy
p wy = -------- p cy = -------
B B
P iy
p iy = ------
- pvy = üv qhy
B
The dynamic force on the leading half of the tank will be

additive to the hydrostatic force on the wall, and the dynamic
force on the trailing half of the tank will reduce the effects of
the hydrodynamic force on the wall.
COMMENTARY
Fig. R5.3.1(b)—Distribution of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures and inertia forces on the wall of a rectangular liquid-
containing structure (adapted from Haroun [1984]). (For circular tanks, the vertical distribution of the impulsive and convective
forces is identical to that shown above for rectangular tanks, while the horizontal distribution varies along the tank circumference
as shown in Fig. R5.2.1.)
STANDARD COMMENTARY
5.3.3—Circular tanks R5.3.3—Circular tanks
The cylindrical walls of circular tanks shall be loaded by The vertical distribution, per foot of wall height, of the
the wall’s own inertia force distributed uniformly around dynamic forces acting on one half of the wall may be
the entire circumference; one-half the impulsive force assumed as shown below and in Fig. R5.3.3 and Fig. R5.2.1.
Pi applied symmetrically about θ = 0 degrees and acting
outward on one half of the wall’s circumference, and one-
half Pi symmetrically about θ = 180 degrees and acting
inward on the opposite half of the wall’s circumference;
one-half the convective force Pc acting on one-half of the
wall’s circumference symmetrically about θ = 0 degrees
and one-half Pc symmetrically about θ = 180 degrees
and acting inward on the opposite half of the wall’s
circumference; and the dynamic earth and groundwater
pressure against the trailing half of the buried portion of
the wall.
Superimposed on these lateral unbalanced forces

shall be the axisymmetric lateral hydrodynamic force
resulting from the hydrodynamic pressure pvy acting
on the tank wall.
Fig. R5.3.3—Vertical force distribution: circular tanks.
The horizontal distribution of the dynamic pressure across

the tank diameter D may be assumed as follows
P wy 16P cy
p wy = -------- - cos θ
p cy = -------------
πr 9πr
2P
p iy = ---------iy- cos θ pvy = üv qhy
πr
CHAPTER 6—STRESSES
STANDARD COMMENTARY
R6—General
In calculating the vertical bending moments in the walls of

rectangular and circular tanks, the boundary conditions at
the wall-to-base and wall-to-roof joints should be properly
accounted for. Typical earthquake force distributions in
walls of rectangular and circular tanks are presented in
R5.3.1 and R5.3.3, respectively.
6.1—Rectangular tanks
The vertical and horizontal bending stresses and

shear stresses in the wall and at the wall base due to
lateral earthquake forces shall be computed on the
basis of slab action (Sections 5.2 and 5.3) using pressure
distribution consistent with the provisions of Section 5.3.1.
6.2—Circular tanks R6.2—Circular tanks
The vertical bending stresses and shear stresses in For free-base circular tanks (Type 2.3), the terms in Eq. (6-1)
the wall and at the wall base due to lateral earthquake are defined as
forces shall be computed on the basis of shell action
using an acceptable pressure distribution. 2P
Niy = piy r = ---------iy- for (at θ = 0)
π
Hydrodynamic membrane (hoop) forces in the cylindrical
wall corresponding to any liquid level y above the tank
base shall be determined by 16P cy
Ncy = pcy r = -------------- for (at θ = 0)
9π
2
Ny = ( N iy + N wy ) + N cy
2 + N2
hy (6-1)
P wy
Nwy = pwy r = --------
π
and hoop stress
Nhy = üv Qhy
Ny
σ y = -----------
- (6-2)
12t w where
N Qhy = qhy r
[σ y = ------y in the SI system]
tw
For fixed- or hinged-base circular tanks (Types 2.1 and 2.2),
the terms in Eq. (6-1) should be modified to account for the
where tw = wall thickness at the level being investigated
effects of base restraint. Similarly, the terms in Eq. (6-1)
(liquid level y).
should be modified to account for the restraint of rigid wall-
to-roof joints.
Notes
CHAPTER 7—FREEBOARD
STANDARD COMMENTARY
7.1—Wave oscillation R7.1—Wave oscillation
Provisions shall be made to accommodate the maximum The horizontal earthquake acceleration causes the contained
wave oscillation dmax generated by earthquake fluid to slosh with vertical displacement of the fluid surface.
acceleration.
The amount of freeboard required in design to accommodate
The maximum vertical displacement dmax to be this sloshing will vary. Where overtopping is tolerable, no
accommodated shall be calculated from the following freeboard provision is necessary. Where loss of liquid should
expressions: be prevented (for example, tanks for the storage of toxic liquids)
or where overtopping may result in scouring of the foundation
Rectangular tanks materials or cause damage to pipes, roof, or both, then one or
more of the following measures should be undertaken:
L
d max = ---C c I (7-1) • Provide a freeboard allowance;
2
• Design the roof structure to resist the resulting uplift
pressures; and/or
Circular tanks
• Provide an overflow spillway.
D Where site-specific response spectra are used, the maximum

d max = ---- C c I (7-2)
2 vertical displacement dmax may be calculated from the
following expressions:
where Cc is the seismic response coefficient as
computed in Section 9.4. Rectangular tanks
( 0.667S D ) ⎛ 2π⎞ 2
d max = ⎛ ---⎞ ( C c I ) = ⎛ ---⎞ I ( η c ) ------------------------
L L
- ------
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ g ⎝ Tc ⎠
Circular tanks
( 0.667S D ) ⎛ 2π⎞ 2
d max = ⎛ ----⎞ ( C c I ) = ⎛ ----⎞ I ( η c ) ------------------------
D D
- ------
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ g ⎝ Tc ⎠
where Cc is defined in Section 9.5; and ScM (as in the equation

for Cc), ηc , and SD are as defined in Section R4.2.2.
Notes
CHAPTER 8—EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED EARTH PRESSURES
STANDARD COMMENTARY
8.1—General R8.1—General
Dynamic earth pressures shall be taken into account The lateral forces due to the dynamic earth and groundwater
when computing the base shear of a partially or fully pressures are combined algebraically with the impulsive
buried liquid-containing structure and when designing forces on the tank as in Eq. (4-5).
the walls.
The effects of groundwater table, if present, shall be

included in the calculation of these pressures.
The coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest Ko shall

be used in estimating the earth pressures unless it is
demonstrated by calculation that the structure deflects
sufficiently to lower the coefficient to some value
between Ko and the active coefficient of lateral earth
pressure Ka.
In a pseudostatic analysis, the resultant of the seismic

component of the earth pressure shall be assumed to
act at a point 0.6 of the earth height above the base,
and when part or all of the structure is below the water
table, the resultant of the incremental increase in
groundwater pressure shall be assumed to act at a
point 1/3 of the water depth above the base.
8.2—Limitations
In a buried tank, the dynamic backfill forces shall not

be relied upon to reduce the dynamic effects of the
stored liquid or vice versa.
8.3—Alternative methods
The provisions of this chapter shall be permitted to be

superseded by recommendations of the project geo-
technical engineer that are approved by the building
official having jurisdiction.
Notes
CHAPTER 9—DYNAMIC MODEL
STANDARD COMMENTARY
9.1—General R9.1—General
The dynamic characteristics of ground-supported liquid- The lateral seismic pressures and forces determined in
containing structures subjected to earthquake acceleration accordance with this Standard are based on vertical tank
shall be computed in accordance with Sections 9.2, 9.3 walls and vertical wall elements, and the pressures and
and 9.5. forces may need to be modified for sloping surfaces.
The dynamic characteristics of pedestal-mounted The following commentary is adapted from Housner (1963):
liquid-containing structures shall be computed in
accordance with Section 9.7. The design procedures described in Chapter 4 recognize
that the seismic analysis of liquid-containing structures
subjected to a horizontal acceleration should include the
inertia forces generated by the acceleration of the structure
itself; and the hydrodynamic forces generated by the horizontal
acceleration of the contained liquid.
According to Housner (1963), the pressures associated with

these forces “can be separated into impulsive and convective
parts. The impulsive pressures are not impulses in the usual
sense but are associated with inertia forces produced by
accelerations of the walls of the container and are directly
proportional to these accelerations. The convective pressures
are those produced by the oscillations of the fluid and are
therefore the consequences of the impulsive pressures.”
Figure R9.1 (on p. 43) shows an equivalent dynamic model for

calculating the resultant seismic forces acting on a ground-
based fluid container with rigid walls. This model has
been accepted by the profession since the early 1960s. In
this model, Wi represents the resultant effect of the impulsive
seismic pressures on the tank walls. Wc represents the
resultant of the sloshing (convective) fluid pressures.
In the model, Wi is rigidly fastened to the tank walls at a

height hi above the tank bottom, which corresponds to the
location of the resultant impulsive force Pi. Wi moves with
the tank walls as they respond to the ground shaking (the
fluid is assumed to be incompressible and the fluid displace-
ments small). The impulsive pressures are generated by the
seismic accelerations of the tank walls so that the force Pi is
evenly divided into a pressure force on the wall accelerating into
the fluid, and a suction force on the wall accelerating away from
the fluid. During an earthquake, the force Pi changes direction
several times per second, corresponding to the change in direction
of the base acceleration; the overturning moment generated by Pi
is thus frequently ineffective in tending to overturn the tank.
Wc is the equivalent weight of the oscillating fluid that

produces the convective pressures on the tank walls with
resultant force Pc, which acts at a height of hc above the tank
bottom. In the model, Wc is fastened to the tank walls by springs
STANDARD COMMENTARY
that produce a period of vibration corresponding to the period of
fluid sloshing. The sloshing pressures on the tank walls result
from the fluid motion associated with the wave oscillation. The
period of oscillation of the sloshing depends on the ratio of fluid
depth to tank diameter, and is usually several seconds. The
overturning moment exerted by Pc (Fig. R9.1 [on p. 43])
acts for a sufficient time to tend to uplift the tank wall if there is
insufficient restraining weight. The forces Pi and Pc act
independently and simultaneously on the tank. The force Pi
(and its associated pressures) primarily act to stress the tank
wall, whereas Pc acts primarily to uplift the tank wall.
The vertical vibrations of the ground are also transmitted to the
fluid, thus producing pressures that act on the tank walls. They
act to increase or decrease the hoop stresses.
The pressures and forces on a cylindrical tank are similar to, but
not the same as, those acting on a rectangular tank.
The rapid fluctuations of the force Pi mean that the bending

moments and stresses in the wall of a rectangular tank also vary
rapidly (the effect is not like a constant force acting on the wall).
The duration of the fluctuations is 10 to 15 seconds for earth-
quakes of magnitude 6.5 to 7.5.
The force Pc fluctuates sinusoidally with a period of vibration

that depends on the dimensions of the tank, and can be several
seconds or longer. The duration of sloshing can be 20 to
40 seconds for earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 to 7.5. Note that
the damping of the sloshing water is small: approximately
0.5 to 1% of critical damping. The sloshing increases and
decreases the fluid pressure on the wall. Normally, this is
smaller than the impulsive effect, but if there is not enough
dead load, the tank will tend to uplift.
9.2—Rectangular tanks (Type 1) R9.2—Rectangular tanks (Type 1)
All equations in Section 9.2 except Eq. (9-9), (9-10), and (9-11)
9.2.1—Equivalent weights of accelerating liquid
were originally developed by Housner (1963), and subsequently
(Fig. 9.2.1 [on p. 44]) used by other authors (Housner 1956; NZS 1986; Haroun 1984;
ASCE 1981; Veletsos and Shivakumar 1997; ANSI/AWWA
1995a,b; Haroun and Ellaithy 1985).
tanh 0.866 ⎛ ------ L⎞
-
Wi ⎝ H L⎠
-------- = ----------------------------------------------- (9-1) Equations (9-9), (9-10), and (9-11) were adapted from NZS
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
WL L (1986).
⎝ H L⎠
W H
-------c- = 0.264 ⎛ -------⎞ tanh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞
L
(9-2)
WL ⎝ H L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
9.2.2—Height to centers of gravity EBP (Fig. 9.2.2

[on p. 45])
L
For tanks with ------- < 1.333
HL
STANDARD COMMENTARY
h
------i- = 0.5 – 0.09375 ⎛⎝ -------⎞⎠
L (9-3)
HL HL
L
- ≥ 1.333
For tanks with ------
HL
h
------i- = 0.375 (9-4)
HL
For all tanks
H
cosh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 1
h ⎝ L⎠
------c- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-5)
HL H H
3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
9.2.3—Heights to center of gravity IBP (Fig. 9.2.3

[on p. 46])
L
HL
hi ′
------
- = 0.45 (9-6)
HL
L
- ≥ 0.75
For tanks with ------
HL
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
L
hi ′ ⎝ H L⎠
1 (9-7)
------- = --------------------------------------------------- – ---
HL
2 tanh 0.866 ------- ⎛ L⎞ 8
⎝ H L⎠
For all tanks
H
cosh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 2.01
hc ′ ⎝ L⎠
-------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-8)
HL H H
3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
9.2.4—Dynamic properties R9.2.4—Dynamic properties
The structural stiffness k shall be computed on the

basis of correct boundary conditions. The following equations are provided as examples for the
special case of a wall of uniform thickness. (Note that mass
is equal to weight divided by the acceleration due to gravity.)
k
ωi = ----- (9-9)
m
t w ⎛ γ c⎞
- ----
m w = H w -----
m = mw + mi (9-10) 12 ⎝ g ⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
2π t w ⎛ γ c⎞
T i = ------ = 2π m
----- (9-11) - ---- in the SI system]
[ m w = H w -------
ωi k 3⎝ ⎠
10 g
λ W L γ
ω c = ------- (9-12) m i = ⎛ --------i ⎞ ⎛ ---⎞ H L ⎛ ----L-⎞
L ⎝ W L⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ g ⎠
where ( hw mw + hi mi )
h = ------------------------------------
( mw + mi )
H
λ = 3.16g tanh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ (9-13)
⎝ L⎠ where hw = 0.5Hw, and hi is obtained from Eq. (9-3) and (9-4),
and Fig. 9.2.2 (on p. 44).
T c = ------ = ⎛ ------⎞ L
2π 2π For walls of nonuniform thickness, special analysis is
(9-14)
ωc ⎝ λ⎠ required to determine mw, mi, and h.
For fixed-base, free-top cantilever walls, such as in open-top

⎛ 2π ⎞ from Fig. 9.2.4 tanks, flexural stiffness for a unit width of wall k may be
⎝ ------
λ⎠ approximated using the following equation
E t 3
k = ------c ⎛ ---w-⎞
48 ⎝ h ⎠
E c ⎛ t w⎞ 3
[ k = ----------------
- ---- in the SI system]
6⎝ ⎠
4 × 10 h
Flexural stiffness formulas may be developed for other wall

support conditions. Such spring constants will generally fall
within the low period range (less than about 0.3 seconds) for
tanks of normal proportions.
As an alternative to computing the natural period of vibration,

particularly for end conditions other than cantilever, it is
reasonable to assume the wall rigid. In such a case, Eq. (9-32)
may be conservatively used to calculate the impulsive
forces regardless of the actual boundary conditions of the
structure or structural components being analyzed.
9.3—Circular tanks (Type 2) R9.3—Circular tanks (Type 2)
9.3.1—Equivalent weights of accelerating liquid All equations in Section 9.3, except Eq. (9-23) through
(Fig. 9.3.1 [on p. 48]) (9-28), were originally developed by Housner (1963), and
subsequently used by other authors (Housner 1956; NZS 1986;
Haroun 1984; ASCE 1981; Veletsos and Shivakumar 1997;
tanh 0.866 ⎛ ------ D⎞
- ANSI/AWWA 1995a,b; Haroun and Ellaithy 1985).
Wi ⎝ H L⎠
-------- = ----------------------------------------------- (9-15)
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
WL D Equations (9-23) through (9-28) were adapted from NZS
⎝ H L⎠ (1986).
W H
-------c- = 0.230 ⎛ -------⎞ tanh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
D
(9-16)
WL ⎝ H L⎠ ⎝ D⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
9.3.2—Heights to centers of gravity (EBP [Fig. 9.3.2;
on p. 49])
D
HL
h
------i- = 0.5 – 0.09375 ⎛ -------⎞
D
(9-17)
HL ⎝ H L⎠
D
For tanks with ------- ≥ 1.333
HL
h
------i- = 0.375 (9-18)
HL
For all tanks
H
cosh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 1
h ⎝ D⎠
------c- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-19)
HL H H
3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
9.3.3—Heights to center of gravity (IBP [Fig. 9.3.3;

on p. 50])
D
HL
h′
------i- = 0.45 (9-20)
HL
D
For tanks with ------- ≥ 0.75
HL
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
D
hi ′ ⎝ H L⎠
1
------- = --------------------------------------------------- – --- (9-21)
2 tanh 0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
HL D 8
⎝ H L⎠
H
cosh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 2.01
hc ′ ⎝ D⎠
-------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-22)
HL H H
3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
9.3.4—Dynamic properties R9.3.4—Dynamic properties
Ti: For tank Types 2.1 and 2.2: Equations (9-23) and (9-24) are adapted from ASCE (1981)
and Veletsos and Shivakumar (1997).
12 E ----
ω i = C l ------ g- (9-23) Equations (9-26) and (9-27) are adapted from ANSI/AWWA
-
HL c γc (1995a,b).
STANDARD COMMENTARY
1 10 3 E ----
g Equations (9-13), (9-14), (9-29), and (9-30) are adapted
[ ω i = C l ------
- c - in the SI system] from Housner (1963).
HL γc
tw
C l = C w 10 --------
- (9-24)
12r
[Cw from Fig. 9.3.4(a); on p. 51]
tw
[ C l = C w --------
- in the SI system]
10r
2π
T i = ------ (9-25)
ωi
For tank Type 2.3
8π ( W w + W r + W i )
Ti = ------------------------------------------------- (9-26)
gDk a
but shall not exceed 1.25 seconds.
⎛ A s E s cos 2α⎞ ⎛ 2G p w p L p⎞
k a = 144 ⎜ ------------------------------
-⎟ + ⎝ -------------------------⎠ (9-27)
⎝ Lc Sc ⎠ tp Sp
2
3 ⎛ A s E s cos α⎞ ⎛ 2G p w p L p⎞
k a = 10 ⎜ -------------------------------⎟ + ⎜ -------------------------⎟ [in the SI system]
⎝ Lc Sc ⎠ ⎝ tp Sp ⎠
Tc :
λ
ω c = -------- (9-28)
D
where
H
λ = 3.68g tanh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ (9-29)
⎝ D⎠
T c = ------ = ⎛ ------⎞ D
2π 2π
(9-30)
ωc ⎝ λ⎠
[ ⎛ ------⎞ from Fig. 9.3.4(b); on p. 52]

2π
⎝ λ⎠
Tv: For circular tanks
2
γ L DH L
T v = 2π -----------------------
- (9-31)
24gt w E c
STANDARD COMMENTARY
2
γ L DH L
[ T v = 2π -------------------- in the SI system]
2gt w E c
9.4—Seismic response coefficients Ci , Cc , R9.4—Seismic response coefficients Ci, Cc,

and Ct and Ct
In practice, Designations Ci, Cc, and Ct define the profile of

the design response spectrum at periods Ti, Tc, and Tv,
respectively. A plot of the seismic response coefficient Ci is
shown in the design response spectrum in Fig. R9.4.1,
which is adapted from IBC (2003).
Fig. R9.4.1—Design response spectrum.
9.4.1 Ci shall be determined as follows: R9.4.1 The mapped spectral response accelerations Ss
and S1 for any location can also be obtained from the latest
For TI ≤ TS database of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), at http://
eqhazmaps.usgs.gov, using the specific zip code or latitude
Ci = SDS (9-32) and longitude that identify the location.
For Ti > TS In regions other than those shown in the maps in publications
by IBC (2003), Building Seismic Safety Council (1997,
S D1 2000), and ASCE (2005), SS and S1 may be replaced by
C i = ---------
- ≤ S DS (9-33) the maximum considered earthquake spectral response
Ti
accelerations from 5% damped response spectra representing
earthquakes with a 2% probability of exceedance in a
where
50-year period, equivalent to a recurrence interval of
approximately 2500 years.
S D1
TS = --------
- (9-34)
S DS
SDS = the design spectral response acceleration at

short periods
2
SDS = --- SsFa (9-35)
3
SD1 = the design spectral response acceleration at a

1 second period
STANDARD COMMENTARY
2
SD1 = --- S1Fv (9-36)
3
SS and S1 are the mapped spectral response accel-

erations at short periods (Ss) and 1 second (S1), respec-
tively, and shall be obtained from the seismic ground
motion maps in Fig. 22-1 through 22-14 of ASCE 7-05,
Chapter 22; and Fa and Fv are the site coefficients and
shall be obtained from Table 11.4-1 and 11.4-2,
respectively, of ASCE 7-05, in conjunction with
Table 20.3-1, “Site Classification,” of ASCE 7-05.
9.4.2 Cc shall be determined as follows: R9.4.2 Factor 1.5 represents the approximate ratio of the
spectral amplifications based on 0.5% damping to those
For Tc ≤ 1.6/Ts seconds based on 5% damping. 0.4SDS in Eq. (9-38) is an
approximation of the effective peak ground acceleration S0
1.5S D1 (at T = 0) reduced by a factor of 2/3.
C c = -------------------- ≤ 1.5S DS (9-37)
Tc
For Tc > 1.6/Ts seconds
0.4S DS 2.4S DS
C c = 6 ------------------- = ------------------- (9-38)
2 2
Tc Tc
9.4.3 Ct shall be determined as follows: R9.4.3 The period of vibration of vertical liquid motion Tv
for a circular tank (upright cylinder) is derived from the
For circular tanks axisymmetric pulsating (“breathing”) of the cylindrical wall
due to the hydrodynamic pressures resulting from the vertical,
For Tv ≤ TS piston-like “pounding” of the stored liquid by the vertically
accelerating ground.
Ct = SDS (9-39)
This mode of vibration is relevant only to circular tanks, and
For Tv >TS does not apply to rectangular tanks. While the derivation of
Tv for circular tanks has been the subject of several technical
S D1 papers, the committee is not aware of any work devoted to
Ct = -------- (9-40) the derivation of this parameter for rectangular tanks.
Tv
Therefore, for rectangular tanks, Ct is taken independent of
the period of vibration.
For rectangular tanks, Ct = 0.4SDS.
9.5—Site-specific seismic response R9.5—Site-specific seismic response

coefficients Ci , Cc , and Ct coefficients Ci, Cc, and Ct
When site-specific procedures are used, the maximum For damping ratios other than 5% of critical, refer to Section R4.2.
considered earthquake spectral response accelerations
SaM and ScM shall be obtained from the site-specific If the site-specific response spectrum does not extend into,
acceleration spectrum as follows: or is not well defined in the Tc range, coefficient Cc may be
calculated using the equation
For periods less than or equal to TS , SaM shall be
taken as the spectral acceleration obtained from the site- 2
specific spectra at a period of 2 seconds, except that it --- S 0 4S
3
shall not be taken less than 90% of the peak spectral C c = 6 --------- = --------0-
2 2
acceleration at any period larger than 0.2 seconds. For Tc Tc
STANDARD COMMENTARY
periods greater than TS , SaM shall be taken as the where S0 is the effective site-specific peak ground acceleration
spectral response acceleration corresponding to Ti or (at T = 0) expressed as a fraction of the acceleration due to
Tv , as applicable. When a 5% damped, site-specific gravity g.
vertical response spectrum is available, SaM shall be
The use of site-specific response spectra represents one specific
determined from that spectrum when used to determine
case of an “accepted alternative method of analysis” permitted
Ct ; and
in Section 21.2.1.7 of ACI 350-06. Therefore, the 80%
lower limit imposed in 9.5 should be considered the same as
ScM shall be taken as 150% of the spectral response the limit imposed in Section 21.2.1.7 of ACI 350-06.
acceleration corresponding to Tc, except that when a
0.5% damped, site-specific horizontal response spectrum
is available, ScM shall be equal to the spectral
response acceleration from that spectrum corresponding
to period Tc .
The seismic response coefficients Ci , Cc , and Ct shall

be determined from Eq. (9-41), (9-42), and (9-43),
respectively.
For all periods, Ti
2
C i = --- S aM (9-41)
3
For all periods, Tc
2
C c = --- S cM (9-42)
3
For all periods, Tv
2
Ct = --- S aM (9-43)
3
The values of Ci , Cc, and Ct used for design shall not

be less than 80% of the corresponding values as
determined in accordance with Section 9.4.
9.6—Effective mass coefficient ε R9.6—Effective mass coefficient ε
9.6.1—Rectangular tanks The coefficient ε represents the ratio of the equivalent (or
generalized) dynamic mass of the tank shell to its actual
L ⎞ 2 – 0.1908 ⎛ L ⎞ + 1.021 total mass. Equation (9-44) and (9-45) are adapted from
ε = 0.0151 ⎛ ------ ≤ 1.0 (9-44)
⎝ H -⎠ ⎝ ------
H L⎠
- ASCE (1981).
L
For additional information related to the effective mass

9.6.2—Circular tanks coefficient ε, consult Veletsos and Shivakumar (1997).
D ⎞ 2 – 0.1908 ⎛ D ⎞ + 1.021
ε = 0.0151 ⎛ ------ ≤ 1.0 (9-45)
⎝ H -⎠ ⎝ ------
H L⎠
-
L
STANDARD COMMENTARY
9.7—Pedestal-mounted tanks R9.7—Pedestal-mounted tanks
The equivalent weights, Wi and Wc , and heights to the Housner (1963), Haroun and Ellaithy (1985), and ACI
centers of gravity, hi, hc , hi′, and hc′ of a mounted tank, Committee 371 (1998) provide additional guidelines on the
shall be computed using the corresponding Eq. (9-2) dynamic analysis of pedestal-mounted tanks.
and (9-3) for rectangular and circular tanks, respectively.
The dynamic properties, including periods of vibration

and lateral coefficients, shall be permitted to be
determined on the basis of generally acceptable
methods of dynamic analysis.
STANDARD COMMENTARY
Fig. R9.1—Dynamic model of liquid-containing tank rigidly supported on the ground (adapted from Housner [1963] and
ASCE [1984]).
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE MASS FACTORS vs. L/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.2.1—Factors Wi /WL and Wc /WL versus ratio L/HL for rectangular tanks.
tanh 0.866 ⎛ -------⎞

L
Wi ⎝ H L⎠
-------- = ----------------------------------------------- (9-1)
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
WL L
⎝ H L⎠
W HL
-------c- = 0.264 ⎛ --------⎞ tanh 3.16 ⎛ --------⎞
L
(9-2)
WL ⎝H ⎠ ⎝ L⎠
L
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE HEIGHT FACTORS vs. L/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.2.2—Factors hi /HL and hc /HL versus ratio L/HL for rectangular tanks (EBP).
hi /HL:
h
------i- = 0.5 – 0.09375 ⎛⎝ -------⎞⎠
L L
For tanks with ------- < 1.333 (9-3)
HL HL HL
L h
For tanks with ------- ≥ 1.333 ------i- = 0.375 (9-4)
HL HL
hc /HL:
For all tanks
H
cosh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 1
hc ⎝ L⎠
------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-5)
HL H H
3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ × sinh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE HEIGHT FACTORS vs. L/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.2.3—Factors hi′/HL and hc′/HL versus ratio L/HL for rectangular tanks (IBP).
hi′ /HL :
L h′
For tanks with ------- < 0.75 ------i- = 0.45 (9-6)
HL HL
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
L
hi ′ ⎝ H L⎠
L 1
For tanks with ------- ≥ 0.75 ------- = -------------------------------------------------------- – --- (9-7)
HL HL
2 × tanh 0.866 ------- ⎛ L⎞ 8
⎝ H L⎠
hc′ /HL :
For all tanks
H
cosh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 2.01
hc ′ ⎝ L⎠
-------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-8)
HL H H
3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
FACTOR (2π/λ)
Fig. 9.2.4—Factor 2π/λ for rectangular tanks For results in the SI system, multiply the factors on the vertical axis by
1.811.
λ
ω c = ------- (9-12)
L
H
λ = 3.16g tanh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ (9-13)
⎝ L⎠
T c = ------ = ⎛ ------⎞ L
2π 2π
(9-14)
ωc ⎝ λ⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE MASS FACTORS vs. D/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.3.1—Factors Wi / WL and Wc/WL versus ratio D/HL for circular tanks.
tanh 0.866 ⎛ -------⎞

D
W ⎝ H L
⎠
--------i = ----------------------------------------------- (9-15)
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
WL D
⎝ H L⎠
W H
-------c- = 0.230 ⎛ -------⎞ tanh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
D
(9-16)
WL ⎝ H L⎠ ⎝ D⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE HEIGHT FACTORS vs. D/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.3.2—Factors hi / HL and hc /HL versus ratio D/HL for circular tanks (EBP).
hi /HL:
h
------i- = 0.5 – 0.09375 ⎛ -------⎞
D D
For tanks with ------- < 1.333 (9-17)
HL HL ⎝ H L⎠
D h
For tanks with ------- ≥ 1.333 ------i- = 0.375 (9-18)
HL HL
hc /HL:
For all tanks
H
cosh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 1
hc ⎝ D⎠
------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-19)
HL H H
3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE HEIGHT FACTORS vs. D/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.3.3—Factors h′i /HL and hc′ /HL versus ratio D/HL for circular tanks (IBP).
h′i /HL:
D h′
For tanks with ------- < 0.75 ------i- = 0.45 (9-20)
HL HL
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
D
hi ′ ⎝ H L⎠
D
For tanks with ------- ≥ 0.75 ------- = --------------------------------------------------- – 1
--- (9-21)
2 tanh 0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
HL HL D 8
⎝ H L⎠
hc′ /HL:
For all tanks
H
cosh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 2.01
hc ′ ⎝ D⎠
-------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-22)
HL H H
3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
COEFFICIENT C W
Fig. 9.3.4(a)—Coefficient Cw for circular tanks.
For D /HL > 0.667
H H 2 H 3 H 4 –2 H
5
+ 0.2039 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 0.1034 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 0.1253 ⎛ ------L-⎞ + 0.1267 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 3.186 × 10 ⎛ ------L-⎞
–2
C w = 9.375 × 10
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
FACTOR (2π/λ)
Fig. 9.3.4(b)—Factor 2π/ λ for circular tanks. For results in the SI system, multiply the factors on the vertical axis by
1.811.
λ
ω c = -------- (9-28)
D
H
λ = 3.68g tanh ⎛ 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ ⎞ (9-29)
⎝ ⎝ D ⎠⎠
T c = ------ = ⎛ ------⎞ D
2π 2π
(9-30)
ωc ⎝ λ⎠
CHAPTER 10—COMMENTARY REFERENCES

COMMENTARY
ACI Committee 350, 2006, “Code Requirements for Environ- Topics in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. III, No. 1, Dec.,
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Resist Earthquakes,” Proceedings, World Conference on
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Design, and Construction of Concrete-Pedestal Water pp. 5-1 to 5-13.
Towers (ACI 371R-98) (Reapproved 2003),” American
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Containers,” Technical Information (TID) Document 7024,
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1981, “Guide- Chapter 6 and Appendix F, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
lines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems,”
Committee on Gas and Liquid Fuel Lifelines of the Technical International Code Council, 2003, “International Building
Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Section 7. Code,” 656 pp.
American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE), 1984, International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO),
“Fluid/Structure Interaction During Seismic Excitation,” 1997, “Uniform Building Code,” V. 2, Whittier, Calif.
Report by Committee on Seismic Analysis.
John A. Blume & Associates, 1958, “Report of Testing
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2005, Program on Earthquake Cable Detail for the Preload
“Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,” Company, Inc.,” July.
ASCE 7-05, Reston, Va.
Medearis, K., and Young, D. H., 1964, “Energy Absorption
ANSI/AWWA, 1995a, “AWWA Standard for Wire- and of Structures Under Cyclic Loading,” Journal of the
Strand-Wound, Circular, Prestressed Concrete Water Structural Division, ASCE, V. 90, ST1, Feb., pp. 61-89.
Tanks,” ANSI/AWWA D110-95.
National Science Foundation, 1981, “Earthquake Design
ANSI/AWWA, 1995b, “AWWA Standard for Circular Criteria for Water Supply & Wastewater Systems,” National
Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks with Circumferential Science Foundation Report NSF/CE52-81079, Sept.
Tendons,” ANSI/AWWA D115-95.
Newmark, N. M., and Hall, W. J., 1982, “Earthquake
Bertero, V. V., 1995, “Energy Based Design Approach,” Spectra and Design,” Earthquake Engineering Research
Performance-Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings, Institute Monograph.
SEAOC, Apr., pp. D-1 to D-12.
New Zealand Standard (NZS), 1986, “Code of Practice
Building Seismic Safety Council, 1997, “NEHRP Recom- for Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids,” NZS
mended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings 3106, 77 pp.
and Other Structures—Part 1: Provisions (FEMA 302) and Part
2: Commentary (FEMA 303),” Washington, D.C. Scarlat, A. S., 1997, “Design of Soft Stories—A Simplified
Energy Approach,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 13, No. 2, May,
Building Seismic Safety Council, 2000, “NEHRP Recom- pp. 305-315.
mended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings
and Other Structures—Part 1: Provisions (FEMA 368) Uang, C. M., and Bertero, V. V., 1988, “Use of Energy as
and Part 2: Commentary (FEMA 369),” Washington, D.C. a Design Criterion in Earthquake-Resistant Design,” EERC
Report No. UCB/EERC-88, Nov.
Haroun, M. A., 1984, “Stress Analysis of Rectangular
Walls Under Seismically Induced Hydrodynamic Loads,” Veletsos, S. A., and Shivakumar, P., 1997, “Dynamic
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, V. 74, Response of Tanks Containing Liquids or Solids,” Computer
No. 3, June, pp. 1031-1041. Analysis and Design of Earthquake-Resistant Structures,
Earthquake Engineering Series V. 3, D. E. Beskos and S.
Haroun, M. A., and Ellaithy, H. M., 1985, “Seismically A. Anagnostopoulos, eds., Computational Mechanics
Induced Fluid Forces on Elevated Tanks,” Journal of Technical Publications, Billerica, Mass., 936 pp.
Notes
COMMENTARY
APPENDIX A—DESIGN METHOD
A.1—General outline of design method
In the absence of a more rigorous method of analysis, the general procedures outlined below may be used to apply the provisions of
Chapters 1 through 9.
Basic seismic design parameters:
1. Establish the design depth of the stored liquid HL , the wall height Hw, and the tank length or diameter, L or D, respectively;
2. From the applicable seismic ground motion map of ASCE 7-05, Chapter 22, obtain the mapped maximum considered earth-
quake spectral response accelerations at short periods and at 1 second (SS and S1, respectively). After selecting the site classi-
fication from ASCE 7-05, Table 20.3-1, obtain coefficients Fa and Fv using ASCE 7-05, Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2, and
calculate SDS and SD1 using Eq. (9-35) and (9-36);
3. Select an importance factor I from Table 4.1.1(a);
4. Select the factors Ri and Rc from Table 4.1.1(b) for the type of structure being investigated;
Tank dynamic properties:
5. Calculate the equivalent weight of the tank wall (shell) Ww, roof Wr, and the stored liquid WL. Also, compute the effective
mass coefficient ε;
6. Calculate the effective weight of the impulsive component of the stored liquid Wi, and the convective component Wc using
Fig. 9.2.1 for rectangular tanks or Fig. 9.3.1 for circular tanks;
7. Calculate the heights hw, hr, hi, and hc (EBP) and h′i and h′c (IBP) to the center of gravity of the tank wall, roof, impulsive
component, and convective component, respectively (Fig. 9.2.2, 9.2.3, 9.3.2, and 9.3.3, or Sections 9.2 and 9.3);
8. Calculate the combined natural frequency of vibration ωi of the containment structure and the impulsive component of the
stored liquid (Eq. (9-9) for rectangular tanks or Eq. (9-23) for circular tank Types 2.1 and 2.2). The impulsive mode will generally fall
into the rigid range of the response spectra (that is, the constant spectral acceleration region of the design response spectrum in
Fig. R9.4.1) for common sizes of concrete tanks. Thus, if the maximum value of Ci is used (SDS), calculation of the natural
frequency and natural period is not required;
9. Calculate the frequency of the vibration ωc of the convective component of the stored liquid (Eq. (9-12) for rectangular
tanks or Eq. (9-28) for circular);
10. Using the frequency values determined in Steps 8 and 9, calculate the corresponding natural periods of vibration Ti and Tc.
(Eq. (9-11) and (9-14) for rectangular tanks, or Eq. (9-25), (9-26), and (9-30) for circular tanks);
11. Based on the natural periods determined in Step 10 and the design spectral response acceleration values derived in Step 2, calcu-
late the corresponding seismic response coefficients Ci and Cc (Eq. (9-32), (9-33), (9-37), and (9-38)). Note: Where a site-
specific response spectrum is constructed in accordance with Section 4.2.1, Ci and Cc are determined in accordance with
Sections 9.5 and R9.5;
Freeboard:
12. Where required, calculate the maximum vertical displacement of liquid surface (wave height) in accordance with Chapter 7.
Adjust the wall height if required to meet freeboard requirements;
COMMENTARY
Base shear and overturning moments:
13. Compute the dynamic lateral forces (Eq. (4-1) to (4-4)) and total base shear V (Eq. (4-5));
14. Calculate the bending and overturning moments (Eq. (4-10) and (4-13));
Vertical acceleration:
15. Compute the vertical amplification factor Ct in accordance with Section 9.4.3. For circular tanks, first calculate the natural
period of vibration of vertical liquid motion Tv (Eq. (9-31));
16. Calculate the hydrodynamic pressure pvy (Eq. (4-14));
Pressure distribution:
17. Compute the vertical distribution of the force components in accordance with Chapter 5;
Stresses:
18. In rectangular tanks, calculate the stresses in the wall due to the impulsive and convective pressures, depending on the
structural system considered (Section 6.1) and the stresses associated with the increase in effective fluid density due to the
vertical acceleration. In circular tanks, calculate the hoop stresses due to the impulsive and convective pressures and due to the
vertical acceleration (Section 6.2); and
19. Calculate the overall bending stresses due to the overturning moments (from Step 14). Downward pressures on the
neoprene bearing pads of free base circular tanks caused by overturning moments should be considered. If uplift develops on
the heel side, then anchor cables must be provided.
COMMENTARY
APPENDIX B—ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS BASED ON
1997 Uniform Building Code
B.1—Introduction
B1.1—Scope
The purpose of this appendix is to permit the user to adapt the provisions of ACI 350.3 to the seismic provisions of the 1997
edition of the Uniform Building Code (UBC) (ICBO 1997). The differences between the 1997 UBC and the 2003 IBC seismic
provisions as used in this Standard are primarily due to differences in the definition of design ground motions and the
construction of the corresponding design response spectra as explained below.
NOTE: All section, table, figure and equation references are to 1997 UBC except as otherwise indicated.
B1.2—Design ground motions
This appendix presents an outline of the methodology to be followed when computing the loading side of seismic analysis in
accordance with 1997 UBC. In this case, the design ground motions are those with a 10% probability of exceedance in
50 years.
B.2—Notation (not included in Section 1.2 of this standard)
Ca = seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 16-Q

Cv = seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 16-R
DL = dead load
E = earthquake load as defined in Section 1630.1
LL = live load
SA, SB, SC,
SD, SE, SF = soil profile types as set forth in Table 16-J
Na = near-source factor used in the determination of Ca in Seismic Zone 4 related to the proximity of the structure to
known faults with magnitudes and slip rates as set forth in Tables 16-S and 16-U
Nv = near-source factor used in the determination of Cv in Seismic Zone 4 related to the proximity of the structure to
known faults with magnitudes and slip rates as set forth in Tables 16-T and 16-U
Ts = 0.40Cv /Ca
Z = seismic zone factors as given in Table 16-I
B.3—Loading side, general methodology
1. Select the seismic zone (1 through 4) where the site is located, using the seismic zone map (Fig. 16-2);
2. Using the seismic zone determined in Step 1, find the zone factor Z from Table 16-I;
3. Consulting paragraph 1636.2 and Table 16-J, select the soil profile type designation SA through SF that best represents the
soil at the site;
4. Using the zone factor Z and the soil profile designation from Steps 2 and 3, find the seismic coefficient Ca from Table 16-Q
and seismic coefficient Cv from Table 16-R;
5. If the structure is in Seismic Zone 4, select a Seismic Source Type A, B, or C from Table 16-U, and near-source factors Na
and Nv from Tables 16-S and 16-T, respectively;
COMMENTARY
Cv C
- = 0.40 -----v- ;
6. Compute T s = -------------
2.5C a Ca
7. Using the values of Ca, Cv, and Ts, construct a design response spectrum as in Fig. 16-3 and B.1;
Fig. B.1—Modified UBC 1997 design response spectrum (ICBO 1997).
8. Seismic response coefficients Ci and Cc—
8.1 Ci (impulsive component): Compute period of vibration Ti in accordance with Eq. (9-11) of this Standard for rectangular
tanks, and Eq. (9-25) or (9-26) for circular.
(Note 1: Section 1634.1.4 specifies the method for determining the fundamental period by referencing 1630.2.2. For liquid-
retaining structures, however, the methods in Chapter 9 of this standard should be used.)
Compute seismic response coefficient Ci corresponding to T, using the above design response spectrum as follows
(Note 2: Section 1629.8, “Selection of Lateral-force Procedures,” allows three options for computing lateral forces, depending
on the type of structure being investigated: simplified static, static, or dynamic. For liquid-containing structures, this standard
uses the static procedures in accordance with 1629.8.3, modified as indicated in this standard.)
For all seismic zones:
For Ti ≤ Ts
Ci = 2.5Ca (B-1)
For Ti > Ts
Ci = Cv /Ti (B-2)
In addition, for Seismic Zone 4
Ci ≥ 1.6ZNv (B-3)
8.2 Cc (convective component): Compute period of vibration Tc using Eq. (9-14) of this Standard for rectangular tanks,
and (9-30) for circular tanks.
For Tc ≤ 1.6/Ts seconds
1.5C
Cc = -------------v ≤ 3.75Ca (B-4)
Tc
COMMENTARY
C
C c = 6 -----a-2 (B-5)
Tc
9. Base shears V—
• Compute Ww, Wr , and WL;

• Compute Wi and Wc using the equations in Sections 9.2 and 9.3 of this Standard;
• Select coefficient Ri and Rc from Table 4.1.1(b) of this Standard.
• Select an importance factor I from Table 4.1.1(a) of this Standard.
• Compute the component parts of the total lateral force, Pw, Pr , Pi , and Pc in accordance with Section 4.1.1 of this Standard
as follows.
For all seismic zones
Ci I
- εW w
P w = ------- (B-6)
Ri
Ci I
- εW r
P r = ------- (B-7)
Ri
Ci I
- εW i
P i = ------- (B-8)
Ri
Cc I
P c = -------
-W (B-9)
Rc c
Equation (B-8) and (B-9) take the following form depending on the period Ti and Tc.
For Ti ≤ Ts
2.5C a I
P i = ----------------W i [1997 UBC Eq. (30-5)]
Ri
For Ti > Ts
Cv I
P i = ----------W ≥ 0.56C a IW i [1997 UBC Eq. (30-4) and (34-2)]
Ri Ti i
6C a I 1.5 ( 2.5C a )I
- W ≤ ----------------------------
P c = -----------
2 c
- Wc (B-10)
Rc Tc Rc
For Tc ≤ 1.6/Ts seconds
1.5C v I
P c = ---------------
-W (B-11)
Rc Tc c
COMMENTARY
In addition, for Seismic Zone 4
1.6ZN v I
P i ≥ --------------------
- Wi [1997 UBC Eq. (34-3)]
Ri
10. Total base shear V—The total base shear due to Pw , Pr , Pi , and Pc may be computed by combining these lateral loads
using the square root of the sum of the squares method as in Section 4.1.2 of this Standard
2 2
V = ( Pw + Pr + Pi ) + Pc
11. Vertical load distribution—The vertical distribution of the lateral seismic forces may be assumed as shown in Section 5 of
this Standard;
12. Vertical component of ground motion—Compute the natural period of vibration of the vertical liquid motion Tv in accordance with
Section 9.3.4 of this Standard.
Compute seismic response coefficient Ct as follows:
For all seismic zones:
For circular tanks
For Tv ≤ Ts
Ct = Ca (B-12)
For Tv > Ts
C
C t = ------v (B-13)
Tv
For rectangular tanks, for all periods Tv
Ct = Ca (B-14)
In addition, for Seismic Zone 4:
For rectangular and circular tanks
Ct ≥ 1.6ZNv (B-15)
Compute the spectral acceleration üv as follows
b
üv = C t I----- (B-16)
Ri
13. Overturning moments—Compute overturning moments for the lateral loads described above using the procedures of
Section 4.1.3 of this Standard. Combine the computed moments using the square root of the sum of the squares method as in
the same section.
B.4—Site-specific spectra (Section 1631.2(2))
When a site-specific design response spectrum is available, the coefficients Ci and Ct are replaced by the actual spectral values
corresponding to Ti and Tv, respectively, from the 5% damped site-specific spectrum, and Cc is replaced by the actual spectral
COMMENTARY
value corresponding to Tc from the 0.5% damped site-specific spectrum.
If the site-specific response spectrum does not extend into or is not well defined in the Tc range, coefficient Cc may be calculated using
Eq. (B-4), with Cv representing the effective site-specific peak ground acceleration expressed as a fraction of the acceleration
due to gravity g.
B.5—Resistance side
1. The resistance side of the seismic design, including load combinations and strength reduction factors, may be computed in
accordance with the applicable provisions of 1997 UBC (ICBO 1997) or ACI 350-06, Chapter 9; and
2. Where the approved standard defines acceptance criteria in terms of allowable stresses (as opposed to strengths), the design
seismic forces obtained from this appendix shall be reduced by a factor of 1.4 for use with allowable stresses, and allowable
stress increases used in the approved standard are permitted. When such a standard is used, the following load combinations
are permitted to be used for design instead of the ASCE 7-05 load factor combinations (Haroun and Ellaithy 1985).
DL + LL + E/1.4
B.6—Freeboard
L or D
d max = Cc I ⎛ -----------------⎞ (B-17)
⎝ 2 ⎠
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Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures
and Commentary
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What is the purpose of the American Concrete Institute?

What is the purpose of the American Concrete Institute?

What activities does ACI support?

What activities does ACI support?

ACI 350.

Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing

Reported by ACI Committee 350

American Concrete Institute

REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350

Walter N. Bennett Carl A. Gentry* Dennis C. Kohl Jerry Parnes

Iyad M. Alsamsam Daniel J. McCarthy

*Members of Seismic Provisions Subcommittee.

Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing

REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350

ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standards, and Commentaries are intended

CHAPTER 2—TYPES OF LIQUID-CONTAINING STRUCTURES ......................................... 11

CHAPTER 3—GENERAL CRITERIA FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ................................... 13

CHAPTER 4—EARTHQUAKE DESIGN LOADS .................................................................... 15

CHAPTER 5—EARTHQUAKE LOAD DISTRIBUTION........................................................... 21

CHAPTER 7—FREEBOARD ................................................................................................... 29

CHAPTER 8—EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED EARTH PRESSURES .......................................... 31

CHAPTER 9—DYNAMIC MODEL ........................................................................................... 33

CHAPTER 10—COMMENTARY REFERENCES .................................................................... 53

APPENDIX A—DESIGN METHOD...........................................................................................55

APPENDIX B—ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

This standard provides directions to the designer of liquid-

As = cross-sectional area of base cable, strand,

q, qmax = unit shear force in circular tanks, lb/ft (kN/m)

r = inside radius of circular tank, ft (m)

S0 = effective peak ground acceleration (at T = 0)

Sa = generalized design spectral response acceleration

SaM = maximum considered earthquake spectral

SD = spectral displacement, ft (m)

SD1 = design spectral response acceleration, 5%

where Ca and Cv are defined in Appendix B.

CHAPTER 2—TYPES OF LIQUID-CONTAINING STRUCTURES

2.1.1—Ground-supported liquid-containing structures R2.1.1—The classifications of Section 2.1.1 are based

Type 2—Circular tanks

Structures in this category include liquid-containing

Fig. R2.1—Typical tank configurations (adapted from ASCE

CHAPTER 3—GENERAL CRITERIA FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

The loads generated by the design earthquake shall

3.3.1—The walls, floors, and roof of liquid-containing

3.3.2—With regards to the horizontal acceleration, the

3.3.3—Effects of maximum horizontal and vertical

CHAPTER 4—EARTHQUAKE DESIGN LOADS

The imposed ground motion is represented by an elastic

Factor I provides a means for the engineer to increase the

The response modification factors Rc and Ri reduce the elastic

Explanations of the impulsive and convective pressures Pi

where Ci and Cc are the seismic response coefficients

Where applicable, the lateral forces due to the

4.1.2—Total base shear Energy Method: An energy method of dynamic analysis

Where applicable, the lateral forces due to dynamic

4.1.3—Moments at base, general equation

The moments due to seismic forces at the base of the

Bending moment on the entire tank cross section just

Overturning moment at the base of the tank, including