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John Michael M.
Pineda BS Computer Engineering-IV
6.1 What are the advantages of using a glass substrate for a magnetic disk?
• increased disk reliability • less surface defects • better stiffness to reduce disk dynamics • greater
ability to withstand shock and damage
6.2 How are data written onto a magnetic disk?
Pulses are sent to the white head, then an electric current magnetizes a small area of the recording
medium to store the "pulses"
6.3 How are data read from a magnetic disk?
The read head consists of a partially shielded magneto resistive (MR) sensor that senses the
magnetization of the medium
6.4 Explain the difference between a simple CAV system and a multiple zoned recording system.
• Constant angular velocity (CAV) system: the number of bits per track is constant; • An increase in
density is achieved with multiple zoned recording, in which the surface is divided into a number of
zones, with zones further from the Centre containing more bits than zones closer to the Centre.
6.5 Define the terms track, cylinder, and sector.
Track - On a magnetic disk, data is organized on the platter in concentric sets of rings, called tracks.
Cylinder - On a disk with multiple platters, the set of all tracks in the same relative position on the
platter is referred to as a cylinder.
Sector - Data are transferred to and from the disk in sectors.
6.6 What is the typical disk sector size?
512 bytes
6.7 Define the terms seek time, rotational delay, access time, and transfer time.
Seek time - Time taken to position the head at the track. Rotational delay - Once the track is selected,
the disk controller waits until the appropriate sector rotates to line up with the head. The time it takes
for the beginning of the sector to reach the head is known as the rotational delay.
Access time - The sum of the seek time, if any, plus the rotational delay. The time it takes to get into
position to read or write.
Transfer time - Time taken for data transfer. Once the head is in position, the read or write operation is
performed as the sector moves under the head - data transfer portion of the operation.
6.8 What common characteristics are shared by all RAID levels?
1. RAID is a set of physical disk drives viewed by the operating system as a single logical drive. 2. Data
are distributed across the physical drives of an array in a scheme known as striping. 3. Redundant disk
capacity is used to store parity information, which guarantees data recoverability in case of a disk
failure.
6.9 Briefly define the seven RAID levels.
• RAID 0 - Non-redundant. • RAID 1 - Mirrored, every disk has a mirror disk containing the same data. •
RAID 2 - Redundant via Hamming code; an error-correcting code is calculated across corresponding bits
on each data disk, and the bits of the code are stored in the corresponding bit positions on multiple
parity disks. • RAID 3 - Bit-interleaved parity; • RAID 4 - Block-interleaved parity; • RAID 5 - Block-
interleaved distributed parity; • RAID 6 - Block-interleaved dual distributed parity;
6.10 Explain the term striped data.
The disk is divided into strips, which may be physical blocks, sectors, or some other unit. The strips are
mapped round robin to consecutive array members. A set of logically consecutive strips that maps
exactly one strip to each array member is referred to as a stripe.
6.11 How is redundancy achieved in a RAID system?
RAID 1: by having two identical copies of all data the rest: by the use of error-correcting codes
6.12 In the context of RAID, what is the distinction between parallel access and independent access?
Parallel access - All member disks participate in the execution of every I/O request. Typically, the
spindles of the individual drives are synchronized so that each disk head is in the same position on each
disk at any given time. Independent access - Each member disk operates independently, so that
separate I/O requests can be satisfied in parallel.
6.13 What is the difference between CAV and CLV?
Constant angular velocity (CAV) - Number of bits per track is constant, disk rotates at constant velocity.
Constant linear velocity (CLV) - Disk rotates more slowly for access near the outer edge than near the
Centre. The capacity (density) of a track and the rotational delay both increase for positions nearer the
outer edge of a disk.
6.14 What differences between a CD and a DVD account for the larger capacity of the latter?
• Bits are packed more closely on a DVD, which results in ~7x increase in capacity; • DVD has a second
layer of pits and lands on top of the first layer. Almost doubles capacity of DVD; • DVD-ROM can be
double sided, whereas CD can only be recorded on one side.
6.15 Explain serpentine recording.
When tape data are being recorded, first set of bits is recorded in a track along the whole length of the
tape. At the end of the tape the heads are repositioned to record a new track, and the tape is again
recorded on its whole length, in the opposite direction. Process continues until tape is full.

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John Michael M.

Pineda BS Computer Engineering-IV

6.2 How are data written onto a magnetic disk?

6.3 How are data read from a magnetic disk?

6.5 Define the terms track, cylinder, and sector.

6.6 What is the typical disk sector size?

6.8 What common characteristics are shared by all RAID levels?

6.10 Explain the term striped data.

6.11 How is redundancy achieved in a RAID system?

6.13 What is the difference between CAV and CLV?

6.15 Explain serpentine recording.

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