ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED

I-GIRDER
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering

By

Bhat Akashdeep Aravind 11CE12

Bincy Babu 11CE03

Shaikh Mohd. Tazir Asif 11CE45

Siddique Tanveer Irshad 11CE55

Under Guidance of

Dr. Rajendra B. Magar

Department of Civil Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology
Anjuman-I-Islam’s Kalsekar Technical Campus
Plot No. 2 3, Sector – 16, Near Thana Naka, Khanda Gaon,
New Panvel, Navi Mumbai. 41026

2014-2015
 ANJUMAN-I-ISLAM’S KALSEKAR TECHNICAL
CAMPUS - NEW PANVEL

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder” is a
bonafide work of Bhat Akashdeep Aravind (11CE12), Bincy Babu (11CE03), Shaikh Mohd.
Tazir Asif (11CE45) and Siddique Tanveer Irshad (11CE55) submitted to the University of
Mumbai in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of
Engineering” in Department of Civil Engineering.

Dr. Rajendra B. Magar

Guide

Dr. Rajendra B. Magar Dr. Abdul Razak Honnutagi

Head of Department Director

ii
 Project Report Approval for B. E.

This project report entitled “Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder” by Bhat Akashdeep

Aravind, Bincy Babu, Shaikh Mohd. Tazir Asif, Siddique Tanveer Irshad is approved for the

degree of “Bachelor of Engineering” in “Department of Civil Engineering”.

Examiners

1 ______________________

2 ______________________

Supervisors

1 ______________________

2 ______________________

Chairman (Director)

_______________________

Date:

iii
 Declaration

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where others

ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the original

sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and

integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our

submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action

by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been

properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Bhat Akashdeep Aravind 11CE12

Bincy Babu 11CE03

Shaikh Mohd. Tazir Asif 11CE45

Siddique Tanveer Irshad 11CE55

iv
 Acknowledgement
It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project Guides Dr. Rajendra B. Magar
and Mr. Junaid Maste, for their valuable inputs, able guidance, encouragement, whole-hearted
cooperation and constructive criticism throughout the duration of our project.
We deeply express our sincere thanks to our Head of Department Dr. Prof. R. B. Magar and
our Director Dr. Prof. Abdul Razak Honnutagi for encouraging and allowing us to present the
project on the topic “Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder” at our department
premises for the partial fulfilment of the requirements leading to the award of Bachelor of
Engineering degree.
We are extremely grateful to Mr. Kiran Patil for his excellent guidance and for sparing his
valuable time to help us with our project. We pay our respects and love to our parents and all
other family members and friends for their love and encouragement throughout our career.

v
 Abstract
Post-tensioned simply supported pre-stressed concrete (PC) I-girder bridges are widely used
bridge system for short to medium span (20m to 50m) highway bridges, due to its moderate self
-weight, structural efficiency, ease of fabrication, low maintenance etc. This study is on design
and analysis of prestressed I- girder. Design constraints were decided using IRC 6:2010 for
loading, IRC 18:2000 for minimum dimension requirement, IRC 21:2000 for concrete stresses.
To formulate the entire problem for a couple of span under class A and class 70R loading,
obtain shear force and bending moment at regular intervals along the beam. The software
STAAD PRO is used for the analysis and design of prestressed concrete girders.

vi
 Table of Content
Certificate ii
Project Report Approval iii
Declaration iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
List of Nomenclatures xi

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Aim and Objective 1
1.3 I-Girder 2
1.4 Prestressed Concrete 3
1.5 Need for High Strength Concrete 3
1.6 Advantages of Prestressed Concrete 4
1.7 Application of Prestressing 4
1.8 Materials for Prestressed Concrete 6
1.8.1 High Strength Concrete mixes 6
1.9 Methods of Prestressing 6
1.9.1 Pretensioning 6
1.9.2 Post-tensioning 7
1.9.3 Pretensioned member vs Post-tensioned member 8
1.10 System of Prestressing 8
1.10.1 Freyssinet System 9
1.10.2 Magnel Blaton system 9
1.10.3 Gifford-Udall system 10
1.10.4 Lee-McCall system 10
1.10.5 Other Methods of Prestressing 10
1.10.5.1 Electrical Prestressing 10
1.10.5.2 Chemical Prestressing 11

vii
2. Losses of Prestress 12
2.1 Losses in Pretensioning 12
2.2 Losses in Post-tensioning 12
2.3 Loss due to elastic deformation of concrete 13
2.4 Loss due to Shrinkage of Concrete 13
2.5 Loss due to relaxation of stress in steel 14
2.6 Loss due to creep 15
2.7 Loss due to anchorage slip 15
2.8 Loss due to friction 16

3. Loads and Stresses 18

3.1 Types of loads and stresses 18
3.1.1 Dead load 18
3.1.2 Live load 18
3.2 Details of IRC Loading 19
3.3 Live Load Combinations 21

4. Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder 22

4.1 Brief description of the proposal 22
4.1.1 Concrete 22
4.1.2 High Tensile Steel 22
4.1.3 Design Aspect 22
4.2 Design data 23
4.2.1 Staad Editor File 24
4.2.2 Output 33
4.3 Design of PSC Girder 34
4.4 Calculation of cable profile ordinates 67

5. Conclusion 69

6. References 70

viii
 List of Figures

Figure Name Pg. No.

1.1 I-Girder 2
1.2 C N Tower 5
1.3 Prestressing Bed 7
1.4 Stages in Post-tensioning 7
1.5 Freyssinet System 9
3.1 Class 70R (Tracked and wheeled vehicles) 19
3.2 Class A Train Vehicle 20
4.1 Staad Model 23
4.2 Class A without Impact 30
4.3 Class A with Impact 30
4.4 Class 70R without Impact 31
4.5 Class 70R with Impact 32

ix
 List of Tables

Table Caption Pg. No.

1.1 Pretensioned member Vs Post-tensioned member 4

2.1 Relaxation losses for prestressing losses at 1000h at 27±2° C (IS: 1343) 14
3.1 Live load combinations 21
4.1 Staad Output 33

x
 List of Nomenclatures/Abbreviations

fc Prestress in concrete at the level of steel.

Es Modulus of elasticity of steel.

Ec Modulus of elasticity of concrete.

αe Modular ratio.

εcs Total residual shrinkage strain

εc Ultimate creep strain for a sustained unit stress

Φ creep coefficient

εe Elastic strain

μ Coefficient of friction between cable and duct

xi
 Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background

Prestress concrete is ideally suited for the construction of medium and long span bridges. Ever
since the development of prestressed concrete by Freyssinet in the early 1930s, the material has
found extensive application in the construction of long-span bridges, gradually replacing steel
which needs costly maintenance due to the inherent disadvantage of corrosion under aggressive
environment conditions. One of the most commonly used forms of superstructure in concrete
bridges is precast girders with cast-in-situ slab. This type of superstructure is generally used for
spans between 20 to 40 m. T or I-girder bridges are the most common example under this
category and are very popular because of their simple geometry, low fabrication cost, easy
erection or casting and smaller dead loads. An I-beam girder is described by having the cross
section of the girder taking the shape of the capital letter I. The vertical plate in the middle is
known as the web, and the top and bottom plates are referred to as flanges.

1.2 Aim and Objective

1. Analysis of loads and stresses acting on Prestressed I-Girder in accordance with IRC
6:2010.
2. Design of the Prestressed I-Girder as per IRC 18:2000.
3. Determination of Losses as per IRC 1343:2000.
4. To prepare a model of I-Girder and analyse it in Staad pro software.
 Introduction

1.3 I-Girder

A girder bridge, in general, is a bridge that utilizes girders as the means of supporting the deck.
A bridge consists of three parts: the foundation (abutments and piers), the superstructure (girder,
truss, or arch), and the deck. A girder bridge is very likely the most commonly built and utilized
bridge in the world. Its basic design, in the most simplified form, can be compared to a log
ranging from one side to the other across a river or creek. The term "girder" is often used
interchangeably with "beam" in reference to bridge design. However, some authors define beam
bridges slightly differently from girder bridges.

When a beam bends the top of the beam is in compression and the bottom is in tension. These
forces are greatest at the very top and the very bottom. So to make the stiffest beam with the
least amount of material you would want the material to be only at the top and the bottom sides.
However, you still need to connect them together or they would just be two separate plates and
would not be stiff at all. So you put a web in the middle to connect them and make them work
together. The resulting shape is the traditional “I-beam” or a wide flange beam. The I-shape is
an ideal shape for beams that is for resisting flexure. It’s an extremely efficient shape for
resisting bending; which is another way of saying it has a lot of strength for a small amount of
material and expense. The shape of an I-Girder is shown in Fig: 1.1

Fig 1.1: I-Girder

2
 Introduction

1.4 Prestressed Concrete

Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable magnitude and
distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from external loads are counteracted to
desired degree. In reinforced concrete members, the prestress is commonly introduced by
tensioning the steel reinforcement.

The earliest example of wooden barrel construction by free force-fitting of metal bands and
shrink-fitting of metal tyres on wooden wheels indicate that the art of prestressing has been
practised from ancient times. The tensile strength of plain concrete is only a fraction of its
compressive strength and the problem of it being deficient in tensile strength appears to have
been the driving factor in the development of the composite material known as “reinforced
concrete”.

The development of early cracks in reinforced concrete due to incompatibility in the strains of
steel and concrete was perhaps the starting point in the development of the a new material like
“Prestressed concrete”. The application of permanent compressive stress to a material like
concrete, which is strong in compression but weak in tension, increases the apparent tensile
strength of that material, because the subsequent application of tensile stress must first nullify
the compressive prestress. In 1904, Freyssinet attempted to introduce permanently acting forces
in concrete to resist the elastic forces developed under loads and this idea was later developed
under the name of “prestressing”.

1.5 Need for High Strength Steel and Concrete

The significant observations which resulted from the pioneering research on prestressed
concrete were:

1. Necessity of using high-strength steel and concrete.

2. Recognition of losses of prestress due to various causes.

The early attempts to use mild steel in prestressed concrete were not successful as a working
stress of 120N/mm2 in mild steel is more or less completely lost due to elastic deformation,
creep and shrinkage of concrete.

The normal loss of stress in steel is generally about 100 to 240N/mm2 and it is apparent that if
this loss of stress is to be a small portion of the initial stress, the stress in steel in the initial

3
 Introduction

stages must be very high, about 1200 to 2000N/mm2. These high stress ranges are possible only
with the use of high-strength steel.

High-strength concrete is necessary in prestressed concrete, as the material offers high

resistance in tension, shear, bond and bearing. In the zone of anchorages, the bearing stresses
being higher, high-strength concrete is invariably preferred to minimise costs. High strength
concrete is less liable to shrinkage cracks, and has a higher modulus of elasticity and smaller
ultimate creep strength, resulting in a smaller loss of prestress in steel. The use of high-strength
concrete results in a reduction in the cross-sectional dimensions of prestressed structural
elements. With a reduced dead-weight of the material, longer spans become technically and
economically practicable.

1.6 Advantages of Prestressed Concrete.

Prestressed concrete offers great technical advantages in comparison with other forms of
construction, such as reinforced concrete and steel. Prestressed concrete members possess
improved resistance to shearing forces, due to the effect of compressive prestress, which
reduces the principal tensile stress. The use of curved cables, particularly in long-span members,
helps to reduce the shear forces developed at the support sections.

The use of high-strength concrete and steel in prestressed members results in lighter and slender
members than is possible with reinforced concrete. The two structural features of prestressed
concrete, namely high-strength concrete and freedom from cracks, contribute to the improved
durability of the structure and the aggressive environmental conditions. Prestressing of concrete
improves the ability of the material for energy absorption under impact loads. The ability to
resist repeated working loads has been proved to be as good in prestressed as in reinforced
concrete.

1.7 Application of Prestressing

Prestressed concrete is the main material for floors in high-rise buildings and the entire
containment vessels of nuclear reactors.

Unbonded post-tensioning tendons are commonly used in parking garages as barrier cable.

Also, due to its ability to be stressed and then de-stressed, it can be used to temporarily repair
a damaged building by holding up a damaged wall or floor until permanent repairs can be made.

4
 Introduction

The advantages of prestressed concrete include crack control and lower construction costs;
thinner slabs—especially important in high rise buildings in which floor thickness savings can
translate into additional floors for the same (or lower) cost and fewer joints, since the distance
that can be spanned by post-tensioned slabs exceeds that of reinforced constructions with the
same thickness. Increasing span lengths increases the usable unencumbered floor space in
buildings; diminishing the number of joints leads to lower maintenance costs over the design
life of a building, since joints are the major focus of weakness in concrete buildings.

The first prestressed concrete bridge in North America was the Walnut Lane Memorial
Bridge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was completed and opened to traffic in 1951.
Prestressing can also be accomplished on circular concrete pipes used for water transmission.
High tensile strength steel wire is helically-wrapped around the outside of the pipe under
controlled tension and spacing which induces a circumferential compressive stress in the core
concrete. This enables the pipe to handle high internal pressures and the effects of external earth
and traffic loads. The world’s tallest prestressed concrete C.N tower, Toronto, 553 m overall
height is shown in Fig: 1.2

Fig 1.2: CN Tower, Old Toronto, Canada

5
 Introduction

1.8 Materials for Prestressed Concrete.

1.8.1 High-Strength Concrete Mixes

Prestressed concrete requires concrete which has a high compressive strength at a reasonably
early age, with comparatively higher tensile strength than ordinary concrete. Low shrinkage,
minimum creep characteristic and a high value of Young’s modulus are generally deemed
necessary for concrete used for prestressed members. Many desirable properties, such as
durability, impermeability and abrasion resistance, are highly influenced by the strength of
concrete. With the development of vibration techniques in 1930, it became possible to produce,
without much difficulty, high-strength concrete having 28-day cube compressive strength in
the range of 30-70 N/mm2. Recent developments in the field of concrete-mix design have
indicated that it is now possible to produce even ultra-high strength concrete, of any desired 28-
day cube compressive strength ranging from 70 to 100 N/mm2, without taking recourse to
unusual materials or processing and without facing any significant technical difficulties,

1.9 Methods of Prestressing

1.9.1 Pretensioning

In pretensioned members, the tendons are tensioned even before casting the concrete. One end
of the reinforcement is secured to an abutment while the other end of the reinforcement is pulled
by using a jack and this end is then fixed to another abutment. The concrete is then poured.
After the concrete has cured and hardened the ends of the reinforcement are released from the
abutment. The reinforcement which tends to resume its original length will compress the
concrete surrounding it by bond action. The prestress is thus transmitted to concrete entirely by
the action of bond between reinforcement and surrounding concrete. A typical pretensioning
bed is as shown in the Fig 1.3

6
 Introduction

Fig 1.3: Pretensioning Bed

1.8.2 Post-tensioning

A post-tensioned member is one in which the reinforcement is tensioned after the concrete has
fully hardened. The beam is first cast leaving ducts for placing the tendons. When concrete has
hardened and developed its strength. The tendon is passed through the duct. One end is provided
with an anchor and is fixed to the one end of the member. Now other end of the tendon is pulled
by a jack that is butting against the end of the member. The jack simultaneously pulls the tendon
and compresses the concrete. After the tendon is subjected to the desired stresses the end of the
tendon is also properly anchored to the concrete. The stages in post-tensioning are as shown in
Fig 1.3

Fig 1.4: Stages in Post-tensioning

7
 Introduction

1.8.3 Pretensioned member Vs Post-tensioned member

Table 1.1: Pretensioned member Vs Post-tensioned member

Pretensioned member Post-tensioned member

1. In pretensioned prestressed concrete, steel 1. Concreting is done first then wires are
is tensioned prior to that of concrete. It is tensioned and anchored at ends. The stress
released once the concrete is placed and transfer is by end bearing not by bond.
hardened. The stresses are transferred all
along the wire by means of bond.

2. Suitable for short span and precast 2. Suitable for long span bridges
products like sleepers, electric poles on mass
production.

3. In pretensioning the cables are basically 3. The post tensioning cables can be aligned
straight and horizontal. Placing them in in any manner to suit the B.M.D due to
curved or inclined position is difficult. external load system. Therefore it is more
However the wires can be kept with economical particularly for long span
eccentrically. Since cables cannot be aligned bridges. The curved or inclined cables can
similar to B.M.D. structural advantages are have vertical component at ends. These
less compare to that of post-tensioned. components will reduce the design shear
force. Hence post-tensioned beams are
superior to pretensioned beams both from
flexural and shear resistances point.

4. Prestress losses are more as compared to 4. Losses are less compare to pre-tensioned
that of post-tensioned concrete. concrete

1.10 System of Prestressing

1. Freyssinet system
2. Magnel Blaton system
3. Gifford-Udall system
4. Lee-McCall system

8
 Introduction

1.10.1 Freyssinet System

Freyssinet system was introduced by the French Engineer Freyssinet and it was the first method
to be introduced. High strength steel wires of 5mm or 7mm diameter, numbering 8 or 12 or 16
or 24 are grouped into a cable with a helical spring inside. Spring keeps proper spacing for the
wire. Cable is inserted in the duct. Anchorage device consists of a concrete cylinder with a
concentric conical hole and corrugations on its surface, and a conical plug carrying grooves on
its surface (Fig. 3). Steel wires are carried along these grooves at the ends. Concrete cylinder is
heavily reinforced. Members are fabricated with the cylinder placed in position. Wires are
pulled by Freyssinet double acting jacks which can pull through the suitable grooves all the
wires in the cable at a time. One end of the wires is anchored and the other end is pulled till the
wires are stretched to the required length. An inner piston in the jack then pushes the plug into
the cylinder to grip the wires.

Fig 1.5: Freyssinet System

1.10.2 Magnel Blaton system

In Freyssinet system several wires are stretched at a time. In Magnel Blaton system, two wires
are stretched at a time. This method was introduced by a famous engineer, Prof. Magnel of
Belgium. In this system, the anchorage device consists of sandwich plate having grooves to
hold the wires and wedges which are also grooved. Each plate carries eight wires. Between the
two ends the spacing of the wires is maintained by spacers. Wires of 5mm or 7mm are adopted.
Cables consist of wires in multiples of 8 wires. Cables with as much as 64 wires are also used
under special conditions. A specially devised jack pulls two wires at a time and anchors them.

9
 Introduction

1.10.3 Gifford Udall System

This system originated in Great Britain, is widely used in India. This is a single wire system.
Each wire is stressed independently using a double acting jack. Any number of wires can be
grouped together to form a cable in this system. There are two types of anchorage device in this

a) Tube anchorages

b) Plate anchorages

Tube anchorage consists of a bearing plate, anchor wedges and anchor grips. Anchor plate may
be square or circular and have 8 or 12 tapered holes to accommodate the individual prestressing
wires. These wires are locked into the tapered holes by means of anchor wedges. In addition,
grout entry hole is also provided in the bearing plate for grouting. Anchor wedges are split cone
wedges carrying serrations on its flat surface. There is a tube unit which is a fabricated steel
component incorporating a thrust plate, a steel tube with a surrounding helix. This unit is
attached to the end shutters and forms an efficient cast-in component of the anchorage.

1.10.4 Lee McCall System

This method is used to prestress steel bars. The diameter of the bar is between 12 and 28mm.
bars provided with threads at the ends are inserted in the performed ducts. After stretching the
bars to the required length, they are tightened using nuts against bearing plates provided at the
end sections of the member.

1.10.5 Other Methods of Prestressing:

1.10.5.1 Electrical Prestressing:

In this method, reinforcing bars is coated with thermoplastic material such as sulphur or low
melting alloy and buried in the concrete. After the concrete is set, electric current of low voltage
but high amperage is passed through the bar. Electric current heats the bar and the bar elongates.
Bars provided with threads at the other end are tightened against heavy washers, after required
elongation is obtained. When the bar cools, prestress develops and the bond is restored by re-
solidification of the coating.

10
 Introduction

1.10.5.2 Chemical Prestressing:

Chemical prestressing is done using expanding cement. Prestressing can be applied embedding
steel in concrete made of expanding cement. Steel is elongated by the expansion of the concrete
and thus gets prestressed. Steel in turn produces compressive stress in concrete.

11
 Chapter 2

Losses of Prestress

The initial prestress in concrete undergoes a gradual reduction with time from the stage of
transfer due to various causes. This is generally referred to as loss of prestress. The following
are the different types of losses encountered.

2.1 Losses in Pretensioning

1. Elastic deformation of concrete

2. Relaxation of stress in steel
3. Shrinkage of concrete
4. Creep of concrete

2.2 Losses in Post-tensioning

1. No loss due to elastic deformation if all wires are simultaneously tensioned. If the wires
are successively tensioned, there will be loss of prestress due to elastic deformation of
concrete.
2. Relaxation of stress in steel
3. Shrinkage of concrete
4. Creep of concrete
5. Friction
6. Anchorage slip
 Loss of Prestress

2.3 Loss due to elastic deformation of concrete

When the prestress is transmitted to the concrete member, there is contraction due to prestress.
This contraction causes a loss of stretch in the wire. When some of the stretch is lost, prestress
gets reduced. This comes under immediate loss. In pretensioned concrete, when the prestress is
transferred to the concrete the member shortens and prestressing steel also shortens in it. Hence
there is a loss of prestress. In case of post-tensioning if all the cables are tensioned
simultaneously there is no loss since the applied stress is recorded after the elastic shortening
has completely occurred. If the cables are tensioned sequentially there is loss in the tendon
during subsequent stretching of other tendons. The loss of prestress due to deformation of
concrete depends on the modular ratio & the average stress in concrete at the level of steel.

Strain in concrete at level of steel= fc/Ec

Stress in steel corresponding to this strain= fc Es/Ec

Therefore, loss of stress in steel= αe fc

2.4 Loss due to shrinkage of concrete

Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the contraction due to loss of moisture. Due to the shrinkage
of concrete, the prestress in the tendon is reduced with time. Curing the concrete adequately
and delaying the application of load provide long term benefits with regards to durability and
loss of prestress. In special situations detailed calculations may be necessary to monitor
shrinkage strain with time. Specialised literature or international codes can provide guidelines
for such calculations.

Factors affecting the shrinkage in concrete

1. The loss due to shrinkage of concrete results in shortening of tensioned wires & hence
contributes to the loss of stress.
2. The shrinkage of concrete is influenced by the type of cement, aggregate & the method
of curing used.
3. Use of high strength concrete with low water cement ratio results in reduction in
shrinkage and consequent loss of prestress.
4. The primary cause of drying shrinkage is the progressive loss of water from concrete.
5. The rate of shrinkage is higher at the surface of the member.

13
 Loss of Prestress

6. The differential shrinkage between the interior surfaces of large member may result in
strain gradients leading to surface cracking. Hence, proper curing is essential to prevent
cracks due to shrinkage in prestress members. In the case of pretensioned members,
generally moist curing is restored in order to prevent shrinkage until the time of transfer.
Consequently, the total residual shrinkage strain will be larger in pretensioned members
after transfer of prestress in comparison with post-tensioned members, where a portion
of shrinkage will have already taken place by the time of transfer of stress. This aspect
has been considered in the recommendation made by the code (IS:1343) for the loss of
prestress due to shrinkage of concrete and is obtained below:
If,
εcs= Total residual shrinkage strain= 300x10-6 for Pretensioning and

= [200x10-6/log10(t+2)] for Post-tensioning

t= Age of concrete at transfer in days.
Then, the loss of stress= εcs Es

2.5 Loss due to relaxation of stress in steel

Most of the codes provide for the loss of stress due to relaxation of steel as a percentage of
initial stress in steel. The Indian standard code recommends a value varying from 0 to 90 N/mm2
for stress in wires varying from 0.5 fpu to 0.8 fpu

Where, fpu= characteristic strength of prestressing tendon.

Table 2.1: Relaxation losses for prestressing losses at 1000h at 27±2° C (IS: 1343)

Sr. No Initial Stresses Relaxation Loss (%)

Normal Low

1 0.7 fpu 0 0

2 0.6 fpu 0.3 1.0

3 0.7 fpu 5.0 2.5

4 0.8 fpu 8.0 4.5

14
 Loss of Prestress

2.6 Loss due to creep

Creep of concrete is defined as the increase in deformation with time under constant load. Creep
is time dependent. Due to the creep of concrete, the prestress in the tendon is reduced with time.
For stresses in concrete less than one third of the characteristic strength the ultimate strain is
found to be proportional to elastic strain. The ratio of the ultimate creep strain to the elastic
strain is defined as the ultimate creep coefficient or simply creep coefficient Φ.

The following considerations are applicable for calculating the loss of prestress due to creep.

1) The creep is due to the sustained (permanently applied) loads only. Temporary loads are not
considered in the calculation of creep.

2) Since the prestress may vary along the length of the member, an average value of the
prestress can be considered.

3) The prestress changes due to creep and the creep is related to the instantaneous prestress. To
consider this interaction, the calculation of creep can be iterated over small time steps.

Formula:

Ultimate creep strain

The loss of stress due to creep of concrete = εc fc Es

Creep coefficient method

Creep coefficient = (creep strain/ elastic strain)

Φ = εc / εe

εc= Φ εe = Φ εc Ec Es = Φ fc αe

2.7 Loss due to anchorage slip

In most post tensioning system when the tendon force is transferred from the jack to the
anchoring ends, the friction wedges slip over a small distance. Anchorage blocks also moves
before it settles on concrete. Loss of prestress is due to the consequent reduction in the length
of the tendon. Certain quantity of prestress is released due to this slip of wire through the
anchorages .The amount of slip depends on type of wedge and stress in the wire.

15
 Loss of Prestress

Anchorage loss can be accounted for at the site by overextending the tendon during prestressing
operation by the amount of draw- in before anchorage

Δ= slip anchorage in mm

L=Length of the cable, in mm

A=Cross-sectional area of the cable in mm2

Es =Modulus of elasticity of steel in N/mm2

P=Prestressing force in the cable, in N

Then,

(PL/AE)=Δ

Hence, Loss of stress due to anchorage slip = P/A= Es Δ/L

2.8 Loss due to friction

Frictional loss occurs only in post tensioned beams. When the cable is stressed, friction between
the sides of the duct and the cable does not permit full tension to be transmitted. Therefore at a
point away from the jacking end prestress is less.

In post tensioned members, tensions are housed in ducts or sheaths. If the profile of cable is
linear, loss will be due to straightening or stretching of cables called wobble effect .If the profile
is curved, there will be loss in stress due to friction between tendon and the duct or between the
tendons themselves \.

Px = P0 e-(μα +kx)

Where,

P0= The Prestressing force at the jacking end.

μ = Coefficient of friction between cable and duct

α= the cumulative angle in radians through the tangent to the cable profile has turned between
any two points under consideration

k = Friction coefficient for wave effect

16
 Loss of Prestress

e=2.7183

The IS code recommends the following value for k

k = 0.15 per 100 m for normal condition

k = 1.5 per 100 m for thin walled ducts where heavy vibration are encountered and in other
adverse conditions.

Values for coefficient of friction μ

0.55 for steel moving on smooth concrete

0.35 for steel moving on steel fixed to duct

0.25 for steel moving on steel fixed to concrete

0.25 for steel moving on lead

0.18-0.30 for multilayer wire rope cables in rigid rectangular steel sheaths

0.15-0.25 for multilayer wire rope cables with spacer plates providing lateral separation.

17
 Chapter 3

Loads and Stresses

3.1 Types of loads and stresses

The following are the loads and stresses to be considered in the design of the prestressed I-
Girder.

1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Impact or dynamic effect of live load
4. Temperature stresses

3.1.1 Dead load

The dead load carried by a girder or member shall consist of the portion of the weight of the
superstructure (and the fixed load carried thereon) which is supported wholly or in part by the
girder or member including its own weight.

3.1.2 Live load

 Class AA Loading: This loading is to be adopted within certain municipal limits, in

certain existing or contemplated industrial areas, in other specified areas, and along
certain specified highways. Bridges designed for Class AA loading should be checked
for Class A loading also, as under certain conditions, heavier stresses may be obtained
under Class A loading.
 Design Consideration

 Class A Loading: This loading is to be normally adopted on all roads on which

permanent bridges or culverts are to be constructed.
 Class B Loading: This loading is to be normally adopted for temporary structures and
for bridges in specified areas. Structures with timber span are to be regarded as
temporary structures for the purpose of this class.

3.2 Details of I.R.C Loading

Wheel arrangement for Class 70R (Tracked vehicle)

Fig 3.1: Class 70R Tracked & Wheeled Vehicles

Notes under Fig 3.1

1) The nose to tail spacing between two successive vehicles shall not be less than 90m for
tracked vehicle and 30m for wheeled vehicle.

19
 Design Consideration

2) For multi-lane bridges and culverts, each Class 70R loading shall be considered to
occupy two lanes and no other vehicle shall be allowed in these two lanes. The
passing/crossing vehicle can only be allowed on lanes other than these two lanes. Load
combination is as shown in Table 3.1
3) The maximum loads for the wheeled vehicle shall be 20 tonne for a single axle or 40
tonne for a bogie of two axles spaced not more than 1.22m centres.
4) Class 70R loading is applicable only for bridges having carriageway width of 5.3m and
above (i.e. 1.2 x 2 + 2.9 = 5.3). The minimum clearance between the road face of the
kerb and the outer edge of the wheel or track, ‘C’, shall be 1.2m.
5) The minimum clearance between the outer edge of wheel or track of passing or crossing
vehicles for multilane bridge shall be 1.2m. Vehicles passing or crossing can be either
same class or different class, Tracked or Wheeled.
6) Axle load in tonnes, linear dimension in meters.

Class ‘A’ Train of Vehicle

Fig 3.2: Class ‘A’ Train of Vehicles

20
 Design Consideration

NOTES UNDER FIG 3.2

1) The nose to tail distance between successive trains shall not be less than 18.5m.
2) For single lane bridges having carriageway width less than 5.3m, one lane of Class A
shall be considered to occupy 2.3m. Remaining width of carriageway shall be loaded
with 500 Kg/m2, as shown in Table 3.1
3) For multi-lane bridges each Class A loading shall be considered to occupy single lane
for design purpose. Live load combinations as shown in Table 3.1 shall be followed.
4) Axle loads in tonne. Linear dimensions in metre.

3.3 Live Load Combinations

The carriageway live load combinations shall be considered for the design as shown below in
Table: 3.1.

Table3.1: Live load combination

Sr.No. Carriageway Width. Number of lanes Load combination.

for design purpose.
1 Less than 5.3m 1 One lane of Class A considered to
occupy 2.3m .The remaining width of
carriageway shall be loaded with
500KGg/m2.

2 5.3m to 9.6m 2 One lane of Class 70R or two lane of

Class A.

3 9.6m to 13.1m 3 One lane of class 70R with one lane

of Class A or three lanes of Class A

4 13.1m to 16.6m 4 One lane of Class 70R for every two

lanes with one lane of Class A for the
5 16.6m to 20.1m 5
remaining lanes, if any, or one lane of
6 20.1m to 23.6m 6 Class A of each lane.

21
 Chapter 4

Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder

4.1 Brief description of the proposal

4.1.1 Concrete

Controlled concrete of grade M45 giving cube strength of 45N/mm2 on 150mm cubes tested at
28 days is proposed for PSC girders, diaphragms and RCC deck slab.

4.1.2 High Tensile Steel

High tensile steel shall be the standard coated, stress relived confirming to IS: 6006-class II
having a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 18.74t per strand. The wires shall be stress
relived plain, cold drawn wires confirming to IS: 1785.

4.1.3 Design Aspect

In accordance with the sequence of construction and depending on the imposition of loads,
forces and moments are encountered. Beams sections are checked for bending moment and
shear force effects at various sections.
Design of PSC girder is in conformity with the IRC code of practice for plain reinforced and
prestressed concrete. The end block design is in conformity with IS: 1343 code of practice for
design of prestressed concrete structures and IRC: 18. Deflection of the PSC girder is checked
accounting for all long term and short term losses in prestress.
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

4.2 Design data

For the design purpose following preliminary data was selected based on IRC
recommendations.
The length of the girder is 21.1m and the centre to centre distance between the bearings is
20.3m. The deck slab width is 10.5m. It is simply supported by four numbers of prestressed
post tensioned concrete girders spaced at 2.5m.
After considering the dimensions of the anti-crash barriers and the footpath the carriage way
width was determined as 7.5m.
Depending on the size of the carriage way the type of the loading combination was determined
from the Table No: 3.2. The load combination was found out to be as Two lane of Class A or
One lane of Class 70R. Referring the IRC 18:2000 the minimum dimensions for the girders
where fixed as:
Web Thickness: 300mm
Top flange width: 900mm
Bottom flange width: 800mm
Overall Depth of Girder: 1900mm
Minimum thickness of deck slab: 250mm
Minimum cover to steel: 40mm
Minimum cover to duct: 75mm
The various section properties for the running section and end section where calculated. For the
computation of the bending moment and shear force a model was prepared in the STAAD PRO
software as shown in Fig: 4.1

Fig 4.1: Staad Model

23
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

4.2.1 Staad Editor File

The editor file prepared in staad pro software after graphical modelling and inputs is shown
below

UNIT METER KN

JOINT COORDINATES

4 0.000338018 0 -0.000200272; 5 20.6743 0 -0.000200272; 6 20.6743 0 10.4998;

11 0.000338018 0 10.4998; 14 0.400338 0 10.4998; 15 0.400338 0 -0.000200272;

31 0.400338 0 6.49979; 33 0.400338 0 8.99979; 35 0.400338 0 3.99979;

37 0.400338 0 1.49979; 74 0.000338018 0 6.49979; 75 0.000338018 0 8.99979;

76 0.000338018 0 3.99979; 77 0.000338018 0 1.49979; 78 20.6743 0 6.49979;

79 20.6743 0 8.99979; 80 20.6743 0 3.99979; 81 20.6743 0 1.49979;

83 0.400338 0 9.99979; 93 0.000338018 0 9.99979; 94 20.6743 0 9.99979;

96 0.400338 0 0.49979; 106 0.000338018 0 0.49979; 107 20.6743 0 0.49979;

108 9.9703 0 -0.000200272; 109 9.9703 0 10.4998; 110 9.9703 0 6.49979;

111 9.9703 0 8.99979; 112 9.9703 0 3.99979; 113 9.9703 0 1.49979;

114 9.9703 0 9.99979; 115 9.9703 0 0.49979; 116 8.06034 0 -0.000200272;

117 8.06034 0 10.4998; 118 8.06034 0 6.49979; 119 8.06034 0 8.99979;

120 8.06034 0 3.99979; 121 8.06034 0 1.49979; 122 8.06034 0 9.99979;

123 8.06034 0 0.49979; 124 6.10034 0 -0.000200272; 125 6.10034 0 10.4998;

126 6.10034 0 6.49979; 127 6.10034 0 8.99979; 128 6.10034 0 3.99979;

129 6.10034 0 1.49979; 130 6.10034 0 9.99979; 131 6.10034 0 0.49979;

132 4.09034 0 -0.000200272; 133 4.09034 0 10.4998; 134 4.09034 0 6.49979;

135 4.09034 0 8.99979; 136 4.09034 0 3.99979; 137 4.09034 0 1.49979;

138 4.09034 0 9.99979; 139 4.09034 0 0.49979; 140 2.11034 0 -0.000200272;

141 2.11034 0 10.4998; 142 2.11034 0 6.49979; 143 2.11034 0 8.99979;

144 2.11034 0 3.99979; 145 2.11034 0 1.49979; 146 2.11034 0 9.99979;

147 2.11034 0 0.49979; 148 3.70034 0 -0.000200272; 149 3.70034 0 10.4998;

150 3.70034 0 6.49979; 151 3.70034 0 8.99979; 152 3.70034 0 3.99979;

24
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

153 3.70034 0 1.49979; 154 3.70034 0 9.99979; 155 3.70034 0 0.49979;

156 1.25034 0 -0.000200272; 157 1.25034 0 10.4998; 158 1.25034 0 6.49979;

159 1.25034 0 8.99979; 160 1.25034 0 3.99979; 161 1.25034 0 1.49979;

162 1.25034 0 9.99979; 163 1.25034 0 0.49979; 164 12.0843 0 -0.000200272;

165 12.0843 0 10.4998; 166 12.0843 0 6.49979; 167 12.0843 0 8.99979;

168 12.0843 0 3.99979; 169 12.0843 0 1.49979; 170 12.0843 0 9.99979;

171 12.0843 0 0.49979; 172 14.1943 0 -0.000200272; 173 14.1943 0 10.4998;

174 14.1943 0 6.49979; 175 14.1943 0 8.99979; 176 14.1943 0 3.99979;

177 14.1943 0 1.49979; 178 14.1943 0 9.99979; 179 14.1943 0 0.49979;

180 16.3043 0 -0.000200272; 181 16.3043 0 10.4998; 182 16.3043 0 6.49979;

183 16.3043 0 8.99979; 184 16.3043 0 3.99979; 185 16.3043 0 1.49979;

186 16.3043 0 9.99979; 187 16.3043 0 0.49979; 188 18.4143 0 -0.000200272;

189 18.4143 0 10.4998; 190 18.4143 0 6.49979; 191 18.4143 0 8.99979;

192 18.4143 0 3.99979; 193 18.4143 0 1.49979; 194 18.4143 0 9.99979;

195 18.4143 0 0.49979; 196 16.7443 0 -0.000200272; 197 16.7443 0 10.4998;

198 16.7443 0 6.49979; 199 16.7443 0 8.99979; 200 16.7443 0 3.99979;

201 16.7443 0 1.49979; 202 16.7443 0 9.99979; 203 16.7443 0 0.49979;

204 19.2743 0 -0.000200272; 205 19.2743 0 10.4998; 206 19.2743 0 6.49979;

207 19.2743 0 8.99979; 208 19.2743 0 3.99979; 209 19.2743 0 1.49979;

210 19.2743 0 9.99979; 211 19.2743 0 0.49979; 212 20.1243 0 -0.000200272;

213 20.1243 0 10.4998; 214 20.1243 0 6.49979; 215 20.1243 0 8.99979;

216 20.1243 0 3.99979; 217 20.1243 0 1.49979; 218 20.1243 0 9.99979;

219 20.1243 0 0.49979; 220 1.60034 0 -0.000200272; 221 1.60034 0 10.4998;

222 1.60034 0 6.49979; 223 1.60034 0 8.99979; 224 1.60034 0 3.99979;

225 1.60034 0 1.49979; 226 1.60034 0 9.99979; 227 1.60034 0 0.49979;

228 4.05034 0 -0.000200272; 229 4.05034 0 10.4998; 230 4.05034 0 6.49979;

231 4.05034 0 8.99979; 232 4.05034 0 3.99979; 233 4.05034 0 1.49979;

234 4.05034 0 9.99979; 235 4.05034 0 0.49979; 236 18.9243 0 -0.000200272;

25
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

237 18.9243 0 10.4998; 238 18.9243 0 6.49979; 239 18.9243 0 8.99979;

240 18.9243 0 3.99979; 241 18.9243 0 1.49979; 242 18.9243 0 9.99979;

243 18.9243 0 0.49979; 244 16.3943 0 -0.000200272; 245 16.3943 0 10.4998;

246 16.3943 0 6.49979; 247 16.3943 0 8.99979; 248 16.3943 0 3.99979;

249 16.3943 0 1.49979; 250 16.3943 0 9.99979; 251 16.3943 0 0.49979;

MEMBER INCIDENCES

3 4 15; 7 6 213; 8 11 93; 10 14 83; 22 15 156; 41 14 11; 56 37 96; 57 35 37;

58 31 35; 59 33 31; 124 74 76; 125 31 74; 126 75 74; 127 33 75; 128 76 77;

129 35 76; 130 77 106; 131 37 77; 133 31 158; 135 33 159; 137 35 160;

139 37 161; 141 83 33; 151 93 75; 163 83 93; 164 83 162; 166 96 15; 176 106 4;

188 96 106; 189 96 163; 190 5 107; 191 107 81; 192 81 80; 193 80 78; 194 78 79;

195 79 94; 196 94 6; 197 108 164; 198 109 117; 199 110 166; 200 111 167;

201 112 168; 202 113 169; 203 114 170; 204 115 171; 205 109 114; 206 110 112;

207 111 110; 208 112 113; 209 113 115; 210 114 111; 211 115 108; 212 116 108;

213 117 125; 214 118 110; 215 119 111; 216 120 112; 217 121 113; 218 122 114;

219 123 115; 220 117 122; 221 118 120; 222 119 118; 223 120 121; 224 121 123;

225 122 119; 226 123 116; 227 124 116; 228 125 133; 229 126 118; 230 127 119;

231 128 120; 232 129 121; 233 130 122; 234 131 123; 235 125 130; 236 126 128;

237 127 126; 238 128 129; 239 129 131; 240 130 127; 241 131 124; 242 132 124;

243 133 229; 244 134 126; 245 135 127; 246 136 128; 247 137 129; 248 138 130;

249 139 131; 250 133 138; 251 134 136; 252 135 134; 253 136 137; 254 137 139;

255 138 135; 256 139 132; 257 140 148; 258 141 221; 259 142 150; 260 143 151;

261 144 152; 262 145 153; 263 146 154; 264 147 155; 265 141 146; 266 142 144;

267 143 142; 268 144 145; 269 145 147; 270 146 143; 271 147 140; 272 148 228;

273 149 141; 274 150 230; 275 151 231; 276 152 232; 277 153 233; 278 154 234;

279 155 235; 280 149 154; 281 150 152; 282 151 150; 283 152 153; 284 153 155;

285 154 151; 286 155 148; 287 156 220; 288 157 14; 289 158 222; 290 159 223;

291 160 224; 292 161 225; 293 162 226; 294 163 227; 295 157 162; 296 158 160;
26
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

297 159 158; 298 160 161; 299 161 163; 300 162 159; 301 163 156; 302 164 172;

303 165 109; 304 166 174; 305 167 175; 306 168 176; 307 169 177; 308 170 178;

309 171 179; 310 164 171; 311 171 169; 312 169 168; 313 168 166; 314 166 167;

315 167 170; 316 170 165; 317 172 180; 318 173 165; 319 174 182; 320 175 183;

321 176 184; 322 177 185; 323 178 186; 324 179 187; 325 172 179; 326 179 177;

327 177 176; 328 176 174; 329 174 175; 330 175 178; 331 178 173; 332 180 244;

333 181 173; 334 182 246; 335 183 247; 336 184 248; 337 185 249; 338 186 250;

339 187 251; 340 180 187; 341 187 185; 342 185 184; 343 184 182; 344 182 183;

345 183 186; 346 186 181; 347 188 236; 348 189 197; 349 190 238; 350 191 239;

351 192 240; 352 193 241; 353 194 242; 354 195 243; 355 188 195; 356 195 193;

357 193 192; 358 192 190; 359 190 191; 360 191 194; 361 194 189; 362 196 188;

363 197 245; 364 198 190; 365 199 191; 366 200 192; 367 201 193; 368 202 194;

369 203 195; 370 196 203; 371 203 201; 372 201 200; 373 200 198; 374 198 199;

375 199 202; 376 202 197; 377 204 212; 378 205 237; 379 206 214; 380 207 215;

381 208 216; 382 209 217; 383 210 218; 384 211 219; 385 204 211; 386 211 209;

387 209 208; 388 208 206; 389 206 207; 390 207 210; 391 210 205; 392 212 5;

393 213 205; 394 214 78; 395 215 79; 396 216 80; 397 217 81; 398 218 94;

399 219 107; 400 212 219; 401 219 217; 402 217 216; 403 216 214; 404 214 215;

405 215 218; 406 218 213; 407 220 140; 408 221 157; 409 222 142; 410 223 143;

411 224 144; 412 225 145; 413 226 146; 414 227 147; 415 221 226; 416 222 224;

417 223 222; 418 224 225; 419 225 227; 420 226 223; 421 227 220; 422 228 132;

423 229 133; 424 230 134; 425 231 135; 426 232 136; 427 233 137; 428 234 138;

429 235 139; 430 229 234; 431 230 232; 432 231 230; 433 232 233; 434 233 235;

435 234 231; 436 235 228; 437 236 204; 438 237 189; 439 238 206; 440 239 207;

441 240 208; 442 241 209; 443 242 210; 444 243 211; 445 236 243; 446 243 241;

447 241 240; 448 240 238; 449 238 239; 450 239 242; 451 242 237; 452 244 196;

453 245 181; 454 246 198; 455 247 199; 456 248 200; 457 249 201; 458 250 202;

459 251 203; 460 244 251; 461 251 249; 462 249 248; 463 248 246; 464 246 247;
27
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

465 247 250; 466 250 245; 467 133 229; 468 132 228; 469 229 133; 470 134 230;

471 135 231; 472 136 232; 473 137 233; 474 138 234; 475 139 235; 476 228 132;

477 230 134; 478 231 135; 479 232 136; 480 233 137; 481 234 138; 482 235 139;

483 133 229; 484 132 228; 485 229 149; 486 134 230; 487 135 231; 488 136 232;

489 137 233; 490 138 234; 491 139 235; 492 228 132; 493 230 134; 494 231 135;

495 232 136; 496 233 137; 497 234 138; 498 235 139;

DEFINE MATERIAL START

ISOTROPIC CONCRETE

E 2.17185e+007

POISSON 0.17

DENSITY 23.5616

ALPHA 1e-005

DAMP 0.05

ISOTROPIC CONCRETE0

E 2.17185e+007

POISSON 0.17

DENSITY 0.01

ALPHA 1e-005

DAMP 0.05

END DEFINE MATERIAL

MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN

3 7 8 22 41 124 126 128 130 151 163 164 176 188 TO 198 203 TO 213 218 TO 228 -

233 TO 243 248 TO 258 263 TO 273 278 TO 288 293 TO 303 308 TO 318 -

323 TO 333 338 TO 348 353 TO 363 368 TO 378 383 TO 393 398 399 407 408 413 -

414 TO 423 428 TO 438 443 TO 453 458 TO 469 474 TO 476 481 TO 485 490 TO 492 -

497 498 PRIS YD 0.1 ZD 0.1

10 56 TO 59 141 166 400 TO 406 PRIS YD 1.7 ZD 0.5

MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN

28
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 289 TO 292 379 TO 382 394 TO 397 439 TO 441 -

442 PRIS AX 2.168 AY 1.89656 AZ 1.89656 IX 2.694 IY 0.41 IZ 2.662

259 TO 262 274 TO 277 349 TO 352 364 TO 367 409 TO 412 454 TO 457 470 TO 473 -

477 TO 480 486 TO 489 493 TO 495 -

496 PRIS AX 1.8465 AY 1.61547 AZ 1.61567 IX 2.183 IY 0.384 IZ 2.148

199 TO 202 214 TO 217 229 TO 232 244 TO 247 304 TO 307 319 TO 322 334 TO 337 -

424 TO 427 PRIS AX 1.525 AY 1.33438 AZ 1.33438 IX 1.673 IY 0.357 IZ 1.635

CONSTANTS

MATERIAL CONCRETE MEMB 10 56 TO 59 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 166 -

199 TO 202 214 TO 217 229 TO 232 244 TO 247 259 TO 262 274 TO 277 -

289 TO 292 304 TO 307 319 TO 322 334 TO 337 349 TO 352 364 TO 367 -

379 TO 382 394 TO 397 400 TO 406 409 TO 412 424 TO 427 439 TO 442 -

454 TO 457 470 TO 473 477 TO 480 486 TO 489 493 TO 496

MATERIAL CONCRETE0 MEMB 3 7 8 22 41 124 126 128 130 151 163 164 176 -

188 TO 198 203 TO 213 218 TO 228 233 TO 243 248 TO 258 263 TO 273 -

278 TO 288 293 TO 303 308 TO 318 323 TO 333 338 TO 348 353 TO 363 -

368 TO 378 383 TO 393 398 399 407 408 413 TO 423 428 TO 438 443 TO 453 458 -

459 TO 469 474 TO 476 481 TO 485 490 TO 492 497 498

SUPPORTS

31 33 35 37 214 TO 217 PINNED

DEFINE MOVING LOAD

Class A without impact

TYPE 100 LOAD 34 34 34 34 57.5 57.5 13.5 13.5

DIST 3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1 WID 2.3

LOAD GENERATION 205

TYPE 100 -18.8 0 3.95 XINC 0.2

TYPE 100 -18.8 0 7.45 XINC 0.2

The bending moment diagram obtained is as shown in Fig 4.2

29
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

Fig 4.2: Class A without impact

Class A with impact

TYPE 110 LOAD 39.5284 39.5284 39.5284 39.5284 66.8495 66.8495 15.6951 15.6951

DIST 3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1 WID 2.3

LOAD GENERATION 205

TYPE 110 -18.8 0 3.95 XINC 0.2

TYPE 110 -18.8 0 7.45 XINC 0.2

The bending moment diagram obtained is as shown in Fig: 4.3

Fig 4.3: Class A with impact

30
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

70R without impact

TYPE 70 LOAD 85 85 85 85 60 60 40

DIST 1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96 WID 2.79

LOAD GENERATION 177

TYPE 70 -13.4 0 5.49 XINC 0.2

The bending moment diagram obtained is as shown in Fig: 4.4

Fig 4.4: Class 70R without impact

70R with impact

TYPE 77 LOAD 98.821 98.821 98.821 98.821 69.756 69.756 46.504

DIST 1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96 WID 2.79

LOAD GENERATION 177

TYPE 77 -13.4 0 5.49 XINC 0.2

The bending moment diagram is as shown in Fig: 4.5

31
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

Fig4.5: Class 70R with impact

LOAD 206 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE FOOTPATH

FLOOR LOAD

YRANGE 0 0 FLOAD -5 ZRANGE 8.9 10.1 GY

YRANGE 0 0 FLOAD -5 ZRANGE 0.4 1.6 GY

PERFORM ANALYSIS

FINISH.

32
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I- Girder

4.2.2 Output

The total bending moment and shear force obtained from the Staad Pro is as shown in Table
4.1

Table 4.1: Staad output

Bending Shear Force Footpath Total Total

Moment Bend- Shear
Force
Locat- From From 70R Class 70R Class Mo Shear ing
end supp. A A ment Mom-
ion End
(m) ent
(m)

L/2 10.55 10.15 156 131 13 9.45 23.3 0.45 179.30 13.45

0.4L 8.44 8.04 150 132 17 13.73 23 1.4 173.00 18.4

0.3L 6.33 5.93 129 117 21 18.25 19.6 2.4 148.60 24

0.2L 4.22 3.82 92.5 88.9 27 17.26 14.3 2.7 106.80 30

0.1L 2.11 1.71 47 32 31 22 6.7 3.8 53.70 35.1

Cha. 4.10 3.70 85 46 29 25.40 12.9 3.5 97.90 32.5

End

X 1.60 1.20 24 80.8 32 8.83 3.1 0.1 83.90 32.1

0 0.40 0.00 0.5 5.82 34 8.83 0.75 0.05 6.57 34.05

Depending upon the bending moment diagram obtained from STAAD PRO the cable profile
was decided to be as parabolic in nature. The various losses of prestress were determined in
accordance with IS 1343:2000. The section was checked for ultimate shear and similarly the
shear reinforcement was designed. The longitudinal reinforcements were designed in
accordance with IRC 18:2000 and the minimum reinforcement was provided to be as 0.18% of
the cross sectional area of concrete. Referring IRC 18:2000 clause 7.3 and clause 17 the end
block and the bursting reinforcement was designed. The calculations of all the above stated
particulars are shown in the following excel sheets.

33
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder

4.4 Calculation of parabolic Cable profile ordinates.

Calculation of parabolic Cable profile ordinates. CABLE NO. 1 G
Y = (10.4) x (10.4 ) = 0.16
face of cone 676.00
A = 108 (sq.of parabolic length)
0.160 cable lift above centre
0.160 = 676.0
d = distance of cable above soffit
0.160 Rise of parabolla - f = 140 mm
C1 = 12.1 m
d = 140 soffit line Tan F = 2 Y1
10.400 X1
parablic length St.inclined length = 0.16 m Endblock ordinate = 300.0 mm
cable increment 0.4

Y1 = X12 Cable ordinate measured Cable Angles 0.64

676.0 above soffit
meters section distance meters IN mm mm meters Tan F Radians Degrees
X1 Y1 Y1 Y2 Y2 2 * Y1 / X1
0 0.00 CENTRE 10.400 0.000 0.000 140.000 0.14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
1 0.400 10.000 0.000 0.237 140.237 0.14 0.001 0.001 0.068 1
2 0.800 9.600 0.001 0.947 140.947 0.14 0.002 0.002 0.136 2
3 1.200 9.200 0.002 2.130 142.130 0.142 0.004 0.004 0.203 3
4 1.600 8.800 0.004 3.787 143.787 0.14 0.005 0.005 0.271 4
5 2.000 8.400 0.006 5.917 145.917 0.15 0.006 0.006 0.339 5
6 2.400 8.000 0.009 8.521 148.521 0.15 0.007 0.007 0.407 6
7 2.800 7.600 0.012 11.60 151.598 0.15 0.008 0.008 0.475 7
8 3.200 7.200 0.015 15.15 155.148 0.16 0.009 0.009 0.542 8
9 3.600 6.800 0.019 19.17 159.172 0.16 0.011 0.011 0.610 9
10 4.000 6.400 0.024 23.67 163.669 0.16 0.012 0.012 0.678 10
11 4.400 6.000 0.029 28.64 168.639 0.17 0.013 0.013 0.746 REMARK 11
12 4.800 5.600 0.034 34.08 174.083 0.17 0.014 0.014 0.814 12
13 5.200 5.200 0.040 40.00 180.000 0.18 0.015 0.015 0.881 13
14 5.600 4.800 0.046 46.39 186.391 0.19 0.017 0.017 0.949 14
15 6.000 4.400 0.053 53.25 193.254 0.19 0.018 0.018 1.017 15
16 6.400 4.000 0.061 60.59 200.592 0.20 0.019 0.019 1.085 16
17 6.800 3.600 0.068 68.40 208.402 0.21 0.020 0.020 1.153 17
18 7.200 3.200 0.077 76.69 216.686 0.22 0.021 0.021 1.220 18
19 7.600 2.800 0.085 85.44 225.444 0.23 0.022 0.022 1.288 19
20 8.000 2.400 0.095 94.67 234.675 0.23 0.024 0.024 1.356 20
21 8.400 2.000 0.104 104.4 244.379 0.24 0.025 0.025 1.424 21
22 8.800 1.600 0.115 114.6 254.556 0.25 0.026 0.026 1.491 22
23 9.200 1.200 0.125 125.2 265.207 0.27 0.027 0.027 1.559 23
24 9.600 0.800 0.136 136.3 276.331 0.28 0.028 0.028 1.627 24
25 10.000 0.400 0.148 147.9 287.929 0.29 0.030 0.030 1.695 25
26 10.400 END 0.000 0.160 160.0 300.000 0.30 0.031 0.031 1.762 26

Calculation of parabolic Cable profile ordinates. CABLE NO. 2 G

Y = (10) x (10 ) = 0.56
face of cone 193.14
A = 108 (sq.of parabolic length)
0.560 cable lift above centre
0.560 = 193.1
d = distance of cable above soffit
0.560 Rise of parabolla - f = 340 mm

d = 340 soffit line Tan F = 2 Y1

10.400 X1
parablic length St.inclined length = 0.56 m Endblock ordinate = 900.0 mm
cable increment 0.4

Y1 = X12 Cable ordinate measured Cable Angles

193.1 above soffit
meters section distance meters IN mm mm meters Tan F Radians Degrees
X1 Y1 Y1 Y2 Y2 2 * Y1 / X1
0.00 CENTRE 10.400 0.000 0.000 340.000 0.34 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.400 10.000 0.001 0.828 340.828 0.34 0.004 0.004 0.237 1
0.800 9.600 0.003 3.314 343.314 0.34 0.008 0.008 0.475 2
1.200 9.200 0.007 7.456 347.456 0.347 0.012 0.012 0.712 3
1.600 8.800 0.013 13.254 353.254 0.35 0.017 0.017 0.949 4
2.000 8.400 0.021 20.710 360.710 0.36 0.021 0.021 1.186 5
2.400 8.000 0.030 29.822 369.822 0.37 0.025 0.025 1.424 6
2.800 7.600 0.041 40.59 380.592 0.38 0.029 0.029 1.661 7
3.200 7.200 0.053 53.02 393.018 0.39 0.033 0.033 1.898 8
3.600 6.800 0.067 67.10 407.101 0.41 0.037 0.037 2.135 9
4.000 6.400 0.083 82.84 422.840 0.42 0.041 0.041 2.372 10
4.400 6.000 0.100 100.24 440.237 0.44 0.046 0.046 2.609 REMARK 11
4.800 5.600 0.119 119.29 459.290 0.46 0.050 0.050 2.845 12
5.200 5.200 0.140 140.00 480.000 0.48 0.054 0.054 3.082 13
5.600 4.800 0.162 162.37 502.367 0.50 0.058 0.058 3.319 14
6.000 4.400 0.186 186.39 526.391 0.53 0.062 0.062 3.555 15
6.400 4.000 0.212 212.07 552.071 0.55 0.066 0.066 3.792 16
6.800 3.600 0.239 239.4 579.408 0.58 0.070 0.070 4.028 17
7.200 3.200 0.268 268.4 608.402 0.61 0.075 0.074 4.264 18
7.600 2.800 0.299 299.1 639.053 0.64 0.079 0.079 4.500 19
8.000 2.400 0.331 331.4 671.361 0.67 0.083 0.083 4.736 20
8.400 2.000 0.365 365.3 705.325 0.71 0.087 0.087 4.971 21
8.800 1.600 0.401 400.9 740.947 0.74 0.091 0.091 5.207 22
9.200 1.200 0.438 438.2 778.225 0.78 0.095 0.095 5.442 23
9.600 0.800 0.477 477.2 817.160 0.82 0.099 0.099 5.677 24
10.000 0.400 0.518 517.8 857.751 0.86 0.104 0.103 5.912 25
10.400 END 0.000 0.560 560.0 900.000 0.90 0.108 0.107 6.147 26

67
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder

Calculation of parabolic Cable profile ordinates. CABLE NO. 3 G

Y = (10) x (10 ) = 0.96
face of cone 112.67
A = 108 (sq.of parabolic length)
0.960 cable lift above centre
0.960 = 112.7
d = distance of cable above soffit
0.960 Rise of parabolla - f = 540 mm

d = 540 soffit line Tan F = 2 Y1

10.400 X1
parablic length St.inclined length = 0.97 m Endblock ordinate = 1500.0 mm
cable increment 0.4

Y1 = X12 Cable ordinate measured Cable Angles

112.7 above soffit
meters section distance meters IN mm mm meters Tan F Radians Degrees
X1 Y1 Y1 Y2 Y2 2 * Y1 / X1
0.00 CENTRE 10.400 0.000 0.000 540.000 0.54 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.400 10.000 0.001 1.420 541.420 0.54 0.007 0.007 0.407 1
0.800 9.600 0.006 5.680 545.680 0.55 0.014 0.014 0.814 2
1.200 9.200 0.013 12.781 552.781 0.553 0.021 0.021 1.220 3
1.600 8.800 0.023 22.722 562.722 0.56 0.028 0.028 1.627 4
2.000 8.400 0.036 35.503 575.503 0.58 0.036 0.035 2.033 5
2.400 8.000 0.051 51.12 591.124 0.59 0.043 0.043 2.440 6
2.800 7.600 0.070 69.59 609.586 0.61 0.050 0.050 2.845 7
3.200 7.200 0.091 90.89 630.888 0.63 0.057 0.057 3.251 8
3.600 6.800 0.115 115.03 655.030 0.66 0.064 0.064 3.657 9
4.000 6.400 0.142 142.01 682.012 0.68 0.071 0.071 4.062 10
4.400 6.000 0.172 171.83 711.834 0.71 0.078 0.078 4.466 REMARK 11
4.800 5.600 0.204 204.50 744.497 0.74 0.085 0.085 4.870 12
5.200 5.200 0.240 240.00 780.000 0.78 0.092 0.092 5.274 13
5.600 4.800 0.278 278.3 818.343 0.82 0.099 0.099 5.677 14
6.000 4.400 0.320 319.5 859.527 0.86 0.107 0.106 6.080 15
6.400 4.000 0.364 363.6 903.550 0.90 0.114 0.113 6.482 16
6.800 3.600 0.410 410.4 950.414 0.95 0.121 0.120 6.883 17
7.200 3.200 0.460 460.1 1000.118 1.00 0.128 0.127 7.284 18
7.600 2.800 0.513 512.7 1052.663 1.05 0.135 0.134 7.683 19
8.000 2.400 0.568 568.0 1108.047 1.11 0.142 0.141 8.083 20
8.400 2.000 0.626 626.3 1166.272 1.17 0.149 0.148 8.481 21
8.800 1.600 0.687 687.3 1227.337 1.23 0.156 0.155 8.879 22
9.200 1.200 0.751 751.2 1291.243 1.29 0.163 0.162 9.275 23
9.600 0.800 0.818 818.0 1357.988 1.36 0.170 0.169 9.671 24
10.000 0.400 0.888 887.6 1427.574 1.43 0.178 0.176 10.066 25
10.400 END 0.000 0.960 960.0 1500.000 1.50 0.185 0.183 10.460 26

68
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder

69
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder

70
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder

71
 Analysis and Design of Prestressed I-Girder

72
 Chapter 5

Conclusion

Some of the conclusions that can be theorized are as follows:

1. Depending upon the bending moment diagram obtained from Staad Pro software a
parabolic cable profile is provided
2. The values obtained by manual computation and that of Staad Pro software are found
to be in good agreement.
3. The girder designed of dimensions
Web Thickness: 300mm
Top flange width: 900mm
Bottom flange width: 800mm
Overall Depth of Girder: 1900mm
Is found to be safe in shear and bending moment.
 Chapter 6

References

1. N. Krishna Raju, 1981, Prestressed Concrete, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi, India.

2. IRC 6:2010, Standard Specifications and code of practice for Road Bridges Section II: Loads
and Stresses, The Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, India.

3. IRC 18:2000, Design Criteria for Prestressed Concrete Road Bridges (Post-tensioned
Concrete), The Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, India.

4. IRC 21:2000, Standard Specifications and code of practice for Road Bridges Section III:
Cement Concrete (Plain and Reinforced), The Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, India.

5. IS 1343: 2012, Code of practice for Prestressed Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards New
Delhi, India.