G James Glass Handbook PDF

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MALAYSIA
glass handbook
Senai
Cairns
Townsville
Mackay
AUSTRALIA Rockhampton
Gladstone
Bundaberg
Hervey Bay
Narangba Gympie
Sunshine Coast
Toowoomba Brisbane
Eagle Farm Ipswich Gold Coast
Lismore
Logan City
Perth Port Macquarie
Taree
Auckland
Sydney
Melbourne
NEW ZEALAND
See us on the web: www.gjames.com.au

F I R S T
Queensland New South Wales Victoria Asia Pacific

G.James Safety Glass Pty. Ltd. G. James Safety Glass Pty. Ltd. G. James Safety Glass Pty. Ltd. G. James Industries (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
1007 Kingsford Smith Drive, 26 Long Street, 217 Rex Road, Lot 2596, Jalan Perindustrian 3, Kawasan
Eagle Farm, Brisbane Smithfield, Sydney Campbellfield, Melbourne Perindustrian Senai Fasa 11, 81 400
Ph: 61 7 3877 2866 Ph: 61 2 9732 2111 Ph: 61 3 9219 2000 Senai, Johor, Malaysia
Fax: 61 7 3877 2295 Fax: 61 2 9732 2199 Fax: 61 3 9219 2099 Ph: 60 7 599 3266 Fax: 60 7 599 3212
E D I T I O N
Other G. James branches are located at:

Queensland: New South Wales: Asia Pacific:
Logan City, Narangba, Ipswich, Gold Coast, Toowoomba, Lismore, Port Macquarie & Taree Auckland (New Zealand)
Sunshine Coast, Gympie, Hervey Bay, Bundaberg, Western Australia:
Gladstone, Rockhampton, Mackay, Townsville & Cairns Perth
H A N D B O O K
is glass
H A N D B O O K
F I R S T E D I T I O N
Forward
The G.James Group is the most comprehensive and technologically advanced processor of glass
in the Asia Pacific region. Significant investment in training, technology, equipment, business
resources, infrastructure, and quality control systems ensure that all processes - including
cutting, edging, laminating, toughening, double glazing, curving, coating, profiling and painting -
are to world best standards.
Today, G.James operates the only vacuum-coating glass plant in Australia. The Group’s
impressive in-house capability has led to it being the preferred supplier on many national and
international landmark projects.
With its worldwide reputation as an innovator of glass and associated products used in
residential, commercial and high rise monumental buildings, G.James is at the forefront of
developments within the glass industry.
Glass today is used to perform many functions other than its primary role of allowing light to
enter a building. Its applications can be visual, mechanical, structural, decorative, thermal,
architectural, artistic or a combination of any or all of these aspects. G.James provides a range of
services including design assistance, specification guidelines, product development, testing and
assessment to cover all of these elements.
This book has been compiled as a training and reference document for G.James employees,
tutors, students, architects, engineers, builders, those within and those entering our industry.
Whatever your interest, we trust we can pass on a greater understanding of this amazing and
versatile material - GLASS.
If you require further assistance or information on any of the material contained within this
handbook, please contact the G.James Technical Advisory Service on 1800 452 637.
Mr Joseph Saragossi, AO
Chairman of Directors
The G.James Story As the product range gradually expanded, a
small network of regional branches were
The origin of the G.James Group of established and fabrication facilities were
Companies began when the late George increased. However with the limited availability
James migrated from England in 1912. He of safety glass from within Australia and the
established a glass merchandising business constant reliance on local extruders for
initially at West End, Brisbane and then from aluminium profiles, G.James recognised the
the early 1920’s at 31 Bridge Street, Fortitude need to become more autonomous. So began
Valley, Brisbane. what would become a perpetual program of
capital acquisitions and the establishment of
The business was based on buying cases of
strategically located glass processing and
glass from Australian and overseas sources
service facilities.
and then selling to timber joiners. He
commanded a large market covering
Queensland, the northern part of New South
Wales and as far south as Taree.
The business remained as such, with the

addition of some cutting and processing, until
the death of George James in 1958. His son-
in-law Mr Joseph Saragossi, together with
Joseph’s wife Pearle and sister-in-law Gertie
Baratin, founded a private company and
purchased the G.James business. Joseph G.James premises at 31 Bridge Street, Fortitude Valley in 1940, the
company’s home for nearly fifty years.
Saragossi had served as a Radio Officer in the
American Armed Forces. He saw active duty in 1977: Glass Toughening Plant commissioned at
the South West Pacific and after the war Smithfield, Sydney
established a successful electrical contracting 1986: Glass Laminating Facility opens at
business. He became the guiding force in Narangba, Brisbane
building the business from five employees to 1987: Glass Toughening Plant commissioned at
its present size and diversification. Narangba, Brisbane
1989: Glass Toughening Plant opens at
Market conditions were changing, post war
Campbellfield, Melbourne
glass quotas were lifted and major customers
1994: Glass Laminating Factory commenced in
became major competitors. In addition,
Senai, Malaysia
aluminium framed joinery was being
1996: Gas Convection Furnace (for Heat
introduced threatening the existence of the
Processing) installed at Narangba, Brisbane
timber joiners, the most traditional and largest
1998: Insulated Glass Unit Line opens at Eagle
group of customers. These circumstances
Farm, Brisbane
became the motivation in changing the
1998: Off-line, Vacuum Coating Glass Plant
direction from a glass merchant to a diversified
opens at Eagle Farm, Brisbane
wholesale, retail, contracting glass business as
1999: Insulated Glass Unit Line installed at
well as a manufacturer and installer of
Campbellfield, Melbourne
aluminium/glass window and door products for
1999: Curved Toughened Glass Furnace
use in the building industry (residential,
commissioned at Smithfield, Sydney
commercial, industrial and monumental).
1999: Glass Toughening Furnace commissioned
During the 1960’s aluminium largely replaced at Senai, Malaysia

timber for framed joinery and the company
G.James now employs more than 2000 people
relied heavily on imported extrusions and
involved in the manufacture, fabrication,
glass to fulfil its requirements. Economic
processing and installation of a diverse range
growth during the late 60’s and 70’s led to the
of glass and aluminium products.
procurement of custom made extrusions from
Australian producers thereby replacing G.James is today Australia’s leading integrated
previously imported windows and extrusions glass and aluminium manufacturer and
from the U.S.A. contractor.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Table of contents
Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4.0 Heat Treated Glass 34

The G.James Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2 Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.0 Getting to Know Glass 6 4.3 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.1 A Brief History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.4 Available Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1.2 Glass Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.5 Manufacturing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.3 Thickness Tolerances for Glass . . . . . . . . 10 4.6 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.4 Glass Surface Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.7 Colourlite (Ceramic Painted Glass) . . . . 41
1.5 Identifying the Coated Surface . . . . . . . . . 11 4.8 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.6 Glass Staining and Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.9 Heat Soak Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.7 Care and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.0 Curved Toughened Glass 44
1.8 Glass Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.9 Breakage Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.10 Solar Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3 Available Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.11 Thermal Breakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.4 Maximum Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.12 Fade Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.5 Measuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.13 Daylight and Colour Perception . . . . . . . . 23
5.6 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.14 Sound Insulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.7 Glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.15 Spandrel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.8 Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.9 Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.0 Float Glass 28
2.1 Clear Float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6.0 Reflective & Coated Glass 48

2.2 Tinted Float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3 Supertints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2 On-Line Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4 Low Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.3 Solarplus (Off-line Coatings) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.4 Handling Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.0 Laminated Safety Glass 30
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.5 Low E (Low Emissivity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 7.0 Insulated Glass Units 52
3.3 Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 7.2 Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.5 Optilight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 7.3 Manufacturing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.6 Cyclone Resistant Laminate. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.4 Properties and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.7 Anti-Bandit Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.5 Condensation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4 3.8 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.6 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

G JAMES IS GLASS
8.0 Safety and Security Glass 56 11.4 Glass Setting Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 11.5 General Glazing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.2 ArmaClear – Bullet Resistant 11.6 Considerations for Glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
(BR) Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 11.7 Mirror Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8.3 ArmaClear – Physical Attack

(PA) Glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 12.0 Standards and Testing 82
8.4 ArmaClear – Prison Shield
(PS) Glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 13.0 Stocklines 84
8.5 Train and Special Purpose
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
14.0 Units/Conversion Factors 86
9.0 Special Purpose Glass 60

15.0 Glossary 88
9.1 Mirrors (Silver Glass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
9.2 One-Way Mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Appendix One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9.3 Convex Mirrors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Appendix Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.4 Lead Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.5 Diffused Reflection Glass
(Picture Glass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9.6 Non-Reflecting Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9.7 Heat Resistant Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9.8 Fire Rated Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
9.9 Welding Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9.10 Glass Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9.11 Aquatic Glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
9.12 Electronic Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
9.13 Glass Floors and Stair Treads . . . . . . . . . . . 70
10.0 Decorative Glass 72

TABLE OF CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
10.2 Figured Rolled Patterned Glass . . . . . . . . 72
10.3 Patternlite (Ceramic Painted

Patterned Glass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.0 Glazing Techniques 76
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
11.2 Dry Glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
11.3 Wet Glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5
1.0 GETTING TO KNOW GLASS
1.0
GETTINGTOKNOWGLASS
Getting
1.1 A Brief History
to know glass
Where did it all start?

Glass was probably first discovered by Syrian
copper founders between 5000 – 7000 years
ago. The dross (or waste) produced by the
ores could be described as vitreous pastes
with colouring from various metallic oxides. It
would of been very similar to obsidian, which
The old cylinder process
is produced naturally through volcanic action.
The substance was opaque and did not
resemble glass as we know it today in its
many forms.
The old cylinder process
Pliny’s well known story of the shipwrecked

Phoenicians lighting a fire on the beach, using
blocks of soda to support their pots and
subsequently discovering glass the following
morning - while being romantic, is not
supported by historical facts.
Through conquest the art was taken to Egypt

where the oldest relics are dated at 2000 B.C.

It is also believed that Alexander the Great
was buried in a glass coffin. From Egypt the
technique was taken to Rome, from where it
spread throughout Europe and continued to
develop. Between the 7th and 13th centuries,
the ‘crown’ method of spinning a gob of
molten glass on a hollow rod or punty was
used. This resulted in a bubble of glass being
flattened into a disc approximately one metre
in diameter, from which small pieces were cut
from the outside, leaving the worst quality in
the centre. The bulls-eye or bullion ironically is
6 now the most sought after piece.
The crown table spinning at the end of the punty
G JAMES IS GLASS
Figure 1.1a: Fourcault Process
The Fourcault process in action
Crowns were subsequently replaced by the The quantum leap came in late 1958 when
cylinder blown and later the cylinder drawn Pilkington launched their Float Glass process,
process in 1903. In principle a long balloon of which has since been licensed to glassmakers
glass was blown or drawn; split and flattened throughout the world. This innovative process
and then allowed to cool slowly to avoid stress involved molten glass being floated on a
in the glass, however sizes were again limited. shallow bath of molten tin, while being heated
on the top surface. The resulting product is
It was in 1913 that continuous processes such
optically true and requires no further grinding
as; the Fourcault process (Belgium); the
or polishing. While manufacturing methods
Colburn - Libbey - Owens process (USA); and
have changed dramatically over the last
the most successful of all, the P.P.G. Pittsburgh
century, the basic ingredients used in glass
process. All involved drawing the glass up
making are still very much the same.
vertically out of a tank of molten glass, the
edges being held by knurled rollers to retain
the ribbon width.
The sheet glass produced by these methods

gave a good strong fire finish, but the very action
of pulling upwards meant the product contained
inherent bands of distortion which resulted in

poor optical quality and terrible reflections.
Where true optical quality was required in

mirrors or large shopfront windows, a plate
glass was needed. The plate process involved
sheet glass being ground and polished to
achieve the desired quality. By 1938 the
process had been developed to the stage
where a continuous ribbon of cast glass was
ground and polished on both surfaces
simultaneously, first with sand then iron oxide.
Apart from being extremely messy, the process
line was longer than the ocean liner The Queen
Mary, and was correspondingly, very costly. 7
A typical float glass line
Figure 1.1b: Float Glass Process
Furnace loading
Weighing Melting of raw materials Formation of Annealing lehr Quality control,

raw materials the glass sheet automatic cutting and
through floating on storage
a tin bath
A typical batch mix would consist of: Compressive strength: 25mm cube: 248MPa
1000 parts silica (sand) + 310 parts soda (248 x 106 Pa).
ash + 295 parts limestone/dolomite + 60
Tensile strength: For sustained loading 19.3 to
parts feldspar and 400 parts cullet. Hence
window glass is known as a soda/lime/silica. 28.4 MPa. Determined as modulus of rupture.
Glass may also be formed by mixing soda ash
Hardness scale: Moh’s scale: diamond 10,
and silica. This product is referred to as ‘water
sapphire 9, glass 6.5 – 5.5, gypsum 2.
glass’ because it is soluble in water. It is the
limestone/dolomite that is required to stabilise Dielectric constant: 6mm glass at 21˚C.
the glass into a durable product. • 1,000,000,000 cycles per sec 6.0
• 10,000,000 cycles per sec 6.5
1.2 Glass Properties • 1,000 cycles per sec 7.4
• 10 cycles per sec 30.0
The general physical characteristics of
soda/lime/silica glass for building purposes are: Refractive index: 1.52.
Refractive index varies for light of different
Mass (kg): Area x Thickness(mm) x 2.6
wavelengths.
Density: 2600 kg/m3
Approximately 8 to 10% per
Reflection loss:
Specific gravity: Approximately 2.60. Glass used panel (no absorption) normal incidence. Light is
for building purposes has a specific gravity always reflected when it passes from a
comparable with that of aluminium which is medium of one refractive index to a medium of
approximately 2.70. another refractive index. The loss is a function
of both the refractive indices of the medium
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: and the angle of incidence of the light.
88 x 10-7/˚C. Glass has a much lower
coefficient of linear thermal expansion than Thermal transmittance (U-value):5.8 W/m2˚C for
most metals. summer - 6.2 W/m2˚Cfor winter. This U-value
is for a single panel of 6mm glass and is based
(K value) 1.05 W/m˚C. The

Thermal conductivity: on standard ASHRAE conditions. However, for
difference between various types of flat glass most purposes a U-value of 6 is used.
is small enough to be negligible.
Visible light transmittance: Sheet 85%, Plate/Float
Thermal endurance:6mm glass heated to a higher 87%, Rough Cast 80%, Wired Cast 75%,
temperature and plunged into water at 21˚C will Translucent 70 - 85% dependent on pattern.
rupture at approximately 55˚C differential. These are approximate values for 6mm glass
based on diffused (non-direct) light.
Softening point: Approximately 730˚C.
Infra-red transmittance: Ordinary glass has the
Modulus of elasticity:Young’s modulus 70 GPa
9 property of being relatively transparent to
(70 x 10 Pa). The modulus of elasticity for
short wave infra-red rays, but opaque to the
glass is similar to that of aluminium.
longer wavelengths. This is the reason why
Float glass .22 to .23. Glass
Poisson’s ratio: horticultural glass houses accumulate heat
conforms to the elastic theory to the point from the sun’s rays - radiation of short
8 of fracture. wavelength from the sun is passed through
G JAMES IS GLASS
the glass, and is absorbed by the plants, The structural characteristics of these glass
benches, walls, etc, inside the house. These types are nominated in AS 1288 but they are
become hot and in turn re-radiate heat but of summarised as follows:-
longer wavelength which cannot pass through
the glass and is reflected back to the interior. Laminated glass: This process does not
significantly affect the strength of the glass
Ordinary glass
Ultra-violet transmittance: but it does improve the safety of the glass as
transmits a very small proportion of the sun’s laminated glass typically remains intact and
ultra-violet rays. At 315nm less than 1%, at retains some strength even after fracture. For
340nm 41%. this reason, it is possible that future practice
may allow higher stresses for such glass.
Chemical resistance: Glass will resist most acids
except hydrofluoric and at high temperature, Heat treated glass: Both heat strengthened and
phosphoric. Alkalis, however will attack the fully toughened have a surface compression
surface of glass. When glazed into concrete induced by a temperature increase and
framing, alkalis released from the concrete by sudden quenching. The existence of the
rain may be leached onto the glass causing surface compression means that it must be
staining, or etching of the glass surface. overcome by load before any surface tensile
Weathering steels can deposit soluble stress is achieved. The magnitude of the
sulphates, which may be difficult to remove surface compression is of the order of 3 to 6
from glass. Should this occur, any deposits times the typical stress values used in
should be removed as soon as possible. annealed glass design. This leads to a similar
strength increase without any affect on the
Glass Strength glass stiffness and deflections.
Glass in its pure form is an extremely strong,
The hermetically sealed air
Insulated glass units:
perfectly elastic non-crystalline brittle solid. In
or gas in the space between the glass units by
commercially available float products, its
virtue of Boyle’s law ensures that the individual
flexural or bending strength is limited by the
pieces of glass share the applied load
surface tensile strength of the inevitable
approximately in proportion to their stiffnesses.
microscopic defects, flaws or cracks. These
Therefore for two pieces of equal thickness
defects reduce the glass strength by a factor
glass, the load is shared about 50:50.
in excess of 100 compared to the strength of
pure glass. Glass Strength Design
The property of pure elasticity with brittleness Refer to AS 1288 for specific design
means that glass can not be permanently provisions. There has been significant
improvement in the understanding of, and
deformed by load as is the case for most solids
design methods for glass design since the
such as metals and plastics, and that it fails
1980’s. Glass (supported on all sides) under
without warning. Other phenomena affecting
wind loading typically deflects more than its
the surface flaws and thus the strength of the
thickness and sometimes for the heat treated
glass relate to the manufacturing process (with
glass, many times more than their thickness.
different strengths produced on the tin side and
This large deflection behaviour introduces non-
the air side), the duration of the load and
linearity i.e. The deflections are not directly

presence of water which leads to static fatigue,
proportional to the applied load. Because of
the physical environment and cleaning
the membrane stresses in the glass, it appears
processes used.
to stiffen with increased load and thus deflects
As annealed glass is quite variable in strength, a less for each additional increase in load.
design safety factor of 2.5 is used for assessing
the glass strength for structural performance.
This still leads to an approximate expected
failure rate of 8 in 1000 or nearly 1% which is
much less than for other materials used in the
i Technical Advisory
Service
engineering design processes in buildings.
Glass strength (not stiffness) can be altered by

Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S
other processes including laminating, heat
(452637)
treating and/or using two pieces in a single National Toll Free Number
hermetically sealed insulated glass unit. 9
Apart from the simple statically determinate simply supported under uniform load has been
case of simple span glass plates supported on well analysed and is the basis of the present
2 opposite sides, any analysis of glass under glass design thickness recommendations of
load must be carried out using a non-linear the ASTM and other bodies.
analysis method such as finite difference or
The advances in computer technology with
finite element to determine the glass stresses dramatic reductions in computer costs now
and deflections. The correct application of a allows for the analyses of more complex
suitable failure prediction model is currently shapes, support conditions and load patterns
under debate. The extremely common case of to be economically achieved. Two examples of
a rectangular piece of glass with all four sides typical analyses are illustrated in Figure 1.2a.
Figure 1.2a: Finite Element Analysis
Glass thickness 9.7mm 2kPa UDL Curved glass, thickness 5.8mm 1.2kPa
2900mm high x 1000mm wide, 3000mm high, 1000mm radius x 90 degrees
supported 3 sides Load Case = 1
Load Case = 1 Loadcase 1 Inc. 1
Loadcase 1 Inc. 1 Results = 1
Results = 1 Bottom stress contours of S1
Bottom stress contours of S1
-3
0 24 -1
3 27 1
6 30 3
9 33 5
12 36 7
15 39 9
18 42 11
21 12
Max 46.71 at Node 49
Min -.1049 at Node 7
Max 13.10 at Node 123
Min -.609 at Node 49
1.3 Thickness Tolerances for Glass
Table 1.3a: Thickness Tolerances
Nominal Thickness Tolerance Range
Float 3mm ±0.2mm 2.8 - 3.2mm

4mm ±0.2mm 3.8 - 4.2mm
5mm ±0.2mm 4.8 - 5.2mm
6mm ±0.2mm 5.8 - 6.2mm
8mm ±0.3mm 7.7 - 8.3mm
10mm ±0.3mm 9.7 - 10.3mm
12mm ±0.3mm 11.7 - 12.3mm

15mm ±0.5mm 14.5 - 15.5mm
19mm ±1.0mm 18.0 - 20.0mm
25mm ±1.5mm 23.5 - 26.5mm
Obscure/Figured Roll 3mm +0.9mm, –0.5mm 2.5 - 3.9mm

4mm ±0.5mm 3.5 - 4.5mm
5mm ±0.5mm 4.5 - 5.5mm
6mm +1.0mm, –0.5mm 5.5 - 7.0mm
Wired 6mm ±1.0mm 5.0 - 7.0mm
PVB Laminate 5.38mm – 4.95 - 5.81mm

6.38mm – 5.95 - 6.81mm
8.38mm – 7.95 - 8.81mm
10.38mm – 9.95 - 10.81mm
12.38mm – 11.95 - 12.81mm
NB: These figures are accepted Australian Industry Tolerances. Tolerance of non-standard thicknesses may fall outside the
10 ranges stated above.
G JAMES IS GLASS
1.4 Glass Surface Numbers
Figure 1.4a: Glass Surface Identification

Single Double Laminated Double glazing
glass glass glass with laminated glass
PVB PVB
1 2 1 2 3 4 1 23 4 1 2 3 4
Surfaces Surfaces Surfaces Surfaces
NB: Surface 1 = Exterior Surface
1.5 Identifying the Coated Surface
Figure 1.5a: Monolithic Reflective Glass
Pencil point How to tell the difference between coated and uncoated
image meets on surfaces on monolithic reflective glass
the coated
surface
Reflection of pencil point

image does not meet on
the uncoated surface
Figure 1.5b: Reflective Laminated Glass 1.6 Glass Staining and Cleaning
Staining
Glass is generally resistant to chemical attack
and other degradation. It is inert to most
Coated glass – darker edge acids, except hydrofluoric and phosphoric.
Interlayer
Typical glass problems on buildings would be:
Uncoated glass
• Alkalis leaching from concrete, mortar,
How to tell the difference between glazing surfaces
on reflective laminated glass.
plaster and gravel onto glass can cause
Subject to certain exceptions, tinted PVB interlayered
staining and etching
laminated glass (i.e. 6.38mm SS22 green laminated) has • Hard water, high in calcium concentrates,
the reflective coating on surface position (3). The effect which are allowed to continually run on the
of the tinted PVB interlayer is to dampen the reflectivity
glass
and allow a building to exhibit a specific colour. This
makes identification of ‘outside’ and ‘inside’ surfaces • Deterioration of labels and protective films
easier. However, with clear PVB interlayered laminated when left on the glass for prolonged periods
glass it may be difficult to determine the coated surface
• Pitting of the glass, mainly due to weld
(i.e. 6.38mm TS21 clear laminated). The coated surface
splatter (in the form of black specs on the
can usually be identified by the darker of the two glass
edges (identification may be difficult after edge work glass), improper sandblasting on site or
e.g. flat grinding). wind blown debris
11
• Abrasions to the glass surface by using Glass should always be stacked at an incline
harsh, powder based cleaning products of 4 degrees from the vertical. Thick glass,
• Scratches or spalling caused by the tinted glass, insulated glass (IG) units and
improper removal of plaster, paint, varnish or reflective glass should be stored out of direct
mortar splash sunlight to avoid any risk of thermal breakage.
IG units must not be rotated or ‘cartwheeled’
• A white staining effect which occurs when
over their corners.
condensation repeatedly forms and dries on
the glass, which in turn can cause surface Always use clean dry suction cups and do
decomposition not use glass with severely vented or
• Iridescence or the oil-stain image is a direct damaged edges.
result of the wet-dry action of condensation
or water on, or between the glass(es) Figure 1.7a: Handling and Storage
The only practical remedy for glass that is

badly damaged by scratches, weld splatter, 2
sandblasting, etching and even damaged

edges is full replacement.
Cleaning 1
For cleaning purposes use a soft, clean grit-free

cloth and water with a mild detergent.
Thoroughly wash off any detergent residue with
clean water. Do not under any circumstances
use any form of abrasive cleaner as this may
cause damage to the glass. Do not allow any
Correct stacking
metal or hard parts of squeegees or other
cleaning equipment to contact the glass
surface. Metal scrapers should not be used.
Special care should be taken when cleaning
coated reflective surfaces. For stubborn stains
contact the G.James Technical Advisory Service
on 1800 452 637.
1.7 Care and Storage

Glass quality can be maintained and risk of
damage minimised by following some simple
guidelines in storing and handling. Storage
areas should be clean and dry with a good Incorrect stacking
circulation of cool dry air, particularly after ! Risks scratching

periods of high humidity to avoid wet-dry
staining. Interleaving material should be used 1
at all times, if possible with ‘lucite’ or

‘colacryl’, which contains adipic acid which
acts as a stain inhibitor.
2
Store glass on even surfaces in areas not
subject to heavy traffic or overhead debris.
Where glass has been received in a wet
condition, it should be unpacked, dried and re-
stacked with separators that allow airflow
between the panels.
Correct removal
12
G JAMES IS GLASS
• Polished mitre edges are also available

1.8 Glass Processing
• Mitres ranging from 22.5˚ to 89.5˚ are
G.James offers a wide variety of processing possible
options with a comprehensive range of glass
Ordering mitred glass
processing equipment, including five state-of-
• The nominated mitre is the angle of the
the-art Computer Numeric Control (CNC)
glass edge remaining. To achieve a typical
machines. This equipment is capable of
135˚ angled butt-joint, a nominated mitre of
automatically probing and accurately
67.5˚ is therefore required
processing edges, holes, cut-outs and shapes
– the complexity of which would be • Always give long point measurements
impossible by hand. Discuss your special • Supply a drawing for out-of-square panels
needs with our Technical Advisory Service on
1800 452 637.
Edgework
Clean Cut (C.C.)
• Edges are as cut with no further processing

(15, 19 and 25mm may require processing)
• Edges are sharp
Rough Arris (R.A.)
• This edge is produced by a rough stone, wet

belt or split-arris diamond wheel which
leaves a white arrised edge. This is the One of G.James’ Intermac CNC processing machines
typical edgework for toughened glass
Flat Polish (F.P.)
Smooth Arris (S.A.)
• This is the standard edge produced by a

• This edge is produced by a wet stone or belt
straight line rectilinear machine and
machine producing a smooth arris leaving
produces a fine polish to the edge and
the edge as cut. The result is a higher
arrises. This edge is suitable for all furniture
quality edge compared to a rough arris
glass or wherever glass edges are exposed
Flat Grind (F.G.)/Flat Smooth (F.S.)
Round and Polish (R&P)
• This edge is produced on a straight line

rectilinear machine with the polishing
• Using special purpose machinery, this edge
wheels retracted. It leaves a diamond is ground to a bullnose shape and then
smooth unpolished finish to the edge and polished
arrises, and is the normal finish for silicone Brilliant Cut
butt glazing
Mitre
• This process cuts and polishes linear V

shapes into the surface of the glass. It
• Rectilinear machines produce ground edges provides a classic elegant finish for
suitable for use in angled butt glazing decorative purposes 13
Figure 1.8a: Special Processing
Special cut-out for

specific requirement
(CNC shape)
Shaped
cut-out
Holes – Limitations
• Minimum 5mm diameter
• Holes up to 100mm Oval cut-out
diameter – ground finish only
• Holes over 100mm
diameter – polishing on Multiple speak CNC drawn
holes
application processed shapes
• Notches and cut-outs not Corner notch and internal and
available on wired or external radius
laminated glass curves.
Finger slot
Pay and
• Slot depth equal to or
speak hole
less than half glass
thickness (but residual
depth must be greater
than 3mm when
toughened)
Rectangular • The length and depth
cut-out
of the slot is
dependent on the glass
thickness
• Standard finger slot
Switchplate width is 13mm
cut-out
Bevelling Straight Line Bevelling

• Minimum size 100mm x 100mm
• Maximum size of 3200mm x 1500mm, up to
maximum weight of 250kg. Consult our
With straight line and shaped bevelling
Technical Advisory Service for larger sizes
machines, a beautiful and decorative touch
can be added to mirrors, table tops and glass Table 1.8a: Straight Line Bevels
panels in doors. The bevel width is dependent Thickness Max. Bevel Width
upon glass thickness, and the required
4mm 25mm
residual edge.
5mm 30mm
All bevelled glass has a clean cut edge as a
6mm-19mm 35mm
standard finish, flat polishing is an optional
extra.
Shaped Bevelling
NB: For toughened glass a 4mm minimum residual edge is

• Minimum 350mm diameter
mandatory. Bevelling limitations may apply. • Minimum internal radius 70mm
Polished and Bevelled Cut-off Corners

• Maximum diameter 2100mm
• Minimum 200mm cut-off corners on Table 1.8b: Shaped Bevels
10mm/12mm glass, up to a maximum size
Thickness Max. Bevel Width
of 2000mm x 1200mm
4mm 20mm
• Minimum 100mm cut-off corners on
10mm/12mm glass, up to a maximum size of 5mm 30mm
1500mm x 1000mm 6mm-19mm 35mm
14
G JAMES IS GLASS
Holes Irregular Shapes

Defined as irregular shapes are:
• Shaped pieces of glass
• Glass cut to templates
• Holes can be drilled in all thicknesses of
glass. For hole limitations see Figure 1.8a • Circles or ovals
Countersunk Hole
• Rakes with more than two corners not at
right angles (90˚)
• Glass that requires a diagram because it
cannot be expressed as a size on paper
• Holes can be countersunk in toughened • Squares and rectangles with notches
glass before toughening to accommodate
Not recognised as irregular shapes are:
mechanical fixings
• Squares and rectangles with radius or cut-
Hole Sizes
off corners (charged as corners)
The available holes are:
See Figure 1.8b for examples of irregular
5mm, 6mm, 6.5mm, 7mm, 8mm, 9mm,10mm,
11mm, 12mm, 13mm, 14mm, 15mm, 16mm, shapes.
17mm, 18mm, 19mm, 20mm, 21mm, 22mm,
Templates
23mm, 25mm, 26mm, 28mm, 30mm, 32mm,
In many instances templates provided on
35mm, 40mm, 42mm, 45mm, 50mm, 58mm
plywood or proper architectural drawings are
and 80mm. (Other hole sizes are available on
requested. Detailed information required is
request.)
Finger pull/thimble hole size = 21mm. as follows:
• Glass sizes
Cut-outs, Notches and Special
• Holes
Processing
• Edgework
See Figure 1.8a. For your specific requirements
contact the G.James Technical Advisory • Cut-outs
Service on 1800 452 637. • Stamp position (if applicable)
Figure 1.8b: Examples of Irregular Shapes
Simple shapes
Complex shapes
unequal equal
equal
unequal unequal
unequal
Radius corners
15
Ordinary float glass Laminated safety glass
Toughened safety glass Wired safety glass
Toughened Safety Glass

1.9 Breakage Characteristics
Should toughened glass break, it shatters into
Ordinary Float Glass small, relatively harmless particles compared
The familiar jagged edge pattern with lethal with the sharp splinters resulting from the
breakage of ordinary glass. Grade A
slivers of glass which, depending on the force
toughened safety glass should be used where
of impact, either fly out or remain precariously
the possibility of human impact exists or in
intact. Often the removal of shattered pieces

any situation requiring strength, safety or
is difficult and dangerous.
resistance to temperature fluctuations.
Laminated Safety Glass
Wired Safety Glass
In the event of breakage, a web-like pattern is
When wired glass is broken, the glass tends
formed as a result of the bond between the
to remain attached to the wire enabling the
glass and the vinyl interlayer. With a tendency
panel to remain intact and in place. Safety
to remain within the frame under impact, the
applications are limited to Grade B safety
severity of physical injury is significantly
glass applications.
reduced. Broken laminated safety window
glass will remain intact as a barrier against Heat Strengthened Glass
the weather while visibility is partially Heat strengthened glass is about twice as
retained. Grade A laminated safety glass strong as ordinary float glass and is used
should be used anywhere there is a risk of generally as a protection against thermal
16 human impact. breakage. The breakage of heat strengthened
G JAMES IS GLASS
glass is such that it fragments into large, non- 47% visible and 51% infra-red. Only the visible
jagged pieces which tend to remain in place light band is seen by the human eye.
within the frame. Heat strengthened glass is
It is important to understand that the shorter
not considered a safety glass and therefore
the wavelength (i.e. the lower the nanometres),
cannot be used where human impact
the higher is the energy associated with the
requirements apply.
radiation. This is highlighted by the fact that it
is the shorter wavelength, high energy UV light
1.10 Solar Spectrum which causes humans to sunburn, fabrics to
fade and plastics to deteriorate. While the
The sun radiates solar energy or sunlight by longer wavelength, low energy radiation
electromagnetic waves over a range of produced by the visible light and infra-red
wavelengths known as the Solar Spectrum bands are less damaging.
(290 – 2500 nanometres, where 1 nanometre
RAT Equation
= 1/1,000,000,000 of a metre).
When the combined UV, visible light and infra-
The solar spectrum is divided into three red (solar energy) strikes glass it is reflected
bands, these are: (R), absorbed (A) and transmitted (T) in
Ultra-violet light (UV) 290nm – 380nm different proportions, depending on the type
Visible light 380nm – 780nm of glass involved. This gives us the RAT
Infra-red 780nm – 2500nm Equation which accounts for 100% of solar
energy. For example, 3mm clear float glass
The energy distribution within the solar Reflects 8% of solar energy, Absorbs 9% and
spectrum is approximately 2% UV, Transmits (directly) 83% (See Figure 1.10b).
Graph 1.10a: Electromagnetic Spectrum

Far infra-red
Short wave
Ultra-violet
Infra-red
Gamma
Cosmic
X-rays
Radar
Radio
UHF
VHF
fm pm (Å) nm um mm(cm) m km
Visible light
380 400 500 600 700 780
Wavelength (nm)
Graph 1.10b: UV Transmission

100
Visible Light Band Spectrum of representative glass products showing
UV transmission
80
a
Relative Intensity (%)
a - 6mm Clear
b
60 b - 6mm Grey
c - 6.38mm Clear Laminate

40
d - 6.38mm Grey Laminate
c e - Solarplus TS30 on 6mm Clear
20
d
e
f - Optilight HL229 Laminate
f
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Wavelength (nm)
17
Thermal Heat Transfer

Figure 1.10b
Heat is transferred either by convection
Solar Spectrum (upward warm air currents), conduction
(passing from one object to another) or
Ultra-violet
radiation (where heat passes through space to
Visible
47% Infra-red an object where it is reflected, absorbed or
51%
2%
transmitted). The absorbed portion of the
energy is subsequently dissipated by re-
radiation (or emission) to both the outside and
RAT Equation
inside, in varying proportions, dependent on the
R = Reflection type of glass and external weather conditions.
A = Absorption
T = Transmission
A Solar Control
E = Emission
As visible light and infra-red account for 98%
R T
of solar energy, they are extremely important
E considerations when selecting the glass.
Solar control glasses are either body tinted
3mm Clear Glass and/or coated or surface modified to absorb
A
or reflect the sun’s energy and reduce the
100
% 9%
solar heat gain transmitted through the glass.
(See Graph 1.10b)
R 8% T 83%
6% 3% Performance Terms
Re-radiated Re-radiated
Outside Inside (E) Visible Light Transmittance: Expressed as the
percentage of visible light (380 - 780nm’s) that
is transmitted through a glass type.
Thermal Heat Transfer Visible Light Reflectance: The percentage of

visible light (380 - 780nm’s) that is reflected
Solar from the glass surface(s).
Radiation
Solar Energy Transmittance: The percentage of

Convection & ultra-violet, visible and infra-red energy (290 -
Thermal
Conduction
Radiation 2500nm’s) that is directly transmitted through
a glass type.
Solar Energy Reflectance: The percentage of solar

Shading Coefficient (SHGC) energy that is reflected from the glass
SHGC = T+E
surface(s).
SHGC of glass
SC =
SHGC of 3mm
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) or Total Solar
clear glass
T
Energy Transmittance: The proportion of directly
transmitted and absorbed solar energy that
E enters into the building’s interior. The lower
the number is, the better the glass is able to
exclude solar radiation.
U-value (expressed in W/m2K): The measure of air-
Service
to-air heat transfer (either loss or gain) due to
thermal conductance and the difference
between indoor and outdoor temperatures.
The lower the number is, the better the
insulating qualities of the glass.
(452637)
National Toll Free Number Shading Coefficient (SC): The ratio of total solar
18 radiation through a particular glass type,
G JAMES IS GLASS
relative to the total solar radiation through Glass which has cracked as a result of thermal
3mm clear float glass. The lower the number, stress can be easily identified by the break
the better the glass performs in reducing heat pattern which is unique to a thermal fracture.
gain. (See Figure 1.10b) The crack in the glass is initially at 90˚ to the
edge and glass face for approximately 2cm-
Luminous Efficacy (or Coolness Factor): The ratio of 5cm and then branches out into one or more
visible light transmittance to the shading directions. The number of branches or
coefficient. This ratio is helpful in selecting secondary cracks is dependent on the amount
glass in terms of those which transmit more of stress in the glass. (See Figure 1.11b)
light than heat. A glass with a luminous efficacy
Factors affecting Thermal Stress
of 1 or greater is considered thermally efficient.
Any factors that encourage an increase in the
‘hot centre/cold edge’ conditions tend to
1.11 Thermal Breakage increase the thermal stress. These include:
Cause of Thermal Stress Climate:The intensity of solar radiation on the

Thermal stress is caused when the central area glass which is determined by the geographical
of the glass is heated (naturally or artificially) location of the building, the orientation of the
building and the outside day and night
and expands, while the glass edges remain
temperatures.
cool resisting expansion. (See Figure 1.11a)
Glass Types: Certain types of body tinted glass
Thermal breakage is a result of an excessive
and coated glasses, inherently have a higher
build-up of thermal stress in annealed glass.
risk of thermal breakage due to their higher
The amount of thermal stress depends upon
energy absorption. Similarly IG units or double-
the temperature difference between the glazing are at greater risk as the outer glass is
hottest and coldest areas of the glass and also usually at a higher temperature due to the
on the distribution of the temperature gradient reduced heat transfer across the air space.
across the glass. (See Table 1.11a)
Figure 1.11a: Effects of Thermal Stress
Cold Edges (glass tends to contract)
Solar Energy
Heated Portion
Heated Central Portion
Heat Absorption (glass tends to expand)
Cold Edge
The frame Area of

draws the High Stress
heat from the
glass edge.
Figure 1.11b: Examples of Thermal Breakage
Low Stress High Stress
19
Edge Condition: The breaking stress of the glass

Figure 1.11c: Glass Edge Condition
is directly related to the position and size of any
flaws in the edges. Good clean cut edges are
Clean cut edge – acceptable
considered the strongest edge for monolithic
glass. With laminated glass good edges can be
difficult to achieve, therefore flat ground edges
are recommended on all high performance
laminated products. (See Figure 1.11c)
Good edge with little feather – acceptable
The risk of thermal breakage
Size and Thickness:
increases as the size and thickness of the
glass increases.
Glazing System: The thermal properties of the

glazing system are an important consideration Severely feathered edge – just acceptable
including:
• Framing materials (aluminium, steel, timber,
and PVC)
• Colour of framing materials (light or dark)
• Type of glazing (fully captive, 2-sided captive Vented edge – not acceptable
or 4-sided structural)
External Shading:Thermal stress will be

increased if the glass is partially shaded by
balconies, canopies, sun shades or deep
mullions, transoms and columns. Backup Material: Materials used behind glass in
spandrel or suspended ceiling applications
Internal Shading: Internal blinds or curtains can
reduce the heat loss of the glass, therefore
reflect heat back into the glass increasing
raising the glass temperature, increasing the
thermal stress. To reduce the risk of thermal
thermal stress and the risk of thermal
breakage it is recommended that the confined
breakage. The colour of the backup material is
space between the internal shading device
important, as a light coloured surface will
and the glazing be ventilated. This can be
reflect heat back towards the glass while a
achieved by allowing a minimum 38mm
dark coloured surface will absorb heat.
clearance to the top and bottom or side and
bottom of the shading device and creating a Where thermal breakage is a concern, heat
minimum 50mm clearance between the
strengthened glass should be specified as it
glazing and shading device.
has higher compressive stresses which resist
Direct air
Internal Cooling/Heating Sources: thermal breakage. If in doubt, a thermal safety
streams from air conditioners, heaters, assessment should be conducted to
computers etc. onto the glass surface may determine if heat strengthened glass is
increase the risk of thermal breakage. (See required (See Appendix One for a Thermal
Figure 1.11e) Safety Assessment Request form).
Table 1.11a: Risk of Thermal Breakage
Glass Type Solar Absorption % Risk of Thermal Breakage
Clear 18 Low
Tinted 30 - 40 Medium
Supertints 45 - 65 Medium - High
Reflective coating on clear 60 - 70 High
Reflective coating on tinted 80 - 85 Very High
20
G JAMES IS GLASS
Figure 1.11d: Factors affecting Thermal Safety
solar radiation heating & cooling devices
overhang
ventilation
shadow
glass type double glazing
wind velocity air velocity
glass size condition of glass

edge
outdoor air temperature indoor air temperature
tilt
blinds
frame material
frame colour
glazing material
orientation
Figure 1.11e: Air Pockets 1.12 Fade Control

It is well recognised that carpets, curtains and
furnishings exposed to direct sunlight for
continual periods of time will experience the

ceiling
effects of fading and yellowing. While the
solution is usually to close off the room with
pocket of warm air
curtains and blinds, this darkens the room and
shuts out any view of, or relationship with the
outside. However by selecting an appropriate
glass type, it is possible to allow natural light
to enter a room yet significantly reduce the
rate at which fading occurs. Before we
computer
consider glass in this respect, the process of
fading should firstly be explained.
Avoid pockets of warm air
21
Table 1.12a: Damaged Weighted Transmission Figure 1.12a: Fading your Furnishings
Glass Type Tdw
3mm Clear Float 0.72
6mm Clear Float 0.65
6.38mm Clear Laminate 0.34

Heat created by sunlight
He igh iatio
Su
6.38mm Green Laminate 0.26
at
nl
UV
Ra
t
6mm Solarplus TS30 on Clear 0.15
d
n
6.38mm Solarplus SL22 Laminate 0.12
6.38mm Optilight HL229 Laminate 0.12

NB: Solarplus (refer to Section 6.2)/Optilight (refer to Section 3.5)
How sun fades your furnishings
Research has confirmed that one of the major Fading is caused by a combination of UV radiation,
causes of fading is solar radiation (or sunlight), sunlight and heat.
UV radiation is the greatest contributing factor to
which comprises of three specific energy
fading and its effect is increased by heat.
bands: ultra-violet radiation (UV), visible light
The right glass can eliminate up to 99% of UV
and infra-red radiation. Pollutants, moisture radiation and significantly cut sunlight and heat.
and oxygen are, to a lesser extent, other
contributing factors.
a reflective or tinted solar control glass into a
As solar radiation enters the room, it is laminated product will reduce both the
absorbed by the exposed fabric causing the amount of visible light and total solar energy
temperature to rise. This continual heating of that passes through the glass.
the fabric by the visible light and infra-red
In order to compare the relative fading
radiation, and the more damaging effects of
reduction offered by different glass types and
the UV rays, combine to deteriorate and break-
configurations, a measurement called the
down the dye and fabric structure of the
Damage Weighted Transmittance (Tdw) is
furnishings, eventually leading to the
employed. This measure is ‘weighted’ to
discolouration that is associated with fading.
include the fact that fading damage decreases
From a glass perspective, the objective is as the energy wavelength increases. In
therefore to select a product that has high addition, clear 3mm float is designated as the
absorption or reflection of UV, visible light and benchmark against which the fading reduction
infra-red radiation. In the instance of reducing qualities of all other glass types are measured.
the damaging effects of UV radiation, it is For this purpose 3mm float has a Tdw of 0.72,
important to know the clear polyvinyl butyral while complete exposure is stated as 1.0Tdw.
interlayer in laminated glass effectively Consequently the lower the Tdw of a glass,
absorbs up to 99% of the UV. By incorporating the better the fade reduction.
Graph 1.13a: Glass Transmission
6.0
Depth of daylight penetration
4.8
3.6
(metres)
2.4
1.2
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Visible light transmission (%)
22
G JAMES IS GLASS
in VLT (when compared to 6mm clear float)

1.13 Daylighting and Colour and the daylight depth.
Perception
NB: Refer to Section 15 for the visible transmittance
Daylighting properties for various glass types.
As building occupants we have traditionally Colour Perception

required daylight to work, enhance the Transmitted colour is produced from either
appearance of interiors and save energy by tints in the body of glass, tinted interlayer
reducing the need for artificial lighting. The (laminated glass) and/or applied coatings.
more daylight, the higher the amount of solar Studies have shown that the psychological
energy and heat that enters the interior hence considerations of the brain and eye influence
cooling costs become a major concern. The the way we perceive colour. Where the view
question here then is to ascertain what out is exclusively through a tinted glass (with
transmittance is required to achieve a specific no reference to normal daylight), the human
penetration of daylight, or given a eye adapts to, and compensates for the
transmittance %, what depth of daylight can colour of the light received through the glass.
be expected. For example, snow will still look white
through grey glass. However if an adjacent
As an indicator, the relationship between the
window is glazed with clear glass or open,
depth of daylight and the visible light
the snow will appear purple/blue (when
transmittance (VLT) of glass has been mapped
viewed through the grey glass) as the eye
(See Graph 1.13a). For a reference point, it has
attempts to balance the white of daylight and
been determined that 6mm clear float with a
the colour of the tint. In summary, the view
VLT of 87%, can supply adequate daylight to a
outside will appear normal through tinted or
depth of approximately six metres. Because of
coated glass unless there is a reference to
the clarity of clear float, six metres has
natural, white light.
therefore been nominated as the maximum
depth possible and hence the curve peaks at
87% transmission. 1.14 Sound Insulation
If we consider 6mm grey tinted float with a Sound is created when a source or object
VLT of 43%, approximately one-half that of produces vibrations. The vibrations result in
6mm clear, the curve reveals a daylight depth small changes in the surrounding air pressure
of 4.50 metres. As the curve is non-linear, it producing spherical, three dimensional sound
should be noted that a one-half reduction in waves. If they were visible, these vibrations
VLT does not translate to a one-half reduction would resemble a series of concentric circles
in daylight depth. In essence there is no that spread out in all directions from the point
correlation between the percentage decrease source, similar to when a stone is dropped
Table1.14a: Perceived Loudness

Change in sound pressure level (dB) ±3 ±5 ±10
Apparent loudness change Just perceptible Clearly noticeable Twice (or half) as loud
Table1.14b: Recommended Design Sound Levels
Environment Satisfactory Maximum
Classrooms 35 dB(A) 40 dB(A)
Conference rooms 30 dB(A) 35 dB(A)
Hotel/motel sleeping areas 30 dB(A) 35 dB(A)
Residential
Recreation areas 30 dB(A) 40 dB(A)
Sleeping areas 30 dB(A) 35 dB(A)
Work areas 35 dB(A) 40 dB(A)
NB: (A) refers to a weighted measure which has been included to correlate subjective results with measured results.
23
kilometre. The resulting sound pressure

Graph 1.14a: Acoustic Spectrum
intensity may be similar to a domestic vacuum
140
134 Threshold of pain
cleaner at 3 metres. This example clearly
130
illustrates how the sound pressure intensity
120
115 Loud car horn (1 metre) relates to the sound power of the source and
110
105 Pop group (20 metres)
Sound pressure level (dB)

100 the distance from the source.
90
80
Average traffic (kerbside)
The SPL is measured in Decibels (dB), and
75
70
65 Conversational speech employs a non-linear, logarithmic scale to
60
50
evaluate sound intensity. This logarithmic or
45 Living room
40 compressed scale is such that it cannot be
30
25 Bedroom at night
used to compare the loudness of particular
20
sounds in a simple linear fashion. For example
10
0 0 Threshold of hearing an 80 dB sound is not twice as loud as a 40
dB sound. To the contrary, any change in the
Environmental conditions
sound intensity multiplies (or divides) tenfold
for every 10 dB increment change. In this
Graph 1.14b: Acoustic Spectrum instance the noise has 10,000 times more
sound power.
140
Sound pressure level (dB)
Threshold of feeling
120
100
Perceived loudness on the other hand relates
80 Orchestal music to the human ears ability to detect changes in
60 Conversational speech
the sound pressure level and doubles every 10
Min
40 imu
ma
udib dB change in measured SPL (See Table 1.14a).
20 le t
hre
sho
ld
0
Graphs 1.14a & b provide an indication of the
20 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000
various SPL’s experienced in our daily lives and
Frequency (Hz)
the frequency range over which certain
sounds occur. Note that as a normal human
into water. The vibrations travel at a constant
ear can only detect sound at 0 dB, this is used
speed of 344 metres per second at 20˚C (i.e.
as a reference point for such acoustic scales -
the speed of sound) but faster if the
it does not mean there is no sound.
temperature is higher. The more the air
pressure is disturbed, the louder the sound. Sound Insulation Measures
As the distance from the source increases, As all glass allows the transmission of sound, in
there is a gradual decrease in the energy varying degrees, it is important to be aware of
associated with the sound waves and the
Graph 1.14c: Coincidence Dip
sound decays or attenuates.
50
All sound waves have a frequency which is
12mm float
measured in Hertz (Hz). A sound wave with a 45 6mm float
frequency of 800 Hz implies there are 800 4mm float
Sound transmission loss
40
vibrations per second generating from the
source. The human ear is able to detect 35
frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

30
however it is most sensitive to sound within a
range of 500 Hz to 8,000 Hz. 25
Sound Intensity 20
Sound intensity is the amount of acoustical

15
energy associated with a sound wave and is 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150
Frequency (Hz)
directly proportional to the Sound Pressure
Frequency spectra for 4mm, 6mm and 12mm Float
Level (SPL). For instance, the SPL of a jet
Glass showing how the coincidence dip occurs at
plane’s engines at 10 metres would be
different frequencies for each glass thickness.
24 significantly reduced at a distance of 1
G JAMES IS GLASS
the various rating systems that may be referred Graph 1.14d: Laminated Glass Insulation
to when considering the acoustic performance
40
of glass in the construction industry.
6mm laminated
6mm float
Sound Transmission Loss (STL)
35
The STL measures (in decibels) the insulation
Sound transmission loss (dB)

effectiveness of a particular glass as a barrier
in reducing exterior noise, i.e. the amount of 30
sound diffused or lost as the noise travels

through the glass. The parameters used in 25
determining this figure only considers the
frequency range between 125 Hz - 4000 Hz,
with the higher the STL (dB), the better the 20
acoustic performance of the glass.
15
Sound Transmission Class (STC) 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Frequency (Hz)
STC utilises a single-number rating system to
The effect of lamination on the sound insulation of
categorise the acoustic reducing qualities of
glass. Note the coincidence dip for solid glass is
glass when used for interior applications such virtually non-existent for laminated glass.
as partitions, ceilings and walls. While not
intended for use in selecting glass for exterior
To proceed in this regard, the sound insulation
wall applications, STC ratings are often
qualities of the various glass configurations
specified for such purposes. G.James can
are as follows:
provide a comprehensive range of openable
windows and doors, and fixed glass systems Monolithic Glass
that have been STC rated and tested at the
Glass generally follows the Mass Law, i.e. the
National Acoustic Laboratories.
thicker the glass, the better the sound
insulation properties. Graph 1.14c illustrates
Traffic Noise Reduction (Rtra)
this principle by portraying 12mm monolithic
This measure incorporates a weighted factor
float as superior to 4mm or 6mm float over
for typical town and city road traffic noise over
the lower frequency range, which is generally
a range of frequencies. Combining this factor
associated with unwanted traffic noise.
with the basic sound insulation of the window,
provides a more meaningful guide to the
Laminated Glass
actual acoustic performance of a glazed area.
The polyvinyl butyral interlayer (0.38mm to
Coincidence Dip
1.52mm) used in laminated glass provides a
This term refers to the dip or loss in insulating dampening effect which reduces the loss of
properties of glass which occurs when the insulation at the coincidence frequency. Graph
glass is vibrating at the same frequency as the 1.14d shows the coincidence dip for laminated
sound being transmitted. The frequency at glass is significantly reduced when compared to
which this occurs is largely dependent on the float glass of equal thickness. Laminated glass
thickness of the glass (See Graph 1.14c). also has superior sound insulation qualities in
the higher frequency range where the noise
Glass Performance from sources such as aircraft are a problem.
Unwanted sound is considered noise when it Increasing the interlayer thickness will only have
intrudes on our daily lives. To minimise this a marginal effect on improving the sound
intrusion all aspects of the building insulation performance of laminated glass.
construction need to be evaluated, however in
this instance we will only analyse the acoustic Double Glazing
qualities of glass. The first step in this analysis A common misconception is that a standard
is to determine the source of the unwanted hermetically sealed double glazed unit with an
noise. This is a critical step, as the noise airspace (up to 12mm) will provide effective
source can vary from low frequency traffic sound insulation, this is not the case. For
noise to high frequency aircraft noise. double glazing to be effective an airspace 25
between 100mm to 200mm would be Organic Opacifier

required. An additional benefit can be obtained As reflective glass became more popular, it
by incorporating glasses of different thickness was increasingly difficult to match the
(at least 30% difference) or using laminated spandrel panels to the vision glass. Today
glass in one or both of the panels. reflective glass is being specified for spandrel
as well as vision panels providing the facade
Where double glazing is not feasible, the most with an overall uniform appearance.
cost-effective method of reducing sound is
achieved by installing a thick monolithic or To mask the vision into the spandrel area, an
laminated glass. organic (polyester) opacifier film is bonded to
the coated (second) surface of monolithic
Areas around windows panels. It is essential the glass in these
It is important to note that no matter how applications be heat strengthened to
good the noise insulation qualities of the withstand thermal stress. Should breakage,
window are, there should be no gaps or either mechanical or thermal occur, the
cracks around the window frame. A gap of no opacifier will tend to hold the glass in place
more than 1% of the total window area will until the panel can be replaced.
result in a 10 dB loss in sound insulation.
G.James does not recommend the use of
opacifier on glass which has a visible light
1.15 Spandrel Design transmission greater than 25%, as it highlights
any imperfections in the film application. It
As curtain wall design became more popular, should also be noted, that panels used in
the question of what glass to use in the structural glazing applications are to be
spandrel area became more of an issue for ordered with the necessary cutback to the
architects and designers. opacifer to ensure good adhesion of the
silicone to the glass substrate.
In the spandrel cavity, temperatures can
exceed 100˚C along with extreme humidity. It Under certain lighting conditions a banding
is therefore critical for architects and effect may be noticeable between the vision
designers to ensure the building and glazing and spandrel glass. If this is unacceptable,
materials specified in the spandrel design are insulated glass units should be specified. As
temperature stable and chemically compatible. with all spandrel glass, a minimum 50mm gap
should be maintained between the opacified
The spandrel glass options are as follows:
glass and any backup material.
Ceramic Painted Glass

Insulated Glass Units
Ceramic painted glass offers a well proven, time-
To minimise the banding effect and achieve
tested product available in a comprehensive
greater uniformity between the vision and
range of colours. This allows architects either the
spandrel glass, new glass combinations were
choice of a relatively similar match to the vision
required. This saw the development and

glass or a complete contrast.
introduction of IG units into spandrel
The process of manufacturing ceramic painted applications. A unit that incorporates the vision
glass involves paint being fused into the glass glass as the outer lite and a ceramic painted
surface through the heat treatment process. (dark grey) panel as the inner lite is now
The resulting product is both mechanically and considered the ultimate spandrel glass. This
thermally stable, with a colouring that will not spandrel make-up provides an ideal match for
fade or peel. vision areas regardless of whether reflective,
Low E or tinted glass is installed. Many
A minimum gap of 50mm should be monumental projects use IG units in the
maintained between the spandrel glass and spandrel applications.
other building components. In addition,
ceramic painted glass should not be used in Shadow Boxes
applications where the painted surface is Some designers prefer to address the ‘read
26 viewed or where backlighting may occur. through’ of reflective, unopacified glass by

G JAMES IS GLASS
Figure 1.15a: Spandrel Design Types
using a simple shadow box design. A situation

arises when the temperature and humidity
conditions in this cavity become extreme
causing out-gassing from the backup materials,
Service
depositing a visible film on the glass.
Consequently G.James does not recommend
the use of shadow boxes with unopacified (452637)
Solarplus products or transparent glasses.
National Toll Free Number
Glass – The versatile building material (Rialto Hotel, Melbourne)

27
2.0 FLOAT GLASS
2.0
FLOATGLASSFLOATGLASS
Float glass
continuous ribbon, where it is then cut to suit

customer requirements.
Clear float glass is colourless and transparent

thereby providing a high degree of visible light
transmittance.
2.2 Tinted Float

Body tinted or heat absorbing glasses are
produced on the float process with the
addition of small quantities of metal oxides to
the normal clear glass mix.
The standard range of colours are Green, Grey,

Blue and Bronze. Addition of colour does not
affect the basic properties of the glass
Crown Towers, Surfers Paradise although visible light reflectance will be
slightly lower than clear glass. The colour
2.1 Clear Float density will increase with thickness while the
visible light transmittance will decrease
Production of float glass involves the pouring correspondingly as the thickness increases.
of molten glass from a furnace onto a large,
shallow bath of molten tin. The glass floats on Tinted glasses reduce solar transmittance by
the molten tin, spreading out and forming absorbing a large proportion of the solar
level parallel surfaces, with the thickness energy, the majority of which is subsequently
controlled by the speed at which the dissipated to the outside by re-radiation and
solidifying glass is drawn off the tin bath. convection. It is for this reason that extra care
needs to be given to edge condition and the
The glass then travels through an annealing lehr fact that heat strengthening may be required,
where the cooling process continues under particularly with the thicker glasses, to avoid
controlled conditions and emerges in one long the risk of thermal breakage.
Graph 2.2a: Transmitted Energy Wavelength
UV Visible Light Solar Infra-red (heat)

100
2.0 FLOAT GLASS
90
Transmittance (%)
80 6mm clear
70
6mm bronze
60
50 6mm grey
40
30 6mm green
20
6mm Evergreen
10
0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Wavelength (um)
28
G JAMES IS GLASS
light transmittance has the added advantage of

2.3 Supertints cutting reflection down to 5% while
The supertints are a further extension of the simultaneously allowing only 8% ultra-violet
family of tinted glass products. Products such transmittance. It is therefore very beneficial in
as Evergreen/Solargreen, Azurlite and Arctic providing protection against fading.
Blue provide excellent light transmittance
Supergrey: Provides the lowest visible light
while still maintaining effective solar control
transmittance (8%) of any body tinted glass.
properties. These products are often termed
However, it gives exceptional solar control with
‘spectrally selective’ as they effectively select
the lowest shading coefficient (0.39) of any
the visible light band from the solar spectrum
uncoated glass and, in some instances, better
(resulting in a higher light transmission) and
than that of certain reflective glasses. In
filter out the UV and infra-red bands when
addition it has very low indoor and outdoor
compared to standard tints. In contrast,
reflectance of only 4% and is extremely
Supergrey and Optigray have been designed
effective in reducing glare and the need for
to reduce light transmittance and solar heat
internal blinds. Its deep grey toned colour
gain to achieve desirable shading coefficients.
enables it to be used in matching spandrel
As supertints have higher absorption panels with no read through. Further, Supergrey
properties than standard tinted glass, a blocks 99% of ultra-violet radiation reducing the
thermal safety assessment is recommended degradation of carpets and fabrics.
to determine if heat treatment is required.
Evergreen: Is one of the supertints specifically 2.4 Low Iron

designed to provide high light transmittance
Standard everyday clear glass has an inherent
along with excellent solar control properties. At
green tinge, which is more apparent when
the same time it reduces glare and UV
viewing the edge of the glass or in a
transmittance. With a 66% light transmittance,
composite stack of many panels.
this compares to 43% for standard grey, 51% for
standard bronze and 78% for standard green. An The colour is due to the iron content in the
additional benefit of Evergreen is that it offers sand (silica) whereas the low iron glasses
approximately 20% better solar performance contain approximately one tenth of the iron
than body tinted glass with a shading coefficient content of standard clear glass. Products such
of 0.58 compared to 0.69 - 0.71 for the standard as Starphire and Diamant are ultraclear
tints. Its overall solar performance ratio or glasses that are amazingly white. In monolithic
luminous efficacy is exceptional with a ratio of form, these are ideal in decorative and
1.13 (the higher the figure the better) which furniture applications while it can be
compares to standard grey or bronze with 0.62 toughened or laminated for use in showcases,
and 0.72 respectively. Evergreen is an ideal shopfronts and toughened glass entries.
choice for reducing both air-conditioning and
lighting costs. Increasingly, architects are looking for a white
glass because of its high fidelity colour
Azurlite:Has a pleasing azure blue appearance, transmittance and the clarity of the edges
and combines a high light transmittance with
make it ideal for atriums or indeed entire
an effective, relatively low shading coefficient.
facades where solar control is not a factor.
At 71% light transmittance, the total solar
2.0 FLOAT GLASS
energy transmitted is only 50% giving a

shading coefficient of 0.58 and a luminous
efficacy 1.22.
Service
Optigray: Optigray 23 is designed to offer a
much lower light transmittance of only 23%.
While at the same time, the total heat Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S
transmittance is reduced to 41% and achieving (452637)
an effective shading coefficient of 0.47 and a National Toll Free Number
luminous efficacy of 0.49. The reduction of the 29
3.0 LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
3.0 SAFETY GLASS

LAMINATED
Laminated safety glass
Vinyls have long since replaced the earlier use

of celluloid, which tended to turn brown with
age and become brittle. Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB)
is now the most common interlayer material
used around the world for laminating purposes.
3.2 Process
The manufacture of laminated glass
commences with the glass being thoroughly
washed and dried before passing into an air-
conditioned ‘clean room’. Here the humidity
and temperature are strictly controlled, with
operators wearing special lint-free headgear
and clothing, to ensure the atmosphere is free
of dust, moisture and debris of any description.
Clean room, G.James Malaysia
A PVB interlayer, initially translucent in
appearance, is sandwiched between the
3.1 Introduction
glass(es) which then pass through pressurised
In 1903 French chemist Edward Benedictus rollers and heating ovens. This pre-nip, de-airing
accidentally broke a bottle of cellulose acetate process removes air trapped between the glass
in his laboratory. As a result, he discovered that and the interlayer(s) as well as softening the
the cellulose, on hardening, held the fragments PVB to give initial adhesion or pre-tacking.
of glass together. This subsequently led to the
use of cellulose as the binding agent in the The glass is then autoclaved where it is again
glass laminating process. A Saint-Gobain heated and subjected to extreme pressure
patent of the process followed in 1910. Further (between 8 and 12 BAR) permanently bonding
development by Dupont and Monsanto led to the glass and the interlayer. It is during this
the use of laminated windscreens in cars after final process that the glass becomes
the Second World War. completely transparent.
G.James produce laminated glass covering the

full spectrum from basic 2 ply clear laminates,
through tinted, reflective to multi-ply, bandit
and bullet resistant, and very high impact
performance products.
Table 3.2a: Manufacturing Capabilities

Minimum Maximum
Thickness 5.38mm 50mm
Size 100mm x 100mm 2440mm x 3660mm

30 Autoclaving glass, Brisbane
G JAMES IS GLASS
Brisbane Convention Centre
Sound Reduction
3.3 Benefits
In many instances laminated glass is often
G.James laminated glass is a durable, overlooked as an acoustic glass. For most
versatile, high performance glazing material applications, laminated glass provides an
that offers a range of benefits: effective, low cost method of reducing the
transmission of noise through the glass. This
Safety is achieved through the ‘viscoelastic’
When subjected to accidental human impact, properties of the PVB interlayer which
the bond between the glass and interlayer dampens the coincidence dip (See Section
combine to absorb the force of the impact, 1.14) in the mid to high frequency range (1000
resisting penetration of the laminate. Should - 2000 Hz). Coincidence impairs the overall
the impact be sufficient to break the glass, acoustic performance of glazing systems, as
the resulting fragments typically remain general environmental noise sources such as
intact, firmly adhered to the PVB interlayer. traffic and aircraft have significant amounts of
This important characteristic significantly sound energy in this frequency range.
reduces the likelihood of serious injury
Heat and Glare Control
qualifying laminated glass as a Grade A

While it is desirable to allow more natural light
safety glass.
into our homes and buildings, more light often
Security means more heat entering the interior.
Laminated glass with a tinted interlayer, can
Laminated glass offers greater protection for
reduce heat gain by absorbing this radiated
people and property by providing an
heat while simultaneously cutting down the
effective barrier when under attack. Although
amount of glare that occurs with high levels of
the glass will break if hit with a hammer,
natural light. The underlying benefit is lower
brick or similar object, the interlayer will
costs associated with cooling the interior.
resist penetration ensuring any attempt to
enter the premises will be slow and noisy. For optimum heat and glare control, G.James’
Also, if attacked the glass will tend to remain range of Optilight products (See Section 3.5)
in the opening, keeping wind and rain out of or laminated glass incorporating a Solarplus
the building until it can be replaced at a reflective coating (See Section 6.2) are
convenient time. recommended. 31
• Glass balustrading and lift wells

• Showerscreens, mirrors, sliding doors and
sidelights
• Shopping centres, offices and banks
• Hospitals, schools and libraries
• Aquariums and zoos
• Jails, embassies and security vehicles
• Blast resistant glazing
3.5 Optilight
Optilight is G.James’ range of spectrally
selective, high performance laminated glass
products that offer optimum light transmission,
reduced solar heat gain/loss and minimum
reflectance while maintaining the natural toning
of the glass.
By combining readily available raw glass and

Laminated glass application
interlayer, and the latest hard-coating
UV Elimination technology, Optilight provides a cost-effective
product with proven durability, reliability and
G.James laminated glass products protect
serviceability. The neutral coloured coating
expensive curtains, furnishings and carpets from
incorporated within this glass ensures minimal
the damaging effects of short-wave ultra-violet
reflection and is therefore ideal in commercial
radiation. The PVB interlayer filters the sun
applications where the original clear or tinted
eliminating up to 99% of UV rays while allowing
appearance of glass is desired.
the important visible light to pass through.
Capable of being supplied as either a
Low Visible Distortion
laminated product or incorporated into an IG
Due to the controlled nature of the
unit, Optilight products are suitable for vision
laminating process, facades glazed with
and overhead glazing applications.
laminated, annealed glass avoid the risk of
visible distortions, providing significantly As with all high performance solar control
sharper reflections. products, a thermal safety assessment is
recommended to assess the need for heat
NB: These benefits are dependent on the nature of the final
processed product.
processing to avoid thermal fracture of the
glass. (See Appendix One for a Thermal Safety
With glass laminating facilities in Australia and
Assessment Form.)
Malaysia, G.James has the capability to

manufacture the complete range of Figure 3.5a: Optilight HL719
architectural glass products to satisfy specific
design requirements for colour, thermal and
mechanical performance.
Incident solar
3.4 Applications energy
The many features and possible configurations

of laminated glass combine to provide a product 5% reflected out in 30% directly
53% absorbed transmitted
that has a wide and varied range of applications: and reradiated 12% absorbed
58% total rejected and reradiated
• Overhead glazing, skylights and rooflights 42% total admitted
• Glazed areas surrounding gymnasiums and Solar performance analysis based on

12.76mm Optilight HL719
32 swimming pools
G JAMES IS GLASS
3.6 Cyclone Resistant Laminate 3.7 Anti-bandit Glass

By incorporating a thicker combination of G.James Anti-bandit glass is a laminated
interlayers, Cyclone Resistant laminate is product incorporating a 1.52mm PVB
designed to resist penetration of flying interlayer. It is this increased thickness of
interlayer which foils attacks from such items
debris and maintain clear vision (dependent
as bricks, hammers and axes.
on glass configuration) in the event of
breakage. Also designed to satisfy the It is essential that anti-bandit glass is held
criteria for protection in openings, as defined captive in a suitable framing system to prevent
in the Australian Standards AS 1170.2, this the glass evacuating the building when
product resembles an ordinary panel of glass subjected to an attack.
when glazed.
It is essential that cyclone resistant glass is 3.8 Characteristics

held captive in a suitable framing system to Edge Delamination
prevent the glass from evacuating the
Delamination to the edge of laminated glass is
building when subjected to severe storm and an inherent characteristic of this product.
cyclone conditions. More noticeable where the glass edges are
exposed, delamination is the result of a
G.James cyclone resistant, laminated safety
breakdown in the bond between the polyvinyl
glass can be manufactured to incorporate
butyral interlayer and the glass. The extent of
solar control products. the breakdown will depend on the glazing
application and location but generally will not
Tests have shown that cyclone resistant
extend any further than 10mm in from the
glass meets the requirement of resisting
glass edge. It should be noted delamination is
penetration from impact of a 4kg, 50mm x not detrimental to the strength or performance
100mm timber plank on end, travelling at of the glass. If delamination is a concern, it is
15mtrs/sec. This is equivalent to an impact recommended that the glass be glazed fully
energy of 450J. captive in a frame.
Lloyds of London
33
4.0 HEAT TREATED GLASS
4.0
HEATTREATEDGLASS
Heat Treated glass
In 1879 De La Bastie took this principle further

by quenching the glass in a bath of linseed oil
and tallow. The resulting product however was
closer to what is today termed ‘heat
strengthened’, rather than fully toughened.
Both these methods had severe bowing
problems which Siemens tried to overcome by
quenching the glass between two cast iron
blocks. It was not until 1928 that Reunies des
Glaces in France invented the vertical electric
furnace where large sheets of glass could be
processed with minimal bowing. Pilkington
(U.K.) followed quickly with their process of
quenching by blowing air on both sides of the
glass simultaneously.
In essence the process remains the same

G.James Toughening Furnace, Brisbane today and although vertical furnaces are still
used, almost all architectural glass is
4.1 Introduction produced on horizontal furnaces.
In the Mappae Clavicula (a 9th century book)

there is a description of ‘unbreakable glass’. It 4.2 Process
was understood at this early stage that glass
Toughened Glass
could be toughened and made stronger by
quenching in hot oil. Similarly ‘Prince Rupert’s The cut-to-size glass sheets are fed from the
Drops’ were produced by dropping molten loading conveyer into the furnace where it
gobs of glass into water. The result is a oscillates back and forth on ceramic rollers
teardrop shaped piece of glass, the head of until it reaches approximately 620˚C.
which is strong enough to withstand heavy
Progressing from the furnace, the glass moves
blows with a hammer. However if the fine tail
into the quench where it is rapidly cooled by
is snapped off, the complete teardrop

blasting both sides with air.
explodes with a surprising amount of energy.
This phenomenon occurs due to the outer This ‘snap cooling’ or quenching induces
‘skin’ of the drop immediately solidifying on compressive stresses to the glass surface
contact with the water while the centre cools while the centre remains in tension. Although
at a slower rate. Consequently, the centre of the physical characteristics remain unchanged,
the drop is put into tension and pulls inwards the additional stresses created within the
on the already hardened outer surface, which glass increases its strength by 4 - 5 times that
is now in compression. Breaking the tail of annealed glass of equal thickness.
releases the tension, which dissipates through
the compressed outer surface. This is a Heat Strengthened
classic demonstration of the principles The process is similar to that of toughening,
involved in the toughening process. however in this instance the glass is quenched
34
G JAMES IS GLASS
Figure 4.2a: Stresses in Heat Treated Glass

Compressive stresses
Tension
at a slower rate. The result is lower compressive

stress, increasing the strength to only twice that
of annealed glass of equal thickness.
The latest development in technology has

been the introduction of gas-fired, forced
convection heat processing which has
resulted in improvements in the speed of
manufacture and quality of heat treated glass. The small and relatively harmless fragments of toughened glass
G.James operates the following heat recommended for doors, side panels and low
processing facilities: lites, glass balustrades, shower and bath
screens, pool fences and glass walled
Brisbane: Two horizontal furnaces, the largest squash courts. It is also used in automotive,
of which is gas-fired. marine, rail and land transport as well as
furniture applications.
Sydney: Three horizontal furnaces (one of
which manufactures both flat and curved Heat Strengthened
toughened glass) and one vertical tong • Twice as strong as annealed glass of equal
furnace for specialty glass. thickness
Melbourne: One horizontal furnace. • Not designated as a safety glass

• Greater resistance to thermal stress when
Malaysia: One horizontal furnace.
compared to annealed glass
• Typically breaks into large pieces, which
4.3 Properties tend to remain in the opening
Toughened Safety Glass

• Up to five times stronger than annealed
glass of the same thickness i Technical Advisory
Service
• Designated Grade A safety glass as per
AS/NZS 2208
• In the event of breakage, the panel will
(452637)
fracture into relatively small harmless
particles National Toll Free Number
• Greater resistance to thermal stress when
compared to annealed glass (can be
subjected to temperatures ranging from 4.4 Available Sizes
70˚C to 290˚C) G.James Safety Glass can offer an extensive
Because of its mechanical strength it is ideal range of toughened and heat strengthened
for creating a ‘total vision’ concept in all glass products and manufacture to the following
assemblies, foyers and entrance ways. It is size specifications:
35
Brisbane: Due to the dimensional precision required

• 2100mm x 4500mm @ 3mm - 19mm thick for the various applications of heat
• 1500mm x 5100mm @ 5mm - 25mm thick processed glass, accurate and detailed
diagrams are essential.
Sydney:
• 2100mm x 4000mm @ 4mm - 25mm thick To avoid confusion, manufacturing delays and
costly replacements, diagrams must comply
• 1500mm x 2400mm @ 4mm - 25mm thick
with the following guidelines:
• 2100mm x 3600mm @ 5mm - 19mm thick
• 20mm diameter min. (vertical) Diagram Guidelines
• Each item should be drawn separately on A4
Melbourne: size paper
• 2100mm x 5000mm @ 4mm - 25mm thick
• Each item must be clearly dimensioned with
clearly indicated measurements from
Malaysia:
reference points
• 2440mm x 4200mm @ 4mm - 19mm thick
• Cut-out or notch positions and sizes must
Height to width ratio limitation on all furnaces be clearly dimensioned with the
is 15:1, while the minimum size on all measurement preferably to the edge of the
horizontal furnaces is 350mm x 350mm. cut-out or notch
NB: Should your glass requirements approach these • Hole sizes indicated and hole positions
maximum or minimum sizes, please consult our technical clearly dimensioned from the edge to the
advisory service.
hole centre
• Glass thickness and type indicated
4.5 Manufacturing Guidelines
• Edgework requirements indicated to all
As heat treated glass cannot be cut, drilled or individual edges
edgeworked in any way, it is therefore • Stamp position and type indicated
important to ensure the sizes ordered are
• Square corners indicated on rakes or
correct. If a template is required, it should be
irregular shapes
full size and of a rigid material such as plywood.
• Radii clearly indicated
If applicable, and in particular with reflective
glasses, the direction of roller-wave should be
4.6 Applications
specified (See Section 4.8). It is recommended
the roller-wave run horizontal provided the sizes Balustrades
are within the constraint of the furnace width. Framed and structural self-supporting
balustrades are ideal for use in pool fencing,
Again due to the heat process involved,
balcony, staircase and other applications
toughened glass will contain localised warp
where the ultimate in unobstructed views is
or bow which will vary with thickness and
desired. Suitable for both commercial and
colour, particularly reflective glasses including

Low E, ceramic painted, sandblasted or residential situations, these systems provide a
figured rolled glass. low maintenance, stylish and unique

balustrade alternative.
Holes
G.James offer a selection of powder coated
Hole sizes
aluminium framed balustrade or structural self-
The following hole sizes are available:
supporting systems glazed with Grade A safety
5mm, 6mm, 6.5mm, 7mm, 8mm, 9mm,
glass (clear, tinted or decorative).
10mm, 12mm, 13mm, 14mm, 15mm, 16mm,
17mm, 18mm, 19mm, 20mm, 21mm, 22mm, The glass thickness used for such purposes is
23mm, 25mm, 26mm, 28mm, 30mm, 32mm, dependent upon the application with strict
35mm, 40mm, 42mm, 45mm, 50mm, 58mm compliance to the relevant regulations, codes
36 and 80mm. and standards.
G JAMES IS GLASS
Figure 4.5a: Process Limitations – Holes
Hole diameters must be less Countersunk holes at 45˚

than 33% of the panel are available upon request
measurement at the narrowest
height / width dimension.
Minimum hole diameter

is 5mm but must be
equal to, or greater than
the glass thickness
Glass (with holes) width

to be at least 8 times the
glass thickness
The distance between
holes must be at least 4
times the glass thickness The distance from the edge of
The distance from edge of hole to edge of glass must be
hole in a corner to both at least 1.5 times (4-6mm) or
edges of glass must be at 2 times (8-25mm) the glass
minimum 4 times the glass thickness
thickness
NB: Holes will have a ground finish with arris unless otherwise specified.
Figure 4.5b: Process Limitations – Cut-outs and Notches
Cut-out / notch width and Corner radius to be

height must be less than equal to, or greater Insert
33% of the height / width than glass thickness 16mm 51.5mm
dimension Ø hole
Minimum 19mm radius at

semi-circle of cut-out 62mm
38.5mm
44mm
Interior width and height

of cut-out / notch must be
equal to, or greater than
glass thickness
Cut-outs / notches
with corner holes
must be as noted in
Insert (above)
External corners
must be rounded
The distance between edge of cut-
out / notch and edge of glass to be
at least 50% of the relevant width Cut-outs / notches to have
or height of the cut-out / notch. rounded corners or semi-
N.B. Minimum 75mm (4-6mm) and circular ends with a radius equal
100mm (8-25mm) Corners rounded to, or greater than the glass
thickness
NB: Cut-outs and notches will have a ground finish with arris. Polished cut-outs and notches are available on request.
37
edges/ends with specially designed fittings

and hung from the building structure hence
the term ‘suspended’ glass assemblies.
Toughened glass fins are used at each vertical

joint to act as stabilisers and provide stiffness
against high wind loads. The panel to panel
joints are sealed with silicone and the entire
assembly is suspended on adjustable hangers
and retained at the bottom and sides in a
peripheral channel. This channel, designed
with deep glazing pockets, can accommodate
a certain amount of movement within the
floating facade. An exciting new development
in frameless glass assemblies is the use of
structural trusses eliminating the need for
patch fittings.
Types
Frameless toughened glass showerscreen
Toughened glass assemblies can be designed
Consult the following to ensure compliance: to incorporate the following systems:
• AS 1170: Wind Load requirements • ‘Spider’ fittings with cable/bow trusses
• AS 1288: Use of Glass in Buildings • Patch plate fittings
• The Building Code of Australia • Countersunk, flush faced patch fittings
• Local Authority requirements • Structural trusses (without the need for holes)
• AS 1926: Fences for Swimming Pools
G.James can design assemblies to suit a wide
• AS 2820: Gate Units for Private Swimming range of applications incorporating either flat
Pools or curved toughened glass.
NB: G.James does not recommend monolithic toughened
NB: It is recommended that glass used in suspended glass
glass be used on the exterior sheer face in elevated
assemblies be heat soak tested.
locations above trafficable areas.
Frameless Showerscreens
Frameless toughened safety glass
showerscreens offer a unique and stylish
alternative to aluminium framed screens by
creating the illusion of space and a distinct
feature in bathrooms and ensuites.
With configurations limited only by the

imagination, each screen is custom designed
and measured to suit the particular site to

ensure structural stability and functionality.
A wide selection of handles (or knobs) and

hinges are available in powder coated, chrome
or gold plated finishes.
Glass Assemblies
Suspended glass assemblies allow designers
to create an impressive feature without the
interference of framing, providing greater light
and a feel of open space with minimal visual
barriers. In principle, the system involves
38 toughened glass panels bolted together at the
Toughened glass assembly
G JAMES IS GLASS
Toughened glass assembly incorporating spider fittings
Figure 4.6a: Toughened Glass Assemblies
Suspension
point
Suspension
hanger
Peripheral channel Fin Splice plate

Facade
glass
Patch fitting
Fin support box
39
Frameless Entries
For building entrances and shopfront
applications, frameless toughened glass
entries provide impressive, unobstructed
views with design flexibility and functionality.
Types:
• Heavy-duty floor springs in single or double
action with hold open or non-hold open
functions
• Automatic pivot systems
• Concealed overhead closers
• Automatic, overhead operators with electric
locks, card readers or panic bars
Hardware Options:
• Locks fitted to the top and/or bottom rails,
Frameless toughened glass entry or at the handle position
Figure 4.6b: Frameless Glass Door Options
Type A Full width rails fitted along top and bottom edges
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Type B Full width rails fitted along bottom edge only, patch fitted at top corner
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8
B9 B10 B11 B12 B13

Type C Patches fitted at top and bottom corners
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
C9 C10 C11 C12 C13
40
G JAMES IS GLASS
• Handles in a selection of designs and sizes Multi-stacking configurations can be designed

All above are available in either brass, polished to suit residential applications to provide
or satin stainless steel, powder coated or unobstructed views of the city, surrounding
anodised finishes. countryside or pool area. In addition, bi-folding
and stacking systems are capable of
Bi-folding and Stacking Doors
incorporating sliding or pivot doors.
Utilising the latest hardware componentry with
the features of toughened glass, bi-folding and NB: Weatherproofing issues need to be considered.
stacking doors offer a moveable wall system

which allows the glass panels to travel in a 4.7 Colourlite
concertina style folding action. The glass (Ceramic Painted Glass)
panels can be either framed or frameless and,
once completely opened, be totally hidden The application of fused colour to glass
from public view. This facility allows any provides architects with the ability to
commercial operation to have maximum complement or contrast the vision glass used
business exposure and full use of all available in today’s modern buildings. The coloured frit
space making it perfect for cafes, coffee used in this process consists of glassflux
shops etc. (70 - 95%) and ceramic pigment (5 - 30%).
Frameless toughened glass stacking door system
Figure 4.7a: Colourlite Standard Colours

Black High Opacity White Gannet Denim
Hawthorn Green Pewter Sandhill Federation Red
NB: Colours are for illustrative purposes only

41
Process Variation in perceived colour may occur with

The manufacture of Colourlite involves any ceramic frit. Such variations however will
‘screening’ the selected coloured ceramic paint be more apparent with white or light colours
onto one side of the glass. This method of because of unavoidable light transmittance.
application ensures total and complete coverage Further due to inherent variations in the
of the glass surface. Once the colour has been ceramic frit thickness, lighter colours are more
applied, the glass is then heat treated with the influenced by the colours of materials installed
heat generated within the furnace sufficient to behind the glass. Therefore, if white Colourlite
melt the frit into the glass substrate. is specified, the area behind the glass must be
of a uniform light colour to avoid any
Minimum size: 350mm x 350mm shadowing effect. It is recommended that full-
Maximum size: 1500mm x 2700mm sized prototypes (incorporating all specified
spandrel materials, in particular insulation) are
Properties and Applications
viewed on-site and approved by the client to
The application of Colourlite bonds the colour avoid any oversight in this regard.
to the glass, supplying a permanent non-
porous surface with excellent scratch Viewing should always be from the glass side
resistance (removal of the colour is not and never the painted surface, nor should
possible without damage to the glass Colourlite be used in applications where
substrate). G.James Colourlite is impervious to backlighting may occur.
weathering and fade resistant.
Colourlite’s excellent colour stability and
aesthetic features means this product is
perfect for spandrel panels in high
rise/apartment buildings. Choose from the
eight standards colours (See Figure 4.7a) or
select your own customised colour.
4.8 Characteristics
Roller-wave
An inherent consequence of the heat
treatment process is roller-wave which is
caused by the heated, slightly softened glass
being in continual contact with the
oscillating ceramic rollers. This distortion is
more noticeable in reflective or dark tinted
glasses and if applicable, the direction of
roller-wave should be specified. It is
Colourlite spandrel application
recommended the roller-wave run horizontal
provided the sizes are within the
Figure 4.7b: Colourlite Spandrel Application
manufacturing constraints of the furnace.
Quench Pattern
During the quenching phase of the heat
treatment process, the glass is rapidly cooled
by high velocity blasts of air. Inevitably this
results in slightly higher levels of compression
at those areas adjacent to the air nozzles. The
Concrete slab consequence of these areas of high
Vision glass compressive stresses is the occasional
Insulation
appearance of a strain pattern of iridescent
Colourlite
Ceiling transom spots or darkish shadows. This effect is
Vision glass Front view referred to as the ‘quench pattern’ as it occurs
42 in the furnace quench.
G JAMES IS GLASS
shaped like ‘butterfly wings’, this would

typically indicate the presence of NiS.
Microscopic examination may reveal a minute
black speck or NiS stone in the centre of the
glass. Stones of concern are always situated
in the central or tensile zone and vary in size
upwards from 0.04um in diameter.
While glass manufacturers are extremely

careful to ensure that no nickel enters the
glass tank, it should be noted that it takes only
0.1 gram of nickel in a 500 tonne tank to
produce 50,000 NiS stones.
An example of a quench pattern viewed under polarised light 4.9 Heat Soak Testing
Typically, the pattern is only visible at times of G.James Safety Glass can conduct heat soak
polarised light or by viewing the glass from testing (HST) on toughened glass if required.
the inside at acute angles. Similarly, the thicker Heat soaking is a destructive test which heats
and more reflective the glass, the more the glass for several hours at 280˚C to speed
obvious the quench pattern will be. up the Alpha to Beta transformation of any
nickel sulphide (NiS) should it be present. This
Nickel Sulphide Inclusion accelerated testing process reduces the
Toughened glass can on rare occasions likelihood of breakage by a factor of 20 with a
shatter for what appears to be no apparent 95% conversion rate of potentially damaging
reason. This is sometimes referred to as a nickel sulphide inclusions. Obviously
‘spontaneous breakage’. identifying NiS inclusion prior to on-site
installation has distinctive cost, safety and
In the early 1960’s, the I.C.I. building in security benefits and is therefore strongly
Melbourne had extensive breakage in the recommended for toughened glass
spandrel panels. Mr Ron Ballantine of the assemblies or where the consequence of
CSIRO investigated the case and discovered breakage could result in injury.
the cause was nickel sulphide (NiS) inclusions,
a substance that possesses both an Alpha and
a Beta phase. Once subjected to heat, as
would occur during the toughening process,
this phase alters to the more unstable Beta
phase. Since the quenching process is very
rapid, the structure of NiS does not have time
to transform back to the stable Alpha phase.
Left: Typical failure pattern (butterfly wings) observed after
This phase transformation will continue to spontaneous breakages of toughened glass due to NiS inclusions
occur over periods of time ranging from a few Right: Scanning Electron Micrograph of a typical NiS inclusion
observed after the spontaneous failure of toughened glass (about
minutes to years after glazing. 0.2mm diameter). One can note the rough aspect of the surface, as
always seen on dangerous NiS stones
The cause of spontaneous breakage is not

limited to NiS but any foreign particle, even
silica stones, which may enter the raw glass
mix or float glass manufacturing process.
However while other such particles can be
Service
found using electronic scanners, to date NiS

stones go undetected, only being identified Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S
after breakage. Identification is possible by (452637)
following the fracture radii to the centre point National Toll Free Number
of origin. If there appears two larger fragments
43
5.0 CURVED TOUGHENED GLASS
5.0 TOUGHENEDGLASS
CURVEDCurved toughened glass
5.2 Terminology
To assist designers and clients when seeking
quotations or placing orders the following
terminology should be used:
Height: The straight edge length of the glass.
Depth:The distance between two parallel lines

which enclose the curved glass.
Radius: The distance from the centre of the

circle to the circumference of the circle.
Degree:The angle of a segment in a circle

expressed in degrees.
Tangent:A straight line extending from the arc

of the curve.
Chord: The straight distance between the

edges of the curve.
Girth: The distance around the surface of the

curve.
(See Figures 5.2a & 5.2b)
Figure 5.3a: Available Curves
A range of possible curves
5.1 Introduction
V - Curves
In another first G.James combines the strength

of toughening with the latest in curved safety
glass technology to offer architects, specifiers Cylindrical with Flats
and interior designers a range of innovative
and exciting design options.
The continuous manufacturing process Cylindrical
involves heating, then curving the glass to the

required shape before finally toughening. By
employing movable platens in the quenching
process, the need for expensive press moulds S - Curves
has been eliminated. This technology allows

each shape to be precisely moulded to J - Curves
customer specifications providing cost
44 effective building solutions.
G JAMES IS GLASS
Figure 5.2a: Dimensional Specification No.1
Depth
Radius
Degree
Height
Tangent
Girth
Figure 5.2b: Dimensional Specification No.2
Degree
Radius
s
knes
Thic Radius
Tan
ge
nt gent
ss
Tan
ne
ick
Th
Height
Height
Girth
Girth
Chord
Depth
Chord
Depth
Radius
Table 5.4a: Maximum Sizes

Thickness Glass type Girth Height Minium radius
3mm Heat Strengthened 2140mm 2500mm 635mm
4mm Heat Strengthened 2140mm 2500mm 635mm
5mm Toughened 2140mm 2500mm 635mm

45
G.James’ flat and curved glass toughening furnace, Sydney
The preferred dimension is the radius from the

5.3 Available Curves inside edge of the glass, particularly for
cylindrical shapes.
(See Figure 5.3a)
Where the chord and depth dimensions can
It should be noted that the maximum bending be supplied, a computer program will be used
angle is 90˚, therefore a full circle (360˚) can to print out all necessary dimensions for
only be achieved using four pieces of glass. clients checking and sign off.
Templates would be preferred for cylindrical

shapes but are a must for cylindrical shapes
5.4 Maximum Sizes
with flats. All templates must be of a hard
As height increases, the glass becomes more material such as plywood and remember the
minimum possible radii as previously listed in
difficult to curve and therefore the minimum
Table 5.4a.
radius must be increased. Similarly as the
glass weight and thickness increases, the

maximum height must be decreased and the 5.6 Applications
minimum radius increased (See Table 5.4a). G.James curved toughened safety glass has
many and varied applications including:
• Shopfronts and Internal Partitions
5.5 Measuring
• Balconies, Balustrades and Pool Fencing
Providing accurate dimensions for the purpose • Revolving Doors
of manufacturing curved toughened is crucial • Elevators and Lifts
to the whole process. In particular, the radius • Skylights and Covered Walkways
and girth dimension must be clearly stated as • Bay Windows
being measured from either: • Showerscreens
a) the inside edge of the glass, • Display Cases, Deli bends and Food Cabinets
b)the centre of the glass, or • Glass Furniture
46 c) the outside of the glass. • Windscreens

G JAMES IS GLASS
It is also possible to incorporate Colourlite onto Tolerances

the surface of curved toughened glass panels. Curve:To fit within ± 3mm of the specified
shape or 6mm more than the glass thickness.
5.7 Glazing Local Warpage:At the curved edge: 1.5mm for

glass up to 6mm thick and 3mm for glass
Please refer Section 11. over 6mm.
G.James can also supply, curved aluminium

channels for head and sills if required. 5.9 Standards
The appropriate standard for Architectural
5.8 Acceptance Criteria curved toughened glass covering the
thickness range of 5mm – 12mm is AS/NZS
Limitations 2208. For automotive glasses 5mm – 12mm
Curved toughened glass can only be curved in thick, the appropriate standard is AS 2080.
one plane (dimension).
As 3mm and 4mm are only available in heat
The manufacturing limitations are as follows: strengthened and not fully toughened, such
panels are not covered by the above standards
• Maximum girth or curved dimension
as heat strengthened is not classified as a
– 2140mm (5mm – 12mm)
Grade A safety material.
• Maximum height
– 3000mm (6mm/8mm)
– 3660mm (10mm/12mm)
For other thicknesses see Table 5.4a i Technical Advisory
Service
• Minimum height 400mm
Edgework: As per flat toughened glass Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S

(452637)
Cut-outs: As per flat toughened glass
Holes / Spacings: As per flat toughened glass
Applications for curved toughened glass

47
6.0 REFLECTIVE AND COATED GLASS
6.0
REFLECTIVE COATEDGLASS
Reflective & Coated glass
curved if required. The application process

does however limit the range of available
colours when compared to off-line coatings.
On-line coated products include Stopsol,

Solarcool and Eclipse in addition to Low E types
Energy Advantage, K Glass and Sungate 500.
6.3 Solarplus (Off-line Coatings)

Solarplus is G.James’ range of Airco (off-line)
processed, reflective and Low E solar control
glass products.
In this state-of-the-art technology, the

material to be sputtered is the cathode in a
high voltage electrical circuit. Process gas is
fed into a vacuum chamber where a glow
discharge (plasma) forms. Electrons are
Royal Sun Alliance Building, Auckland
taken from the gas and leave positively
charged ions. The ions are attracted to, and
6.1 Introduction collide with the target cathode (the material
to be sputtered). This process takes place at
As demand for better performing glass
very high speed and atoms of the target
products increased, technology evolved that
material are ejected and then recondense on
allowed metallic coatings to be applied to the
the glass below.
glass surface. The result was a range of glass
products that offer the following benefits: By fine-tuning, the process is capable of
• A wide choice of external appearances with uniform coatings on sheets of glass up to
varying degrees of reflectance 2140mm x 3660mm or as small as 300mm x
• Superior, all-round performance levels when
compared to those of body tinted glass
• A multitude of combinations to satisfy
specific aesthetic and performance
requirements
6.2 On-line Coatings

On-line coated (or pyrolytic) glass is produced
by depositing a metallic oxide onto the glass
surface during the float manufacturing
process. The result is a series of reflective
coatings that are extremely hard and durable,
48 to the extent that they can be heat treated and
G.James coating line
G JAMES IS GLASS
900mm. Almost any non-magnetic alloy or Coating Definitions

metal can be sputtered, the more common The coating description comprises two letters
ones being stainless steel, silver and titanium. and two numbers, for example TS21. The two
With argon present in the chamber, a metallic letters identify the type of coating and the two
coating is produced. With oxygen or nitrogen numbers indicate the visible light
either a metallic oxide or metallic nitride layer transmittance on 6mm clear glass. The higher
is produced. the number, the greater the visible light
transmittance, conversely the lower the
Light transmittance and colour, depend on the
number the better the glass performs in
coating material and the density of the
reducing heat transfer. Off-line coatings
deposit. G.James Safety Glass has the only
applied to tinted glass or incorporated into a
architectural glass coating facility in Australia.
laminated glass with a tinted interlayer further
Solarplus products are available in either reduces the visible light transmittance. In
annealed monolithic form (clear and tinted), these instances the number reference serves
heat treated or laminated glass or as a guide only to the visible light
incorporated into a Twin-Glazed unit, transmittance and may assist in comparing
depending on the selected coating. types of glass.
Figure 6.3a: 3 Chamber Off-line Coating System
Chamber 1 Chamber 2 Chamber 3
Sputter Chamber
Vacuum Pumps
Glass Entrance Transfer Transfer Exit Unload

Washing Chamber Chamber 1 Chamber 2 Chamber
Glass
Cathode Valve Lock

Glass Transport Direction Vacuum Chambers are separated by Valve Locks
Figure 6.3b: The Sputtering Process
0 to 100+
Anode Volts
– Gas in
-500 to -800 + Material to be deposited (Target) +
Volts
Surface atom ejected
Positive ions
DC Power Plasma accelerated
Supply to target
Vacuum
Coating
Material to be coated
(Glass panel)
How glass is coated? The Sputtering Process

Glass is conveyed into a vacuum chamber which houses a proprietary AIRCO cathode and a ‘target’ (bar of the material
to be deposited onto the glass). A controlled amount of gas is fed into the chamber, and a negative charge is applied to
the cathode, resulting in a glow discharge (plasma) within the magnetic field created by permanent magnets in place
behind the target.This plasma creates positive ions which are attracted to the negatively charged target, bombarding
the target with such force that atoms of the target are ejected and deposited, atom by atom, onto the glass panel
being coated. This cathode technique, developed by AIRCO scientists, is 10 – 100 times more efficient than previous
sputtering processes.
49
Handling
Do
• Handle glass manually, or with clean, oil-free
vacuum pads
Don’t
• Use gloves or vacuum pads which are dirty
or contaminated
Installation
Do
Plasma glow during the sputtering process • Take care not to damage the coating when
fitting into the frame, or with glazing tools,
Solarplus Coatings
sealant guns etc., or by leaning materials
TS Series against the coated surface
External Appearance*: Silver Blue to Deep Blue • Glaze with coated surface to the INSIDE of
Product Code: TS21, TS30, TS35***, TS40 and the building (monolithic form only)
TS50*** • Remove excess lubricants immediately and
check regularly for any reappearance
TE Series
External Appearance*: Earth
• Clean up splashes from plaster, mortar or
concrete before they harden
Product Code: TE10
• Minimise damage by hanging protective
SS Series plastic drapes over (but not touching) glazed
External Appearance*: Neutral Silver panels once completed
Product Code: SS08, SS14*** and SS22 Don’t
• Glaze sheets with damaged edges
SC Series
• Use glass with vented or severely feathered
External Appearance*: Pewter (Antique Silver)
edges
Product Code: SC22**, SC30*** and SC40***
• Glaze with coating exposed to weather
SL Series (Laminated glass only) Cleaning
External Appearance**: Silver Do
Product Code: SL10***, SL20 and SL30*** • Clean panels as soon as possible after
installation, especially if there is a risk of
Notes:
leaching, run-off or spattering from other
*External appearance based on clear glass.
**External appearance based on clear glass with clear PVB. materials
***Non Standard coating (surcharge may apply). • Use ammonia and water or well-diluted mild
As with all solar control glass products, a detergent for routine cleaning
thermal safety assessment is recommended Don’t

to determine if heat treatment is required to • Use abrasive cleaners
avoid thermal breakage.
General
Don’t
• Apply protective films to any coated surface
6.4 Handling Criteria
• Mark or label the coated surface
Delivery & Storage
Do
6.5 Low E (Low Emissivity)
• Make sure the glass is always supported
• Protect from knocks, abrasions and All materials lose heat, but some more quickly
excessive pressure - especially on edges than others. The rate of heat loss depends on
the surface emissivity of the material. For
• Keep surfaces dry, clean and interleaved
example, a silver teapot will retain the fluid
with polyfoam
temperature far longer than a glass teapot
Don’t because the surface of silver has a much
• Bend lower ‘emissivity’. Emissivity is defined as the
50 • Store in direct sunlight or unventilated spaces rate of emitting (radiating) absorbed energy.
G JAMES IS GLASS
The radiant energy is long wave infra-red, which, when combined with a high
which is in effect re-radiated back towards the performance reflective or body tinted glass
heat source. and incorporated into a Twin-Glaze unit, results
in a thermally efficient window with both a low
A black body is the perfect emitter with a
shading coefficient and U-value.
surface emissivity of 1.0. Comparatively,
ordinary clear glass has a surface emissivity Solarplus Low E LE54 is a tinted coating which
level of 0.84, meaning 84% of the absorbed is ideal for use in warm climates, as it offers a
heat is emitted from the surface. When Low E balance between light transmission and solar
coatings are applied to the glass, the surface energy control. By combining this coating with
emissivity is reduced to less than 0.20. a body tinted glass in a Twin-Glaze unit, a
Therefore the lower the surface emissivity, the desirable shading coefficient is achieved while
better the glass reduces heat gain or heat maintaining good light transmittance, minimal
loss. For assessment purposes, heat gain or external reflectance and low U-value.
loss is measured in U-value (W/m2K) with the
G.James also stock a range of on-line coated
lower the number, the better the performance Low E glass which can be cut, toughened,
of the glass. laminated or curved in the same way as
ordinary annealed glass and requires no edge
Solarplus Low E
deletion for fabrication. This range of coated
In terms of visible light transmission and products has very high light transmission, low
thermal insulation, Solarplus Low E is the reflectance and is only available on clear glass.
optimum glass product. These off-line sputtered When incorporated with a solar control glass
coatings are transparent layers of silver and in a laminate (Optilight) or a Twin-Glaze unit, a
metal oxide deposited onto the glass surface. desirable shading coefficient and a reduction
The metal oxides, which surround the silver, in U-value can be achieved.
protects and suppresses the visible reflectance
NB: Please refer to Section 15 for performance figures
of the silver. This range of coatings can only be
supplied on glass that will form part of a Twin-
Glaze unit (edge deletion required).
G.James produce two off-line Low E coatings, i Technical Advisory

Service
namely LE80 and LE54 as part of the Solarplus
Low E range.
Solarplus Low E LE80 has a neutral colour in (452637)
both reflection and transmission. This is National Toll Free Number
accompanied by very high light transmission
Figure 6.5a: Low E Glass
Shading Coefficient = 0.39
34% Total Solar

Transmittance
24% Direct
Transmittance
59% Outward 7% Reflectance
Radiation and 10% Inward
Convection Radiation
66% Total Rejected
6mm Evergreen 6mm Energy Advantage

Glass Exterior Glass Interior, #3 surface
51
7.0 INSULATED GLASS UNITS
7.0
INSULATEDGLASSUNITS
Insulated glass units
metal soldered, then glass fused and finally, to

the current day, double sealed system.
G.James began manufacturing IG units in 1991

and registered the name ‘Twin-Glaze’ under
which it markets this product.
7.2 Process
Cut-to-size glass is moved vertically along a
conveyor through a washing and inspection
process which ensures the glass is thoroughly
clean and free of defects. The hollow
aluminium spacer is then shaped to suit with a
strip of Polyisobutylene applied to both sides
providing the primary seal and an excellent
vapour barrier. The spacer, which is filled with
molecular sieve (desiccant) to prevent
condensation from forming after sealing, is
Russell Offices, Canberra
positioned between the two panels of glass
7.1 Introduction Figure 7.2a: Typical Twin-Glaze Unit
By nature, a single piece of glass has little

Molecular
resistance to either heat gain or loss, primarily sieve
because it is a good conductor and a very

poor insulator. Recognising this problem, T.D.
Stetson (USA) registered the patent for Hermetically
sealed space
insulated glass in 1865. Stetson discovered
that by adding a second panel of glass
separated by still, dry air the insulating
Glass as
properties of glass could be improved. The selected
improved performance of this insulated glass
is attributed to the low thermal conductivity of
the air pocket. It was not until after World War
Aluminium
One that commercial production of the spacer
‘bonded units’ commenced, with
Polyisobutylene
manufacturing techniques improving primary seal
throughout the 1950’s in Europe and the USA. Silicone

secondary seal
Methods used to seal the unit have progressed
52 over time from the original metal to metal, to
G JAMES IS GLASS
G.James Twin-Glaze Line
and then pressed together. Finally the silicone

secondary seal is applied to the perimeter void
7.3 Manufacturing Guidelines
around the unit.
Spacer Widths Available: 6mm, 8mm, 9mm,
Application of the secondary seal provides the 10mm, 12mm, 14mm, 15mm, 16mm, 18mm,
following benefits: 19mm, 20mm, 22mm and 24mm.
• Good tensile strength to the glass to

7.4 Properties and Applications
glass edge
• Low vapour and gas diffusion The principle function of a Twin-Glaze unit is to
improve the building occupant’s comfort and
• Excellent adhesion between the glass and
reduced heating and cooling costs by
the metal spacer with short curing times
minimising the flow of heat from the inside to
• Superior structural bonding for the total unit the outside, or outside to inside - depending
on the season. This is achieved by the
Today’s automated systems such as the Lisec
airspace diffusing the transfer of heat creating
machines operated by G.James provide
insulation properties almost twice that of a
computerised washing, spacer bending,
single panel of glass.
pressing and sealing with state-of-the-art robotic
equipment. G.James is an accredited member The insulation value (U-value) is dependent on
of the Insulated Glass Manufacturers the unit configuration this includes the glass
Association (IGMA) and complies with type/s, glass thickness and spacer width. Twin-
BS5713:1979 and CAN/CGSB - 12.8-M90. Glaze units incorporating solar control
Table 7.3a: Size Limitations
Twin-Glaze units Available Thickness Minimum Maximum

incorporating Sizes Sizes
Annealed glass Various 400mm x 400mm 2400mm x 3500mm
Heat Strengthened glass Various 400mm x 400mm 2100mm x 3500mm
Toughened glass Various 400mm x 400mm 2100mm x 3500mm
Laminated glass Various 400mm x 400mm 2400mm x 3500mm
NB: Minimum/maximum sizes will be dependent on human impact/wind loading requirements. Maximum size will be
dependent on weight (max. 225kg) and unit configuration.
53
products such as Solarplus significantly Twin-Glaze units can incorporate combinations

reduce solar heat gain, while certain of processed clear, tinted, reflective, low
combinations can provide superior solar and emittance (Low E) or Colourlite glass.
glare control, reduced air conditioning costs,
A thermal stress analysis is strongly
improved noise reduction, greater fire
recommended where solar control glass is
resistance and increased security.
involved - in particular Low E and high
In colder climates where solar energy performance glass.
transmittance is encouraged, a combination of
clear glass and Low E (inner) will ensure high
7.5 Condensation
light and energy transmittance while the Low E
ensures it stays ‘trapped’ inside. In warmer, Air comprises a mixture of gases including
tropical climates this same combination helps water vapour. At any given temperature, air
reflect and prevent the near infra-red (heat) reaches a ‘saturation point’ where it cannot
from transferring through to the interior. hold any more water. Should air with excess
Figure 7.4a: Solar Control
Summer Winter
Heat
source
Heat
Less heat gain Less heat loss source
Low E glass helps prevent heat from entering in the summer Low E glass helps prevent heat from escaping in the winter
Figure 7.4b: Heat Gain/Loss – Single Glass vs Twin-Glaze Unit
Outside Inside
tion
C on
As single glass is a poor

Convec
vection
insulator and easily conducts

heat, there is minimal
wind an
Long wave Conduction Long wave resistance to heat gain/loss.

radiation radiation
exchange to exchange to
d ra
skies and interior

in
surroundings surfaces
Outside Inside
An air space between two

tion
C on
Long wave
panels of glass significantly
Convec
vection
radiation
exchange improves insulation due to the
low thermal conductivity of air
wind an
Long wave Conduction Conduction Long wave

radiation radiation (compared to glass). The
exchange to exchange to second panel further assists
d ra
skies and interior

with thermal resistance.
in
surroundings surfaces
Conduction
& Convection
54
G JAMES IS GLASS
water vapour come into contact with a colder

surface, condensation will form on this surface.
The temperature at which condensation occurs
is known as the ‘dew point’.
In colder climates, condensation can develop

on the inside of windows when the outside
temperature is significantly lower than the
inside temperature thereby reducing the
surface temperature of the glass. To overcome
this temperature variation, Twin-Glaze units
should be selected to provide a thermal barrier
between the inside and the outside, thereby
minimising the occurrence of condensation.
7.6 Characteristics
There are three main optical effects that can
occur with Twin-Glaze units:
Distortion and Reflection

All buildings are subject to constant interior
and exterior changes in temperature and
pressure. These naturally occurring changes
although quite small at times, are sufficient to
cause the glass to deflect or bow, resulting in
a distorted, reflected image. This distortion
known as ‘pillowing’ is visible mainly in the
corners of the unit when viewed from a
distance and can be either convex (where the
glass bows outwards) or concave (inward
bowing). This unavoidable effect is more
noticeable with reflective type glasses.
Sky Tower, Auckland

Newtons Rings
With changes in atmospheric pressure, the shape. Once the unit has pressure equalised,
glass in large Twin-Glaze units may deflect to the effect of Newton Rings will disappear
the extreme where they touch in the centre of however it can be avoided by limiting the size
the unit, creating irregular, coloured circles of the unit and/or using thicker glass.
similar to an oil stain effect. If either panel is
Brewsters Fringes
pushed, the rings will move and change
Only possible with very high quality float
glass, this rare and temporary occurrence is a
consequence of using two glasses of exactly
Service
the same thickness with precise parallel
surfaces. The reflected light within one glass
blends with the reflection within the other
Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S glass to form faint coloured streaks. Brewsters
(452637) Fringes can appear anywhere over the glass
National Toll Free Number surface and can be avoided by using different
glass thicknesses. 55
8.0 SAFETY AND SECURITY GLASS
8.0
SAFETYANDSECURITYGLASS
Safety and Security
individual components into one complete
glass
panel. Bullet resistant glass construction can

be customised to include tinted glass, tinted
or obscure interlayers, reflective coatings and
one-way mirror, with certain curved
configurations also possible.
Holes, cut-outs and shapes are available but

may involve some limitations.
G.James has the manufacturing capabilities and

technological experience to satisfy a wide range
of specifications, from small hand guns to high-
powered rifles and shotguns. The G.James
Technical Advisory Service is available to assist
with reliable and confidential advice.
Bullet resistant glass under attack Properties and Applications

ArmaClear BR products are multi-ply laminates
8.1 Introduction ranging in thickness from 32mm to 45mm and
may consist of an all glass construction or
With safety and security becoming an
incorporate a combination of glass and
increasingly important feature in modern building
polycarbonate. The multiple layers of glass
design, G.James has developed the ArmaClear
used on the attack side deform and slow the
range of specialty glass products to ensure
bullet, while the polycarbonate absorbs the
optimum protection should the need arise.
force of impact. The actual product thickness
These high impact products are visually similar and configuration is totally dependent upon
to ordinary glass (of the same thickness)
providing an unobtrusive barrier against most

forms of attack. ArmaClear has been installed
in a variety of safety and security sensitive
applications throughout Australia and
overseas, having proved their effectiveness
after extensive testing and in-situ service.
8.2 ArmaClear – Bullet

Resistant (BR) Glass
The Process
ArmaClear Bullet Resistant (BR) glass is
manufactured employing G.James’ laminating
process where multiple layers of glass and
polycarbonate are subjected to tremendous
56 heat and pressure, permanently bonding the
Range of weapons
G JAMES IS GLASS
Table 8.2a: ArmaClear Bullet Resistant Products
Level Weapon and calibre Ammunition Range Number Thickness Weight

of strikes (mm) (kg/m2)
G0 Handgun 9mm military Mk 2Z standard 9mm 3m 3 35 82

7.4 metal case bullet
G1 Handgun 357 magnum 10.2g soft point 3m 3 32 70

semi-jacketed, flat nose
G2 Handgun 44 magnum 15.6 soft point 3m 3 34 73

semi-jacketed, flat nose
S0 Shotgun 12 gauge 12 gauge 70mm, high 3m 2 34 73

velocity magnum 32g SG shot
S1 Shotgun 12 gauge 12 gauge 70mm 3m 2 38 86

28.35g single slug
R1 Rifle 5.56mm M 193 5.56mm 10m 3 38 86

3.6 full metal case
R2 Rifle 7.62mm NATO standard 7.62mm 10m 3 45 98

9.3g full metal case
the nominated calibre of weapon correlating to prisons, armoured vehicles, embassies, payroll
a specific level of protection (See Table 8.2a). offices, police stations, airports, public
buildings, government offices and special
The components used in the manufacture of defence vehicles.
ArmaClear BR ensure normal vision is
maintained. The final product is resistant to Framing and Accessories
abrasion while also providing superior sound It should be emphasised that the surrounding
insulation. The strength and appearance of frame and support structure are equally
this product is unaffected by exposure to important as the glass, and must be of a
sunlight however a thermal safety assessment strong construction and capable of providing
is recommended where tinted or reflective the same level of protection to that of the
components are incorporated. Care must be bullet resistant glass.
taken to avoid edge damage.
For this reason, G.James has developed
In the event of an attack, ArmaClear will framing systems to complement all ArmaClear
maintain a protective barrier and degree of BR products, including the supply of
visibility, except around the area of bullet document trays and voice transfer louvres.
impact. It is ideal for installation in banks, Installation can also be provided if required.
ArmaClear bullet resistant glass, framing and accessories

57
Performance mirror with certain curved configurations

Standards Australia issued AS 2343 to ensure also possible.
high standards of performance and detail strict
ArmaClear PA glass is made-to-order with
guidelines for bullet resistant glazing.
holes, cut-outs and shapes available if
The Standard defines three broad attack required, however due to the product
categories: configuration processing limitations do apply.
• ‘G’ - Resistant to hand gun attack G.James has the manufacturing capabilities
• ‘S’ - Resistant to shotgun attack and expertise to meet the various criteria for
• ‘R’ - Resistant to rifle attack intruder resistance and levels of attack. The
G.James Technical Advisory Service is
ArmaClear BR products have been tested and available to assist with reliable and
certified by an independent, accredited NATA confidential advice.
laboratory to ensure compliance with the
various parameters outlined in Table 8.2a. Test Properties and Applications
certificates can be supplied upon request. ArmaClear PA products comprise an all glass
construction or incorporate a combination of
NB: NATA - National Association of Testing Authorities.
glass and polycarbonate with the multi-ply
construction resisting penetration even after
8.3 ArmaClear – Physical the glasses within the composite are
Attack (PA) Glass broken. The multiple glass layers used on
the attack side absorb the force inflicted by
G.James’ ArmaClear Physical Attack (PA) glass
various hand held implements, making the
has a remarkable resistance to human attack
progress of penetration slow with the
and penetration.
attacker quickly tiring and eventually ceasing
The Process the attack.
ArmaClear PA is manufactured using modern The components used in the manufacture of

laminating processes where the multiple ArmaClear PA are resistant to abrasion and
layers of glass and polycarbonate are also provide excellent sound insulation. The
subjected to tremendous heat and pressure, strength and appearance of this product is
permanently bonding the multiple layers of unaffected by exposure to sunlight however a
material into one complete pane. Physical thermal safety assessment is recommended
Attack glass construction can be customised where tinted or reflective components are
to include tinted glass, tinted or obscure incorporated. Care must be taken to avoid
interlayers, reflective coatings and one-way edge damage.
In the event of an attack, ArmaClear PA will

maintain a protective barrier and degree of

visibility, except around the area of impact.
It is ideal for use in prisons, detention centres,
mental health facilities, police stations,
shopfronts (jewellery stores etc.), computer
installations and other associated
establishments.
Table 8.3a: ArmaClear PA Products
Product Thickness Minimum Maximum

Size (mm) Size (mm)
PA4H3P4H 12.26mm 100 x 400 1100 x 2200
PA6H4P6H 17.76mm 100 x 400 1100 x 2200
PA6H6P6H 19.26mm 100 x 400 1100 x 2200
PA6H9P6H 22.76mm 100 x 400 1100 x 2200

58 ArmaClear physical attack glass – Mental health facility
G JAMES IS GLASS
Framing
It should be noted that the surrounding frame
and support structure are of equal importance
and must be of a strong construction and
capable of providing a level of protection
similar to that of the PA glass.
To complement the range of ArmaClear PA

glass, G.James offer associated framing
systems which can be supplied knock-down
condition (KDC) or fully installed.
Performance
Standards Australia issued AS 3555 to
maintain high levels of performance and
outline the guidelines for physical attack
glazing.
Extensive testing of ArmaClear PA products

subjected to attacks from sledgehammers,
jemmy bars, bricks and axes have far exceeded
industry standards and expectations. For
security reasons, test performance figures are
G.James is the chosen supplier to QR tilt trains
not published but are available on request
against a specific project enquiry.
8.5 Train and Special Purpose
Windows
8.4 ArmaClear – Prison
Shield (PS) Glass The development of G.James’ security
products has been extended to include a
G.James ArmaClear Prison Shield (PS) is a
range of dedicated window products for the
range of thin, lightweight anti-intruder
transport and railway industries. With
laminated glass products which has been
extensive in-house design and manufacturing
specifically introduced for low security
capabilities, G.James can supply fully
applications where intrusion is of concern.
fabricated, special purpose windows
ArmaClear PS is constructed using a incorporating high impact laminated glass and
combination of toughened safety glass, heat - aluminium perimeter frames.
strengthened glass and polyvinyl butyral
interlayer between the two glasses. This Of particular mention is the range of railway
window systems which includes forward
configuration provides initial strength in

addition to continued strength even after one facing windscreens, driver’s cab side
or both of the glass skins have been broken, windows, saloon side windows. These
making it well suited for watch houses, lock- systems have undergone extensive testing
ups, detention centres and police stations. and comply with British Standard BRB 566
Customised to suit individual requirements, and the Federal Railroad Administration
ArmaClear Prison Shield can be manufactured (FRA) Standards.
to incorporate tinted glass, tinted or obscure
interlayer, reflective coating or one-way mirror.
Table 8.4a: ArmaClear PS Products

Service
Product Thickness Minimum Maximum
Size (mm) Size (mm)
PS6H26H 14.28mm 100 x 400 2100 x 3660 Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S

(452637)
PS10H310T 23.04mm 100 x 400 2100 x 3660
PS5H25H 12.28mm 100 x 400 2100 x 3660

59
9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS
9.0
SPECIALPURPOSEGLASS
Special
9.1 Mirrors (Silver Glass)
purpose glass
Figure 9.1a: Silvering Process
In 1317 Venetian glass makers discovered the

art of ‘silvering’ by applying a combination of
mercury and tin to the glass surface. Six
centuries later in 1840 the process of silvering,
as we know it today, was patented. Topcoat
Process
The production of mirror commences with
float glass being thoroughly washed with de- Basecoat
ionised water and cerium oxide. A thin layer of
tin is then sprayed onto the surface of the
glass to promote the adhesion of the silver.
The almost pure silver (99.9%) coating is next Copper
applied, followed by a coating of copper which
protects the silver from tarnishing. Finally two
layers of special backing paint; the first
(basecoat) protects against chemical attack Silver
and corrosion and the second (topcoat) resists
mechanical abrasion. (See Figure 9.1a)
Handling and Processing Glass

Although the back of the mirror is protected,
contaminates can still cause damage. Therefore
it is recommended that only water soluble oils
be used when cutting and processing silvered
glass. For cutting purposes, only the mirror a manner that prevents water accumulating on
(non-coated) surface should be scored. the surface or along the bottom edge.
Automatic processing equipment such as Applications

peripheral edge working machines or drilling Aside from the obvious bathroom and
machines must be cooled by water with a PH bedroom applications, mirrors can also create
level of between 6 - 8. After wet processing, the illusion of space and be an additional
mirrors should be washed, dried and stored in source of light:
Table 9.1a: Available Mirror Types
Clear Bronze Grey Venetian Strip
3mm •
4mm and 4mm Vinyl Backed • • •
6mm • • • •
6mm Vinyl Backed • • •
NB: Other colours available on request.

60
G JAMES IS GLASS
Mirror doors in bedroom application
• For increasing room width - use floor to

ceiling mirrors at right angles (90˚) and
where possible adjacent to windows
• To increase room height - fix mirrors to the
ceiling
• To increase room length - fix mirrors to the
end wall of a room
• To add light to a room - install mirrors
adjacent or opposite to windows or
doorways
NB: In all the above situations, consideration should be
given to the type of mirror, fixings and number of fixings.
Bathroom mirror
Mirror Doors
Wardrobe mirror doors are a means of efficient heating element that warms the
providing a full height dress mirror and mirror preventing the unwanted build-up of
perception of increased space. mist on the surface. This element is available
in a range of sizes, conveniently connects to
For this application, mirror with an adhesive any standard power point and reaches
vinyl backing is used so that in the event of operating temperature within minutes.
breakage, the fragments of glass will remain
attached to the vinyl backing, minimising the
risk of injury. 9.2 One-Way Mirror
G.James can supply, or supply and install fully Extensively used for security and discrete
fabricated aluminium mirror wardrobe doors in observation purposes, one-way mirror offers a
a range of fashionable colours to suit specific reflective surface one side, and clear, see-
decorative needs. through vision on the other. Such an effect is

only possible with a specific balance of
Laminate Mirror lighting between the observation and subject
Comprising of standard mirror or venetian sides. The ratio of light from the observation
strip, and clear or tinted interlayer, the superior side should be as specified in Figure 9.2a,
safety qualities of laminated mirror makes this with no light shining directly onto the glass.
product ideal for use in schools, childcare
centres, lifts and gymnasiums. The interlayer Solarplus SS08 Grey Laminate
ensures that should human impact occur, the G.James can supply Solarplus SS08 grey
glass fragments will remain intact reducing the laminate where one-way vision is required.
risk of serious injury. The product combines stainless steel and
titanium nitride coated glass, grey interlayer
Mist Free Mirrors and clear glass, and can be supplied as a
The formation of condensation on bathroom single laminate or incorporated into a Twin-
mirrors can be avoided by installing an energy Glaze unit or ArmaClear product. 61
Figure 9.2a: Lighting Conditions Table 9.3a: Convex Mirrors –

required for One-Way Mirror Indoor (Only)
Mirror Diameter Best Distance
300mm To 6m
450mm To 8m
600mm To 12m
Observation Subject 760mm Over 12m

Side Side
Distances are an indication only - most mirrors provide
satisfactory service well beyond this range.
Lighting Lighting
minimised maximised Table 9.3b: Convex Mirrors – Outdoor
to 30% to 70%
(Only) & Combined Indoor/Outdoor
Mirror Diameter Best Distance
300mm To 12m
When lighting is installed to maximise one-way
observation, the lighting source must not shine 450mm To 15m
directly on the glass as this will only increase the
600mm To 20m
brightness on the observation side and reduce the
effect intended. 800mm To 25m
1000mm Over 25m
Venetian Strip Mirror Distances are an indication only - most mirrors provide
Venetian strip mirror is produced by applying satisfactory service well beyond this range.
alternate strips of 99.9% pure silver to clear

from the mirror to the area or point to be
glass. It is an excellent low cost alternative to
observed. Add the two, and use Table 9.3a
Solarplus SS08 Grey Laminate making
(Indoor Only) or Table 9.3b (Outdoor Only &
venetian strip suitable for medium security
Combined Indoor/Outdoor) as an approximate
applications such as supermarkets,
guide. If in doubt choose a larger size.
administration offices, chemist shops and
doctor’s surgeries. Ceiling Domes
Although vision through the clear strips is still Where general surveillance of a broader area
possible from either side, the mirrored is needed, or central observation is preferred
reflection ensures any vision is limited and ceiling domes are recommended. Full domes
extremely difficult. may be suspended on chains or fastened
directly to the ceiling and provide a 360˚ view,
For the best results, venetian strip mirror should
with half domes supplying a 180˚ view and
be installed with the strips running vertically.
corner domes a 90˚ view.
9.3 Convex Mirrors

9.4 Lead Glass

Convex mirrors are useful in both indoor and
Float glass offers no barrier to the harmful
outdoor situations to control vandalism and
effects of X-rays and gamma rays. In addition,
theft, or where blind corridors, corners or
continual exposure to such rays will eventually
intersections are an issue.
destroy the atomic structure of the glass
The types of convex mirrors available are: causing dark discolouration.
• Indoor (Only)
By including heavy metal oxides into the raw
• Outdoor (Only) mix, it was discovered that glass could
• Combined Indoor/Outdoor prevent the penetration of damaging radiation.
The size of the mirror depends mainly upon Today most ‘shielding’ glass contain over 60%
the distances involved and the degree of heavy metal oxide, of which a minimum 55%
clarity required in the reflected image. To is lead oxide. With such a high metal content,
select the appropriate mirror, estimate the 5mm lead glass provides the same protection
62 distance from the viewer to the mirror and as 1mm lead sheet (See Table 9.4a).
G JAMES IS GLASS
store. However annoying reflections from

ordinary glass can obscure the shopfront and
the products on offer, particularly when
viewed at a distance.
To combat this problem, multi-coated glass

products such as Amiran and Luxar were
developed. These products have a low
reflectance of 1 - 2 % (compared to a single
piece of clear glass with 8% and a clear Twin-
Glaze unit with 15%) and is an ideal product
Observation window for angiography room. LX lead glass is for applications where near perfectly clear
manufactured by Nippon Electric Glass Co. Ltd. Japan
vision is desired.
Table 9.4a: Lead Glass Comparison Table Non-reflective glass is available in thicknesses
Glass Minimum Lead X-ray peak ranging from 2mm - 12mm (single glazed), or
Thickness Equivalent voltage (KV) can be incorporated into laminated glass or
5mm ± 0.3 1.0mm 150
Twin-Glaze units. The coating can be applied
to tinted glass for increased solar control
7mm ± 0.3 1.5mm 150
performance resulting in an effective, all-round
8mm ± 0.3 1.8mm 150 shopfront glazing material.
9mm ± 0.3 2.0mm 150
11mm ± 0.3 2.5mm 150

9.7 Heat Resistant Glass
14mm ± 0.3 3.0mm 200
With poor tensile strength and a relatively high
rate of expansion, float glass will crack very
Produced as a cast glass, both the surfaces are
ground and polished to achieve the necessary easily when subjected to temperatures of
optical quality, i.e. supplying light transmittance between 50 - 60˚C. This occurs because the
similar to clear float. The maximum size glass surface heats up disproportionately,
available is 1100mm x 2400mm which allows causing tensile stresses to build up around the
an excellent field of vision for X-ray, C.T. edges, eventually causing breakage.
scanning and angiography observation rooms.
Toughened Glass
Lead glass can be processed as with normal Toughened glass has compressive stresses
glass and can be curved and/or toughened ‘built-in’ to the surface and can therefore
where required. tolerate a thermal gradient of 290˚C on one
side and ambient air temperature on the other.
9.5 Diffused Reflection Glass

(Picture Glass)
With a light reflectance of 8%, clear float often

obscures framed images or portraits with
surrounding reflections. For this purpose,
2mm diffused picture glass is specifically
produced with fine textured surfaces to
eliminate disturbing reflections, ensuring true
representation and improved clarity of the
picture or photograph. Standard sheet size is
920mm x 1220mm.
9.6 Non-Reflecting Glass

Shopfront windows are designed to display a
store’s products and/or image with the
purpose of encouraging customers into the 63
Amiran application in shopfront. Note the difference to the right of the
picture which has been glazed with ordinary glass.
However once the temperature exceeds this line and consequently offers superior optical
parameter, or the non-heated surface is qualities and light transmittance. In addition the
rapidly reduced in temperature, toughened chemical resistance of Borofloat, even at
glass will disintegrate in the normal manner temperatures above 100˚C, is better than most
(See Section 4.3). metals. This glass can be cut and worked as
would float glass and be supplied toughened
Standard toughened glass is generally used in (not a Grade A safety glass) if required. Available
oven doors, cook tops etc. in thicknesses from 3.3mm to 15mm with a
standard sheet size of 850mm x 1150mm (larger
Glass Ceramics
sheet sizes are available on request).
Glass ceramics such as FireLite, Borosilicate,
Borofloat and Robax are manufactured from a Robax is a glass ceramic with a brownish
unique mix of raw materials, unlike that of colour capable of tolerating temperatures and
ordinary soda/lime/silicate glass. This special thermal shock up to 700˚C. Robax can be cut
and processed in the same way as ordinary
composition results in glass products with
annealed float. The standard sheet size is
dramatically reduced coefficients of linear
840mm x 1580mm.
expansion and therefore, a greater ability to
tolerate thermal stresses (heat). Traditional
applications for ceramic glass include space 9.8 Fire Rated Glass
heaters, fire guards, furnaces and wood stoves,
or where temperatures can reach 700 - 800˚C. The heat radiating from a fire through glass
can often inhibit escape and ignite materials
FireLiteis a transparent, crystallised glass on the unexposed side. Fire rated glass in its
developed by Nippon Electric Glass Co. Ltd. many forms provide a non-combustible,
(Japan). With an extremely unusual ‘thermal protective barrier in the event of fire. They
expansion coefficient’ of almost zero, FireLite form an important and integral component of
will not crack even when heated to 800˚C and a complete fire rated window or door system.
then doused with ice cold water. Available in Fire rated systems are graded and measured
sheet sizes up to 2438mm x 1220mm. based on three distinct criteria:
Borosilicateis manufactured with the inclusion Structural Adequacy relates to the system’s
of Boron using the sheet drawn process. ability to maintain structural stability and
Borosilicate has a lower rate of expansion and adequate load bearing capability as specified
higher softening point when compared to in AS 1530.4;
ordinary float glass. It can also be toughened measures the system’s ability to
Integrity
for improved heat resistance. prevent the spread of flames and combustible
gases as specified by AS 1530.4;
Borofloat has a very low coefficient of thermal
expansion and therefore is capable of Insulation refers to the system’s ability to
withstanding temperatures up to 500˚C. As the restrict the rise in temperature of the glass
name implies, Borofloat is produced on a float surface not exposed to the fire, below the
limits nominated in AS 1530.4.
All fire rated glazing systems must be tested

and certified to meet the stringent criteria
required for building and glazing as defined by
the Building Code of Australia (BCA). In order to
satisfy the BCA requirements, a fully fabricated,
framed window assembly must achieve certain
Fire Resistant Levels (FRL’s). These FRL’s
correspond to the period of time (in minutes)
the assembly can perform in relation to the
specified test criteria defined in AS 1530.4.
For example (and with reference to the above
definitions), a nominated FRL of -/60/60
requires: no structural adequacy/60 minutes
64 integrity/60 minutes insulation.
The thermal expansion coefficient of FireLite is almost ‘zero’ so it will
not crack when heated to 800˚C and then hit with cold water. FireLite
is manufactured by Nippon Electric Glass Co. Ltd. Japan
G JAMES IS GLASS
Table 9.8a: Fire Rated Products
System Description BCA - FRL
Reinforced Georgian Wired Wired Glass 60/60/NA
Glass Blocks 190 x 190 x 100mm 60/60/NA
NEG Glass Blocks 190 x 190 x 95mm 90/90/NA
Non-Reinforced FireLite Glass Ceramic 180/180/NA
Pyroswiss Calcium Silicate 90/90/NA
Borofloat/Borosilicate Glass Ceramic 120/120/NA
Swissflam Laminated up to 120/120/NA
Securiflam Laminated 60/60/NA
Promaclear Coated Glass 60/60/NA
Insulating
Intumescent Pyrostop Laminated up to 120/120/120
Swissflam Laminated 60/60/30
Pyrobel Laminated up to 120/120/120
Promaglas Laminated up to 90/90/90
Gel Contraflam IG Unit up to 120/120/120
NB: It must be stressed that all the above FRL classifications are based on tested framing and glazing systems.
There are three types of fire rated systems.

Reinforced systems contain either wired glass or
glass block products where the glass will
remain intact if broken thereby preventing the
spread of flames.
Non-Reinforced systems incorporate the range of

ceramic glass products and are installed as
fire rated walls and openings. Their low
expansion and high softening points allow
such products as FireLite to achieve long
integrity ratings of up to 180 minutes. FireLite
is capable of withstanding a rapid rise in
temperature, while maintaining visibility - an
important attribute in fires.
Pyrostop shields against temperatures of over 1000˚C
A fire resistance test conducted in accordance
with AS 1530.4 – 1990 (Test Report No.FR1376 –

National Building Technology Centre (NSW)) on a
panel of 5mm FireLite (2440mm x 880mm) was
awarded a 180 minute fire rating classification.
Toughened laminated safety glass can only

achieve a maximum 30 minute integrity rating.
However multi-laminates containing a water
based, alkali silicate interlayer achieves 60
minutes integrity.
Insulated systems are classified as those

systems that satisfy both of the following:
• an integrity criteria for ‘up to 120 minutes’ and,
• an insulation requirement for ‘30 to 90
minutes’ 65
Pyrostop glass samples before and after exposure to heat
There are two types of glazed systems that are

classified as a fire rated insulated system.
9.10 Glass Blocks
The first is a multi-layered intumescent

(expanding) laminate which can also be
incorporated into an insulated glass unit for
improved performance. The product is
designed so the water within the special
purpose interlayer evaporates and absorbs the
energy from the fire. Simultaneously the
interlayer expands, converting into a ‘foam Nubio-wolke * Cross ribbed (Also available in
Broad cross ribbed)
glass’ and producing a tough, opaque shield
against radiant and conducted heat. This
system is so effective that while the exposed
glass may be melting, the unexposed internal
surface can be touched quite safely. Being a
laminated product, any glass broken by the
heat will remain intact within the frame
maintaining a protective barrier. Nobless * Welle
The second system is based on a toughened,

insulated glass unit where the airspace is filled
with layers of a special soft gel containing
high concentrations of water. The thicker the
gel, the higher the fire insulating qualities. On
exposure to fire, the gel forms a crust which
holds the glass together, while the evaporating
water within the gel absorbs the heat energy. Helios * Regent
This process continues until the gel has burnt
and expired - this will occur after the
nominated fire rating time of the system.
It should be noted that both these insulated

systems are prone to ultra-violet degradation
and when used as external glazing it is
recommended they should be combined with
standard PVB interlayers. Broad parallel ribbed Clear view
(Also available in Parallel ribbed)
9.9 Welding Glass

For the purpose of absorbing and reflecting

harmful radiation emitted during welding and
similar operations, G.James can supply
Shade-12 welding glass. This product
incorporates a special filter that reduces Meteor * Inka *
ultra-violet transmittance to around 0.0012%
and infra-red transmittance to 0.007%
ensuring excellent protection against
welding flash.
It should be noted that when using Shade-12,

the reflective surface must face the light source.
Maya Metallik
* Patterns are also available in Goldtone.

66
G JAMES IS GLASS
For those wanting a unique decorative

feature, glass blocks are an excellent
alternative to ordinary glass. Glass blocks
comprise of two separate sections which are
sealed together at high temperatures to
literally fuse the sections together.
The many benefits of glass blocks include:

• High light transmittance
• Excellent thermal performance
• Noise control
• Security
• Large range of patterns, colours and sizes
• Fire rating possible*
* Fire rated blocks must be 95mm or 100mm thick and
installed in mortar into a tested steel perimeter frame.
Perfect for use in windows, entries and

foyers, partition walls and other areas where
light is required. G.James can supply, or
supply and install glass blocks in curved,
stepped or straight panels using either
silicone or mortar systems. Glass blocks used in bathroom application
Table 9.10a: Glass Blocks Patterns and Sizes

Names of designs Available in sizes
Nubio-wolke 1919 2424 2411 3030 1111 1919/10
Cross ribbed 1919 2424 1919/10
Broad cross ribbed 1919 2424 3030 1919/10
Parallel ribbed 1919 2424 2411 1919/10
Broad parallel ribbed 1919 2424 1919/10
Clear view 1919 2424 2411 3030 1919/10
Nobless 1919 2424
Welle 1919
Meteor 1919 2424
Inka 1919 2424
Helios 1919 2424

Regent 1919 2424
Maya 2424
Metallik 1919 2424
Aktis 1919
Light diffusing 1919 2424
Security block 1919/10
LEGEND
No Dimension Weight per unit No. of blocks per m2
1919 190x190x80mm 2.4kg 25
2424 240x240x80mm 4.0kg 16
2411 240x115x80mm 2.0kg 32
3030 300x300x100mm 7.3kg 9
1111 115x115x80mm 1.0kg 64
1919/10 190x190x100mm 2.8kg 25
67
G.James’ Technical Department can provide

9.11 Aquatic Glazing the necessary recommendations for your
Water pressure in aquatic applications (such specific requirements.
as view windows into swimming pools or
aquariums) has a sustained pressure which is
9.12 Electronic Security
directly proportional to the depth of the water.
At water level and above, this pressure is zero, Electronic eavesdropping to obtain proprietary
but due to the exertion of triangular loads on information, unwarranted interrogation of
the glass, even at a depth of 600mm (as computers and interference or accidental loss
would be the case in an average household of information by electronic noise (e.g. radar),
fish tank) this would equate to 6 kPa of can pose serious and costly problems in
pressure. (See Figure 9.11a) today’s IT reliant age.
Glass Selection Protecting premises where such installations

AS 1288 requires reduced stress levels for are housed can be achieved by employing
sustained loads. Thick monolithic annealed or Faradays cage principle thereby ensuring all
laminate (annealed or heat treated) is generally the external surfaces (i.e. the floor, the ceiling,
recommended for aquatic applications. The and all walls) are electrically conductive and
consequence of breakage must always be then earthed. Consequently any radio
considered in any design. frequencies omitted from equipment meets
Figure 9.11a: Triangular Loads of Water on Glass
Water Level
Load
Water Level
Load
Water has an approximate density of one tonne per cubic metre. This mass exerts significant pressures which increase
linearly with the water depth.
Graph 9.12a: Performance of Electronic Security Glazing (Shielding Effectiveness)
120
Mesh properties
90
Signal Attenuation (dB)
150opi
Radio Frequency
60
100opi
30
0
10 100 1000 10000
Radio Frequency (MHz)

opi=openings per inch in interlayer mesh
68
G JAMES IS GLASS
the walls and simply travels to the ground.

Similarly, any random external electronic
interference is also diverted to ground.
As glazing systems are an integral part of

most external walls they also need to be
electrically conductive (See Figures 9.12a &
9.12b). G.James can supply a range of
specialised laminate or Twin-Glaze products
that effectively shield radio frequencies within
the range of 100 - 10,000 MHz. (See Graphs
9.12b & 9.12c). For applications where
protection is required in the lower bracket of
10 - 100 MHz, a metallised fabric mesh is
incorporated within a laminated glass product
(See Graph 9.12a). Data shielding systems are
recommended for use in television and radio
stations, security and computer installations
and protecting operating personnel from
harmful electromagnetic fields. Data sensitive installation
Graph 9.12b: Data Shielding Twin-Glaze Unit
90
Recommended for external
glazing applications.
80
The various product codes
70 T60 (T45, T50 & T60) indicate the
Attenuation (dB)
approximate attenuation of that

60
T50 product at 1000 MHz. For
50
example, T50 indicates a data
T45 shielding Twin-Glaze unit with an
40 approximate attenuation of 50 dB
at 1000 MHz.
30
0 100 300 1000 3000 10000
Frequency (MHz)
Cell Phones
VHF TV Radar and

Radio Transmission Satellite Bands
Graph 9.12c: Laminated Data Shielding Glass

90
Recommended for internal walls
and partitions.
80
The various product codes
70 (L45 & L60) indicate the
Attenuation (dB)
L60 approximate attenuation of that

60
product at 1000 MHz. For
50
example, L45 indicates a
laminated data shielding glass
L45
40 with an approximate attenuation
of 45 dB at 1000 MHz.
30
0 100 300 1000 3000 10000

Frequency (MHz)
69
Figure 9.12a: Typical Drained Glazing System 9.13 Glass Floors and Stair
Outside Inside Treads
Silicone Twin-Glaze Glass is normally not considered a traditional
Unit
flooring material, however with the obvious
Setting Block Conducting Gasket
visual effects it can create, glass in such
applications is gaining in popularity.
An interesting application of glass used in

flooring is shown in the viewing panels set
into the floor of the main observation deck of
Auckland’s landmark Sky Tower (NZ). The four
Aluminium Frame Connection to
Wall Screening main viewing ports were glazed with
Figure 9.12b: Typical Internal Screening
Outside Inside
Silicone Laminated
Glass
Setting Block Conducting Gasket
20mm min
Metal Frame Wall

Screen
(also suitable for secondary sash applications)

Main viewing ports, Auckland’s Sky Tower
laminated Starphire (low iron glass) providing

safety, strength and excellent clarity.
In these types of applications, the glazing

system should be supported on all sides with
a substantial frame to ensure minimal
deflection. It is recommended the glass panels
be bedded and cushioned with a specified
resilient material ensuring there is no direct

glass to metal (or other hard object) contact.
All materials considered, the rebate depth
should be designed so the glass finishes flush
with the floor.
Consideration should also be given to installing

a sacrificial piece of low cost glass to the top
surface. This would protect the more
expensive glass underneath and can be easily
and economically replaced when required.
Glass stair treads, incorporating thick annealed

or laminated glass, can also produce a
70 stunning visual effect as well as
Main viewing ports, Auckland’s Sky Tower
G JAMES IS GLASS
Star Casino – Sydney
complementing any surrounding glass

features. In this instance, a sandblasted top
glass should be considered to avoid
highlighting scratches and scuff marks while
also acting as a diffuser where under-floor
lighting is used.
When used in floors, stair treads or similar

applications where lighting is involved, the
glass should be adequately ventilated to
reduce the possibility of heat build-up and
subsequent thermal stress.
Star Casino – Sydney
Service
(452637)

71
10.0 DECORATIVE GLASS
10.0
DECORATIVEGLASS
Decorative glass
Patterned glass manufacture
surface only while the other side remains

10.1 Introduction smooth. The glass then travels through the
Rolled plate glass was first produced by annealing lehr where it is cooled before being
James Hartley (U.K.) in 1847, and later by the cut to the required size.
Chance Brothers (U.K.) who manufactured
For the production of wired glass, square steel
‘cathedral’ and figured rolled between twin
wire mesh is sandwiched between two
rollers in 1870. Wired glass was patented in
separate ribbons of glass which is then
1855 however it failed to perform in service. In
pressed through a further pair of patterned
1898 Pilkington’s began producing wired glass
rollers to imprint the selected design.
on a commercial basis however the quality
was still poor up until the 1930’s when Types
welded, square mesh wire was introduced. With 16 different designs, three of which are
G.James’ range of decorative glasses wired (See Figure 10.2a), G.James offers
encompass figured rolled patterned and patterned glass in a variety of colours, textures
decorative ceramic painted glass. and degrees of opacity with the majority
capable of being toughened while a small
number can be laminated (See Table 10.2a).
10.2 Figured Rolled
Patterned Glass Georgian Polished Wired is a clear, totally
transparent wired glass. Produced as a cast
Process glass, and subsequently ground and polished
Patterned glass is manufactured by squeezing on both sides using the old plate glass method,
semi-molten glass between two rollers, one of this product is optically true and the preferred
which has a surface pattern and creates a glass for use in fire doors where small vision
continuous, permanent impression onto the panels are installed. Note that polished wired
72 glass ribbon. The pattern is printed onto one glass is a Grade B safety glazing material.
G JAMES IS GLASS
Table 10.2a: Figured Rolled Patterned Glass
Tandarra Seadrift Broadline Narrow Reeded
Strata Sparkle Kosciusko Roughcast
Satinlite Spotswood Glue Chip New Cathedral

Flemish Scintilla Obscura Squarelite

NB: Polished Wired not illustrated 73
Applications expose wired glass to severe direct sunlight.

Patterned glass has many applications including Similarly, blasts of very hot water placed
use in partitioning, showerscreens, doors and directly onto wired glass may result in thermal
sidelights, furniture, shelving, leadlighting, cracking and should be avoided. Tinted
balustrading and other areas where a patterned glass may be susceptible to thermal
decorative effect or visual obscurity is desired. breakage when glazed externally. Further
information can be obtained from the G.James
Although figured rolled glass is obvious by its
Technical Advisory Service on 1800 452 637.
presence, in certain specific situations
consultation with the relevant section of AS
1288 should be consulted to determine 10.3 Patternlite (Ceramic Painted
whether a laminated, toughened or safety Patterned Glass)
wired product is required.
The application of fused, coloured ceramic
While the use of wired glass is common in fire paint to glass provides architects and
rated products, it should be noted that wired designers with a new dimension in the use of
glass alone does not have a fire rating. To patterned glass by offering a cost effective
achieve any fire rating it must be part of a and unobtrusive means of minimising
complete glass window/door assembly (See exposure and/or controlling the amount of
Section 9.8). light transmission.
Characteristics The coloured ceramic paint used in the

Wired glass absorbs solar radiation and may be process of manufacture consists of glassflux
subject to thermal stress. It is preferable not to (70 - 95%) and ceramic pigment (5 - 30%).
Table 10.2a: Figure Rolled Patterned Glass Selection Chart
Type Colour/Thickness Safety Form

Text Print W3 W4 W5 W6 B5 B6 G5 G6 Lam Tou Wir Non-dir Dir
Tandarra • • • • •
Seadrift • • • • • •
Broadline • • •
Narrow Reeded • • •
Strata • • • • • •
Glacier/Sparkle • • •
Kosciusko • • •
Roughcast • • • • •
Satinlite • • • • • • • •
Spotswood • • • • • • • • • • •
Glue Chip • • • • • • •
New Cathedral • • • • • • • • •
Flemish • • • •
Scintilla • • • • •
Obscura • • • •
Squarelite • • • •
Polished Wire • • •
Legend: Text – Textured; Print – Printed; W3 – White 3mm; W4 – White 4mm; W5 – White 5mm; W6 – White 6mm;
B5 – Bronze 5mm; B6 – Bronze 6mm; G5 – Grey 5mm; G6 – Grey 6mm; Lam – Laminated; Tou – Toughened; Wir – Wired;
Non-dir – Non-directional; Dir – Directional.
74
G JAMES IS GLASS
Process Figure 10.3a: Standard Designs

This type of patterned, decorative glass is
created by silk-screening the selected colour
and pattern onto one surface of the glass. Once
the pattern has been applied, the glass is then
either toughened or heat strengthened, with
the heat generated within the furnace sufficient
to melt the ceramic paint permanently fusing
3mm dots, 40% cover
the pattern onto the glass substrate.
Patternlite can be applied to surface 2, 3 or 4

depending on the glass configuration and
desired effect.
In essence Patternlite is used for light

diffusing purposes, with the reduction in light
3mm reverse dots, 60% cover
transmittance equal to the glass area covered
by the applied pattern (See Table 10.3a).
Table 10.3a: Light Transmission
Cover (%) 40 50 60
Transmission (%) 63 56 49
3mm strip, 50% cover
Figures based on 6mm clear float with printed coverage to
Surface #2.
Types
G.James offers Patternlite in four standard
designs (See Figure 10.3a) in eight standard
colours (See Figure 4.7a) however custom
designed patterns and colours for specific Gum leaf design
project requirements are available.
Patternlite can be applied to clear or tinted

glass substrates, laminated glass, or
incorporated into a Twin-Glaze unit. Further,
combining Patternlite with a reflective coated
glass will significantly reduce glare and
decrease solar transmission.
Properties and Applications

The manufacture process of Patternlite bonds
the pattern to the glass providing a permanent
non-porous surface with excellent scratch
resistance (removal of the pattern is not
possible without damage to the glass

substrate). G.James Patternlite is impervious
Patternlite – Gum leaf design
to weathering and fade resistant.
When specifying the pattern colour, be aware

that lighter colours will act as a daylight
diffuser. Further, light colours will naturally
reflect solar energy while darker colours will
Service
absorb such energy.
Overhead canopies and skylights are the
(452637)
primary uses of Patternlite while the application
of custom or corporate door motifs on National Toll Free Number
toughened glass entry doors are also possible. 75
11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES
11.0
GLAZINGTECHNIQUES
Glazing techniques
The framing system should be adequately

designed to support and retain the glass under
the design load conditions and also provide an
effective weather-tight seal while the glass
remains free floating and non-load bearing.
As this section is a guide only, reference to

Australian Standard AS 1288, Glass in Buildings
- Selection and Installation is recommended.
11.2 Dry Glazing

Dry glazing is the common description for
systems utilising extruded rubber gaskets
manufactured from either PVC, EPDM,
neoprene and Santoprene to one or both sides
of the glass to provide a tight weather seal.
Installation of the gasket commences in one

corner of the frame with the gasket pressed
into the glazing pocket in 100mm to 200mm
sections until completed. It is important the
gaskets are cut slightly oversize and
continually worked towards the starting point
to minimise the chance of shrinkage. To assist
Figure 11.2a: Example of Dry Glazing
Glass
11.1 Introduction
Architects and designers are continually Extruded

Rubber Gasket
looking for better and more complex ways to
use glass in buildings. Large picture windows,
glass awnings, balustrades and expansive use
of glass in shopfronts, foyers and ground floor
entries are today common sights.
While many factors are considered in selecting Aluminium

Setting
the glass, the glazing techniques used in the Channel
Block
installation process are equally as important.
In essence this involves choosing the correct
materials and their proper installation and use to
76 ensure long term performance of any glazing.
G JAMES IS GLASS
with installation, lubricate and soften the Butyl Tapes

gasket by placing it in a container of hot, Butyl tapes are an elastomeric material
mildly soapy water. extruded into a ribbon and available in various
widths and thicknesses. This tape is extremely
Internal applications such as partitions, doors
durable and has excellent adhesion to both
and viewing windows generally have no air or
glass and metal surfaces when continuous
weather sealing requirements. Framing in this
pressure is applied. A shim can be
instance can comprise aluminium channels or
incorporated into the tape to reduce the butyl
timber beads.
compound being ‘pumped out’ of the glazing
External glazing systems are designed to be channel as a result of the combined actions of
pressure equalised and self-draining, with heat and wind.
extruded gaskets used to achieve air and
Over the last decade the use of butyl tapes has
weather sealing. PVC gaskets are suitable for
declined in favour of other glazing materials.
use in the glazing of shopfronts, residential
and commercial buildings under 10 metres Elastomeric Sealants
high. For buildings over 10 meters high, the
Silicones, polyurethanes, acrylics and butyl
use of Santoprene or neoprene gaskets should
sealants are the main types of elastromeric
be considered. It is essential the correct
sealants used throughout the glazing industry.
thickness of gasket is used to ensure
compression on the internal gasket is Sealant Selection
achieved to prevent air and water ingress. When selecting an appropriate sealant for a
specific glazing installation, it is important to
consider the properties of the various sealant
11.3 Wet Glazing
types in order to avoid any long term
Wet glazing materials can be classified into problems. Gunable silicone and polyurethane
one of three main types: are the most commonly used elastromeric
• Putty based compound sealants and cure by way of chemical reaction
assisted by temperature and humidity or by
• Butyl tapes
solvent release.
• Elastomeric Sealants
Silicone
Putty Based Compounds
Silicone is the most widely used sealant with
The use of putty based compounds as a many benefits including, longevity, flexibility
glazing material has declined with the and good adhesion to glazing substrates. In
introduction of more versatile materials and addition silicone is less affected by ultra-violet
techniques, and is now only used in the glass radiation providing excellent long-term
replacement market on older homes and weatherability, making it an ideal material for
buildings. Oil-based putty is not compatible use in external applications such as structural,
with glazing materials such as silicone or weatherseal and butt-joint glazing. However
neoprene and CANNOT be used in the glazing each silicone type has some drawbacks which
of laminated glass or Twin-Glaze units. may be detrimental to the application.
Table 11.3a: Silicone Applications
Type Application Details Colour Site Applied Factory Applied
Structural Glass to aluminium Neutral cure ONLY Black 1 part 1 part or 2 part
Structural Monolithic glass Acetic structural Black and 1 part 1 part

to glass or Neutral cure translucent
Structural Laminated glass Neutral cure ONLY Black 1 part 1 part

to glass
Weatherseal Laminated glass Neutral cure ONLY Black and 1 part 1 part
to glass translucent
NB: The use of black silicone is recommended in all applications.
77
A range of glazing material and tools
There are two main categories of silicone: that release solvents or ammonia during curing. Specific
acetic cure and neutral cure. Recognised by glazing products and methods must be used when glazing
polycarbonate products.
their pungent odour, acetic cure silicones
contain chemical compounds that produce Masonry surfaces should have loose dust, dirt
acetic acid as a by-product of the curing and debris removed by a brush.
(hardening) process. Alternatively certain types
Aluminium surfaces should be cleaned with
of neutral cure silicones release alcohol as a by-
white spirit using clean cloths or lint free
product of the curing process. Table 11.3a
paper and employ the two stage cleaning
details the specific type/s of silicone suitable
process described above.
for various glass applications. Silicone is
available in either high or low modulus (i.e. NB: It is important to use white spirits as the cleaning
movement capability and tear resistance) and/or solvent to properly remove waxes and other contaminates
from painted aluminium surfaces. Alcohol based cleaners
in a choice of one-part or two-part products.
like methylated spirits may not be sufficient to obtain
optimum adhesion on all surfaces.
Adhesion, Compatibility and Stain
Testing Priming may be required if adhesion tests show
Due to the wide variety of painted and other cleaning only, provides inadequate adhesion.
Should this occur the manufacturer’s
surface types currently available for
recommendations must be followed.
construction purposes, simple adhesion,
compatibility and stain testing should be NB: Suitable protective clothing, eyewear and gloves should
carried out prior to the commencement of any be worn when using solvents or primers.
sealant application. If required, samples of all Sealant Application and Tooling
intended materials can be supplied to the
After preparing the surface (and the primer, if
relevant sealant manufacturer for testing.
required, has dried), it is critical the sealant is
Surface and Joint Preparation immediately applied. Delays will allow dust
etc. to collect on the various surfaces and
Glass and polycarbonate surfaces should be
contaminate the frames. Apply the sealant by

subjected to a two stage cleaning process as
pushing a bead of sealant forward into the
recommended in sealant suppliers’ literature.
joint cavity. Do not pull the applicator gun as
This procedure is as follows:
the sealant will tend to lay over the joint rather
• Thoroughly clean the surface with either than be pushed into the cavity as is required
methylated spirits or isopropyl alcohol (only) to achieve a proper seal. Pushing the sealant
on clean cloths or lint free paper also helps wet all the contact surfaces. Care
• Before the solvent completely evaporates, must be taken to ensure joints are filled
wipe the surface dry with a second, clean without voids, air pockets or bubbles.
lint-free cloth to remove all contaminants
Under no circumstances should uncured sealant
NB: It is important that cleaning solvents containing
chemicals such as ammonia, xylene (i.e. white spirits) are
be tooled off with solvents. Tooling fluids are
not used with polycarbonate materials as it will cause not recommended as they can cause possible
78 crazing of the material. This also applies to glazing products joint contamination and inhibit sealant cure.
G JAMES IS GLASS
Prior to installation, correct cleaning (and

11.4 Glass Setting Blocks possibly priming) of the aluminium frames and
Glass setting blocks can take the form of glass is paramount to ensure good adhesion.
neoprene, EPDM, silicone or PVC materials
4-sided Structural Glazing involves adhering the
which generally have a 80 Durometer Shore
glass or cladding to aluminium on all four
hardness.
sides achieving a totally flush, frameless,
Setting blocks are used in the glazing of external appearance.
monolithic, laminated and Twin-Glaze units to:
2-sided Structural Glazinginvolves adhering the
• Provide a cushion for the glass glass or cladding to aluminium on opposite
• Maintain the proper location of the glass sides, either vertically or horizontally, with the
• Ensure correct edge clearance and frame other two edges held captive with an
retention aluminium bead or cover strip.
For correct size and position of setting blocks For sloped overhead glazing, either 4-sided or
consult AS 1288. 2-sided structural glazing can be used to
ensure a weather tight system is achieved.
11.5 General Glazing

Applications
Structural Glazing (1 or 2 part silicone)
Structural glazing, either 4-sided or 2-sided,
utilises structural silicone to adhere and seal
glass or cladding materials to the aluminium
substrates. In all structurally glazed applications,
a calculation is required to determine the
thickness and width of the silicone (structural)
bite in order to satisfy load requirements on the
framing and glass. The nominated bite size is
attained by correctly positioning and selecting an
appropriate double-sided, structural tape which
is available in varying thicknesses and widths.
During installation glaziers must ensure the
structural silicone being pumped into the joint
totally wets both substrates being glued, filling
the aluminium to glass void. Temporary retainers
may be required to secure the glass in place
while the silicone is curing. One-part silicones
may require 21 days to reach full strength after
which time temporary retainers can be removed. Legends Hotel, Surfers Paradise
Butt-Joint Glazing
Figure 11.5a: Example of Structural Glazing
2-edge Support
Silicone (structural
and weatherseal) 2-edge butt-joint glazing involves the glass
being retained horizontally in an aluminium
channel glazed with a gasket while the
Double-sided Laminated
vertical joints are sealed with silicone. This
glazing tape glass type of glazing is used in office partitions and
Flat aluminium internal shopfronts (subject to the
section
Steel requirements of AS 1288).
structure
NB: In certain instances glass fins may be required for

structural support.
79
Cathedral Place, Brisbane
4-edge Support
4-edge butt-joint glazing incorporates a glass fin 11.6 Considerations for Glazing
at the silicone joint which provides structural Annealed and Heat Treated Glass
support for the glass panels. The size of the
Annealed and heat treated glass with any
glass fin and how it is retained at the head and
surface or edge damage must not be glazed
sill are important considerations to ensure
as this weakens the glass causing possible
adequate structural support is achieved.
thermal or spontaneous breakage.
90° Butt Corner
Laminated Glass
With 90° butt corner joints, the glass is
Glazing systems incorporating laminated glass
considered to be structurally supported by the
should include weep (drain) holes as it is
adjacent panel, i.e. the glass panels support
essential that the edges remain dry as
one another in a similar method to that of a
prolonged exposure to moisture will cause
glass fin providing sufficient structural bite is
delamination around the edges. This may even
available. This may also apply to internal
angles up to 135°. It is necessary to check that occur when laminated glass is glazed in
the glass thickness is sufficient to provide the unframed applications such as balustrade in-fill
required silicone bite. panels. All types of silicones may cause slight
delamination, with acetic cure silicone being
Weatherseal Glazing - Non-structural the most detrimental. If silicone is to be used
Weatherseals have many different forms and a neutral cure type is recommended. It should
include glass to glass butt-joints, glass to be noted that delamination does not effect the
aluminium seals or aluminium to aluminium structural integrity of the glass or joint.
seals for cladding joints. It is important that
Twin-Glaze Units
silicone weatherseals have the correct joint
design to accommodate building movement, All systems glazed with Twin-Glaze units must
expansion and contraction due to heating incorporate weep (drain) holes as any long
and cooling. term exposure to moisture WILL result in unit
80
G JAMES IS GLASS
failure. Weep holes must be equivalent to Double-sided Tape

three (3) 10mm holes per sill. All Twin-Glaze Such tape must be capable of permanently
units have silicone secondary seals and bonding to the wall and at least 2- 3mm thick.
therefore do not require additional protection
Vertical strips are recommended to reduce the
against UV radiation.
possibility of moisture and other contaminants
Curved Glass being trapped behind the mirror. Supporting
the bottom edge should also be considered for
For the glazing of curved glass an extra setting
block is required in the centre of the curve. safety purposes.
Due to the glass and aluminium bending

Silicone/Adhesive Fixing
tolerances, it is recommended a silicone cap-
The use of silicone or structural adhesive is
seal is employed to alleviate any pressure
useful on uneven surfaces or where
points in the glass curve that may be caused
concealed fixings are required. Silicone or
by dry glazing with PVC gaskets.
adhesive should be applied in vertical strips
Bullet Resistant and Physical Attack and never in ‘blobs’. Double-sided tape is
Glass used to hold the mirror in place while the
With glass polycarbonate composite panels it silicone or adhesive cures. For vinyl backed
is important that cleaning solvents containing mirrors, the vinyl should be removed in areas
chemicals such as ammonia and xylene (e.g. where the silicone or adhesive is to be
white spirits) are not used as they induce applied to ensure sufficient bonding between
stress into the polycarbonate edges resulting the mirror and the wall.
in crazing. This can also occur with some
glazing products which release solvents during For compatible silicones and adhesives consult
curing. To avoid any problems the glass should with G.James Technical Advisory Service.
be cleaned with a mild solution of soap or
Batten Fixing
detergent and luke warm water.
The suggested way of achieving a plumb
installation, particularly for large areas, is to
11.7 Mirror Installation use vertical batten fixing. The vertical battens
(50mm x 25mm) should be primed, before
Mirrors should be mounted plumb and flat to
fixing to ensure no chemical reactions
avoid distortion and installed in a manner
between the resins and mirror back.
which permits air circulation between the wall
and mirror back minimising condensation. This Either double-sided tape, silicone, adhesives
is especially important in bathrooms, ensuites or rosettes can then be used to install mirrors
or rooms with high humidity.
to the battens.
Mirrors should never be fixed directly to
unpainted concrete, brick, plaster or timber, as
there is always the potential of chemical attack
i
Technical Advisory
from these unsealed surfaces. Service
Fixings - Screws, Domes or Rosettes

The most widely used method of fixing Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S
frameless mirrors is by using screws and
(452637)
domes or rosettes fixed through holes in the National Toll Free Number
four corners of the mirror.
For mirrors over 3m2, holes should be at

900mm centres and a minimum 50mm from
the edge.
Screws must not be over-tightened as

breakage will occur. 81
12.0 STANDARDS AND TESTING
12.0
STANDARDSANDTESTING
Standards
12.1 Standards
and testing
Other Industry Standards and

Publications:
Australian Standards (AS): ASHRAE
AS 1170.2 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and

Minimum design loads on structures - Wind Air-conditioning Engineers.
loads.
ASTM
AS 1288 American Society for Testing and Materials.

Glass in buildings - Selection and installation.
ASTM 1036
AS 1530 Specification for flat glass.

Methods for fire tests on building materials,
ASTM 1048
components and structures.
Specification for heat treated glass.
AS 1926
BCA
Swimming pool safety.
Building Code of Australia.
AS/NZS 2080
BS 5713
Safety glass for land vehicles.
British Standard - Hermetically sealed IG units.
AS 2107
BS 5821
Acoustics - Recommended design sound
British Standard - Rating sound insulation.
levels and reverberation times for building
interiors.
BRB 566
British Rail Board - Railway transport/safety
AS/NZS 2208
glazing.
Safety glass materials in buildings.
CAN/CGSB - 12.8 - M90

AS/NZS 2343
Canadian insulating glass units national

Bullet-resistant panels and elements.
standard.
AS 2820
FRA I & FRA II
Gate units for private swimming pools.
Federal Railroads Administration (USA) - Rail
AS 3555 transport/safety glazing.
Building elements - Testing and rating for
intruder resistance.
AS 3959
Construction of buildings in bushfire-prone
areas.
AS/NZS ISO 9000 Series

Quality Management System Standards.
82
G JAMES IS GLASS
12.2 Product Standards 12.4 Test Facilities

AS/NZS 2208 (Safety glazing materials in buildings) The following are test facilities used by
• G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd - G.James:
Laminating Lic. No. 809.
ASIO
• G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd -
Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
Toughening Lic. No. 809.
(T4 Protective Security): Forcible Attack
• G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (NSW) - Testing.
Toughening Lic. No. 592.
• G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (Vic) - Ballistic Edge
Toughening Lic. No. 951. Bullet resistant glass testing.

• G.James Industries (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.-
BHP - Sydney
Cyclone test facility.
• G.James Industries (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. -
Toughening Lic. No. 1441. BRANZ
AS/NZS 2080 (Safety glass for land vehicles)

Building Research Australia and New Zealand:
• G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd - IG unit testing.
CSIRO
• G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd - Commonwealth Science Industry Research
Toughening Lic. No. 821. Organisation: Acoustic testing.
• G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (NSW) -
Toughening Lic. No. 471. G.James Engineering Services Pty Ltd
• G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (Vic) -

• Physical attack testing
Toughening Lic. No. 949. • BRB 566 and FRA testing
• G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (Vic) - • Optical and thermal measurements
Laminating Lic. No. P302. • Accelerated life testing of products
AS/NZS 2343 (Bullet resistant panels and elements)
G.James Testing Laboratory
• G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd - Security
NATA Registered Laboratory No.3630 (within
Products Lic. No. 1499.
the field of mechanical testing).
12.3 Quality Management James Cook University - Townsville

Systems Certification to Cyclone resistant glazing.
ISO 9000 Series
National Acoustic Laboratories
G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd
Acoustic testing.
- Certificate No. QEC 7280.
Queensland University of Technology - Brisbane

G.James Glass & Aluminium Pty Ltd
Photometric Laboratory: UV transmittance/
laminated glass and luminous transmittance
G.James Extrusion Co Pty Ltd through laminated glass.
Faculty of Building Environment and
Engineering: Forcible attack testing.
83
13.0 STOCKLINES
13.0
STOCKLINESSTOCKLINES
Stocklines
13.1 Clear Float
Solarplus
TS21: 3mm & 6mm
1.2mm, 2mm, 2.5mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, TS30: 3mm & 6mm
6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 15mm, 19mm &
SS08: 3mm & 6mm
25mm
SS22: 3mm & 6mm
13.2 Tinted Float SL10*: 3mm & 6mm
SL20*: 3mm & 6mm

Grey: 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm & 12mm
NB: Other coatings available upon request.
Bronze: 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 10mm & 12mm * Only available in laminated.
Green: 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, & 10mm

Low E
Energy Advantage: 3mm, 4mm & 6mm
13.3 Super Tints/Performance
Sungate 500: 4mm & 6mm
Glass
K Glass: 4mm & 6mm
Evergreen: 3mm, 4mm, 5mm & 6mm
Arctic Blue: 4mm, 6mm & 10mm 13.4 Figured Rolled Patterned
Azurlite: 4mm, 6mm & 10mm
Non-reflective: 2mm
Panasap (Dark) Blue: 5mm & 6mm
White
Optigray 23: 6mm
Broadline: 4mm
Supergrey: 4mm & 6mm
Cathedral: 3mm, 4mm & 5mm
Low Iron Glass Flemish: 4mm
Starphire: 6mm,10mm & 12mm Glue Chip: 5mm
Diamant: 6mm,10mm & 12mm Kosciusko: 3mm
On-line Reflective Narrow Reeded: 4mm
Solarcool Grey: 4mm & 6mm Roughcast: 3mm & 5mm
Solarcool Bronze: 4mm & 6mm Satinlite: 3mm
Solarcool Azurlite: 4mm & 6mm Seadrift: 5mm
13.0 STOCKLINES
Eclipse Grey: 6mm Glacier/Sparkle: 3mm
Eclipse Blue Green: 6mm Spotswood: 3mm, 4mm & 5mm
Eclipse Evergreen: 6mm Strata: 3mm & 5mm
Eclipse Arctic Blue: 6mm Tandarra: 5mm
Stopsol Classic Dark Blue: 6mm Tinted

Stopsol SuperSilver Dark Blue: 6mm Grey (Cathedral): 5mm
84 Reflectafloat: 6mm Grey (Spotswood): 5mm & 6mm

G JAMES IS GLASS
Bronze (Cathedral): 5mm Bronze: 5.38mm & 6.38mm

Bronze (Seadrift): 5mm Green: 5.38mm, 5.76 W.H.P., 6.38mm & 6.76
Bronze (Spotswood): 5mm & 6mm W.H.P.
Bronze (Tandarra): 5mm Dark (Brown) Neutral: 6.76mm
NB: Some discontinued patterned glass also available ex-stock Figured Patterned Laminated
Translucent: 6.38mm, 8.38mm, 10.38mm &
13.5 Wired Glass 12.38mm
Clear Showertex (Cathedral): 6.76mm

Clear
Grey Showertex (Cathedral): 6.76mm
Georgian Polished: 6mm
Bronze Showertex (Cathedral): 6.76mm
White
NB: Other patterns available on request
Obscura: 6mm
Scintilla: 6mm
13.7 Mirrors
Squarelite: 6mm
Tinted Clear
Bronze (Scintilla): 6mm 3mm, 4mm & 6mm
Qualage Tinted
Tudor Clear: 4mm & 5mm Grey: 4mm & 6mm
Colonial Clear: 4mm & 5mm Bronze: 4mm & 6mm
Colonial Cathedral: 4mm & 5mm Venetian Strip

Clear: 6mm
13.6 Laminated
Vinyl Back Mirror
Clear Grade A & B: 4mm
5.38mm, 6.38mm, 6.52mm, 6.76mm, 8.38mm, Grade B: 6mm
10.38mm, 10.76mm, 11.52mm & 12.38mm
One Way Mirror
Grey
Solarplus SS08 Grey Laminated: 6.38mm
5.38mm, 6.38mm, 6.52mm, 6.76mm, 8.38mm,
10.38mm, 11.52mm & 12.38mm
13.8 Glass Blocks
Bronze
A large range of clear, patterned glass blocks
5.38mm, 6.38mm, 6.76mm, 8.38mm,
10.38mm & 11.52mm
13.9 Special Purpose Glass
Green
5.38mm, 6.38mm, 8.38mm, 10.38mm, Heat Resistant Glass
11.52mm & 12.38mm FireLite: 5mm
Evergreen Robax: 5mm
13.0 STOCKLINES
6.38mm, 6.76mm, 8.38mm, 10.38mm, Borofloat: 5.5mm

11.52mm & 12.38mm
Radiation Shielding Glass
Opticolor
Lead Glass: Various thicknesses
Various colours and glass thicknesses
Prior to selection/ordering any of the above
available
stocklines verify available sheet size with
Automotive your G.James representative.
Clear: 5.38mm, 5.76 W.H.P., 6.38mm & 6.76 W.H.P
NB: Some items maybe temporarily out of stock or only
Grey: 5.38mm & 6.38mm available on request.
85
14.0 UNITS/CONVERSION FACTORS
14.0
NITS/CONVERSIONFACTORS
Units/Conversion
Units 1 sq. yard = 0.836 sq. metre
factors
Length: metres (m) 1 perch = 25.293 sq. metres

Mass: kilograms (kg) 1 acre = 0.405 hectare
Time: seconds (s) 1 sq. mile = 2.59 sq. kilometres
Temperature: Kelvin (K) Metric to Imperial
Energy: joule (J) 1 sq. metre = 10.764 sq. feet
Force: newton (N) = 1.196 sq. yards
Power: watt (W) 1 sq. kilometre = 0.386 sq. mile
Pressure: pascal (Pa) 1 hectare = 2.471 acres
Length Mass
Metric to Metric Metric to Metric
1 millimetre = 1000 micrometres 1 gram = 1000 milligrams

1 centimetre = 10 millimetres 1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 metre = 1000 millimetres 1 tonne = 1000 kilograms
= 100 centimetres = 1 cubic metre (fluid)
1 kilometre = 1000 metres Imperial to Metric
Imperial to Metric 1 ounce = 28.35 grams

1 inch = 25.4 millimetres 1 pound = 0.454 kilogram
1 foot = 0.305 metre 1 stone = 6.35 kilograms
= 30.48 centimetres 1 ton = 1.016 tonnes
1 yard = 0.914 metre Metric to Imperial
1 mile = 1.609 kilometres 1 gram = 0.035 ounce
1 fathom = 1.829 metres 1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds
Metric to Imperial 1 tonne = 0.984 ton

1 centimetre = 0.394 inch
1 metre = 39.37 inches Volume & Capacity
= 3.28 feet Metric to Metric
= 1.094 yards 1 cubic
1 kilometre = 0.621 mile centimetre = 1000 cubic millimetres
1 cubic metre = 1 000 000 cubic
Area centimetres
Metric to Metric = 1000 litres
1 sq. metre = 10 000 sq. centimetres = 1000 kilograms (fluid)
1 hectare = 10 000 sq. metres 1 litre = 1000 millilitres
1 sq. kilometre = 100 000 sq. metres Imperial to Metric
= 100 hectares 1 cubic inch = 16.387 cubic centimetres

Imperial to Metric 1 cubic foot = 0.028 cubic metre
1 sq. inch = 645.16 sq. millimetres 1 UK gallon = 4.546 litres
1 sq. foot = 0.093 sq. metre 1 US gallon = 3.785 litres
86
G JAMES IS GLASS
Metric to Imperial Imperial to Metric

1 cubic 1 pound force/
centimetre = 0.061 cubic inch sq. inch = 6.895 kilopascals
1 cubic metre = 35.315 cubic feet 1 pound force/
1 litre = 0.22 UK gallon sq. foot = 47.88 pascals
= 0.264 US gallon
Metric to Imperial
Power & Force 1 kilopascal = 0.145 pound force/sq. inch
Metric to Metric
Speed
1 watt = 1000 milliwatts
Metric to Metric
= 1 joule/second
1 metre/second = 3.6 kilometres/hour
1 kilowatt = 1000 watts
1 kilometre/hour = 0.277 metre/second
1 megawatt = 1000 kilowatts
1 knot = 1.852 kilometres/hour
Imperial to Metric
= 0.514 metre/second
1 horsepower = 0.746 kilowatt
Imperial to Metric
1 British Thermal
1 foot/second = 0.305 metre/second
Unit (Btu)/hour = 0.293 watt
1 mile/hour = 1.609 kilometres/hour
1 pound force = 4.448 newtons
= 0.447 metre/second
Metric to Imperial
Metric to Imperial
1 watt = 3.412 Btu/hour
1 metre/second = 3.281 feet/second
= 0.738 feet pound
force/second 1 kilometre/hour = 0.621 mile/hour
1 kilowatt = 1.341 horsepower

Speed of Sound
1 newton = 0.225 pound force
1193.25 kph
Energy 741.45 mph
Metric to Metric
Area of Circle
1 joule = 1000 millijoules
Area = πr2 (3.14159 x radius2)
= 1 newton metre
1 kilojoule = 1000 joules Circumference of Circle
1 megajoule = 1000 kilojoules Circumference = 2πr (2 x 3.14159 x radius)
1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules = πd (3.14159 x diameter)
Imperial to Metric
Temperature Conversions
1 foot pound
force = 1.356 joules ˚Celsius = (˚Fahrenheit - 32) x 5/9
= Kelvin - 273.15
1 Btu = 1.055 kilojoules
Kelvin = ˚Celsius + 273.15
Metric to Imperial
˚ Fahrenheit = (9/5 x ˚Celsius) + 32
1 joule = 0.738 foot pound force
1 kilojoule = 0.948 Btu
Thermal Values
R-value = 1 ÷ U-value
U-value = 1 ÷ R-value
Btu/ft2.h.˚F = W/m2.K ÷ 5.68
W/m2.K = Btu/ft2.h.˚F x 5.68
Pressure
Metric to Metric
1 pascal = 1 newton/sq. metre

1 kilopascal = 1000 pascals 87
15.0 GLOSSARY
15.0 GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
Glossary
16.1 Glossary
Aspect Ratio
The quotient of the long side of a glazing
panel over the short side of that panel.
Absorption
That portion of total incident radiation that is Attenuation
absorbed by the glass and subsequently re- The reduction of sound intensity (or signal
radiated either outside or inside. strength) with distance. Attenuation is the
opposite of amplification, and is measured in
Acoustics decibels.
The science of sound, and sound control.
Autoclave
Adipic Acid A vessel that employs high pressure and
A weak organic acid whose function is to heat to produce a bond between glass and
neutralise any bases produced by the prolonged PVB or urethane sheet, creating a laminated
contact of moisture with the glass surface. glass product.
Backer Rod
Ambient Temperature
A polyethylene or polyurethane foam material
Temperature of the surrounding air (˚C).
installed under compression and used to
control sealant joint depth, provide a surface for
Annealing
sealant tooling, serve as a bond breaker to
In the manufacturing of float glass, it is the
prevent three-sided adhesion, and provide an
process of controlled cooling done in a lehr to
hour glass contour of the finished sealant bead.
prevent residual stresses in the glass. Re-
annealing is the process of removing Bead
objectionable stresses in glass by re-heating A strip of timber, aluminium or other suitable
to a suitable temperature followed by material secured to the rebate to retain the
controlled cooling. glass in place (sometimes referred to as
glazing bead).
Annealing Lehr
An on-line, controlled heating/cooling Bent Glass
apparatus located after the tin bath and before (See Curved Glass.)
the cooling conveyor of a float glass
Bevelling
production line. Its purpose is to relieve
The process of edge finishing flat glass to a
induced stress from the flat glass product to
bevel angle.
allow normal cold end processing.
15.0 GLOSSARY
Bite
Anodise
Also referred to as structural bite, is the width
To apply a hard corrosion resistant oxide film of silicone sealant that is applied to the panel
onto the surface of aluminium using electrolysis. of glass to adhere it to the frame.
Arriss Blisters
A small bevel at an angle of approximately A profusion of bubbles or gaseous inclusions
45 degrees to the surface of the glass applied in the glass. Small bubbles less than 2mm
88 usually with a wet or dry belt, stone or machine. diameter referred to as seeds.
G JAMES IS GLASS
Bloom C.T.S
A surface film on the glass resulting from Abbreviation for cut-to-size glass.
atmospheric attack or deposition by smoke or
other vapours. Cast-In-Place Lamination
Lamination process where the interlayer is a
Body Tinted Glass liquid poured between the glass and then
(See Tinted Glass.) chemically cured to produce the final product.
Bow (and Warp) Casting

A curve, bend or other deviation from flatness Process of shaping glass by pouring into a
in glass. mould or onto a table.
Breather (Tube) Units Channel Depth

An insulating glass unit with a tube factory- The measurement from the sight line of the
placed into the unit’s spacer to accommodate frame to the bottom of the channel.
pressure differences encountered in shipping
due to change in elevation. These tubes are to Channel Glazing (Pocket Glazing)
be sealed on the job site prior to unit A three sided, U-shaped opening in a sash or
installation. (See also Capillary Tubes.) frame to accommodate a glass panel. Beads
maybe fixed or removable.
Brilliant Cut
Decorative process in which designs are cut into Channel Width
the glass with abrasive and polishing wheels. The distance between the stationary and
removable beads at the widest point.
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
The amount of energy required to raise one Chemically Toughened Glass
pound water to 170˚F. Chemical strengthening of glass is brought
about through a process known as ion-
Bubbles
exchange. Glass is submersed in a molten salt
In float glass, a gaseous inclusion.
bath at temperatures below the annealing range
In laminated glass, a gas pocket in the of the glass. In the case of soda/lime/silica
interlayer material or between the glass and glass, the salt bath consists of potassium-
the interlayer. nitrate. During the submersion cycle, the larger
alkali potassium icons exchange places with the
Bullet Resistant Glass smaller alkali sodium ions in the surface of the
A multiple lamination of glass and plastic that glass. The larger alkali potassium ions ‘wedge’
is designed to resist penetration from their way into the voids in the surface created
medium-to-super-power small arms and high- by the vacating smaller alkali sodium ions. This
power rifles. ‘strengthened’ surface may penetrate to a depth
of only a few microns. It is not a safety glass.
Butt Glazing
The installation of glass products where the Chip
vertical glass edges are glazed with silicone A small shallow piece of glass which has
and without structural supporting mullions. become detached from the original glass edge.
15.0 GLOSSARY
Capillary Tube Units Cladding Glass

An insulating glass unit with a very small metal Special glass usually ceramic painted
tube of specific length and inside diameter (Colourlite) in curtain walls or as a cover to
factory-placed into the unit’s spacer to columns and walls.
accommodate pressure differences (See also Spandrel.)
encountered in shipping because of substantial
changes in elevation and the pressure Clips
differences encountered daily after installation. Wired spring devices used in face glazing (putty)
(See also Breather Tubes.) to hold glass in sash rebate without beads. 89
15.0 GLOSSARY
Cohesive Failure Daylight Size

Internal splitting of a sealant resulting from The clear unsupported opening size that
over stressing and insufficient elasticity and admits light.
elongation to absorb the strain.
Decorated Glass
Colonial Bars Clear or patterned - processed by craftsmen -
Horizontal or vertical bars that divide the sash stained glass, lead-lights, sandblasted, acid
frame into smaller panels of glass. Colonial etched, embossed and screen-printed.
bars are smaller in dimensions and weight
than mullions. Deflection (Centre of glass)
The amount of bending movement of the centre
Coolness Factor of a glass panel perpendicular to the plane of
(See Luminous Efficacy.) the glass surface under an applied load.
Compound Desiccant (Silica Gel)

A chemical formulation of ingredients used Molecular sieve or extremely porous
to produce a caulking, elastomeric joint crystalline substance used to absorb moisture
sealant, etc. inside the air space of insulated glass units.
Compression Set Design Pressure

The permanent deformation of a material after Specified pressure a product is designed to
removal of the compressive stress. withstand.
Condensation Dew Point

The appearance of moisture (water vapour) on The temperature at which condensation of
the surface of an object caused by warm moist water begins when air is cooled.
air coming into contact with a colder object.
Dice
Corrosion The more or less cubical pattern of fracture of
The deterioration of metal by chemical or fully tempered glass.
electrochemical reaction mainly caused by
exposure to moisture and/or chemicals. Diffusing
Scattering, dispersing, as the tendency to
Cullet eliminate a direct beam of light.
Broken glass, excess glass from a previous
melt or edges trimmed off when cutting glass Diffuse Reflection
to size. Cullet is an essential ingredient in the Glass used in picture framing to avoid
raw glass (batch) mix as it facilitates the reflections and the glare of lighting.
melting process.
Direct Radiation (Transmittance)
Cure The sun’s emitted solar heat energy, which

To alter the properties of a sealant by chemical reaches us directly in varying intensity, due to
reaction initiated by the action of air, heat atmospheric conditions. That portion of solar
and/or other catalyst. energy, which is directly transmitted through
the glazing.
15.0 GLOSSARY
Curved Glass
Flat glass which has been shaped while hot Draw Lines
into cylindrical or curved shapes. Refers to the direction of flow (or pull) of glass
during production. (See also Sheet Glass.)
Cutting
Scoring glass with a diamond, steel wheel, or Distortion
other hard alloy wheel and breaking it along Alteration of viewed images caused by
the score. Other methods of cutting glass variations in glass flatness and is an inherent
90 include water jet and laser. characteristic of heat treated glass.

G JAMES IS GLASS
Double Glazing Fenestration

In general, any use of two panels of glass, Any glass panel, window, door, curtain wall or
separated by an air space, within an opening, skylight unit on the exterior of a building.
to improve insulation against heat transfer
and/or sound transmittance. In insulating glass Fins
units the air between the glass sheets is Supporting glass panels incorporated into the
thoroughly dried and the space is sealed, design of glass facades installed at 90˚ angle
eliminating possible condensation and to the glazed surface.
providing superior insulating properties.
Figured Glass
Dry Glazing (See Patterned Glass.)
Also called compression glazing, this term is
used to describe various means of sealing Fire-Polish
monolithic and insulating glass in the To make glass smooth or glossy by the action
supporting framing system using pre-formed of fire or intense heat.
and extruded materials such as glazing gaskets.
Flare
Durometer A protrusion on the edge of a panel of a glass.
An instrument for measuring the relative
hardness of materials such as rubber. Also, Flat Glass
the term often used (loosely) as a synonym for A general term that describes float glass,
relative hardness. sheet glass, plate glass and rolled glass.
Edge Clearance Float Glass
Nominal spacing between the edge of the Glass formed on a bath of molten tin. The
glass and the bottom of the surrounding surface in contact with the tin is known as the
glazing pocket (channel). tin surface or tin side. The top surface is
known as the atmosphere surface or air side.
Edge Cover
The distance between the edge of the glass Flush Glazing
and the edge of the rebate forming the sight Glass set in a aluminium frame without any
opening of the window frame. external mullion or transom projections.
Edge Working Frosted Finish

Grinding the edge of glass to a desired shape A surface treatment for glass, consisting of
or finish. acid etching or sandblasting of one or both
surfaces to diffuse transmitted light.
Emissivity
The measure of a surface’s ability to emit Fully Toughened Glass
long-wave infra-red radiation. Flat or curved glass that has been heat treated
to induce a high surface and /or edge
Environmental Control Glass
compression. Fully toughened glass, if broken,
The broad name for all types of glass that
will fracture into many small pieces (dice)
have a function in controlling heat, glare, noise
which are more or less cubical. Fully
or radiation.
toughened glass is approximately 4 to 5 times
stronger than annealed glass of the same
15.0 GLOSSARY
EPDM
A synthetic rubber prepared by polymerising thickness when exposed to uniform static
ethylene, propylene and a diene monomer. pressure loads. Is sometimes called ‘tempered
glass’.
Etch
To alter the surface of glass with hydrofluoric Gaskets
acid or caustic agents. Permanent etching of A pre-formed resilient rubber-like compound

glass may occur from alkali and other run-off providing a continuous surround for glass and
from surrounding building materials. a weather tight seal when compressed. 91
15.0 GLOSSARY
Glass Heat Transfer

A hard brittle substance, usually transparent, Heat is transferred in the following manner:
made by fusing silicates, under high Conduction - in which there is direct contact
temperatures with soda, lime, etc. of molecules in a solid body, for example, the
passage of heat along a metal bar of which
Glass Clad Polycarbonate
one end is inserted in a fire.
Two or more panels of flat glass bonded with
urethane interlayer to one or more sheets of Convection - in which actual movement of the
extruded polycarbonate in a pressure/ medium, gas or liquid occurs, for example,
temperature/vacuum laminating process. heated air from a convection heater.
Glassflux Radiation - by which heat passes from source

A finely ground powder from one or more ‘low to object without heating space between them
melting’ glasses. for example, heat from the sun to earth.
Glazing Heel Bead

The securing of glass in prepared openings. Sealant applied at the base of a channel, after
setting the panel and before the bead is
Glazing Bead
installed. One of its purposes is to prevent air
(See Bead.)
and water ingress.
Glue Chip
Hermetically Sealed
Decorative glass produced by sticking material
Made airtight by fusion or sealing. Referred to
onto the glass with a glue. As the glue cures
in the manufacture of insulated glass units.
the material is stripped off the glass, the
surface of which is plucked. This gives a
High Transmittance Glass
random pattern.
Glass which transmits an exceptionally high
Head percentage of visible light.
Top horizontal frame member of window/door
IGMA
frame.
Abbreviation for Insulating Glass
Heat Absorbing Glass Manufacturers Association.
Glass that absorbs an appreciable amount of
solar energy. (e.g. tinted glass.) Insulated Glass Unit (IG unit)
Where two or more panels of glass spaced
Heat Resisting Glass apart and hermetically sealed to form a single
Glass able to withstand high thermal shock, unit with an air space between each panel.
generally because of a low coefficient of (Also see Double Glazing).
expansion.
Interlayer
Heat Strengthened Glass Any material used to bond two panels of glass
Flat or bent glass that has been heat treated and/or plastic together to form a laminate.
to a specific surface and/or edge compression
range. Heat strengthened glass is Jamb
approximately twice as strong as annealed Vertical frame member at the perimeter of the
15.0 GLOSSARY
glass of the same thickness when exposed to opening of a window or door.

uniform static pressure loads. Heat
strengthened glass is not considered safety Knocked Down Condition (KDC)
glass and will not completely dice as will fully Fabricated framing components shipped loose
toughened glass. for assembly at another location.
Heat Treated Laminated Glass
Term used for both fully toughened glass and Two or more panels of glass permanently
92 heat strengthened glass. bonded together with one or more interlayers.

G JAMES IS GLASS
Lite One-way Vision

Another term for a panel or pane of glass, Generic description of a reflective glass, which
particularly used in the USA. if glazed with appropriate lighting ratios,
allows visual security to be maintained.
Live Load
Loads produced by the use and occupancy of Obscure Glass
the building or other structure and do not (See Patterned Glass.)

include construction or environmental loads
Opacifier
such as wind load, snow load, ice load, rain
Applied polyester film or coating to the surface
load, seismic load or dead load.
of reflective glass rendering it opaque. Suitable
Low Emissivity (or Low E)
for use in spandrel and non-vision areas.
A low rate of emitting absorbed radiant

Organic
energy, i.e. long wave infra-red.
Any compound which consists of carbon and
hydrogen with a restricted number of other
Luminous Efficacy
elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur,
(Light-to-Shading Coefficient Ratio)
phosphorous, chlorine, etc.
The visible transmittance of a glazing system
divided by the shading coefficient. This ratio is Out-gassing
helpful in selecting glazing products for A gaseous bi-product from cleaners, solvents
different climates in terms of those that and sealants.
transmit more heat than light and those that
transmit more light than heat. Also referred to Pane
as coolness factor. A single piece of glass in a window or door.
Modulus Patterned Glass

Stress at a given strain. Also tensile strength One type of rolled glass having a pattern
at a given elongation. impressed on one or both sides. Used
extensively for light control, bath enclosures
Monolithic Glass and decorative glazing. Sometimes called
A single homogeneous piece of glass as rolled, figured or obscure glass.
opposed to laminated glass or a insulated
Pocket Glazing
glass unit.
(See Channel Glazing.)
Multiple Glazed Units
Points
Insulated glass units with three or more
Thin, flat, triangular or diamond shaped pieces
insulated panels of glass.
of zinc used to hold glass in wood sashes by
Mullion
driving them into the wood.
A vertical frame member that supports and
Polariscope and G.A.S.P. Laser
holds panels, glass or sashes.
A device for examining the degree of strain in
a sample of glass. (Either edge or surface
Mirror
compression).
Glass silvered on one side producing a highly
reflective surface. Polished Plate
Glass that has been ground and polished on
15.0 GLOSSARY
Neoprene
both sides to produce optically high quality.
A synthetic rubber with similar properties to
natural rubber, but manufactured without Polished Wired Glass
sulphur for vulcanisation. Transparent wired glass that has been ground
and polished on both surfaces.
Nominal Thickness
The commonly used dimension by which the Polyvinyl Butyral Interlayer
thickness is described. NB: Actual thickness of An extremely tough resilient plastic film used to
glass may not coincide with nominal thickness. bond glass together in the laminating process. 93
15.0 GLOSSARY
Polyisobutylene Reflective Glass

Typically the primary seal in a dual seal IG unit Glass with a metallic coating to reduce solar
and the key component in restricting moisture heat gain. (See also Solar Control Glass.)
vapour transmittance.
Relative Heat Gain
Polysulphide Sealant The amount of heat gain through a glass
Polysulphide liquid polymer sealants. They product taking into consideration the effects of
can be converted to rubbers at room solar heat gain (shading coefficient) and
temperature without shrinkage upon addition conductive heat gain (U-value). The value is
of a curing agent. expressed in (W/m2). The lower the relative heat
the more the glass product restricts heat gain.
Polyurethane Sealant
An organic compound formed by the reaction Roller-wave Distortion
of a glycol with an isocyanate. Waviness imparted to horizontal heat treated
glass while the glass is transported through
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
the furnace on a roller conveyor. The waves
Polymer formed by polymerisation of vinyl produce a distortion when the glass is viewed
chloride monomer. Sometimes called vinyl. in reflection.
Pre-Shimmed Tape Sealant

Rolled Glass
A sealant having a pre-formed shaped Glass formed by rolling, including patterned
containing solids or discrete particles that limit glass and wired glass. (See also Patterned
its deformation under compression. Glass.)
Primer
Rub
A coating specifically designed to enhance the
A series of small scratches in glass generally
adhesion of sealant systems to certain
caused during transport by a chip lodged
surfaces, to form a barrier to prevent migration
between two panels.
of components, or to seal a porous substrate.
R-value
Processed
The thermal resistance of a glazing system.
Glass which has undergone further treatment
The higher the R-value the less heat is
after manufacture (e.g. laminated, toughened,
transmitted throughout the glazing material.
curved, silvered, coated etc).
The R-value is the reciprocal of the U-value
PVC
STC (Sound Transmittance Class)
(See Polyvinyl Chloride.)
A single number rating derived from individual
transmittance losses at specified test
Pyrolytic
frequencies. It is used for interior walls,
A glass which has a coating deposited during
ceilings and floors and in the past was also
the glass manufacturing process. The coating
used for preliminary comparison of the
is fired into the glass surface at 700˚C and is
performance of various glazing materials.
therefore extremely hard and durable.
STL (Sound Transmittance Loss)

Quench Pattern
(See Strain Pattern.) The reduction of the amount of sound energy
15.0 GLOSSARY
passing through a wall, floor, roof, etc. It is

Racking related to the specific frequency (Hz) at which
A movement or distortion of sash or frames it is measured and it is expressed in decibels
causing a shape in angularity of corners. (dB). Also called Transmittance Loss (TL).
Rebate Sandblasted Finish

An ‘L’ shaped section which can be face A surface treatment for glass obtained by
glazed or receive a removable glazing bead to spraying the glass with hard particles to
94 hold the panel of glass in place. roughen one or both surfaces of the glass.
G JAMES IS GLASS
The effect is to increase obscurity and Shelf Life

diffusion, but it makes the glass weaker and Used in the glazing and sealant business to
harder to clean. refer to the length of time a product may be
stored before beginning to lose its
Safety Glass effectiveness. Manufacturers usually state the
Processed glass types which satisfy the shelf life and the necessary storage conditions
requirements of AS/NZS 2208 for safety on the package.
glazing. Laminated, toughened safety glass are
Shims
rated Grade A. Wired glass is rated Grade B.
(See Spacers.)
Salt Spray Test
Shore ‘A’ Hardness
Accelerated corrosion test in which samples
Measure of firmness of a compound by
are exposed to a fine mist of salt water.
means of a Durometer Hardness Gauge (A
Primarily used to test silvered glass.
hardness range of 20-25 is about the firmness
of an art gum eraser. A hardness of 90 is
Salvage Edges (Bulb Edge)
about the firmness of a rubber heel.
The extreme lateral edges of the glass ribbon
which are stripped off and recycled. Sight Line
The line along the perimeter of the glazed
Sash
panel corresponding to the edge of stationary
The moveable window frame which contains or removable bead. The line to which sealants
the glass pane. contacting the glazed panel are sometimes
finished off.
Seeds
Minute bubbles in float glass. Silicone Sealant
One part or two part elastromeric adhesive,
Security Glass rubber sealant which cures at room
Glass not just designed as Grade A safety but temperature (also referred to as room
to also withstand various forms of violent temperature vulcanising (RTV)). Its inorganic
attack. They are usually special combinations composition means silicone sealant is
of laminated glass and can incorporate unaffected by UV, ozone and extremes of hot
toughened glass and polycarbonates - see and cold. Further it will not break-down or lose
G.James ArmaClear range (BR, PA and PS). adhesion and for this reason is widely used in
most glazing applications.
Setting Blocks
Generally rectangular, cured extrusions of Silkscreen
neoprene, EPDM, silicone, rubber or other A decorating process in which a design is
suitable material on which the glass product printed on glass through a fine silk mesh or
bottom edge is placed to effectively support similar screen.
the weight of the glass.
Sill
Shading Coefficient
The bottom horizontal member of the
window/door frame.
Ratio of the solar heat gain through a specific
glass product compared to the solar heat gain
Silvering
through 3mm clear glass.
The application by chemical or other
methods of a film of silver to a glass surface
15.0 GLOSSARY
Sheet Glass
to create mirrors.
Refers to the drawn sheet process, which is
pulled up vertically and consequently Sloped Glazing
embodies inherent lines of distortion. It is a Any installation of glass that is less than 70˚
fire finished glass. from vertical.
Shadowgraph Smoke
A test rig for inspecting glass with respect to Streaked areas appearing as slight
distortion and other defects. discolouration on glass. 95
15.0 GLOSSARY
Solar Control Glass Strain

Tinted and/or coated glass that reduces the The percentage of elongation or compression
amount of solar heat gain transmitted through of a material or portion of a material caused by
a glazed product. an applied force.
Solar Energy Reflectance Strain Pattern

A specific geometric pattern of iridescence or
In the solar spectrum, the percentage of solar
darkish shadows that may appear under certain
energy that is reflected from the glass surface(s).
lighting conditions, particularly in the presence
of polarised light (also called quench pattern).
Solar Energy Transmittance
The phenomena is caused by the localised
The percentage of ultra-violet, visible and infra-
stresses imparted by the rapid air cooling of
red energy within the solar spectrum that is
the tempering operation. Strain pattern is
transmitted through the glass.
characteristic of all heat treated glass.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

Stress (Residual)
The ratio of directly transmitted and absorbed Any condition of tension or compression
solar energy that enters into the building’s existing within the glass, caused by
interior (when compared to an open space). incomplete annealing or induced temperature
Solar heat gain includes directly transmitted gradient during the manufacture of heat
solar heat and absorbed solar radiation which is treated glass.
then re-radiated, conducted, or convected.
Substance
Spacers (Shims) Refers to the thickness of glass expressed
Small blocks of neoprene, EPDM, silicone or in mm.
other suitable material, placed on each side of
Surface Modified
the glass product to provide glass centring,
Glass whose surface has been modified in
maintain uniform width of sealant bead and
such a way that it reduces solar heat gain by
prevent excessive sealant distortion.
reflection rather than absorption.
Spandrel
Structural Glazing Gaskets
The panel(s) of a wall located between vision Cured elastomeric channel-shaped extrusions
areas of windows which conceal structural used in place of a conventional sash to install
columns, floors and shear walls. glass products onto structurally supporting
sub-frames, with the pressure of sealing
Spectrally Selective Glass exerted by the insertion of separate lockstrip
Tinted and/or coated flat glass that selectively wedging splines.
reduces the amount of ultra-violet and infra-
red transmittance. Structural Silicone Glazing
The use of a silicone sealant for the structural
Stain transfer of loads from the glass to its
Discolouration of either a glass or finished perimeter support system and retention of the
aluminium surface caused by alkalis that leach glass in opening.
from surrounding materials such as pre-cast or
Substrate
cast-in-place concrete or from sealants,
A base material to which other materials
pollutants or other contaminants.
are applied.
15.0 GLOSSARY
Stained Glass
Tape Sealant
Refers to the craft of lead-lighting - glass A sealant having a pre-formed shape and
which is coloured by fusing pigments to the intended to be used in a joint under
surface or windows made up of pieces of compression.
stained glass.
Thermal Endurance
Stones The relative ability of glass to withstand
96 Any crystalline inclusion embedded in the glass. thermal shock.
G JAMES IS GLASS
Thermal Stress does the amount of heat that is transferred

Stress generated in glasses as a consequence through the glazing material. The lower the U-
of temperature differentials such as hot centre value, the better the insulation.
and cold edges (in the frame).
Vents
Tinted Glass Small cracks at the edges of glass that can
Glass with colourants added to the basic glass lead to breakage.
batch that give the glass colour, as well as,
light and heat reducing capabilities. The colour Vinyl Back Mirror
extends throughout the thickness of the glass. Organic vinyl backing applied to mirrors that
Typical colours include bronze, grey, dark grey, holds the glass together when broken.
aquamarine, green, deep green and blue.
Visible Light Reflectance
Tong Marks The percentage of visible light (380 to 780

Small, surface indentations near and parallel to nanometres) within the solar spectrum that is
one edge of vertically toughened or vertically reflected from the glass surface.
heat strengthened glass resulting from the
Visible Light Transmittance
tongs used to suspend the glass during the
The percentage of visible light (380 to 780
heat treating process.
nanometres) within the solar spectrum that is
Transmittance
transmitted through glass.
The ability of the glass to pass light and/or
Weathering (also Stain)
heat, usually expressed in percentages (visible
Attack of a glass surface by atmospheric
transmittance, thermal transmittance, etc).
elements.
Transom
Weep Holes
A cross piece which separates a door from a
Small holes or slots in the sash or framing
window above. The horizontal member that
system which allows water to drain to the
supports panels, glass, sashes or sections of
building exterior.
curtain wall.
Wet Seal
Two-Part (Multi-Component) Sealant
Application of an elastomeric sealant between
A product comprised of a base and curing
the glass and sash to form a weather-tight seal.
agent or accelerator, necessarily packaged in
two separate containers which are uniformly Wired Glass
mixed just prior to use. Rolled glass having a layer of meshed or
stranded wire embedded near to the centre of
Total Heat Gain
thickness of the panel. This glass is available
The sum of direct solar transmittance plus the as polished glass (one or both surfaces) and
proportion of absorbed energy, which is re- patterned glass.
radiated to the inside of the glazing.
Toughened Glass
(See Fully Toughened Glass)
Ultra-violet
15.0 GLOSSARY
The name of the invisible portion of the light

spectrum with wave lengths shorter than 380
nanometres. i Technical Advisory
Service
U-value
A measure of air-to-air heat transmittance (loss Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S
or gain) due to thermal conductance and the (452637)
difference in indoor and outdoor National Toll Free Number
temperatures. As the U-value decreases, so 97
APPENDIX ONE
How to complete the Thermal Safety Assessment Request

(For further information on Thermal Breakage refer Section 1.11)
Vision / Sloped Glazing Depth of Column
Location
Distance (mm) a column extends beyond the
City, town or country where building is located. front of the glass face creating a vertical shadow.
Depth of Set Back
Glass Type
Full description required, e.g. IG unit Distance (mm) from extreme building face of
comprising 6mm TS40 (2) on Green/12mm the glass in a ‘punched’ (recessed) window.
airspace/6mm Energy Advantage (3). Blinds/Drapes Behind Glass
Glass Sizes
Will blinds or drapes be installed to the inside
Largest and smallest panel sizes required as the of the glass?
size of the glass has an effect on thermal stress. Ventilated Airspace
Glass Application
Will the space between blinds/drapes and the
Options are fixed glass, sliding windows and glass be ventilated? The criteria for a
doors (which include double hung windows) ventilated airspace are:
and openable awning or casement sashes. • A 50mm clearance between the glass and
The window configuration may effect thermal the shading device
stress, e.g. a fully opened sliding door/window • A 38mm clearance between the top and
can act as a double glazed unit increasing the bottom or one side and bottom between
amount of solar absorption to the outer lite. shading device and surround
Glass Orientation Colour of blinds
This refers to the aspect of the facades Refers to the colour of the blinds/drapes,
containing glass. If glass is installed to all four either light (white) or dark (black).
sides of the building, tick all four boxes. The
Venetian Blinds Between Two Glasses
angle of the glazing is also required, as glass
Will venetian blinds be installed between any
glazed on a slope is subject to higher solar
two glasses (i.e. double glazed or jockey sash
radiation than panels glazed vertically.
windows)?
Glazing Type
Gaps (Glass-Blind-Glass)
Options include the following:
Distance (mm) between glass to blind to glass.
• Glass fully glazed (captive) in a frame
• 2-sided captive – vertical is framing only to Spandrel Glass
the vertical edges with no framing to the Glass Type
horizontal edges. Full description required, for example 6.38mm
• 2-sided captive – horizontal is the reverse TS21 Clear Laminated.
of 2-sided captive vertical.
Glass Sizes
• 4-sided structural is glass retained by Largest and smallest panel sizes required as the
silicone only without any framing. size of the glass has an effect on thermal stress.
Frame Material
Backup Wall
Options are metal (aluminium/steel), Does the spandrel cavity contain a backup wall
wood/timber or PVC. of masonry, metal sheeting or other material?
Frame Colour
Colour of Backup Wall
Options include Light (clear anodised, white), Refers to the colour of the backup wall
Medium (light grey, light blue) or Dark (black, material, either light (white) or dark (black).
dark bronze).
Distance from Wall to Glass
Overhead Shading
Distance (mm) from back of spandrel glass to
APPENDIX ONE
Distance (mm) any overhang, soffit or awning backup wall.

extends beyond the front of the glass.
Airspace Ventilated
Mullion Projection
Is there a cavity behind the spandrel glass and
Distance (mm) the mullion extends beyond the is it fully sealed or ventilated (preferable at the
front of the glass. top and bottom) to allow airflow?
Transom Projection
NB: If you require assistance in completing the Thermal
Distance (mm) the transom extends beyond Safety Assessment Request, please contact our Technical
the front of the glass. Advisory Service.
98
G JAMES IS GLASS
G.James Thermal Safety Assessment Request
PHOTOCOPY, COMPLETE FORM AND SEND TO G.JAMES SAFETY GLASS
The following information is required to conduct a Thermal Safety Assessment. Please complete
all relevant sections. The accuracy of the assessment is based on the information supplied.
Company Name Contact
Phone No. Fax No.
Project Reference Location
Vision / Sloped Glazing

Glass Type (Full Description)
Glass Sizes Overhead Shading mm
Largest
Mullion Projection mm
Smallest
Depth of Column mm
Glass Application
Transom Projection mm
Fixed Glazed Sliding Windows/Doors
Openable Sash Depth of Set Back mm
Glass Orientation Blinds/Drapes Behind Glass
North South East West Yes No
Vertical Sloped Angle

Colour of Blinds
Glazing Type Light Dark
Fully Captive 2-Sided Captive – Vertical

Ventilated Air Space
2-Sided Captive – Horizontal 4-Sided Structural
Yes No
Framing Material
Venetian Blind Between Two Glasses
Metal Wood PVC
Yes No
Frame Colour
Gaps (Glass-Blind-Glass)
Light Medium Dark
mm and mm
Spandrel Glass
Glass Type (Full Description)
Glass Sizes Backup Wall Colour

APPENDIX ONE
Largest Light Dark
Smallest Distance from Wall to Glass mm
Backup Wall Airspace Ventilated

Yes No Yes No
Signed Date
99
APPENDIX TWO
Glass Processing Flow Chart
(Possible Combinations)
Raw Float Glass

(Clear, Tinted, Super-Tints, On-Line
Solar and Low E Coatings)
Laminated Glass Heat Treated Glass Airco Coated Glass

(All interlayer combinations – (Toughened, Heat Strengthened, (Solar and Low E Coatings)
thickness and colour) Ceramic Painted and Heat Soaked)
Customer Customer Customer
Insulated Glass Unit

APPENDIX TWO
Customer Customer
100
G JAMES IS GLASS
- glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,81 - edge condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Index
- maximum sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 - floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
A - measuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 - history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
acoustic spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 - process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 - processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Amiran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 - standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 - processing flow chart . . . . . . . . . . 100
anti-bandit glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 - terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 - properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
aquatic glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 cut-outs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - setting blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
ArmaClear bullet resistant glass cyclone resistant laminate . . . . . . . . . . . 33 - staining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
- applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 cylinder process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - stair treads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
- framing & accessories . . . . . . . . . . . 57 - strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
D
- glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 - strength design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
damaged weighted transmission
- performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 - surface identification . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
(Tdw) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
- process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 - thickness tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
data shielding glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
- product types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 glazing
daylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
- properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 - annealed glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
decorative glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
ArmaClear physical attack glass - bullet resistant glass . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
dew point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
- applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 - butt-joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Diamant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
- framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 - considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
diffused reflection glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
- glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 - curved glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
dry glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
- performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 - dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
E
- process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 - heat treated glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
edgework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
- product types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 - laminated glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
edge delamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
- properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 - physical attack glass . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
elastomeric sealants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
ArmaClear prison shield glass . . . . . . . 59 - structural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
electromagnetic spectrum . . . . . . . . . . 17
Azurlite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 - techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
electronic security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 - Twin-Glaze units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
B
Evergreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 - weatherseal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
back-up material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
F - wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
balustrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
fade control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
bevelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Faradays cage principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Glue Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
bi-folding doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
figured rolled pattern glass H
Borofloat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,65
- applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 heat resistant glass
Borosilicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,65
- characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 - Borofloat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Brewsters fringes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
- process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 - Borosilicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
brillant cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Broadline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 - types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 - FireLite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
bullet resistant glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 finite element analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - glass ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
butt-joint glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 fire rated glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 - toughened. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
butyl tapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 fire rated products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 - Robax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
fire rated systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 heat soak testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
C
- insulated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 heat strengthened glass
ceiling domes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
- non-reinforced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 - characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ceramic painted glass . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,41
- reinforced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 - process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
ceramic painted patterned glass . . . . 74
fire resistant levels (FRL) . . . . . . . . . . . 64 - properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
clear float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
FireLite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,65 heat treated glass
coated glass
flat grind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
- definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
flat polish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - available sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
- handling criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
flat smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
- process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Flemish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 - glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
coated surface identification . . . . . . . . 11
float glass process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - manufacturing guidelines . . . . . . . 36
coincidence dip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Fourcault process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
colour perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
frameless entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 - process limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Colourlite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
frameless showerscreens . . . . . . . . . . . 38 - properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
- applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
- process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 G - strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
- properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Georgian wired glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,72 holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Glacier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 I
Contraflam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 glass insulated glass units
conversion factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 - assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 - applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
convex mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 - blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,66 - characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
INDEX
coolness factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 - breakage characteristics . . . . . . . . 16 - glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

curved toughened glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 - care and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - heat gain/loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
- acceptance criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 - ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 - manufacturing guidelines . . . . . . . 53
- applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 - cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,50 - process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
- available curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 - decorative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 - properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
101
INDEX
- solar control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 putty based compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Squarelite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

- spandrel design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 pyrolytic glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 stacking doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
- strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Pyrobel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
irregular shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Pyrostop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Starphire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
K Pyroswiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 STC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Kosciusko. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Q STL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
quality management systems . . . . . . . 83 stocklines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

L
quench pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
laminate mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
structural glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
laminated glass R
Supergrey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
- applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 RAT equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
supertints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
- benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 reflective glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
suspended assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
- characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,33 Robax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Swissflam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
- glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 roller-wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
- process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 rough arris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 T
- strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Roughcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Tandarra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
lead glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 round and polished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 test facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
low E (Low Emissivity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 thermal breakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

S
low iron glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 thermal heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Satinlite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
luminous efficacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 thermal safety assessment
Scintilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Luxar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 request form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Seadrift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
thermal stress
M sealant
- causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 - adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
- factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
- applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 - compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
tinted float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
- handling & processing . . . . . . . . . . . 60 - selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
total solar energy transmittance . . . . . 18
- installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 - silicone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
toughened glass
- process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 - stain testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
- characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
- types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 - surface & joint preparation . . . . . . 78
- curved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
mirror doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 - tooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
- process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
mist free mirrors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Securiflam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
- properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
mitre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 security glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
train windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Shade-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
N Twin-Glaze units
shading coefficient (SC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Narrow Reeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 - applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
shadow boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
neoprene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 - characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
silicone applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
New Cathedral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 - glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
silver glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Newtons rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 - heat gain/loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
smooth arris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
nickel sulphide inclusion (NiS) . . . . . . 43 - manufacturing guidelines . . . . . . . 53
solar
non-reflecting glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 - process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
- control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
- energy reflectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
O - solar control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
- energy transmittance. . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Obscura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 - spandrel design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
- heat gain coefficient (SHGC) . . . 18
off-line coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 - strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
- spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
one-way mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 U
Solarplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
on-line coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 U-value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
- coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
opacifier (organic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 units of measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
- low E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Optigray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 sound V
Optilight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 - acoustic spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 venetian strip mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
P - coincidence dip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 visible light reflectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
patterned glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 - design levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 visible light transmittance . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Patternlite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 - glass performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
W
- applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 - insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
weatherseal glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
- process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 - insulation measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
welding glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
- properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 - intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
wet glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
- types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 - perceived loudness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
wired safety glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
performance terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 - traffic noise reduction . . . . . . . . . . . 25
physical attack glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 - transmission class (STC) . . . . . . . 25 X
picture glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 - transmission loss (STL) . . . . . . . . 25 X-ray glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
pillowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 spandrel design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
INDEX
Polished wired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,72 Sparkle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

prison shield glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 special processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
product standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 special purpose windows . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Promaclear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Spotswood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Promaglas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 sputtering process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
102
Registered Names Acknowledgements
• Solarplus, Optilight, Twin-Glaze, ArmaClear, We are grateful to the many manufacturers
Colourlite and Patternlite are registered and associations from whose publications we
names of G.James Australia Pty. Ltd have sourced information for this handbook. If
• Arctic Blue, Evergreen, Supergrey, Eclipse, we have omitted anyone, it has certainly not
Georgian, K Glass, Anti-bandit, Reflectafloat, been intentional and we apologise. Thanks
Pyrostop and Energy Advantage are also to the G.James staff who have
registered trade names of Pilkington contributed to the success of this publication.
• Azurlite, Optigray, Solargreen, Solarcool, G.James wishes to acknowledge the following

Sungate and Starphire are registered trade for their contributions:
names of PPG Industries Inc.
• Dorma
• Contraflam, Pyroswiss, Securiflam and
• Dow Corning
Swissflam are registered trade names of
• DuPont
Vetrotech Saint-Gobain International
• Glaverbel Group
• Borofloat, Borosilicate, Robax and Amiran
are registered trade names of Schott • Guardian Industries Corp.
• Stopsol and Pyrobel are registered trade • Metropolitan Glass (NZ)
names of Glaverbel • Nippon Electric Glass
• FireLite is a registered trade name of Nippon • P.T. Asahimas Flat Glass Co. Ltd
Electric Glass Co. Ltd • Pilkington (Australia) Limited
• Panasap is a registered trade name of P.T. • Pilkington United Kingdom Limited
Ashimas Flat Glass Co., Ltd
• Pilkington North America
• Diamant is a registered trade name of Saint-
• P.P.G. Industries Inc. (George Fethers & Co.)
Gobain
• R.E. Mandl & Co. Pty Ltd
• Promaclear is a registered trade name of
Promat Worldwide/Etex Group
• Reed Educational and Professional
Publishing Australia
• Luxar is a registered trade name of Hy-Tech-
Glass
• Saint-Gobain
• Santoprene is a registered trade name of

• Schott
Monsanto • Solutia Inc.
• AIRCO is a registered trade name of the • Viracon
BOC Group • J.Weck GMBH U. Co./Obeco Glass Blocks
References Disclaimer
• About Glass… – Flachglas AG This handbook is the intellectual property of
• AMIRAN Anti-reflective glass, Transparent G.James Australia Pty Ltd and shall not be
Solution for Exterior/Interior Applications – reproduced, copied, imitated or extracted from
Schott Glas in any way whatsoever. All rights reserved.
© 2000
• FireLite, FireLite Applications in Japan –
Nippon Electric Glass While drawing on our experience of almost 90
• Glass in Architecture and Decoration – years in the glass industry, we have also drawn
Raymond McGrath from industry publications and many
• Glass in Building, Butterworth Architecture – manufacturers literature from around the world.
Button and Pye G.James have been careful and diligent to
ensure the accuracy of all the information
• Glass in Building – Saint-Gobain
contained in this handbook but to the extent
• Glass Processing Days 1997, Educational
limited by law G.James accepts no
Glass Conference – Tamglass Engineering
responsibility for any inaccuracies of any kind.
• Glazing Manual, 1997 Edition – Glass
Association of North America Due to continual product development,
G.James reserves the right to alter product
• Guardian Architectural Glass, A Worldwide
specifications without notice.
Presence – Guardian
• Guardian Industries, Global Product
Selection Guide – Guardian
• Laminated Architectural Glass, 1994
Specification Guide – Monsanto, the
Chemical Group
• LX Radiation Shielding Lead Glass – Nippon
Electric Glass
• Metropolitan Glass Catalogue and Reference
Guide, 4th Edition – Metropolitan Glass
• National Glass Catalogue and Reference Guide
2000, 2nd Edition – National Glass Pty Ltd
• New Zealand Design Trends, The Specifier’s
Guide, Volume 13 No.7 – Trends
• Pilkington Glass and Thermal Safety, January
1980 – Pilkington Flat Glass Limited
• PPG Architectural Glass 1999 – PPG Glass
Technology
• Silicone Structural Glazing Manual – Dow
Corning
• The Glass and Glazing Handbook, 1998 –
Noel C Stokes
MALAYSIA
Auckland
glass handbook
NEW ZEALAND
Senai
Cairns
Townsville
Mackay
Rockhampton
AUSTRALIA Gladstone
Bundaberg Hervey Bay
Narangba Gympie
Sunshine Coast
Toowoomba Brisbane
Eagle Farm Ipswich Gold Coast
Lismore
Logan City
Perth Port Macquarie
Taree
Newcastle
Sydney
Melbourne
www.gjames.com.au
F
I
Queensland New South Wales Victoria Asia Pacific

R
G.James Safety Glass Pty. Ltd. G.James Safety Glass Pty. Ltd. G.James Safety Glass Pty. Ltd. G.James Industries (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
S
1007 Kingsford Smith Drive, 26 Long Street, 217 Rex Road, Lot 2596, Jalan Perindustrian 3, Kawasan
Eagle Farm, Brisbane Smithfield, Sydney Campbellfield, Melbourne Perindustrian Senai Fasa 11, 81 400
T
Ph: 61 7 3877 2866 Ph: 61 2 9732 2111 Ph: 61 3 9219 2000 Senai, Johor, Malaysia
Fax: 61 7 3877 2295 Fax: 61 2 9732 2199 Fax: 61 3 9219 2099 Ph: 60 7 599 3266 Fax: 60 7 599 3212
E
D
Other G.James branches are located at:

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Queensland: New South Wales: Asia Pacific:

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Logan City, Narangba, Ipswich, Gold Coast, Lismore, Port Macquarie, Taree Auckland (New Zealand)
I
Toowoomba, Sunshine Coast, Gympie, & Newcastle

O
Hervey Bay, Bundaberg, Gladstone, Rockhampton, Western Australia:

Mackay, Townsville & Cairns Perth H A N D B O O K
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RHA0101 gjames h'book cover 8/9/06 12:37 PM Page 1

See us on the web: www.gjames.com.au

Queensland New South Wales Victoria Asia Pacific

Other G. James branches are located at:

The business remained as such, with the

During the 1960’s aluminium largely replaced at Senai, Malaysia

Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4.0 Heat Treated Glass 34

1.1 A Brief History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.4 Available Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1.4 Glass Surface Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.7 Colourlite (Ceramic Painted Glass) . . . . 41

1.5 Identifying the Coated Surface . . . . . . . . . 11 4.8 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

1.6 Glass Staining and Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.9 Heat Soak Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

1.7 Care and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1 Clear Float . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6.0 Reflective & Coated Glass 48

6.5 Low E (Low Emissivity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4 3.8 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.6 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

8.0 Safety and Security Glass 56 11.4 Glass Setting Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 11.5 General Glazing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 79

8.2 ArmaClear – Bullet Resistant 11.6 Considerations for Glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

(BR) Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 11.7 Mirror Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

8.3 ArmaClear – Physical Attack

9.0 Special Purpose Glass 60

10.0 Decorative Glass 72

10.3 Patternlite (Ceramic Painted

11.0 Glazing Techniques 76

Where did it all start?

The old cylinder process

Pliny’s well known story of the shipwrecked

Through conquest the art was taken to Egypt

where the oldest relics are dated at 2000 B.C.

Figure 1.1a: Fourcault Process

The Fourcault process in action

The sheet glass produced by these methods

inherent bands of distortion which resulted in

Where true optical quality was required in

Figure 1.1b: Float Glass Process

Weighing Melting of raw materials Formation of Annealing lehr Quality control,

(K value) 1.05 W/m˚C. The

linearity i.e. The deflections are not directly

Glass strength (not stiffness) can be altered by

Figure 1.2a: Finite Element Analysis

1.3 Thickness Tolerances for Glass

Table 1.3a: Thickness Tolerances

Nominal Thickness Tolerance Range

Float 3mm ±0.2mm 2.8 - 3.2mm

12mm ±0.3mm 11.7 - 12.3mm

Obscure/Figured Roll 3mm +0.9mm, –0.5mm 2.5 - 3.9mm

Wired 6mm ±1.0mm 5.0 - 7.0mm

PVB Laminate 5.38mm – 4.95 - 5.81mm

1.4 Glass Surface Numbers

Figure 1.4a: Glass Surface Identification

NB: Surface 1 = Exterior Surface

1.5 Identifying the Coated Surface

Figure 1.5a: Monolithic Reflective Glass

Reflection of pencil point

The only practical remedy for glass that is