CHAPTER 7 ACIDS & BASES A.20 cm3 B.25 cm3 C.30 cm3 D.

35 cm3 for preparing a standard

1. Which of the following compounds dissolves
in water to form an alkali? 13. Which of the following is true? solution?
A Zinc oxide B.Sodium oxide I.All bases are soluble in water M Weigh the mass of the solute needed
C.Copper(II) oxide D.Copper(II) hydroxide II.An alkali is a base that is soluble in water N Shake the flask to dissolve the solute
III.A base is a compound that can neutralise O Transfer the solute into the volumetric
2. Which of the following elements burns in air an acid to produce salt and water flask
to form an oxide and when the oxide dissolves IV.An acid is a compound that produces P Add distilled water until the mark of the
in water, it turn blue litmus to red? hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water flask
A Carbon B Sodium A.I ,III B.I,II,III C.II,III,IV D.I,II,III,
A M →N→O→P
C Hydrogen D Magnesium IV
B N → P → M →O
C M → O→ N→P
3. Solution Y has pH value of 5. Which of the 14. A solution has a pH value of 14. Which
D P → M →N→O
following statements about solution Y is true? of the following is true about the properties
A.Changes red litmus paper into blue of the solution?
20.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide
B.Does not react with carbonate metals A.Does not react with acids
solution reacts completely with 20.0 cm3 of
C.Reacts with copper to release hydrogen gas B.Turns blue litmus paper into red
0.05 mol dm-3 solution X. It can be deduced
D.It becomes pink when few drops of C.Has a high concentration of hydrogen ion
that X could be
phenolphthalein is added to it D.React with ammonium chloride to
A.nitric acid B.ethanoic acid
produce ammonia gas
C.sulphuric acid D.hydrochloric acid
4. The equation below represents the reaction
between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide. 15. Which of the following is a property of a
21. Which of the following bases reacts with
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O solution of ammonia in propanone?
hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and
What is the volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium I.Does not conduct electricity
water?
hydroxide that can neutralise 20.0 cm3 of 0.2 II.Has a pH value of less than 7
A.Zinc oxide
mol dm-3 sulphuric acid ? III.Turns blue litmus paper into red
B.Sodium hydroxide
A.14 cm3 B.15 cm3 C.16 cm3 D.18 cm3 IV.Does not contain hydrogen ions
C.Magnesium bromide
A.I,IV B.II,III C.III,IV D.I, II, and III
D.Aluminium carbonate
5. A pH scale is a simplified way of expressing
the concentration of ion Y in acids or alkalis. 16. Which of the following is true
22. Which of the following is true about
What is the identity of ion X? concerning sodium hydroxide in propanone?
chemical properties of acids?
A Sodium ions B. Oxygen ions I.Has no effect on litmus paper
A.Acids react with zinc to produce salt and
C Hydrogen ions D.Ammonium ions II.Has a pH value of less than 7
hydrogen gas
III.Has no reaction with ammonium
B.Acids react with sodium hydroxide to
6. 4.0 g of sodium carbonate powder is chloride
produce salt and hydrogen gas
dissolved in water and made up to 250 cm3. IV.Dissociates completely to hydroxide ions
C.Acid reacts with magnesium oxide to
What is the molarity of the sodium carbonate in water
produce salt, water and hydrogen gas
solution ? [Relative atomic mass : C, 12 ; O, A.I, III B.II,IV C.I, II ,III D.I, II, III ,IV
D.Acid react with aluminium(III) carbonate
16 ; Na, 23]
to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide
A.0.05 mol dm-3 B.0.10 mol dm-3 17. Which of the following bases is used to
gas
C.0.15 mol dm-3 D.0.20 mol dm-3 make gastric pills?
A.Ammonia
23. Hydrochloric acid is titrated with sodium
7. The diagram shows the apparatus set-up of B.Sodium hydroxide
hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as the
an experiment. C.Calcium hydroxide
indicator. Which of the following occurs at the
D.Aluminium hydroxide
end point?
A.The solution becomes colourless
18. Which of the following are neutralisation
B.A white precipitate is produced
reactions?
C.The high concentration of hydrogen ions in
I.Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
solution
II.2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
D.The hydrogen ions from the acid and the
III.NaOH + CH3COOH →CH3COONa +
The bulb will light up if hydroxide ions from the alkali combine to
H2O
A.the voltage of the battery is increased form water molecules
IV.Mg(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 +
B.some water is added to glacial ethanoic 2NaNO3
acid 24. Which of the following compounds produce
A.I , II B.II ,III C.I, II,III D.II, III , IV
C.the carbon electrode is changed with hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?
platinum electrode A.Ammonia gas B.Nitrogen dioxide
19. A few drops of methyl orange is added
D.a solution of ethanoic acid in acetone is C.Hydrogen chloride D.Potassium
separately into sodium hydroxide solution
used instead of glacial ethanoic acid hydroxide
and diluted sulphuric acid. Which of the
following colours are the correct match for
8. Which of the following are products of a 25. Which of the following pairs of compounds
both solutions?
neutralisation reaction between an acid and an will react in neutralisation reaction?
Sodium hydroxide Diluted sulphuric
alkali? I.Hydrochloric acid and zinc
solution acid
I.Salt II.Water II.Nitric acid and calcium carbonate
A Red Blue III.Sulphuric acid and copper(II) oxide
III.Hydrogen gas IV.Carbon dioxide
A.I,II B.II,III C.III,IV D.I, II, III B Colourless Orange IV.Hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide
C Yellow Red A.I,III B.II,IV C.I, III ,IV D.I, II, III ,IV
9. Which of the following alkalis turns red D Orange Yellow
litmus paper into blue? 26. What is the volume of 1.5 mol dm-3
A Dry ammonia gas 20. Ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid with aqueous ammonia required to completely
B Zinc hydroxide powder the same concentration have different pH neutralise 30.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric
C Barium hydroxide in propanone values because acid?
D Aqueous calcium hydroxide solution A.hydrochloric acid is less soluble in water A.10 cm3 B.15 cm3 C.20 cm3 D.25 cm3
B.ethanoic acid has a higher degree of
10. Why is hydrogen chloride considered as an dissociation than hydrochloric acid 27. Which of the following is not an application
acid? C.the concentration of hydrogen ions is of neutralisation in daily life?
A.It contains hydrogen ions greater in ethanoic acid than in hydrochloric A.Removing rust using lemon juice
B.It contains hydrogen molecules acid B.Using vinegar to treat a wasp’s sting
C.It ionises in water to produce hydrogen D.hydrochloric acid completely issociates C.Adding carbonic acid in carbonate drinks
ions while ethanoic acid partially dissociates in D.Adding slaked lime to reduce the acidity of
D.It ionises in water to produce hydrogen water the soil
molecules
21. What is the volume of distilled water 28. Which of the following substances is
11. Which of the following chemical equations required to be added to 60 cm3 sulphuric acid acidic?
represents the reaction ammonia in water? of 2.0 mol dm-3 to produce 0.3 mol dm-3 A.Milk B.Soap
A.NH3 + H2O → NH2OH2 sulphuric acid? C.Toothpaste D.Lemon juice
B.NH3 + H2O → NH3OH2 A.260 cm3 B.340 cm3 C.380 cm3 D.420
C. NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH- cm3 29. Which of following acid is truly matched to
D.NH3 + H2O → NH4- + OH+ its use?
22. Which of the following Acid Use
12. Calculate the volume of 2.0 mol dm-3 A Nitric acid As food preservative
hydrochloric acid that is required to react sequence of steps is correct B Carbonic To make carbonated
completely with 2.65g of sodium carbonate. acid drinks
[Relative atomic mass : C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Na, 23]
 C Sulphuric The main component of concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution B 500 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid
acid vinegar in g dm-3. C 300 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
D Methanoic Used in the manufacture of A.5.0 B.10.0 C.15.0 D.20.0 D 200 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid fertilisers acid
42. 200 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid is
30. What is the volume of 1.0 mol dm -3 added to 300 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 nitric acid. 53. Which of the following solutions has the
hydrochloric acid that is required to be diluted Calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric highest pH value?
with distilled water to produce 100 cm3 of 0.1 acid produced. A.0.5 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid
mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid solution? A.1.0 mol dm-3 B.1.1 mol dm-3 B.0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
A.10 cm3 B.20 cm3 C.30 cm3 D.40 cm3 C.1.2 mol dm-3 D.1.3 mol dm-3 C.0.5 mol dm-3 aqueous solution of ammonia
D.0.5 mol dm-3 aqueous solution of sodium
31. The ionic equation for neutralisation 43. Which particles are not present in a hydroxide
between hydrochloric acid and sodium solution containing dilute nitric acid and
hydroxide is ethanoic acid? 54. Which of the following statements about
A H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l) A.H+ ion B.Cl- ion strong alkalis is correct?
B Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) → NaOH(aq) C.HNO3 molecules D.CH3COOH A.Strong alkalis ionise completely when
C Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → NaCl(aq) molecules water is added
D Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq) → NaOH(aq) B.The degree of dissociation of a strong alkali
44. A 250 cm3 nitric acid contains 0.4 moles. in water is very low
-3
32. Find the volume 0f 2.0 mol dm sulphuric Calculate the molarity of the nitric acid. C.Strong alkalis do not react with copper(II)
acid, needed to be diluted to make 200 cm3 of A.1.2 mol dm-3 B.1.4 mol dm-3 oxide to produce water and salt
1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid. C.1.6 mol dm-3 D.1.8 mol dm-3 D.The concentration of hydroxide ions in
A.100 cm3 B.200 cm3 C.300 cm3 D.400 cm3 strong alkalis is lower than that in weak alkalis
45. Which of the following graphs shows the
33. In which of the following beakers will the relationship between the pH value and the 55. Which of the following substances will
litmus solution turns blue? molarity of an acid? produce hydroxide ions in water?
A B A B A.Sulphur dioxide B.Sodium chloride
C.Potassium oxide D.Copper(II) oxide

56. What is the mass of sodium carbonate

required to dissolve in water to prepare a 800
C D cm3 solution that contains 50 g dm-3?
C D A.20 g B.30 g C.40 g D.50 g

SALTS
1.Which of the following substances can be
crystallised from aqueous solution?
46. How many moles of hydrogen ions are A.BaSO4 B.PbCl2
34. Which of the following substances there in 400 cm3 of sulphuric acid of C.HgSO4 D.(NH4)2CO3
neutralize an acid to produce salt and water concentration 0.6 mol dm-3?-C
only? A.0.6 x 400 mol 2.Which of the following salts reacts with
I.Copper oxide II.Magnesium oxide B.2 x 0.6 x 400 mol hydrochloric acid to produce a white precipitate
III.Sodium hydroxide C. 0.6 X 400 mol which is soluble when heated?
IV.Calcium carbonate 1000 A.Zinc carbonate B.Barium nitrate
A.I ,II B.II ,IV C.I, II , III D.I, II, III , D. 2 X 0.6 X 400 mol C.Sodium sulphate D.Lead(II) chloride
IV 1000
3.2.0 g of sodium hydroxide reacts with excess
35. Which of the following is weak alkali? 47. Which of the following bases reacts with sulphuric acid. What is the mass of sodium
A.Ammonia B.Barium hydroxide hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride sulphate produced? [Relative atomic mass : H,
C.Sodium hydroxide D.Potassium and water? 1 ; O, 16 ; Na, 23 ; S, 32]
hydroxide A.Copper oxide B.Sodium A.2.86 g B.3.32 g C.3.55 g D.4.12 g
hydroxide
36. Which of the following is a strong acid? C.Sodium carbonate D.Calcium 4.Which of the following salts is most likely to
A.Citric acid B.Nitric acid hydroxide be made by the double decomposition method?
C.Tartaric acid D.Ethanedioic acid A.Zinc nitrate
48. 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric B.Copper(II) sulphate
37. Which of the following is true about weak acid is prepared from a 2.0 mol dm-3 standard C.Mercury(I) chloride
acid? hydrochloric acid solution. The total volume D.Ammonium carbonate
I.Most of the organic asid of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid which
II.Low concentration of hydrogen ions should be diluted with water is 5.When substance X is heated, a colourless gas
III.Dissociate partially into hydrogen ions in A.20 cm3 B.25 cm3 C.30 cm3 D.35 cm3 is released. It has a pungent smell and bleaches
water purple acidified potassium manganate(VII)
IV.pH is lower than of strong acid with the 49. The concentration of a solution refers to solution. The residue obtained after heating is
same concentration A.the amount of water in a given volume yellow when hot and white when cold.
A.I ,III B.II,IV C.I, II ,III D.I, II, III ,IV of solution Substance X is probably
B.the quantity of solute in a given volume of A.K2CO3 B.ZnCO3
38. Sulphuric acid is a strong acid that solution C.MgCO3 D.CuCO3
A.is not corrosive C.the quantity of oxygen ions in a given
B.does not conduct electricity volume of solution 6.Which of the following salts is found in
C.dissociate partially into hydrogen ions in D.the quantity of hydrogen ions in a given baking powder?
water volume of solution A.Sodium nitrite
D.produces a high concentration of B.Sodium chloride
hydrogen ions 50. Which of the following are bases? C.Sodium benzoate
I.Sodium oxide II.Lead(II) oxide D.Sodium hydrogen carbonate
39. The molarity of an aqueous solution is III.Copper(II) oxide IV.Potassium oxide
defined as the A.I ,III B.II,IV C.I, II , III D.I, II, III ,IV 7.25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate reacts
A.number of moles of solute present in 1 dm-3 completely with 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium
of water sulphate solution. Which one of the ionic
B.number of moles of solute present in 1
51. Table below shows the pH equations represent the reaction?
dm-3 of the solution values of solutions R, S, T A.Pb 2+ + SO42- → PbSO4
C.number of grams of solute present in 1 dm-3 B.Na+ + NO3- → NaNO3
of the solution
and U. C.Pb2+ + 2SO42- → PbSO4
D.number of molecules of solute present in 1 Solution pH value D.2Pb2+ + SO42- → Pb2SO4
dm-3 of the solution R 12
S 7 8.5.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium
40. What gas is produced when an alkali is T 4 chromate(VI) solution was added to each of the
heated with an ammonium salt? U 2 seven test tubes. Various volume of 0.5 mol dm-
3
A.Oxygen B.Hydrogen lead(II) nitrate solution was added to each test
A R B.S CT D U
C.Ammonia D.Carbon dioxide tube 1 cm3 to 7 cm3. The height of precipitates
was recorded. Which of the following graphs
52. Which of the following solutions has the
41. 5.00 g of copper(II) sulphate is dissolved in represent the variation of the height of
lowest number of hydrogen ions?
water to form 500 cm3 solution. Calculate the A 300 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid
precipitates to the volume of lead(II) nitrate 16.Which of the following methods is most
added?-C suitable for preparing lead(II) sulphate?
A.PbO + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + H2O
A B.Pb(OH)2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2H2O
C.Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2HNO3
D.Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 → PbSO4 +
2NaNO3

17.Insoluble salts can be prepared by the

process called
A.oxidation B.hydration
B C.precipitation D.emulsification

18.Which of the following ionic solutions

will produce a precipitate when tested with
excess ammonia solution?
I Al3+
II Cu2+
C III Pb2+
IV Zn2+ Which of the following anions are contained in
A.I,III B.II,IV C.I,II,III D.II, III, IV solution M?
A.Cl- and CO32- B.NO3- and CO32-
19.When sodium carbonate solution is added C.Cl- and SO42- D.NO3- and Cl-
to solution M, a white precipitate forms.
Which cations could be present in solution 24.Sodium nitrate can be prepared from the
M? reaction between
D I.sodium hydroxide and nitric acid
I Al 3+
II Zn 2+ II.sodium carbonate and nitric acid
III Ca 2+ III.sodium chloride and potassium nitrate
IV Pb 2+ IV.sodium sulphate and potassium nitrate
A.I,II B.II,IV C.I,III,IV D.I, II, III, IV A.I ,II B.I,III C.II,III D.III, IV

20.The technique used by chemists to 25.The table below shows the

determine the types of substances present in
a mixture is known as colour of three solutions.
9.What is the volume of carbon dioxide gas
A.salt analysis Bottle Colour of solution
evolved at s.t.p. when 2.1 g of magnesium
carbonates reacts with excess nitric acid? B.chemical analysis X Blue
[Relative atomic mass : C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Mg, C.qualitative analysis Y Green
24 ; 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p.] D.quantitative analysis Z Yellow
A.480 cm3 B.520 cm3 Which of the following inferences can be made
C.560 cm3 D.620 cm3 21.Which of the following is about the types of ions present in the bottles?
X Y Z
10.5.0 cm3 of a potassium iodide solution used to identify chloride ions A Cu 2+ Fe 2+ Fe 3+
requires 20.0 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 lead(II) in soluble salt?-C B Fe 2+ Cu 2+ Fe 3+
nitrate solution to react completely according to A C Fe 3+ Fe 2+ Cu 2+
the equation below :
D Cu 2+ Fe 3+ Fe 2+
Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → PbI2(s)
What is the molarity of the potassium iodide
solution? 26.Which of the following substances is not a
A.2 mol dm-3 B.3 mol dm-3 salt?
C.4 mol dm-3 D.5 mol dm-3 A.Copper(II) oxide
B.Lead(II) chloride
11.Which of the following is not a C.Calcium carbonate
characteristic of sulphur dioxide gas? B D.Magnesium sulphate
A.Colourless
B.Has irritating smell 27.Which of the following are obtained when
C.Turns lime water cloudy zinc nitrate is decomposed by heating?
D.Turns moist blue litmus paper into red I Zinc oxide
II Oxygen gas
12.Which of the following chemical substances III Carbon dioxide gas
can be used to differentiate between nitric acid IV Nitrogen dioxide gas
C A.I,II B.II,III C.I,II ,IV D.II,III,IV
and sulphuric acid?
I Zinc oxide
II Lead(II) oxide 28.The information below
III Barium hydroxide
IV Magnesium oxide
shows about reaction I and
A.I , II B.II,III C.III,IV D.I,II,III reaction II.
Reaction I S + H2SO4(aq) → H2(g)
13.Which of the following statements about the D Reaction II T + HCl(aq) → CO2(g)
use of salts in daily life is true?
Which of the following S and T are correct?
A.Sodium chloride is used to enhance the taste
S T
of food
B.Iron(II) sulphate is used to supply iron A Chloride Aluminium
for anaemia patients B Zinc Carbonate
C.Monosodium glutamate is used to preserve C Sulphate Iron
processed meat D Nitrate Magnesium
D.Potassium manganate is used as a bleaching
agent in laundry 29.Al3+ can be differentiated from Pb2+ using
22. X
has the following the following reagents except
14.Which of the salts is prepared using double physical properties. A.sodium sulphate B.potassium iodide
decomposition method? Colour of Colour of residue X Effect C.sodium hydroxide D.hydrochloric acid
A.Lead(II) nitrate B.Barium sulphate X When hot When cold on
C.Iron(II) sulphate D.Sodium carbonate before Brown Yellow lime 30.The figure below shows the tests on
Heating water substance X that contains two different salts
15.Which of the following reagents, when X is most probably with the same cation.
added to aqueous solution containing Fe2+ , will A.Sodium carbonate
produce a precipitate? B.Lead(II) carbonate
I HCl C.Copper(II) carbonate
II KMnO4 D.Magnesium carbonate
III NaCl
IV K4Fe(CN)6 23.Solution M contains two anions. A few
A.I,III B.I, IVC.II,IVD.I,II,III tests are carried out on solution M as shown
in figure below.
 33.All the following are methods to prepare 36.Which of the following salts is best prepared
salts expect by titration method of an acid to an alkali?
A.neutralising a strong acid with a weak A.Sodium nitrate
alkali B.Lead(II) sulphate
B.neutralising a weak acid with a strong C.Copper(II) sulphate
alkali D.Magnesium sulphate
C.reaction between ethanoic acid and an
alcohol 37.The steps in carrying out recrystallisation to
D.replacing the hydrogen ions in an acid purify impure soluble salts are given below.
with metal ions R - Cooling
S - Filtration
What could be the salts present in substances 34.The diagram below shows a test being T - Dissolving
X? done to identify the gas produced when U - Evaporation
A.Lead(II) sulphate and lead(II) nitrate dilute hydrochloric acid is added to Y.
B.Potassium nitrate and potassium sulphate The correct sequence of the steps is
C.Copper(II) sulphate and copper(II) A.R → S → T → U B.S → U → R → T
carbonate C.U → R→ → T → S D.T → S → U → R

31.Which of the following will produce 38.The salts formed during preparation of
nitrogen dioxide gas when strongly heated? soluble salts contain impurities. These salts can
I Zinc nitrate be purified by a process known as
II Lead(II) nitrate A evaporation
III Sodium nitrate B recrystallisation
IV Copper(II) nitrate C fractional distillation
It is observed that the gas produced explodes
A.I,III B II,IV C.I,II, IV D.I, II,III,IV D reheating and cooling
with a ‘pop’ sound. Based on the observation,
the gas produced is
32.Which of the following chemical equations 39.Sodium hypochloride, NaOCl, is used as a
A.nitrogen B.hydrogen
represent the reaction of heat on lead(II) Afood flavouring Bbleaching agent
C.carbon dioxide D.nitrogen dioxide
nitrate? C.synthetic fertiliser D.Inorganic pesticides
A Pb(NO3)2 → Pb(NO2)2 + O2 35.Which of the following salts is insoluble
B Pb(NO3)2 → Pb + 2NO2 + O2 40.Which of the following gases turns moist
in water?
C 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 red litmus paper into blue?
A.BaSO4 B.MgCl2
D 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO + 3O2 A.Ammonia B.Sulphur dioxide
C.ZnCO3 D.Pb(NO3)2
C.Nitrogen dioxide D.Hydrogen chloride

PAPER 2 ASIDS& BASES He weighed some calcium hydroxide powder and

1.Figure below shows the apparatus used to prepare hydrogen chloride gas
in the laboratory which can be dissolved in water andmethylbenzene. then transfer it into a standard 250 ml volumetric
flask containing some distilled water. The
standard flask was shaken to dissolve the solid
and more distilled was added until it is 250 ml.
Mass of empty beaker = 25.46 g
Mass of beaker + calcium hydroxide powder = 27.68 g
(a)Calculate the number of moles of calcium hydroxide used.[Relative
Hydrogen chloride is prepared by putting a few drops of concentrated atomic mass : Ca, 40; O, 16; H, 1]
sulphuric acid into a flask, which contains sodium chloride. (a) Mass of calcium hydroxide used
(a)Hydrogen chloride gas is dried before being dissolved in = 27.68 – 25.43
methylbenzene. Name a suitable drying agent to be used to dry the = 2.25 g
hydrogen chloride gas. Number of moles of calcium hydroxide
Concentrated sulphuric acid = 2.25/74
= 0.0304 mole
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
(b)Write an equation for the reaction that occurs in figure above.
(b)State one precaution that must be taken by the student to ensure that all
NaCl + H2SO4 → HCl + NaHSO4 the solute is transferred into the volumetric flask.
[1 mark] The container of solid calcium hydroxide must be rinsed with distilled
(c)State a method used to dissolve hydrogen chloride gas in water to ensure water and the solution is poured into the volumetric flask.
that the water is not drawn back into the apparatus. [2 marks]
Connect a filtration funnel to the channel which removes hydrogen (c)Calculate the molarity of the prepared calcium hydroxide solution.
chlorides gas. Turn the filtration funnel up side down at the bottom of
0.0304 / 0.25 = 0.1216 mol dm-3
the water surface in the beaker.
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
(d)The student titrated 0.1 molar hydrochloric acid into 25.0 cm3 f the
(d)Both the hydrogen chloride solutions are tested prepared calcium hydroxide solution, using
with pH paper and a piece of lime stone. The phenolphthalein indicator. He carried out the
results of the test are shown in table below. titration three times and the results are shown in
Test pH Limestone
HCl aqueous solution 1 CO2 gas is released the table below.
HCl solution in methybenzene 7 No CO2 gas is released Burette Reading 1 2 3
(i) Explain the difference in pH between the hydrogen chloride aqueous Final reading (cm3) 24.90 26.30 26.80
solution and the hydrogen chloride solution in methylbenzene. Initial reading (cm3) 0.00 1.00 2.00
In water, hydrogen chloride ionise completely. Many H+ ions are Volume of acid added (cm3) 24.90 25.30 24.80
produced and the value of pH becomes 1. In methylbenzene solvent,
(i) Calculate the volume of 0.1 molar hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise
hydrogen chloride remain as molecules and do not ionise. Because the
25.0 cm3 calcium hydroxide solution.
hydrogen chloride solution in methylbenzene does not have H+ ions, the
value of pH is 7. 24.90  25.30  24.80
= 25 cm3
[2 marks] 3
(ii) Why does hydrogen chloride in an aqueous solution react with [1 mark]
limestone to produce carbon dioxide while hydrogen chloride in (ii) Find the number of moles of hydrochloric acid present in (d)(i).
methylbenzene does not?
0.1 25
Hydrogen chloride aqueous solution has H+ ions and shows acidic = 0.0025
property. Thus, it reacts with limestone. The hydrogen chloride solution
1 000
[1 mark]
in methylbenzene does not have H+ ions and it’s not an acid. Thus
hydrogen chloride does not react with limestone in methylbenzene. (iii) Write the equation for the reaction between calcium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid.
[2 marks]
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + 2H2O
2.Ahmad is required to prepare a standard solution of calcium hydroxide
[1 mark]
and then titrate the calcium hydroxide solution against hydrochloric acid to
determine its concentration. 3.The pH of several solutions with a concentration of 0.05 mol dm-3 is
compared in table below.
Solution P Q R S T This experiment is used to prepare a hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene
pH 1 3 7 10 14 and in water respectively.
(a)Which of the solution has the highest concentration of (a)Give the purpose of using the filter funners in the diagram above.
To prevent sucking back of the solution
(i) H+ ions : P (ii) OH  ions : T
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
(b)(i) A piece of magnesium ribbon is placed in each beaker X and Y. What
(b)Name one indicators used to measure the pH of the solutions in table can be observed?
above.
No noticeable change in beaker X. Effervescence occurs in beaker Y.
Universal indicator
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
(ii) Give the reason for your answer in (b)(i).
(c)Which solution in table above could possibly be:
Hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene does not have any acidic
(i) a weak acid : Q (ii) a weak alkaline :___S______ properties. In beaker Y, hydrogen chloride in water produces H+ ions
(iii) potassium hydroxide : __P____ which react with magnesium to produce hydrogen gas.
(iv) ammonia solution in methylbenzene : ___R____ [2 marks]
[4 marks] (c)What is the particles present in
(d)Solution P is sulphuric acid. When a small piece of limestone is put into (i) beaker X?
the solution, gas bubbles are observed but these stop after a while.
Hydrogen chloride molecules
(i) Name the gas released.
[1 mark]
Carbon dioxide
(ii) beaker Y?
[1 mark]
Hydrogen ions and chloride ions
(ii) Why does the release of gas stop?
_[1 mark]
Calcium sulphate which is not soluble settles on the surface of the
(d)Water is added to the solution in beaker X and the mixture is then
limestone and the reaction is stopped.
shaken. After sodium carbonate powder is added, effervescence occurs.
[1 mark]
(i) What is the gas and suggest a suitable test to identify the gas?
(e)State the colour you would expect to see when the following indicators
Carbon dioxide gas. Deliver the gas produced into lime water. Lime
are added to solution T.
water will turn cloudly.
(i) Methyl orange : _ Yellow _(ii) Phenolphthalein : Pink
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
(ii) Name the role of water in the reaction that caused the evolution of the
(f)State the colour you would expect to see when the following indicators
gas.
are added to solution P.
In the presence of water, hydrogen chloride dissociates to H + ions that
(i) Methyl orange : _ Red _(ii) Phenolphthalein : Colourless
will react with sodium carbonate solution to produce carbon dioxide
[2 marks] gas.
[1 mark]
4.Table below shows a list of substances, U, V, W, (iii) Write an ionic equation for the chemical reaction involving the
X, Y, Z. evolution of the gas.
Substances Chemicals 2H+(aq) + CO32- →CO2(g) + H2O(l)
U Dilute hydrogen chloride [1 mark]
V Magnesium hydroxide solution (iv) Give a conclusion that can be made from the observation.
W Anhydrous ethanoic acid Hydrogen chloride can only act as an acid in the presence of water.
X Ammonia in tetrachloromethane [1 mark]
Y Concentrated nitric acid
Z Anhydrous calcium hydroxide
6. In an experiment, a student uses universal
(a)State the substances which turn the colour of Universal indicator to red. indicator paper to test the pH of several aqueous
U, Y solutions. The table below shows the results of the
[1 mark] experiment.
(b)State the substance which turns red litmus paper to blue. Aqueous solutions A B C D E F
V
pH 14 7 4 8 10 1
[1 mark]
(a)Which of the following solution is
(c)Explain why electricity is allowed to flow through V but not through Z.
(i) distilled water?-B
Freely moving ions, Mg2+ ions and OH- ions are present in solution V.
This enables it to conduct electricity. Z consists of covalent molecules. [1 mark]
This makes Z a poor electric conductor. (ii) vinegar?-A
[2 marks] [1 mark]
(d)Explain why Y is a monoprotic acid. (iii) sodium hydroxide?-C
A monoprotic acid can produce only one hydrogen ion per molecule. [1 mark]
[1 mark] (iv) dilute hydrochloric acid?-F
(e)(i) Give three properties for substance V. [1 mark]
- Have a bitter taste and feel soapy to the touch (b)C4H4O4, malic acid is a weak acid. It contains in apples. Describe the
- pH greater than 7 meaning of weak acid.
- Solution of alkalis neutralise acids to form a salt and water A weak acid dissociates partially in an aqueous solution and thus it will
[3 marks] have a lower concentration of H+ ions that the concentration of the
(ii) Give three properties for substance Y. aqueous acid solution itself.
- Have a sour taste [2 marks]
- pH less than 7 (c)Given that, pH of 1.0 M malic acid is higher than 1.0 M hydrochloric
- Reacts with bases to form a salt and water acid. Explain this statement.
[3 marks] Malic acid is a weak acid but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Malic
(f)Besides Z, name other substances which do not conduct electricity. acid shows partial dissociation while hydrochloric acid shows complete
dissociation in an aqueous solution. This causes aqueous malic acid to
X
have lower H+ ion concentration than aqueous hydrochloric acid.
Therefore, the pH of 1.0 M malic acid will be higher than the pH of 1.0
5.The arrangement of apparatus is shown in the diagram below. M hydrochloric acid solution.
[1 mark]
(d)Give one test that can be used to distinguish between strong acid and a
weak acid solution. Give the result expected.
A test to compare the electrical conductivity of the aqueous solutions.
An aqueous solution of a strong acid has a higher electrical
conductivity than a weak acid of equal concentration.
[1 mark]
(e)Find the solutions that will produce a neutral solution when mixed in the
right proportions.
C and E , A and F.
 [2 marks] M1V1 = M2V2
M final X (60 + 30) = 0.2X 30
7.(a)Define neutralisation reaction. M final = 0.07 mol dm-3
(a) The reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and [2 marks]
water. (b)What is the meaning of neutralisation. Give three reactions of
neutralisations.
[1 mark]
Neutralisation is the reaction between acid and a base to produce salt
(b)State two application of in daily life. and water only. The examples of the reactions are:
- Toothpaste , Hair shampoo HCl + NaOH →NaCl +H2O
[2 marks] NH3 + HCl →NH4Cl
(c)Write the chemical equation for the neutralisation between H2SO4 + CuO →CuSO4 + H2O
[4 marks]
(i) sulphuric acid and ammonia solution
H2SO4 + 2NH4OH → (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O 9.Ateacher gives you the following information
[1 mark] about a substance, as shown in the table below.
(ii) nitric acid and lithium hydroxide solution Substance: Methylamine
HNO3 + LiOH → LiNO3 + H2O Molecule formed : CH3 NH2
[1 mark] Melting point : -93.0 oC
(d)Write the ionic equation for the reaction between an acidic solution with Boiling point: - 7.5 oC
an alkaline solution. Solubility: Very soluble in water and thetrachlorobenzene
Chemical property: Dissociates in water
(d) H+ + OH- → H2O
(a)Solutions of methylamine in water and in tetrachlorobenzene are tested
[1 mark] separately with dry litmus paper,
(e)50 cm3 of sulphuric acid, 0.5 mol dm-3, reacts completely with 25 cm3 (i) state the observation of the above tests.
sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH. Calculate the molarity of the sodium The solution of methylamine in water turns red litmus paper blue. The
hydroxide solution. solution of methylamine in tetrachlorobenzene does not change the
M1V1= a = 0.5 X 50 = 1 colour of red litmus paper.
M2V2 b M2 X 25 2 [2 marks]
(ii) explain the observation in (a)(i).
M2 = 2 mol dm3
In an aqueous solution, methylamine reacts with water, produce
[1 mark] CH3NH3+ and OH- ions. The presence of hydroxyl ions, OH- in the
(f)If 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, HCl, 0.05 mol dm-3, is neutralised aqueous solution causes the alkaline property of the solution. However,
completely by calcium hydroxide solution, Ca(OH)2, 0.1 mol dm-3, what is in thetrachlorobenzene, methylamine exists as neutral of hydroxyl ions,
the volume of the calcium hydroxide solution, Ca(OH)2, used? OH- causes the solution of methylamine in thetrachlorobenzene to be
M1V1= a = 0.05 X 25 = 2 non alkaline in property.
M2V2 b 0.1 X V2 1 [3 marks]
(b)The pH value of an aqueous 0.1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution
V2 = 6.25 cm3 is higher than aqueous solution of 0.1 mol dm-3 methylamine. State the
[2 marks] difference.
In aqueous, 0.1 M potassium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide
(g) Complete the table below. dissociates completely to produce a high concentration of hydroxyl ions.
Indicator Colour in Colour in alkaline Colour in KOH(aq)→ K+(aq) + OH-(aq). In aqueous 0.1 M methylamine solution,
acidic solution solution neutral it reacts with water and dissociates partially to produce hydroxyl ions,
solution OH- of lower concentration thatn the aqueous solution. Therefore, the
concentration of OH- ions in aqueous 0.1 M KOH is higher than that of
aqueous methylamine solution of the same concentration. Therefore,
Phenolphtalein the pH value of 0.1 M KOH is lower than the boiling point of
methylamine.
[3 marks]
Methyl orange Describe the physical state of methylamine in the room condition.
Methylamine exists as a gas under room conditions of = 27 oC is higher
that the boiling point of methylamine.
[2 marks]
Indicator Colour in Colour in Colour in
10. (a)Give the meaning of pH of an aqueous solution and the use.
acidic alkaline neutral
pH is a value to determine the concentration of H + ion in an aqueous
solution solution solution
acidic solution. Therefore, pH represents the acidity and alkanity of the
Phenolphtalein Colourless Pink Colourless solution. For an aqueous solution, the higher the H + ion concentration,
Methyl orange Red Yellow Orange the stronger the acidity.Thus, the pH value is low. For alkali, the pH
value is high. The pH scale is ranging from 0 to 14.Each pH value
[2 marks] represents a certain H+ ion concentration.
8.Two beakers containing 0.1 mol dm-3 solution Y and solution Z and their [5 marks]
pH readings is shown in the diagram below.q00365 (b)Describe the role of water in causing the acidic properties of an aqueous
solution of an acid.
Glacial ethanoic, dry and pure acid does not show any acidic property.
Glacial acids exists as molecules. Therefore, H + does not present to
show any acidic properties. When it been test to blue litmus paper, the
pH do not change to red. Therefore, water is used to produce H +. Added
(a)(i) Based on the two solutions given, compare and contrast the solutions a water to glacial ethanoic to form an acidic properties.
in terms of their physical and chemical properties. State a suitable example CH3COOH(aq) + H+(aq)→ CH3COO-(aq). This H+ will change blue
for each of the solutions. litmus to red. It also can react with reactive metals or bases or
Solution Y is an acid but solution Z is an alkali carbonates.
Solution Y is sour in taste. [8 marks]
It can react with a base to produce a salt and water. (c)Explain how tests can be used to confirm an acidic solution. Explain your
It also can react with a reactive metal to produce salt and hydrogen gas. answer with suitable equations.
It can react with a metal carbonate to produce a salt, water and carbon Test with copper(II) oxide
dioxide gas. A little copper(II) oxide powder is added to about 6 cm 3 of acidic
Solution Z is bitter in taste and it feels soapy. solution in a test tube. After that, the mixture is heated.
It can react with an acid to produce a salt and water. When the black copper(II) oxide powder dissolves and a blue solution is
Ammonia gas is produced when it is heated with ammonium salts. formed, the solution in the test tube is acidic.
It forms a metal hydroxide when it is added to an aqueous salt solution. CuO + 2H+ →Cu2+ + H2O
Solution Y : hydrochloric acid.
Solution Z : hydroxide solution. Test with sodium carbonate
[10 marks] A little sodium carbonate powder is added to 5 cm3 of acidic solution in
(ii) Using suitable ionic equation, explain what will happen when equal test tube.
volumes of solution Y and Z are mixed together. Test the gas involved by passing the gas intol lime water. When the lime
When solution Y and Z are mixed, neutralisation reaction take place. A water turns milky, indicating the presence of carbon dioxide gas, the
salt and water is produced. The solution produced has a pH value of 7. solution in the test tube is acidic.
The equation is: H+ + OH- → H2O CO32- + 2H+ →CO2 + H2O
[4 marks] [7 marks]
(iii) Find the concentration of the solution that will be produced when 60 11. (a) (i) Explain the meaning of neutralization. Use suitable examples in
cm3 of water is added to 30 cm3 of solution Y. your answer.
(iii)
(i) Neutralization is the reaction between an aqueous acid solution and
a base to produce salt and water only. The example is HCl(aq)
+NaOH(aq) →NaCl(aq) + H2O. In this process, the H + ions, from acid
and OH- from alkali combine and neutralise to each other to produce
water. Therefore, neutralisation reaction that can be summarized by
the ionic equations is H+(aq) + OH-(aq) →H2O(I).
[3 marks]
(ii) State two examples of the application of neutralization in our daily life.
(ii) The two examples are:
Using anti acid compounds such as milk of magnesia to relieve gastric
pain.
Neutralize soil using the lime
[2 marks]

(b)Describe how you would prepare 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium
hydroxide, from solid potassium hydroxide.Explain your answer.
(Relative atomic mass:H,1; O,16; K,39)
(b)
Calculate the molar mass of KOH = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56
250 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 KOH contains1.0 X 250
1000
mol KOH which is 0.25 X56 = 14.0 g of KOH.
Weight exactly 14.0 g of KOH accurately in weighing bottle
Dissolve 14.0 g of KOH in a little water in a beaker. After that, transfer
the content unto a 250 cm3 voltmetric flask.
Rinse the beaker with distilled water transfer all the contents to a
volumetric flask.
Distilled water is added to the volumetric flask until the calibration
mark. The solution produced is 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide.
To prepare a 0.1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution, 250 cm 3 of 1.0
mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution is trasferred to a 250 cm 3 using
pipette.
Distilled water is added to the volumetric flask until the calibration
mask.
[10 marks]
(c)Describe why sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous ammonia of the
same concentration have a different pH value.
Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali that undergoes complete
dissociation in aqueous solution. However, ammonia is a weak
alkali that undergoes partial dissociation only. The concentration
of hydroxide ion in sodium hydroxide ion in sodium hydroxide is
thus bigger than that in ammonia. Therefore, the pH value of
sodium hydroxide is higher than ammonia.
[5 marks]
PAPER 3 ASIDS & BASES
1. An experiment is carried out to study the relationship between the
concentrations of H+ ions and the pH value of sulphuric acid solutions.
Record the pH value of six nitric acid solutions with concentrations of 0.08
mol dm-3, 0.06mol dm-3, 0.04mol dm-3, 0.03mol dm-3, 0.02mol dm-3,
0.01mol dm-3 using pH meter. The diagram below shows the corresponding
pH value and the concentrations of the nitric acid.

[3 marks]
(e)Based on the graph you have drawn, find the pH value of a 0.05 mol dm -3
nitric acid solution.
The pH value of a 0.05 mol dm-3 nitric acid is 1.1
[3 marks]
(a)Give the variables involved in the experiment:
(i) Manipulated variable: Concentration of nitric acid solution 2.The table below shows the data obtained in a
[1 mark]
(ii) Responding variable: pH values
titration experiment.
[1 mark] Titration No. 1 2 3
(iii) Fixed variable: Controlled variable: Type of acid used Initial burette reading(cm3) 5.00 5.00 5.00
[1 mark] Final burette reading(cm3) 29.96 29.06 30.00
(b)What is the hypothesis for this experiment? Volume of H2SO4 acid used 24.96 25.06 26.00
The higher the concentration of H+ ions, the lower the pH value. In this experiment, 0.25 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is titrated with
[3 marks] dilute sulphuric acid using methyl orange as indicator. This experiment is
(c)Record the results of the experiment. Construct a table in your answer. carried out three times.
Concentration of H+ ions 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 (a)Draw a labelled diagram to show the set up of the apparatus used in this
(mol dm-3) experiment.
pH value 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 16) (a)
[3 marks]
(d)Draw a graph of pH value versus concentration of H+ ions on graph
paper.
 [3 marks]
(b)Give the hypothesis.
When the sodium hydroxide solution is completely neutralized by
sulphuric acid, the colour of methyl orange indicator will changed from
yellow to orange.
[1 mark]
(c)State all the variables in this experiment.
Variables:
Manipulated variable: Volume of dilute sulphuric acid
Responding variable: Colour of methyl orange indicator
Fixed variable: Volume of sodium hydroxide solution.
[3 marks]
(d)Explain the initial colour change when sodium hydroxide solution is
titrated with sulphuric acid until the end point is reached.
The methyl orange indicator changed colour from yellow to orange
when the end point is reached.
[2 marks]
(e)Give the conclusion for this experiment.
The conclusion in this experiment is, the colour of methyl orange
indicator in NaOH solution will changed to orange when the NaOH
solution is completely neutralized by an acid solution.
[1 mark]

3.A student assume that substance Y is magnesium carbonate. In an

experiment, to study the cations and anions in Y, several tests are carried
out and a report sheet is prepared. You should complete the following
report with:
(a)Objective of the experiment
Objective of the experiment: To study the presence of magnesium and
carbonate ion in magnesium carbonate.

(b)Hypothesis and variables

Hypothesis and variables:
Hypothesis: The presence of magnesium and carbonate ions can be
confirmed by qualitative analysis using the suitable reagents.

Variable:
Manipulated variable: Types of reagent.
Responding variable: Formation of precipitate and evolution of gases
Controlled variable: Magnesium and carbonate ions

(c)List of chemicals and apparatus

Chemicals and apparatus used: Magnesium carbonate powder, 2 M
nitric acid, ammonia solution lime water, and sodium hydroxide, test
tube rack, test tube, boiling tube, test tube holder, spatula, dropper,
Bunsen burner and delivery tube.

(d)Procedure
(d) Procedure:
A qualitative analysis is carried out based on the hypothesis stated to
confirm the presence of magnesium and carbonate ions in magnesium
carbonate.
There are three meant things in performing the qualitative analysis.
There are analytical procedure, precautions and quantity of substances
used.

(e)Tabulation of data and your observations during the experiment.

(e) Tabulation of data:
No Experimental procedure Observation
1. Solid Y is heated. Test the gas The gas released turns the lime
released with the lime water. water cloudly. The residue is
white.
2. In a boiling tube, 5 cm3 dilute Effervence accured. The gas
nitric acid is added to half a released turns lime water cloudly
spatula of Y.

Test the gas released using lime The filtrate solution is colourless.
water. The mixture is filtered.
The filtrate obtained is used for
two test.
(i) To 1 cm3 of the filtrate, sodium (i) The white precipitate insoluble
hydroxide is added until in in excess NaOH solution is
excess. formed.
(ii) To 1 cm3 of the filtrate, (ii) White precipitate insoluble in
ammonia hydroxide is added excess aqueous ammonia solution
until is excess. is formed.
Based on the experiment above, Substance Y is a magnesium carbonate.
[17 marks]