[For information -- to make a real dollar sign use M1 consists of (1) currency outside the U.S.

American Garamond Font size 14 or larger $ ] Treasury, Federal Reserve Banks, and the
vaults of depository institutions; (2) travelers
Reference Material – For Information checks of nonbank issuers; (3) demand
Only! deposits at commercial banks (excluding those
amounts held by depository institutions, the
What is a "Dollar", “$” or a "$" - A closer look U.S. government, and foreign banks and
official institutions) less cash items in the
LETTER TO LAWYER THAT CAUSED A process of collection and Federal Reserve float;
20% SETTLEMENT and (4) other checkable deposits (OCDs),
consisting of negotiable order of withdrawal
Dear ___________: (NOW) and automatic transfer service (ATS)
It is obvious that you and your paralegal do not accounts at depository institutions, credit
understand the simple fact that there is no union share draft accounts, and demand
money in circulation and that you cannot deposits at thrift institutions. Seasonally
demand paper instruments backed by credit. adjusted M1 is constructed by summing
You obtained a money judgment, not a credit currency, travelers checks, demand deposits,
judgment. It is a principal of law universally and OCDs, each seasonally adjusted separately.
accepted that a State judge cannot make a legal
determination contrary to Article 1, Section 10 M2 consists of M1 plus (1) savings deposits
of the Constitution of the United States or (including money market deposit accounts);
Louisiana Revised Statute 1-53. All judicial (2) small-denomination time deposits (time
judgments must comply with both. deposits in amounts of less than $100,000),
less individual retirement account (IRA) and
You now have the problem of execution, which Keogh balances at depository institutions; and
must be executed, by the very same trial court (3) balances in retail money market mutual
that lost subject matter jurisdiction via a vague funds, less IRA and Keogh balances at money
order. There is no money to satisfy judgment market mutual funds. Seasonally adjusted M2
and any attempt to seize property will be met is constructed by summing savings deposits,
with an injunction prohibiting sale upon the small-denomination time deposits, and retail
ground that the judgment obtained is money funds, each seasonally adjusted
absolutely null. Any motion for examination of separately, and adding this result to seasonally
judgment debtor will be met with a motion to adjusted M1.
quash the summons upon the same ground.
This is my intent. Act as you feel compelled but M3 consists of M2 plus (1) balances in
be prepared to discuss money and payment in institutional money market mutual funds; (2)
all future hearings. large-denomination time deposits (time
deposits in amounts of $100,000 or more); (3)
In your letter you say, "We would be willing to repurchase agreement (RP) liabilities of
accept payment in the full amount owed to our depository institutions, in denominations of
client (principal sum of $21,462.10)." 21,000 of $100,000 or more, on U.S. government and
what? What you are willing to accept is not the federal agency securities; and (4) Eurodollars
issue. The issue is what are you legally able to held by U.S. addressees at foreign branches of
demand? What kind/species of money U.S. banks worldwide and at all banking offices
aggregate type (M1, M2, or, M3) was loaned in the United Kingdom and Canada. Large-
and are you asking for a different type to be denomination time deposits, RPs, and
repaid? Below is a brief explanation and I shall Eurodollars exclude those amounts held by
expect a reply or we will let the Judge reply. depository institutions, the U.S. government,
foreign banks and official institutions, and

What is a "Dollar", “$” or a "$" 1/7 January 2007

money market mutual funds. Seasonally my hand, and it had stamped on it : TEN
adjusted M3 is constructed by summing APPLES - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
institutional money funds, large-denomination AGRICULTURE...? Would you still say I had an
time deposits, RPs, and Eurodollars, each apple, or would you say now I really had ten
adjusted separately, and adding this result to apples? Think about this, for you do it every
seasonally adjusted M2. day! I believe intelligent people should answer
questions correctly. And of course, just because
An Elementary Explanation on Money. the USDA stamped 10 on my apple, or the
privately owned Federal Reserve prints 10 on
What's a dollar? A simple question, yet no their imaginary notes, certainly doesn't make
court will render a determination. one become ten AND YOU KNOW IT! The law
says:
IS A TUNA A FISH?
This is not hard, and even though elementary "United States money is expressed in dollars..."
in my approach, it is a simple means to make a - Title 31, United States Code, Sec.5101.
simple principle understandable...So again:
And land in the USA is "expressed" in acres, so
IS A TUNA A FISH? deeds to land are also expressed in acres -
To those who answered YES, I most certainly although an "acre" is not the land, nor is
agree. Since a Tuna is a fish, wouldn't 10 (ten) "dollar" the money BUT the UNIT OF
Tuna have to be 10 fish? ABSOLUTELY! MEASURE of gold and silver in coin form,
ONLY when gold and silver are current AS the
IS AN APPLE A PIECE OF FRUIT? money! Gold and silver have been used AS
money for a long time throughout history and
YES an apple is a piece of fruit, and 10 apples for very good reasons including but not limited
would be 10 pieces of fruit. GREAT! to: 1) relative scarcity; 2) doesn't rust or spoil;
and, 3) has universal acceptance...again, we
IS A DOLLAR A PIECE OF PAPER? don't need any government to force us to
And if you answered YES to that question, then accept gold or silver, but they have to force us
please answer the following: to take paper.

IF A DOLLAR IS A PIECE OF PAPER, THAN A convenient unit of weight was needed to

WHY ISN'T 10 DOLLARS TEN PIECES OF express gold and silver; the shekel of old later
PAPER? giving way to the troy ounce of today. But
Americans officially in 1792 - [Coinage (Mint)
If a dollar is a piece of paper, how could two Act of 1792, which the Boston Federal Reserve
halves, four quarters, ten dimes, twenty nickels Bank states: ...is still the law..."] adopted the
or one hundred pennies BE A DOLLAR? decimal system for weighing gold and silver,
the "dollar" being the primary unit of measure.
And for that matter, HOW CAN ONE PIECE
OF PAPER BE TEN OF ANYTHING? Nevertheless, just as gravel is measured in
cubic yards, sugar in pounds, and milk is
If I held an apple in my hand in such a way that expressed in quarts, so too, silver and gold
you could only see one half of it and then were weighed in dollars. And since no tangible
proceeded to ask you: "What am I holding in entity answers to a 'gravel cubic yard', 'sugar
my hand"? Would you answer "An apple"? pound', or a 'milk quart' - it stands to reason no
tangible commodity could answer to a gold or
But what if, much to your surprise, I showed silver 'dollar'! And the reason you do NOT have
you the part of the apple that was concealed in a 'silver dollar' in your secret hiding place, is

What is a "Dollar", “$” or a "$" 2/7 January 2007

the same reason you do NOT have a 'milk What/where: "This note is legal tender for all
quart' in your refrigerator - that is, NEITHER debts, Public and Private, and is redeemable in
EXIST. lawful money at the United States Treasury, or
at any Federal Reserve Bank."
Intangible units of measure are not fashioned
from tangible substances! So, why do you "The terms 'lawful money' or 'lawful money of
correctly say "a quart of milk", and incorrectly the United States ' shall be construed to mean
say "a silver dollar"? Accurate or lawful delivery gold or silver coin of the United States." {Title
[PAYMENT] of a substance or thing requires 12 United States Code, Section 152]
three elements or indicia: 1) Numeric quantity;
2) Unit of measure; and 3) the thing or Can a note that PROMISES to PAY ' LAWFUL
substance being measured. In fact with out all MONEY' be the "Lawful money'? In the pre-
three of the above indicia, no merchant can do 1963 bills of credit, or notes, you had to look at
business with any customer, anywhere - three different places on the face of the bill, and
consider: read four different fonts/styles of print to see
the contract concealed in plain view. Now, pull
You own a deli with a fine array of meats and out a post-1963 bill of credit, any denomination
cheeses, etc. ...and I approach you with this if you like, and look closely at its face:
request: "Could I please have 3 pounds
please"? In order to fill my order you need all Who? "THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA -
three indicia and I only gave you two - quantity FEDERAL RESERVE NOTE - ONE DOLLAR
= 3, unit of measure = pound, but I failed to tell (or 5, 10, etc...) THIS NOTE IS LEGAL
you what the substance was, so you must ask; TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS PUBLIC AND
"3 POUNDS OF WHAT?" Then, once I tell you PRIVATE"
"smoked turkey breast", you have no problem
filling my order. That's it! They removed the PROMISE and by
doing so the bill magically became the thing
So, what do you do when I next order: "Could I once promised! UNDER YOUR NOSE! The
please have pounds of Swiss cheese"? This time modern day FEDERAL RESERVE NOTE
you must ask: "HOW MANY POUNDS of Swiss promises nothing to anyone ever! It can't be
Cheese"? - Get it? By now, as a deli owner, you redeemed for anything; it is not "federal"
are wondering if I am not the dumbest person embraces NO "reserves" and is NOT a "note".
on earth, yet when I ask you how much is my
total order, you say: "Ten dollars please"?, and The very first person who "spends" one into the
if I asked you "TEN DOLLARS OF WHAT?" market place will give nothing for it and get
you'd be dumbfounded! anything with it...YOU SLAVE, must work for it
and if you hold onto it too long, will get nothing
When we used gold/silver AS the money, you for it! Just as deeds to land cannot be the land,
would have said: TEN DOLLARS OF GOLD notes [promises to pay the money], or now,
(pricy shop you run!), and we could both worse - imaginary notes with no promises to
conduct our business...So today - TEN pay the money, cannot be the money.
DOLLARS OF WHAT? Dollars of dollars? Do
we have "gallons of gallons"? See the scam, Again - "So what - I can spend it" cry the
fraud and CON? slaves...But looking beyond their elementary
If you have ever seen a pre-1963 dollar bill of short-sightedness, it should be obvious that for
credit, you might have noticed the CONTRACT the creators of imaginary notes a phenomenal
concealed in plain view: Who?: "The United economic and political clout can be had...for
States of America", Will do what/when: "Pay to the rest of us, serious problems.
the Bearer on Demand – ONE DOLLAR"

What is a "Dollar", “$” or a "$" 3/7 January 2007

"Lenin is said to have declared that the best checks] and call it PAYMENT instead of
way to destroy the capitalist system was to THEFT!
debauch the currency. By a continuing process
of inflation, governments can confiscate, NOW FOR A MORE SOPHISTICATED
secretly and unobserved, an important part of EXPLANATION.
the wealth of their citizens. By this method they
not only confiscate, but they confiscate In your letter you asked for $.
arbitrarily, and while the process impoverishes
many, it actually enriches some." Keynes on Professor Florian Cajori dealt with the $ sign
Inflation, 1980 Annual Report, FRB of question rather definitively more than 60 years
Richmond, p.6. ago in A History of Mathematical Notations
and could get quite indignant on the subject.
Legalized theft of our wealth with imaginary He noted in his book, "About a dozen different
money GIVEN PHYSICAL SUBSTANCE with theories [on the $ sign's origin] have been
paper and copper/nickel slugs creates a advanced by men of imaginative minds, but not
dilemma since fraud of this magnitude is one of these would-be historians permitted
difficult to conceal. Our master's solution: himself to be hampered by the underlying
Charge interest on loans of nothing! Who facts."
would ever suspect a bank of creating
imaginary principal when everyone thinks they Among the deficient hypotheses:
need more of what they get for nothing? (1) The $ sign was originally the letters U and S
superimposed. The idea here is that the
But interest creates another problem. How original $ sign had two vertical lines, not one.
does the non bank public return more 'funny Popular though this idea is, there is zero
money' to the banks than they pretend to documentary evidence for it.
lend??? How can all debtors repay the principal Furthermore, Robert Morris, the Revolutionary
plus interest when banks only lend principal? War financier and the first U.S. official to use
In other words, how do we repay 4 eggs on a 3 the sign, made it with a single vertical stroke.
egg loan – when the banks own all the (2) Its a version of the letters IHS, the Greek
chickens? abbreviation of the name Jesus. No further
comment required.
Our master's solution: Just encourage the next (3) It was originally a P combined with an 8.
generation to climb aboard the treadmill. By The dollar, you'll recall, is descended from the
borrowing new 'dollars' into circulation, they Spanish Mill Dollar, also known as the "piece of
enable the first generation to earn that '4th eight" because it consisted of eight reâls.
egg'. This also gives the first generation an Plausible, and as we shall see not that far from
incentive to enslave their own offspring and the truth, but still wrong.
escape foreclosure! (4) The $ sign was inspired by the Spanish
"pillar dollar," which on one side had two
It is the nature of an imaginary monetary columns signifying the "pillars of Hercules" at
system that is ever expanding and all Gibraltar. These were represented in the dollar
consuming to collapse. Public CONfidence in sign by the two vertical lines, with the S being
this self-destructive, "it's gonna kill us all" some sort of scroll wrapped around them.
system is enhanced by: 1) fond memories of
'redeemable notes'; 2) interest levied on non- In reality, Professor Cajori contends in his
loans; 3) vaults and armed guards to protect book, the $ sign is an abbreviation for "pesos."
bogus IOU's, and 4) public schools to delude Bear in mind that the Spanish dollar, also
students into exchanging assets [labor, wealth known as the peso de 8 reâles, was the
or production] for bank liabilities [notes and principal coin in circulation in the U.S.A. up

What is a "Dollar", “$” or a "$" 4/7 January 2007

until 1794, when we began minting our own The common monetary unit in circulation in
money. In handwriting, "pesos" was usually our country prior to and during the
abbreviated lowercase "ps," with S above and to Revolutionary War was the Spanish Milled
the right of the P and with the hook on the Dollar. This coin was so prevalent that the
latter written with one or two deep strokes. As word "dollar" was commonly understood by all
time went on, the P and the S tended to get people to be a reference to this coin. When the
mashed together and the result was $. The Constitution was drafted in 1787 and later
dollar sign and the PS abbreviation were used ratified by the states in 1788, the constitutional
interchangeably from around 1775 until the end references to "dollars" in this instrument
of the century, after which the latter faded from meant these coins.
view. Professor Cajori backs up his argument
with examples from manuscripts of the period. During the period of time that the Articles of
It is thought by some that the changes from Confederation were in force, the Confederate
double stroke to single stroke dollar signs Congress made a factual determination that the
parallel changes from asset-backed currency to "dollar" was the basic monetary unit of our
credit backed currency. It appears that nobody country. By 1792, the Congress under the
really knows or has any documentary evidence Constitution made a factual determination that
as to the meaning of the single and/or double the "dollar" was a weight of silver consisting of
line $ sign until one studies a one-dollar stamp. 371.25 grains of pure silver: see 1 stat. 246. This
Close examination of such will immediately was the first act of Congress in reference to the
reveal that somebody certainly knows the subject of money; and there have been
difference between the symbols. A bill or additional congressional acts adopted since the
judgment for a $ does not support an action. If Coinage Act of 1792, but these acts have
someone knows what a $ is then the court must culminated in such a fashion as to only cause
surely know because the judgment herein confusion in the field of monetary law.
contains the single line $ sign and without
clarification it is impossible for Clyde Scott to A recitation of all the coinage acts of Congress
know what it means in this action. Therefore, is pointless here, although I would be happy to
clarification is mandatory so that I can comply provide these cites to you. Acts in this regard
with your PAYMENT request. I cannot tender a were adopted, among other times, in 1834,
$ until I know what a $ is. 1837, 1878, 1900, 1933, 1934, and 1967. But, in
reference to decisive acts of Congress in
NOW FOR MY LEGAL POSITION reference to the term "dollar" it is acts passed
I am a student of monetary law and have in 1972 and 1976 by Congress which clearly
studied this issue extensively for the last lead to the confusion so prevalent today in
several years, and thus I sincerely believe that regards to the subject of monetary law.
my views on this subject have weight, merit
and authority. I have also requested my local Louisiana follows the common law and, of
public servants to provide to me a similar course, the common law is most important in
determination, but I have been unsuccessful in reference to the subject of monetary law. At
this respect. The conclusion I have reached in common law, the monetary standard of a
reference to this failure of public officials to nation was immutable, meaning that it could
answer these basis questions posed by citizens not be changed by any legislative body. This
is that these officials have no knowledge of principle is expounded by many common law
monetary law. Since I suspect that you likewise authorities and is an established principle of
may have some misconception in your own law. This being the case, Congress lacks all
mind concerning this topic, I would like to offer power to change the ancient monetary
you my views and opinion, in a Christian spirit. standard of our nation, which is the "dollar" of
silver defined in the Coinage Act of 1792.

What is a "Dollar", “$” or a "$" 5/7 January 2007

 notes to be issued and since this is the case,
I am fully cognizant of the fact that there exist such notes are not United States obligations
many powerful and influential advocates that and are not legal tender.
maintain that the monetary standard is
mutable meaning that it can be changed by Further, these notes are not enforceable
Congress. These partisans further maintain against the United States. The ultimate
that all power over the monetary standard is hypocrisy is that these notes are not even
vested in the hands of Congress. If you accept enforceable against the banks, which issued
this premise, then it logically follows that a them. I have studied the matter for 20 years
"dollar" is today a legal fiction. The last and written an extensive brief on the point that
definition of a "dollar" via a federal statute was Federal Reserve Notes are not a legal tender,
contained in the Par Value Modification Act of which I will save to counter any erroneous
March 31, 1972, 86 Stat. 116 formally 31 U.S.C. position taken in any official determination.
section 449. Section 2 of this act defined a
"dollar" as being equal to 1/38 of a fine troy I hope that the points I am making in this letter
ounce of gold; in the alternative, 38 "dollars" are perceptible to you. There is a real and
equaled an ounce of such fine gold. This substantial issue concerning what is legally a
definition of a gold "dollar" was in effect until "dollar" with on one extreme it being
October 19, 1976, when congress adopted the contended that a "dollar" is a weight of silver
Act to Amend the Bretton Woods Agreement, and on the other extreme it being contended
90 Stat. 2660. Section 6 of this act repealed that a "dollar" is a legal fiction.
section 2 of the Par Value Modification Act.
Since that time, congress has totally failed, and Further, some people contend that Federal
refused to enact any legislation defining a Reserve Notes are legal tender and others
"dollar". If you accept the argument that answer that they are not, and these people who
congress possesses total control over the contend otherwise, including myself, have the
monetary standard, then you must also accept weight of law to support their argument. With
the proposition that a "dollar" is today a legal such obvious confusion, it is only natural that I
fiction. It is indeed odd that our entire cannot pay a "dollar" of liability in any
economy and society operate upon an entity judgment or settlement.
which is unknown and legally undefined.
It is a well-known fact that a court that does
Another point I would like to make with you not have a remedy has no subject matter
concerns the Federal Reserve Note. Many jurisdiction to create one unless such is
people contend that Federal Reserve Notes are contracted. In this instant there is no remedy
legal tender pursuant to 31 U.S.C. section 3103. because payment of a judgment in money of
But, notwithstanding this statute, one must account expressed in "dollars" and pursuant to
look to the substance instead of the form to HJR-192 there are no lawful dollars in
determine if such notes are really, legally, legal circulation. Since HJR 192 we can only
tender. The essential attribute of any legal discharge a liability with the approval of
tender currency is that it must be in fact an Secretary of the Treasury. If the Secretary does
obligation of the United States. To be an not give his, or her, approval any judgment,
obligation of the United States, Congress must settlement, or debt can only become an
have adopted an act authorizing the issuance of unenforceable and expensive nullity.
some quantity of these notes, and the same
must be enforceable against the United States. As a matter of law the money accounts of this
state must be expressed in dollars or units,
However, I have not found any statute whereby cents or hundredths, and mills or thousandths;
congress has authorized any amount of these and all accounts in banks and public offices,

What is a "Dollar", “$” or a "$" 6/7 January 2007

and all proceedings in the courts of this state, user an equitable interest but denies allodial
shall be kept in conformity herewith. title. It is no accident that the United States is
without a dollar unit coin. In recent years the
Since this state must express its judgment in Eisenhower dollar coin received widespread
"dollars" an official determination is acceptance, but the Treasury minted them in
mandatory to eliminate confusion and limited number, which encouraged hoarding.
performance, so I can legally and lawfully pay, This same fate befell the Kennedy half dollars,
settle, or discharge the claim with "dollars" or which circulated as silver sandwiched clads
by the Bill of Exchange remedy found in House between 1965-1969 and were hoarded for their
Joint Resolution 192. intrinsic value and not spent. Next came the
Susan B. Anthony dollar, an awkward coin
The matter is further complicated by the fact which was instantly rejected as planned. The
that the State is prohibited from making paper remaining unit is the privately issued Federal
a tender in payment of debt. See Article 1, Reserve note unit dollar (which is not money
Section 10 of the Constitution of the United see 105 So. 305 `1925') with no viable
States. Which states: competitors. Back in 1935 the Fed had
persuaded the Treasury to discontinue minting
"No State shall make anything but gold and silver dollars because the public preferred them
silver coin a tender in payment of debt." over dollar bills. That the public money system
has become awkward, discouraging its use, is
A check with the Louisiana Secretary of State no accident. It was planned that way. There is
clearly shows that in his opinion Article 1, no way to plug a judicial judgment into a
Section 10 is binding upon the State of private money system pursuant to Article one,
Louisiana. So, as you can see, in view of these Section ten. I clearly would love to litigate any
authorities, statutes, resolutions, and articles, I premise counter to these assertions.
have no remedy or way to comply with the
payment of "dollars" or the $ you requested
and therefore must conditionally accept for ###
value and return for value your presentment
pending an official determination of a "dollar"
expressed in your claim or tender a $1 Money
Order each month until Congress puts money
back into circulation. I have no duty to pay you
or MBNA anything, unless you submit proof of
claim that there is a way to pay the "dollars"
you are demanding. Additionally, Every
competent jurist knows that the created cannot
possess a power that the creator did not have to
give. The State of Louisiana does not have the
power to make paper a tender in payment of
debt and neither does any corporation created
by the state or federal government. Such would
be an act of ultra vires.

Years of research clearly show that the United

States is without a dollar of "public or lawful
money". All we have today is the private
Federal Reserve unbacked credit dollars which
are not money or property and only confers the

What is a "Dollar", “$” or a "$" 7/7 January 2007