OREGON OSHA 305

Building a
Traffic Control
Program

Presented by the Public Education Section

Oregon OSHA
Department of Consumer and Business Services

0409 - PILOT
 OR-OSHA Mission Statement
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 This material for training use only

Welcome!
Thank you for attending. The purpose of this presentation is to
introduce you to the fundamental principles of traffic control.
We will discuss Oregon OSHA’s rules regarding traffic control and
Referencing The “Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for
streets and Highways” (MUTCD) and the “Oregon Temporary
Traffic Control Handbook For Operations of 3 Days or Less
May-2006 Edition” (OTTCH).
This Workshop is not a Flagger training or Certification Course.
This workshop is designed to include you as much as possible in
the learning experience. The more you contribute, the more you will
get out of this training. So please, don’t hold back. Participate in the
group activities, ask questions and have FUN!
Goals:

1. Go over 5 parts of a traffic control program

2. Discuss the hazards of the roadway

3. Learn the fundamental principles of Traffic Control

4. Discuss the 10 steps to a safer work zone

5. Learn how to apply the fundamental principles in a Traffic Control Plan

6. Discuss hazard identification problems and solutions

Please note: This material, or any other material used to inform employers of compliance requirements of
Oregon OSHA standards through simplification of the regulations should not be considered a substitute for
any provisions of the Oregon Safe Employment Act or for any standards issued by Oregon OSHA.

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Planning and identifying

needs
The most important element of worksite safety is planning.
Hazards at worksites must be identified based on an evaluation of the
processes, and the worksite overall before a plan can be developed.
If proper planning isn’t done before the work commences, time, materials,
and, consequently, costs will rise. Planning makes the difference
between the success or failure of any job and whether there is a profit, or a
loss.

Proper and adequate placement of traffic control devices is the critical

responsibility of those who are in charge over the particular roadway where
the work zone is located. This responsibility must consist of pre-job
planning which includes a written traffic control plan for operations of 4 Days
or more, initial and periodic inspection of existing devices and conditions
throughout the project for compliance, and the safety of the motorist and the worker.

Before we can reduce or eliminate exposure to roadside hazards, we

must first become familiar with the hazards, the fundamental principles,
and their application then we can begin a systematic approach to
controlling
Those hazards identified.

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Form Teams
Select a
spokesperson

Everyone is a
recorder

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Part One
Hazards of the
Roadway
1-1. What is a work zone?
Where the work is being done.

1-2. How do work zones create potential hazards for the motorist and the worker?

A. Motorists driving through the work zone__________________________

B. Distractions in the work zone: cranes, trucks, flashing lights, workers

C. Motorists not expecting it, the work zone is new to them “unfamiliar”_____

D. Heavy equipment and trucks in the work zone and entering/exiting____

1-3. What does traffic control do ?

• Provides the maximum degree of safety by protecting both the motorist

and the worker.

• Permits the maximum movement of traffic through work zones with the
minimum amount of inconvenience, or movement out of the normal
traffic pattern or flow. Make it user friendly.

• Allows for the worksite activity to be conducted as efficiently and

safely as possible.

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1-4. What are traffic control devices?

Cones, barricades, signs, flashers, flaggers, reader boards

barrels, tube markers, candlesticks, etc.

1-5. What is MUTCD?

Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices was developed to assure
uniform traffic control across the country and it was adopted by ANSI.
ANSI = American National Standards Institute.
Referenced in OR-OSHA rules the 2000 edition is stated.
A lot of this workshop comes from this book.

The MUTCD will provide the design and application specifications of Traffic
Control Devices. The criteria for design will vary based on environmental
conditions such as illumination, weather, traffic speed, traffic volume. You will
also find much of the same information in the Oregon Temporary Traffic Control
Handbook (OTTCH) which is an Oregon Supplement to the 2003 MUTCD.
We will use this Handbook for reference during this workshop.

MUTCD Madame MUTCD;

has all Why are Barricades required to
the I see that the stripes have orange and white stripes
answers are to be slanted downward at a 45 degree angle?
in the direction the traffic
should drive...

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Specifications for warning signs used at night, or on the freeway are that they be:

• diamond shaped,

• orange or fluorescent red-orange in color.

• retro reflective, and

• at least 48 inches x 48 inches in dimension.

For roads which have low speed and volume, the sign size may be reduced to:

• 36 inches x 36 inches for day time use.

The manual also provides other useful information such as how to determine
the Average Daily Traffic Volume, (ADT). The definition of low volume is a rate
which doesn’t exceed 500 vehicles per day. Since traffic control work zone plans
are calculated on the posted speed and the traffic volume this is an essential piece

of information to have.

A rule of thumb:
Count the number of vehicles that pass a single reference point
over a five (5) minute period. If not more than 3 vehicles pass
the reference point in that period, then the road can be considered
low volume. MUTCD Standard

1-6. Are there any other rules applicable in Oregon? Yes the OTTCH
Applies to all operations of 3 days or less! *See page 25 & 26
*All signs used for TTC SHALL be retro reflective as of July-2008.
*Only Flexible signs may be used on portable sign supports.
*Rigid signs may be used on barricades when crash tested or vehicle mtd.
*Signs on portable supports SHALL have two fluorescent orange or red
orange flags at least 16 in. sq. mounted at the top of the sign.
*All signs Shall have been crash tested and meet Federal crash
worthiness requirements. This can be researched on FHWA website.
Worker ahead
Prepare to stop
Flagger ahead

1-7 Who is the “governing” authority on a given

roadway?
Local government
OR-OSHA
ODOT

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What kinds of accidents are happening at the worksite?

Studies show:

• Rear end accidents account for 40% of all work zone related accidents.

• The most common work zone fatality is a vehicle to vehicle collision

during the day.

• In urban areas, striking the barrier is the 3rd most common fatality.
85% of those fatalities occurred at night.

• 45% of fatalities occurred in urban areas

• 66% of fixed object fatalities occurred at night.

1-8. What type of traffic control would help eliminate or reduce the hazard of :

• Motorists striking fixed objects at night? Lighting, retro reflective materials

reflectors, barriers

• Striking barriers at night? Lighting, Reflectors & pavement markings

• Vehicle to vehicle collisions in the day time? Slow down traffic, more
user friendly.

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Part Two
Fundamental Principles
2-1.There are two types of traffic control: SPEED
LIMIT
35
a. Permanent______________

b. Temporary______________

Permanent traffic control stays in place. It is designed to be part of a roadway

to permanently direct motorists. These would include such items as traffic
signals permanent intersection barriers, stop signs, yield signs, speed signs.

Temporary traffic control is used to direct traffic around work zones during the
Working phase. These would include cones, candle sticks and other channelization
devices, advanced warning signs such as prepare to stop, flagger ahead, and
lane closure.

2-2. How can temporary traffic control be affected by permanent traffic control?
Flagger under stop light or sign. Permanent controls should be covered.
NOTICE: IT IS ILLEGAL TO TEMPORARILY CONTROL TRAFFIC IN
CONFLICT WITH POSTED PERMANENT REGULATORY TRAFFIC
CONTROL DEVICES! Questions? This includes but not limited to
stop signs, speed signs, traffic signals, RxR crossings, lane shifts,
yield signs, do not enter, and weight restrictions.
Only Uniformed Police Officers may control traffic by flagging in
conflict under Oregon Law *See ORS 811.265
Although each work zone will have individual traffic control plans based on the type
of worksite processes in progress, all traffic control plans will have similarities
which are inherent to every work zone.

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15 Fundamental Principles

(1) Treat traffic control as a priority equal to the job being performed.

(2) Design a temporary traffic control system that doesn’t create confusion
and is easy to navigate.

(3) Have a plan that is suitable to the project.

(4) Don’t bother traffic any more than necessary. Work during off peak hours.
Park and work off the travel way when possible.

(5) Don’t expect drivers to slow down until they see some kind of activity.

(6) Don’t make drivers think, respond, brake, or maneuver rapidly.

(7) Develop a plan for work and emergency vehicles before it is needed.

(8) Reduce the time workers are exposed to traffic to minimize danger.

(9) Goal of traffic control is to guide drivers in a definite, clear manner.

(10) Give plenty of advanced notice so that drivers have time to process the
warning and respond appropriately to the changes.

(11) Use flaggers to supplement the other traffic control measures to improve
safety. Urban work zones are safer when flaggers are used.

(12) Inspect as necessary, depending upon the complexity and length of

the project. At least 2 x per day, and whenever you observe significant
traffic pattern changes.

(13) Don’t assign untrained workers the responsibility for setting up and
maintaining the system.

(14) Changing weather and traffic conditions may make it necessary to modify
the traffic control system so that it remains effective.

(15) Be credible. Don’t advise motorists of a condition that doesn’t exist.

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Work zones

2-3. There are five parts of a work zone:

• Advance Warning Area

• Transition Area

• Buffer Area

• Work Area

• Termination Area

5. Termination__________
Lets traffic resume to
normal flow

4. Work area_____________
Is set aside for workers
equipment and materials
storage

3. Buffer area____________
(longitudinal)
Provides protection for traffic
and workers

2 Transition zone______________________
Moves traffic out of its
normal path

1 Advance warning zone____

Tells traffic what to expect
ahead

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FUTILITY
WORK
AHEAD

2-4 The advance warning area contains the warning signs___.

2-5. Advance warning signs are usually in a series of 3_____ signs.

Work ahead.
Be prepared to stop
Flagger ahead
LEFT
ON
2-6. How far apart must signs be spaced? ARROW
Speed, sight distance and road condition dependant

• At speeds of 30MPH or less 100 ____ feet spacing is allowed

• At speeds of 35 MPH –40MPH, 350___ feet spacing is allowed.

• At speeds of 45MPH-55MPH 500___ feet spacing is allowed.

• On freeways and express ways 60MPH sign spacing is 1000_ft, 1500_ft,

and 2640_ ft apart. Distance from previous sign

2-7. What could be done to make the temporary signs stand out even more?
Place a Standard 28 inch Cone next to it between the road user and the sign!

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2-8. Why is it important to keep the buffer area free from stored materials and
equipment?
This is a recovery zone for traffic and an advanced warning area
for the workers

2-9. How does the termination area increase worker safety?

Allows traffic to get back into flow and don’t forget to
Post the “End Work Zone” sign

2-10. When and where are cones used?

Part of traffic control to mark lanes
To channelize
Increase visibility if a sign or flagger station

2-11. When and where are tubular markers used?

To separate or channel traffic

2-12. How tall must cones and tubular markers be for night time work and
speeds above 45MPH?
minimum 28”
18” allowed during the day and on low speed roads

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The single most important element within the system of traffic control devices
is the taper provided for channelization. An inadequate taper will almost always
produce undesirable traffic operations with resulting congestion and possible
accidents through the area.

Like all provisions of work area safety in the MUTCD, the various traffic control
techniques must be applied by qualified persons after appropriate engineering
studies and with sound engineering judgment.

If it’s not working, something's wrong with the traffic control!

2-13. Why are tapers so important?

They help channelize traffic, mover traffic away from the work area, slow
down traffic, divert traffic, make changes clear

2-14. There are 5____ types of tapers.

They are the:

• (1) Merging Taper: merges two___ traffic lanes in the same direction
into one lane.
• (2) Shifting Taper: moves traffic from one_ path to another with the same
number of lanes.
• (3) Shoulder Taper: used when the shoulder is closed____ to traffic.

• (4) One-Lane, Two-way Flagger Taper: Closes a lane leaving only one lane
open to handle two alternating directions of traffic.

• (5) Downstream Taper: guides the motorist back into their normal travel
path.

What is the area called that is isolated by

The downstream taper?
The termination area

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Cone Spacing
• Except for the two-way traffic and down stream tapers, the distance between
cones should equal in feet the designated speed.
20 mph = 20’ 40 mph = 40’ 55 mph=55'
• At speeds of 40 mph and below, the offset will vary with the lane width.

• At speeds of 45 mph and above, cones in merging, shifting, and shoulder

tapers should be offset one foot.

• Cones in two-way traffic and downstream tapers should be spaced at 20ft

intervals with a maximum length of 100 ft. The offset is determined by the
lane width.

• Six cones are usually used in the two-way and downstream tapers.

Lengths for Merging and Shifting Tapers

Speed 10 ft width 11ft width 12 ft width

(MPH)
Merging Shifting Merging Shifting Merging Shifting

20 70 35 75 40 80 40
25 105 55 115 60 125 65
30 150 75 165 85 180 90
35 205 105 225 115 245 125
40 270 135 295 150 320 160
45 450 225 495 250 540 270
50 500 250 550 275 600 300
55 550 275 605 305 660 330
60 600 300 660 330 720 360
65 650 325 715 370 780 390

It’s OK to increase the safety factor of the taper, but never decrease it!

Shoulder Tapers (1/3 L )

speed 4 feet 6 feet 8 feet 10 feet

45 60 90 120 150
50 70 100 140 170
55 75 110 150 185
60 80 120 160 200
65 90 130 175 220

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Part Three
Hazard Identification
Problems/Solutions

For any hazard, there are three strategies for elimination. They
are:
1. Engineering controls________________________________________

2. Administrative controls______________________________________

3. PPE______________________________________________________

1. Engineering Controls

• Should be considered first.

• Can be accomplished by eliminating or isolating the hazard from

the
worker through the redesign or replacement of equipment, tools, or
workstation.

2. Administrative Controls
• Reduces duration, frequency, and severity of exposure.

• May include, but not be limited to:

Job rotation Adequate rest breaks

• Establishing safe work procedures

• Key elements:
Training Employee conditioning
Acclimation period Regular monitoring
Feedback Maintenance
Adjustments Modifications
Enforcement

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#
1 Priority......to identify and
eliminate hazards

3. Personal Protective Equipment

• Equipment to present a barrier between the worker and the hazard

• Last defense

3-1. What category does traffic control fall in?

All three :
Engineering____ when roads are closed and traffic detoured in a direction
which takes the flow of traffic away from the construction project.

Administrative_____________when use cones, tubular markers , flaggers

as this only reduces the exposure.

Personal Protective Equipment ________when using highly visible clothing, hardhat

Or safety glasses. Think about it; could a Vehicle act as PPE in some situations?

Remember
• If you inhibit traffic (such as on the shoulder) or
• encroach into the roadway

YOU MUST CONTROL THE TRAFFIC!

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Pedestrian Safety Considerations

Pedestrians need protection from potential injury and a smooth, clearly delineated
path. Every effort should be made to separate the movement of pedestrians
from both the worksite activity and the adjacent traffic.

Three threshold considerations in planning for pedestrian safety:

1. Pedestrians should not be led into direct conflicts with work site vehicles,
equipment, or operations. Signs may be used to help direct pedestrians
around the worksite.

2. Pedestrians should not be led into direct conflicts with mainline traffic
moving through or around the work site. Signs should be placed at
intersections so that pedestrians aren’t confronted with mid-block
worksites which cause them to cross the block mid-way or to enter into
the traffic lane.

3. Pedestrians should be provided with a safe, convenient travel path that

replicates as nearly as possible the desirable characteristics of
sidewalks or footpaths.

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OR-OSHA Rules for Traffic Control in Construction

SIGNS, SIGNALS AND BARRICADES Subdivision-G

437-003-0420 Traffic Control.

(1) Adequate and appropriate traffic controls must be provided for all operations on or
adjacent to a highway, street, or roadway. The traffic controls must conform to the
Millennium Edition of the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD),
December 2000.
(2) Signaling by flaggers and the use of flaggers, including warning garments worn by
flaggers must conform to the Millennium Edition of the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic
Control Devices (MUTCD), December 2000.
(3) Barricades for protection of employees must conform to the Millennium Edition of the
(FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), December 2000.
NOTE: You may obtain a copy of the Millennium Edition from the following organizations:
American Traffic Safety Services Association, 15 Riverside Parkway, Suite 100,
Fredericksburg, VA 22406-1022; Telephone:1-800-231-3475; Fax: (540) 368-1722;
www.atssa.com; Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1099 14th Street, NW., Suite 300 West,
Washington, DC 20005-3438; Fax: (202) 289-7722; www.ite.org; and American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials; www.aashto.org; Telephone: 1-800-525-
5562.
NOTE: Electronic copies of the MUTCD 2000 are available for downloading at
http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno-millennium.

NOTE: Employers who follow the most current edition of the Oregon Temporary Traffic
Control Handbook for Operations of 3 Days or Less comply with this requirement.

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OR-OSHA Rules for Traffic Control

Division 2 General Industry Standards
Subdivision-N

VEHICLE DRIVERS & RIDERS / VEHICLES FOR HIGHWAY & ROAD OPERATION
CHARACTERISTICS & MAINTENANCE N 437-002-2224(12) N-29 437-002-2225(2)(b)
(12) Traffic Control. You must require employees to set up appropriate traffic controls when
they stop on or adjacent to a highway, street, or road in a way that creates a hazard and
when traffic cannot adjust safely on its own. The controls must conform to the Millennium
Edition of the (FHWA) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), December
2000.
NOTE: Get a copy of the Millennium Edition from the following organizations: American
Traffic Safety Services Association, 15 Riverside Parkway, Suite 100, Fredericksburg, VA
22406-1022; Telephone: 1-800-231-3475; Fax: (540) 368-1722; www.atssa.com; Institute of
Transportation Engineers, 1099 14th Street, NW., Suite 300 West, Washington, DC 20005-
3438; Fax: (202) 289-7722; www.ite.org; and American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials; www.aashto.org; Telephone: 1-800-525-5562. OR: Download the
MUTCD 2000 at http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno-millennium. OR: The MUTCD 2000 is
available for review at the Oregon OSHA Resource Center, 350 Winter Street NE, Basement -
Room 26, Salem, Oregon 97301-3882; Telephone: (503) 378-3272, or toll free in Oregon 1-
800-922-2689.
NOTE: Employers who follow the most current edition of the Oregon Temporary Traffic
Control Handbook for Operations of 3 Days or Less comply with this requirement.
Subdivision-I Personal Protective Equipment
437-002-0128 High Visibility Garments. Employees exposed to hazards caused by on
highway type moving vehicles in construction zones and street/highway traffic must wear
highly visible upper body garments. The colors must contrast with other colors in the area
sufficiently to make the worker stand out. Colors equivalent to strong red, strong orange,
strong yellow, strong yellow-green or fluorescent versions of these colors are acceptable.
During hours of darkness, the garments must also have reflective material visible from all
sides for 1000 feet.

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Worker Safety Considerations

The safety of workers is of equal importance to the safety of the public traveling
through the temporary traffic control zone. Work areas present temporary and
constantly changing conditions that are unexpected by the driver. Work area
conditions almost always present situations that are more confusing for the driver,
which will create an even higher degree of vulnerability for the workers on or near
the roadway. Remember, the more confusing the traffic flow, the more increased
risk to the worker.

Worker clothing: All workers exposed to traffic must be attired

in bright, contrasting, highly visible upper body garments, similar to flaggers.

3-2. Why do all workers have to wear bright, highly visible clothing?
Visibility; the motorists and the construction operators need to see them

3-3. Why is high visibility clothing important?

Attention getter, very noticeable and makes the worker out from surroundings

High visibility clothing consists of:

• For day time work: a vest, shirt, or jacket, which is bright or fluorescent
orange, yellow, strong yellow-green in a contrasting color.

• For night time work, or work in low visibility light conditions, the garments
must also be retro reflective material which is orange, yellow, white, silver,
or strong yellow-green which are visible at a minimum of 1,000 ft.

• The retro reflective clothing shall be designed to clearly identify the

wearer as a person and be visible through a wide range of body motions.

• Uniformed law enforcement officers may be used as flaggers in some

locations including urban intersections, where enforcement of traffic
movements is important.

• Flaggers must wear: safety apparel meeting ANSI Class ll risk exposure.

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3-4. What does “exposed to traffic” mean?

When ever vehicular traffic is near the worker

3-5. How would weather and lighting conditions affect the application of what
type of high visible clothing is required?
retro reflective vests for night operations

Training considerations

3-6. Who must be trained?

All employees exposed to the hazard

3-7. What are the two key elements of any safety training?
Recognizing hazards
Controlling hazards (protecting)

3-8. Why must workers be trained in the hazards and how to protect themselves
from those hazards?
Minimize the risk to workers

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3-9. What other elements should workers be trained in?

• Traffic control techniques

• Use of devices, and signs

• Placement of devices and signs

• Dealing with the public

• Who is in charge of traffic control at the worksite

Supervisors, competent persons
• Procedures to follow if traffic indicates the control is not adequate

• Signals to flaggers for the movement of equipment or

construction vehicles

• Who is authorized to signal flaggers to stop traffic or move vehicles

• Provisions for the movement of emergency vehicles in or around

the worksite
System of communication for emergency vehicles

3-10. What are some of the distractions that motorists may be focused on when
traveling through the work zone?
Eating, cell phones reading, writing, grooming, grooving, smoking,
personal issues, etc
.

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This tells us that “normal” driver distractions and actions occur in and out of work
zones. These increase the likelihood of accidents and present new challenges
in our ability to provide a “safe and healthful work place” in a traffic control zone.
Although request for law enforcement services may assist in controlling
issues such as speeding, reality dictates that some of these distractions while
hazardous to both workers and other motorists, are not illegal activities which can
be controlled through law enforcement regulations.

WORK ZONE HAZARDS

The challenge then is to move from dependence on literal interpretation of

OR-OSHA standards to guide us ( ignoring hazards which are not
specifically addressed or spelled out) to one of providing a safe and healthful
workplace based on the hazard regardless of regulatory guidance.

3-11. How do “normal” driver distractions affect our traffic control system?
Must always be alert and aware due to these normal distractions

3-12. How do work zones confuse people, or increase the likelihood of driver error?
Not clearly marked, something new, surprises them

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3-13. What types of additional devices or methods are available that increase driver
awareness ?
Reader boards, speed bumps, increase tapers, increase buffer zone, portable
rumble strips, decoy state police cars, state police trailers, portable speed
displays.

3-14. Why is a hazard identification/elimination program important to maintaining

a safe work zone?
With employee involvement they will have ideas to make their own area
safe, buy in by employees

3-15. What should be covered in the hazard identification/elimination program?

1. Who is the person authorized to assure corrections are made?

2. What is the hazard?

3. What are the recommended corrective options?

4. Who is assigned to correct the hazard?

5. What date was the assignment given? Use these as a checklist

6. What is the date action is required?

7. What corrective action was taken and what date it was taken

8. Who is the person authorized to do follow up, and when was it done?

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3-16. Why should the program be in documented in writing?

So everyone knows it exists

3-17 . What are some symptoms of inadequate traffic control?

Upset people (drivers & workers, people going the wrong
way, honking, yelling.

Who can identify them?

Workers, competent person

Who must resolve them?

Competent person, supervisor

3-18. When must hazards be eliminated?

Immediately

3-19. What hazards have you seen in work zones? Ask group

As a driver? _____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

As a worker? ____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

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3-20. What can be done about drivers speeding through the worksite?
Better signs, police, increase taper, post signs with increased
penalties

3-21. How often must traffic control be evaluated?

Twice daily or when situations come up

3-22 Who must evaluate the traffic control?

Competent person or designate

3-23. What are some questions to ask during an evaluation?

What are drivers doing, driver distractions

3-24 . What is the purpose and the benefits of advanced publicity?

Raise awareness

3-25. What are some methods of advanced publicity you’ve seen?

Signs, radio spots, newspaper ads, television announcements

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Worker Considerations

Key elements of traffic control management which should be considered for

worker safety:

• Training - All workers should be trained in how to work next to traffic in

a way that minimizes their exposure. In addition, workers with specific
traffic control responsibilities should be trained in traffic control techniques,
device usage, and placement.

• Speed reduction- In highly vulnerable situations, consideration should be

be given to reducing the speed of traffic through regulatory speed zoning,
funneling, use of police, lane reduction, or flaggers.

• Use of Police - In highly vulnerable work situations, particularly those

of relatively short duration, stationing police units heightens the awareness
of passing traffic and will likely cause a reduction in travel speed.

• Lighting - for night time work, lighting the work area and approaches may
allow the driver to better comprehend the requirements being imposed.
Be careful to ensure that the lighting does not blind drivers.

• Special devices - Judicious use of special warning and control devices

may be helpful for certain difficult work area situations. These include
rumble strips, changeable message signs, hazard identification beacons,
flags, and warning lights. Flagger activated audible warning devices may
be used to alert workers to the approach of erratic vehicles. Misuse and
overuse of special devices/techniques can greatly lessen their
effectiveness.

• Public information - Provide information which covers the nature of the

work, the time and duration of its execution, its anticipated
effects upon traffic. Possible alternate routes and modes of travel
through well prepared and complete public relations efforts may improve
driver performance. Such programs have been found to result in a
significant drop in traffic. That reduces the possible number of conflicts
and may allow a temporary lane closing for additional buffer area.

• Road closure - If alternate routes are available to handle detoured traffic,

the road may be closed temporarily during times of greatest worker
exposure. In addition to offering maximum worker safety, it may facilitate
quicker project completion and thus further reduce worker exposure.

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Part Four
Planning
Now that we’ve learned the basics it’s time to put it all together to achieve
optimum results through adequate planning.

When it comes to road work, planning means designing a traffic control plan which
meets the current MUTCD standards. Laying the design out on paper helps
take the competent person, and the traffic control crew, through the work step by
step and identifies significant factors which could affect the traffic control and
thereby safety at the worksite.

We’ve studied the fundamental principles. Now let’s apply those principles
to the work site plan.

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How to get started for any project:

• Get an overhead view of the roadway which you will be working on.

• List the types of processes, their locations within the roadway,

and the locations of access and egress needs from construction related
traffic.

• Identify significant intersections and access points which may intersect

within the traffic control zone.

• Identify and contact businesses and other residents whose access

points fall within the traffic control zone, or would otherwise be affected
by the worksite, and assess their needs.

• Devise a written traffic control plan.

TEN STEPS TO A SAFER WORK ZONE

Plan
1. Have a traffic control __________.

2. Follow the plan and specifications.

3. Minimize the _______________

disruption of traffic.

4. Promptly ________________
remove warning signs when no longer needed.

Train
5. ________________ all who are involved with the project.

6. Have a routine schedule of _____________

inspecting the work zone.

7. Use a report form to document inspections.

8. Identify _____________
hazards and develop appropriate corrective action.

9. Have adequate personnel and inventory.

10. ____________
verify corrective action is taken.

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Application Principles

1. Evaluate the _work___ zone for the:

• Type of work (stationary or moving).

• Location (shoulder or roadway).

• Length of time for the project (long term, short duration, etc.)

2. Provide adequate work _space____.

• Consider safe movement of equipment and workers.

• Short term projects should not exceed one mile in length. Longer
projects may be authorized for resurfacing projects. Shorter is better.

• Vehicles may be used to protect workers. Turn wheels as needed.

3. Provide adequate warning __time______ for motorists.

• Don’t surprise drivers with late warnings.

• Consider road alignment, traffic volume and speed, light and weather
conditions, cross traffic movement, and pedestrian traffic.

• Avoid confusing messages.

• Keep devices clean and in good condition.

• Maintain credibility by using or removing devices as appropriate.

4. Provide user-friendly_____ guidance for motorists.

• Clearly guide and direct traffic through work area.

• Channeling devices should produce long, even tapers.

• Close calls generally indicate improper sign setup or ineffective traffic

control elements.

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4-1. Prior to occupying the roadway, who are some affected organizations and
groups that the competent person should contact to assure proper
coordination is arranged?
EMT services, police, fire departments, all businesses, all residents.

4-2. Why would residents need to be contacted?

It is probably going to disrupt their access.

4-3. How will the needs of commercial residents vary from private residents?
Blocking deliveries, blocking customer access, loss of income.

4-4. What are factors to consider for non-construction traffic when developing the
work zone plan?
Detours, bike traffic, pedestrian traffic, emergency vehicles, access to homes
and businesses.

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4-5. What are factors to consider for work related traffic when developing the
work zone traffic plan?
Size of equipment, weather, safety of the crew.

4-6. What are some other considerations which should be part of the written
plan?
Relief for flaggers, heat, cold, breaks.

4-7. What are some questions to ask and answer when doing a traffic control plan?

Traffic_______________________________________________________

Speed_______________________________________________________

Volume______________________________________________________

How long is job_________________________________________ _______

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

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Part Five
Hand-Signaling
And Flagging

The two primary functions of traffic control procedures are to:

1. Move vehicles and pedestrians safely and as quickly as possible

through or around temporary traffic control zones, and

2. Protect workers and on-site equipment.

To maintain the primary functions, flaggers are a critical component of

worksite safety related to traffic control.

Studies have shown that worksites using flaggers are less likely to incur
accidents when used in addition to other traffic control devices, and yet the job
of flagger itself is probably the most dangerous and challenging position in the
work zone.

Flaggers often stand for hours at a time, and must remain alert to subtle changes
in a driver’s pattern, while staying aware of worksite activity and the needs of the
worksite and the traffic.

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FLAGGER QUALIFICATIONS

Flaggers are responsible for public safety. Of all roadway workers, they make
the greatest number of public contacts. It is necessary therefore that flaggers
meet certain minimum qualifications.

Flaggers must:

• Have a sense of responsibility for the safety of the

public and workers.

• Be trained in safe traffic control practices.

• Have average intelligence.

• Be in good physical condition, including vision and hearing.

• Be mentally alert and have the ability to react quickly in an emergency.

Do you know where I can find

someone with a “sense of responsibility,
who is mentally alert and is of
average intelligence?!”

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5-1. What is the biggest hazard for the flagger? Getting hit by a vehicle.

5-2. How can the hazard of being hit be reduced? High visibility clothing, stay out
Of the way.

The THREE Main points for flagger safety:

• Wear high visibility clothing

• Stay off the roadway and out of the path of oncoming traffic

• Use only the stop/slow paddle to direct traffic

• Be alert, be aware and always have an escape route!

Remember!

Breaks
Lunch
Back up
Potty calls

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STOP
HAND SIGNALING DEVICES

Hand signaling devices are an essential part of controlling traffic in temporary

control zones. While stop/slow paddles and red flags are allowed to be used
as hand signaling devices for flagging operations under OR-OSHA regulation,
the Oregon Department of Transportation allows flags to be used only in
emergency situations.

5-3. Why is the STOP/SLOW paddle the primary hand signaling device?
Clear guidance.

5-4. The MUTCD gives clear guidance for the design criteria of a stop/slow paddle.
What requirements are there?

• That it be 18__ inches square with letters at least 6__ inches high.

• That it is octagonal________ in shape.

• The paddle must be rigid_____.

• That the stop sign be red___ with white____ letters, and border.

• The slow side of the paddle must be orange__ with black_ letters and border.

• That it be retro reflective________ .

Alternately flashing white high intensity lamps may be added to the paddle.

Limits for hand signaling devices: Flag use should be limited to emergency
situations and at low-speed and/or low-volume locations that can best be
controlled by a single flagger. Flags used for signaling shall be a minimum of
24 inches square made of good grade of red material, and securely fastened
to a staff at least 3 feet long. The free edges should be weighted so that the
flag will hang vertically, even in heavy winds. Also night flags shall be
retro reflective red. Red cloth flags to be used only in emergencies.

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Flagger Stations

Flagger stations must be located far enough ahead of the work space so that
approaching traffic has sufficient time to stop before entering the work zone.
The distance is related to variables like approach speed, friction factors, pavement
type, and conditions and tire capabilities.

The flagger should stand either on the shoulder adjacent to the traffic being
controlled or in the barricaded lane. At a “spot” work zone, a position may have
to be taken on the shoulder opposite the barricaded section to operate effectively.
A flagger should NEVER stand in the path of on coming traffic to give direction, but
may move into the lane after the traffic has stopped if they need to communicate
with the driver or need to be visible to other traffic. However, careful
consideration should be given to avoid entering the traffic lane even with the
traffic stopped. More than one flagger has been struck when the oncoming
traffic has rear ended the stopped vehicle thrusting it forward and onto the
flagger. Whatever the case, flaggers should be clearly visible to approaching
traffic at all times. Based on accidents which have occurred, some experts are
suggesting that the flagger also have an escape route to use in the event a
vehicle does break all the rules.
NOTICE: During Night Operations the Flagger station SHALL be illuminated
separately from the workspace.

FLAGGER
AHEAD

A STUDY THROUGH THE STATE OF VIRGINIA SHOWS:

• The most effective combination of traffic control devices for work zones
on multi-lane highways is cones, flashing arrows, and flaggers.

• The most effective combination of devices for urban two-lane highways

is cones and flaggers, or signs and flaggers.

• The use of flaggers is a very effective means of traffic control at work

zones on urban, two-lane highways. Any combination of traffic control
devices not including flaggers is far less effective than one including
flaggers.
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Key Point Summary:

• Traffic control devices must conform to MUTCD and OTTCH for operations
of 3 days or less.

• Planning and coordination with other agencies and emergency units

may be needed to reduce unexpected and unusual traffic operation situations.

• The fundamental principles described in the MUTCD provide a guiding

philosophy of workable temporary traffic control measures.

• Traffic and worker safety is a high priority element from planning through
completion of the project.

• Traffic movement should be restricted as little as practicable.

• Drivers and pedestrians should be guided in a clear and obvious manner

throughout the work zone.

• Inspections of the controls and working conditions should be completed

at least twice a day, and as needed based on performance of the devices to
guide traffic safely. Inspections at a minimum should be done before work
begins and mid-day.

• Each person whose actions affect work zone safety should receive training
relative to the required duties.

• Adequate warning must be given to the motorists so they have time to

interpret the warning and respond appropriately.

• Workers exposed to traffic must be clearly visible by motorists.

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• If warning lights are to be used, use steady burning lights for

channelization and flashing lights for warning.

• Use barriers whenever there is a need for positive protection as

determined by an engineering analysis.

• Periodically inspect the devices. Repair or replace any damaged or

missing devices. All devices should be clean.

• Keep accurate records. If an accident occurs, make note of it,

including whether or not any control devices were involved and what
devices were used before and after the accident.

• Do not mislead the public. Remove or cover all signs or devices that
are not in use such as during Lunch, before or after work begins, the bottom line
is do not warn of something that’s not present.

Look ahead with confidence!

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Design of Work zones

The goal in the design of effective traffic control through work zones is to
provide driving conditions that resemble, as closely as possible, the highway
conditions under normal operation. Such a goal should help to prevent accidents
within the work zone area.

Exercise:
Gather the crew. Each table will be assigned one of the five parts
of the work zone. Read and discuss the section which applies to
your assigned part. Summarize the purpose and importance of the
individual part as it relates to worksite safety and record your answers
on the worksheet on page 39.

I. Advance Warning Area

All traffic control zones should have an advance warning area. The advance
warning area is important to alert drivers to potentially unusual or hazardous
conditions so that driving speeds and driving practices can be adjusted in
preparation for such conditions. The main traffic control devices used in the
advance warning areas are diamond-shaped warning signs in the black-on-orange
series specified for construction and maintenance operations.

2. Transition Area

A transition area is required when lanes are to be closed, the travel path
shifted, or both, to accommodate the work space. It is the portion of the traffic
control zone that commences at the downstream end of the advance warning
area and extends to the beginning of the activity area.

To provide a smooth, effective transition for motorists, it is important to provide

for adequate transition taper length, sufficient pavement markings, and adequate
channelization.

3. Buffer Zone

Buffer space provides an additional element of safety prior to the actual work
space. The buffer zone is the portion of the traffic control zone that commences
at the downstream end of the transition zone.

It provides a recovery space for errant vehicles and separates traffic

flow from the work activity. Work activities should not take place and equipment
and materials should not be stored within the buffer area.

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4. Work/Activity Area

The work/activity area is where the maintenance or construction work is taking

place, including space for equipment and materials. The work/activity area is the
portion of the traffic control zone that commences at the downstream end of the
buffer zone.

The work space is the portion of the activity area set apart for the actual
maintenance or construction work, equipment, and material storage. The work
space area needs to be delineated to exclude vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

5. Termination Area

The termination area is used at work sites to allow traffic to clear the activity area
and return to normal traffic operations. It is the final portion of the traffic control
zone that extends from the downstream end of the activity area to the sign
denoting the end of the work zone. If tapers are used in the transition area
for lane closures, they will be required in the termination area and should adhere
to the same principles as discussed in the transition area.

Exercise: Each group will be assigned one of the five parts of the work
zone. Answer these questions:

What is the specific purpose of this part of the work zone? Its importance?
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

How does this fit with the other parts of the work zone?
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

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In your teams, evaluate and discuss the following three diagrams.

Exercise: Answer the questions at the bottom of each page, and be prepared to
discuss them with the class. You may use your resource book OTTCH
to help you answer the questions regarding the distances.

Lane Closure in Advance of

N Intersection (with stop signs
on North/South approaches).
W E

S A STOP D C B

STOP

E F G

Lane width is 12 feet

J SPEED
LIMIT
35
1. What kind of a taper is demonstrated here? I
One-Lane, Two-Way Flagger Taper H
2. What are the taper distances?
125’
3. What signs must be used? Do you need to add any?

5. Where should the appropriate signs be located? Identify them on the plan
A= B= C=
D= E= F=
G= H= I= J=
6. How many flaggers should there be and where are they located?

7. Are there conflicts with permanent traffic control devices?

The two Stop Signs

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ROAD
WORK
AHEAD
Lane Shift on a Three-lane
Two way Road
CENTER LANE
CLOSED
AHEAD
N
Termination area

W E
Work area

S
Buffer

Transition area

Advance Warning

CENTER LANE
CLOSED
AHEAD

ROAD
WORK
AHEAD

Lane width is 11 ft. SPEED

LIMIT
1. What types of tapers are demonstrated in this diagram? 45
Shifting Taper & Downstream Taper

2. What is the distance of the transition and the termination

taper? 250ft

3. What is the distance between the signs? (*HINT See page 16 of the OTTCH book)
500ft

4. What is the size of the Buffer zone? 350ft

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Problem Solving. Get together in your groups to evaluate the situation

Exercise: and answer the following questions. Record your groups answer and be
prepared to discuss the answers.

1. Your crew is working on a shoulder encroachment site, on a 4 lane two-

way traffic roadway. The road has 11 foot wide lanes and the posted speed
is 45 miles per hour. You have all traffic control up according to the MUTCD.
However, cars are speeding, traveling so close that cones are being knocked
over, and you notice traffic coming perilously close to workers and there have been
several close calls with traffic and vehicles leaving the work site.
What are your options?
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. Your crew is working at a 4 way intersection of two-way, two lane traffic, which
uses traffic signals to direct traffic. You are working in one lane of the intersection
and are using flaggers at the appropriate spots, but traffic is occasionally failing to
follow the flagger signals, or screeching to a halt. What's wrong and what must
be done to eliminate the confusion?
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

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3. Your crew is in the process of blasting a cliff adjacent to a 4 lane two-way

road. The road has high volume traffic, 55 mph with no conveniently located alternate
route. The roadway must be closed for approximately 20 minute time spans
so that the charge can be detonated and the rock cleaned off of the roadway before
traffic can pass. Traffic control is set in place and according to MUTCD guidelines.
You are the project superintendent and have noticed that there are many unhappy,
angry drivers. Many of the drivers have driven off with screeching tires. Finally
in desperation one driver in the last group stopped, breaks out of the line, passes
the stopped cars, races by the flagger and ignores the stop signal. What else
can be done to help?
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

4. Your crew is scheduled to do road maintenance work to the Sellwood Bridge and
S.E. Tacoma street. Scheduled work hours are 7:00am -5:00pm. Traffic is high
volume. Posted speed is 35, but traffic routinely exceeds the posted speed.
Traffic control devices are set up, and flaggers are being used. However traffic
is backed up and causing lengthy delays for commuters.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

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Before a written plan can be done we need to first become familiar with some of
the symbols which will be used in a written plan.

Exercise: Gather the team. Turn to page 35 in your

OTTCH book and review these typical Symbols
that are commonly used on traffic control plans.

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Lets look at the symbols in the OTTCH. Now that you’re familiar with the
symbols, let’s put together a traffic control plan for various working conditions.

Exercise: Using the appropriate symbols, determine what traffic control

devices are needed, and where they must be located at. Add the symbols
to the plan, and give the spacing according to the posted speed.
Remember to add in any additional Oregon specific requirements.
(*HINT: you can use your OTTCH to help you). Answer the
questions in your team, then we’ll evaluate your answers with the
entire group.
Your Crew will be working in the North bound, east lane.
The lane will need to be closed because of the work, but
you will still need two north bound lanes.

What type of tapers will you need?

Shifting , Downstream, and a Merging Taper

What is the length of tapers?

150ft for the Shifting Taper & Downstream Taper.
The Merging Taper requires 295ft.

How many channeling devices are needed?

5+5, 9 for the Merging Taper

What it the distance between cones ?

40ft in the Tapers & 80ft along the buffer & workspace

Between signs?
350ft.
What signs will you need?

On the north bound side:

Road work ahead, lane shift, end road work.
On the south bound side:
Road Work Ahead, Left Lane Closed Ahead, Merge Right.
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A
B
C
N
SPEED
LIMIT
ft. W E 40

F
taper
S

Sign legend

A=

ft max B=
taper
C=

Work Zone
D=

E=

Buffer F & G=
ft

Cone offset:
downstream taper
merging, shifting taper=
ft
taper

D
Lane width is 11 ft.
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Exercise: Let’s take a look at and think about the following questions.

1. To determine if they are qualified, what questions will you ask flagger applicants?

Work experience____________________________________________________

Examples of dealing with people________________________________________

Are you physically able to perform the job function__________________________

Will you do a company provided hearing test.______________________________

Questions the have somewhat complex answers___________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. Where else might you check to get information which would be helpful to
determine whether or not to hire?
Former employer (if you can get them)____________________________________

Driving record_______________________________________________________

Supervisor if within your company_______________________________________

Personnel records if in your company____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

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The hand signaling devices not only have required design dimensions, but have
required methods of use. These methods are designed to keep the flagger
out of the way of traffic, and yet give the traffic direct visible guidance as to the
action which the flagger is desiring. It is very important to know how to use the
STOP/SLOW paddles and flags correctly. The most important thing all flaggers
must remember is to NEVER place your body or any part of your body in the
path of a motor vehicle.

Exercise: Time to get the team together and determine what description, (a, b, or
c) matches which instruction in each of these situations.

1. To stop traffic- ___c____

2. To direct stopped traffic to proceed- ___b____

3. To alert of slow traffic- ____a____

a. The flagger shall face traffic with the SLOW sign paddle held in a stationary
position with the arm extended horizontally away from the body. The flagger
may motion up and down with the free hand, palm down, indicating that the vehicle
should slow down.

b. The flagger shall face traffic with the SLOW sign paddle held in a stationary
position with the arm extended horizontally away from the body. The flagger should
motion with the free hand for traffic to proceed.

c. The flagger shall face traffic and extend the STOP sign paddle in a stationary
position with the arm extended horizontally away from the body. The free arm
should be raised with the palm toward approaching traffic.

Remember to leave yourself an Escape Route.

Thank You!

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Appendix
Page

Supervisors check list.............................................................................................52

Fundamental Principles of Planning..................................................................53-54

Who to call for flagging course information.............................................................55

Formula for calculating a taper.........................................................................…...56

OTTCH: Spotter performance guidelines.............………………………………….. 57

28 tips to a safer worksite............................................................................…58-60

WE VALUE YOUR COMMENTS: Please complete the Survey

on page 61

Thanks for attending, hope to see you at another workshop

soon!

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Supervisors check list

1. Is there a written traffic control plan?

2. Do traffic control devices conform with the MUTCD?

3. Does traffic flow smoothly and safely, are there any “symptoms”?

4. Are workers safely protected from traffic?

5. Are provisions for pedestrians adequate?

6. Are equipment, materials, workers, and vehicles kept away from traffic?

7. Is advance warning appropriate to work in progress?

8. Is design and maintenance of temporary bypass or detour adequate

(including the posting of directional signs)?

9. Is traffic protected from abrupt drop-off?

10. Are temporary pavement markings used effectively?

11. Are old pavement stripes obliterated?

12. Are traffic control devices properly positioned, in sound condition, and
well maintained?

13. Are flaggers used as needed, using appropriate equipment, and

performing well?

14. Are permanent traffic control devices covered or turned off when they
conflict with temporary traffic control at the worksite?

15. Are signs properly reflectorized and readable?

16. Are signs covered or removed when out of use?

17. Are hazards properly shielded?

18. Are adequate signs and barricades at intersections?

19. Are there provisions made for the movement of emergency vehicles?

20. Have you driven through the traffic safety zone to determine for yourself
whether it works?
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Fundamental Principles for Planning

The following is a list of 15 principles to remember when planning,

setting up, and maintaining a traffic control zone.

1. Safety is primary. Use whatever controls are necessary to be sure

traffic, pedestrians, and workers will be safe.

2. Signs need to be seen to be obeyed. Increase the size or height of the

signs to make them more visible. Portable signs should be at least 1 ft.
above the roadway.

3. Larger and taller devices are more visible than those that are minimum
sizes.

4. Increase the length of the warning area when traffic is backed up, when
there is a curve, hill or other obstruction, and on high-speed, high-volume
roads.

5. Allow room for the buffer space for additional protection of traffic and
workers.

6. Remind drivers to use caution on long areas. The work zone should be
no longer than necessary to accommodate the work which must be done.
Driver delay and the potential for accidents are also considerations.
Additional safety and warning is needed when traffic is diverted into
lanes normally used by opposing traffic.

7. Channeling devices should break or collapse when hit. Do not use

concrete or other materials that may be hazardous on devices. Do not
use rigid bracing for barricades.

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Fundamental Principles for Planning

8. Most warning signs are diamond-shaped. Rectangular “Road Work

Ahead” signs are not acceptable, for example. For exceptions to the
diamond shape requirement, see Section 6B-13 of the MUTCD.

9. All devices used at night should be reflectorized or illuminated.

10. Remove confusing pavement markings as soon as practical. Pavement

markings serve as a primary source of guidance for drivers. Use temporary
markings that can be easily removed to outline a new path.

11. If warning lights are to be used, use steady burning lights for
channelization and flashing lights for warning.

12. Use barriers whenever there is a need for positive protection as

determined by an engineering analysis.

13. Periodically inspect the devices. Repair or replace any damaged or

missing devices. All devices should be clean.

14. Keep accurate records. If an accident occurs, make note of it,

including whether or not any control devices were involved and what
devices were used before and after the accident.

15. Do not mislead the public. Remove or cover all signs or devices that
are not in use.

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Where to get: Flagging Course Information

Evergreen Safety Council (for Oregon and Washington)

401 Pontius Avenue, North
Seattle, WA 98109
1-800-521-0778

Chemeketa Community College (for Oregon only)

Training and Economic Development (TED) Center
365 Ferry Street, S.E.
Salem, Oregon 97302
1-503-399-5181

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L = Taper length in feet

The formula
for a taper: W = Width of offset in feet
S = posted speed
2
40 mph or less .................. L= W S
60
45 mph or greater ............. L = W x S

Merging Taper: L Minimum

Shifting Taper: 1/2 L Minimum

Shoulder Taper 1/3 L Minimum

Two-Way Traffic Taper: 50-100’ Maximum

Downstream Taper: 100’ Maximum

For Example:

In order to calculate the taper length you will need to know the width of the lane,
and the posted speed. In this example the lane width is 12 feet, the posted
speed is 35. The formula would be 12 x 35 2 or 12 x 1,225 = 14,700 = 245 feet.
60 60
So using the above taper specifications:

• Merging taper the length would be 245 feet

• Shifting taper length would be 245 = 123 feet.

2
• Shoulder taper length would be 245 = 82 feet
3

*(Or to really make it easy, look at the chart on page 14)

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1.54 Spotter Guidelines:

A spotter‘s sole duty is to provide immediate warning of approaching
vehicles, equipment, or other hazards. A spotter is typically used for brief
roadwork (See Section 200). The use of a spotter may enhance the safety
and efficiency of both road users and workers. Typical work requiring a
12
spotter includes debris removal, tagging of survey markers, or marking utility
lines.
A spotter does not control traffic.
Consider using a spotter when:
• The work activity is short, i.e. 15 minutes or less.
• Workers must have their backs to traffic or other hazards.
• Traffic does not need to be controlled for safe access to the work space
so that work in the road may coincide with gaps in the traffic.
• There is at least ten feet of clearance between the work vehicle and the
centerline (See Diagram 200).
• Sight distances are limited by vegetation or other conditions.
• Traffic speeds are high.
Using Warning Devices: If a spotter is not within visual or verbal contact of
employee an air-horn, two-way radio, or other warning device shall be used.
Alerting Call or Device: The ‘Alert Call’ shall be agreed upon by all affected
parties prior to use of a spotter and shall be clearly heard above all
surrounding noise levels.
Escape Route: A predetermined escape route for each spotter and the
protected employee(s) shall be established prior to beginning work.
Commencement of work: The spotter shall be in place and prepared to
issue alerts before the work operation begins.

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28 WORK ZONE SAFETY TIPS

Designed by a special Washington DOT Work Zone Safety Task Force

which examined work zone safety in the state after several fatal accidents
occurred.

Worker Protection

1. Review and update work zone safety apparel. Use high-visibility vests or
individual strobe lights. Wear high visibility rain suits when needed.

2. Use more innovative devices such as water filled barriers, transfer/transport

vehicle barriers, and truck mounted attenuators. Find innovative ways to fund
the purchase.

3 Be sure at least one DOT or contractor employee at each site has and can use
a two way communication device.

New Products

4. Continue testing new work zone safety devices, including SHRP’s portable
speed bumps and light stop paddles; warning lights on vehicles, signs, flagging
vests, and barriers; intrusion alarms, tubes and detectors; and radar detection
triggering devices.

Education

5. Initiate partnering with the public to heighten driver awareness of work zone
activities and problems. This includes Give ‘em a Brake programs and positive
public service statements about projects.

6. Distribute information about effective work zone devices to maintenance

superintendents, project engineers, and others.

7. Communicate project locations, start dates, and completion dates to the media
and various associations.

8. Add work zone safety related materials to driver’s license manuals and tests.

9. In urban areas, develop a public relations campaign to publicize driver

responsibility and risk in the work zone.

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28 WORK ZONE SAFETY TIPS

Education

10. Heighten driver awareness of proper driving procedures and rules while
in a work zone, as well as penalties for speeding, violating work zone rules, and
so on.

11. Develop a work zone safety slide show for public use.

12. Add work zone safety information to driver’s training classes.

Operating Procedures

13. Use a committee to establish recommended work zone practices, device

use, and procedures.

14. Look at alternative messages on the stop/slow sign.

15. Find ways to fund review recommendations.

Traffic Control/Design

16. Be sure contractors meet their responsibilities, including site patrol and
maintenance, traffic control, site monitoring, and personnel safety training.

17. Review routine night time traffic control.

18. Establish a priority/evaluation checklist process early in the project design

stage. This includes proposed traffic diversion, night work, positive barriers, pilot
cars, staging of multiple projects, and number of contract working days.

19. Designate (at the district level) an office or individual to prepare all work
zone traffic control plans, coordinate field application, review field operations, and
maintain consistency of plans.

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28 WORK ZONE SAFETY TIPS

Training

20. Set up a work zone supervisor course.

21. Provide more emphasis on work zones in safety meetings.

22. Develop a personnel class on the basics of work zone safety meetings.

23. Expand state regulations for flagger certification to include certification of

flagging instructions.

24. Develop a work zone safety program that teaches the basics of plan design.

Reporting

25. Establish a way for the Major Accident Investigation Team to notify the Laborers
Health and Safety Fund of North America regarding serious work zone accidents
for further investigation.

26. Develop a statewide incident reporting and tracking system.

27. More clearly define a work zone for consistency in reporting accidents.

28. Work with the legislature and others to make work zones safer by supporting
helpful legislation.

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In Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),
this publication is available in alternative formats by calling the
OR-OSHA Public Relations Manager at (503) 378-3272 (V/TTY).