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*
Adm. Case No. MTJ­92­643.November 27, 1992.

LOUIS VUITTON S.A., complainant, vs. JUDGE

FRANCISCO DIAZ VILLANUEVA, Presiding Judge,
Branch 36, The Metropolitan Trial Court at Quezon City,
Metro Manila, respondent.

Judicial Ethics; Judges; Knowingly rendering an unjust

judgment.—The sole issue for consideration of this Court is
whether or not respondent judge is guilty of knowingly rendering
a manifestly unjust judgment. The Revised Penal Code holds a
judge liable for knowingly rendering a manifestly unjust
judgment. Article 204 thereof provides: Any judge who shall
knowingly render an unjust judgment in a case submitted to him
for decision shall be punished x x x.

Same; Same; Same; Doctrine of res ipsa loquitur; Malice and

bad faith still have to be proved.—That doctrine, however, is not
applicable to the case at bar. In similar administrative cases
separately filed against Judge Liwag and Judge Dizon, We have
ruled that: “In these res ipsa loquitur resolutions, there was on
the face of the assailed decisions, an inexplicable grave error
bereft of any redeeming feature, a patent railroading of a case to
bring about an unjust decision, or a manifestly deliberate intent
to wreak (sic) an injustice against a hapless party. The facts
themselves, previously proven or admitted, were of such a
character as to give rise to a strong inference that evil intent was
present. Such intent, in short, was clearly deducible from what
was already of record. The res ipsa loquitur doctrine does not
except or dispense with the necessity of proving the facts on which
the inference of evil intent is based. It merely expresses the clearly
sound and reasonable conclusion that when such facts are
admitted or are already shown by the record, and no credible
explanation that would negative the strong inference of evil intent
is forthcoming, no further hearing to establish them to support a
judgment as to the culpability of a respondent is necessary.

Same; Same; Reprimand for delay in promulgation of

judgment.—Thus,when asked to explain the clearly gross
ignorance of law or the grave misconduct irresistibly reflecting on
their integrity, the respondent Judges were completely unable to
give any credible explanation or to raise reasonable doubt x x x.”

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_____________

* EN BANC.

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Louis Vuitton S.A. vs. Villanueva

ADMINISTRATIVE CASE in the Supreme Court.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

          Quasha, Asperilla, Ancheta, Peña & Nolasco for
complainant.

CAMPOS, JR., J.:

This is a complaint filed by Louis Vuitton, S.A.,

represented by counsel, Quasha Asperilla Ancheta Peña
and Nolasco Law Office, against Judge Francisco Diaz
Villanueva of the Metropolitan Trial Court of Quezon City,
Branch 36, on the ground that the latter knowingly
rendered a manifestly unjust judgment.
This Court finds the following facts as relevant:
In Criminal Case No. XXXVI­62431, entitled “People of
the Philippines vs. Jose V. Rosario”, Louis Vuitton, S.A.
accused the latter of unfair competition as defined by
paragraph 1 of Article 189, Revised Penal Code. The
information stated:

“x x x the above named accused, as owner/proprietor of Manila

COD Department Store x x x did then and there, wilfully,
unlawfully and feloniously manufacture, distribute, sell and offer
for sale lady’s bags, should (sic) bags, wallets, purses and other
similar goods made of leather with the labels, trademarks and
logo of ‘LOUIS VUITTON’ and ‘LV’, which are exclusive
trademarks owned and registered with the Philippine Patent
Office in the name of private complainant LOUIS VUITTON S.A.
x x x thus, giving to them the general appearance of goods or
products of said private complainant, or such appearance which
would be likely to induce the public to believe that said goods
offered are those of private complainant, in unfair competition
and for the purpose of deceiving or defrauding it of its legitimate
1
trade or the public in general x x x.”

On February 8, 1991, before judgment, prosecution filed

the Prosecution’s Memorandum with Motion found in
Annex “A” of the Complaint, where the prosecution prayed:

______________

1 Complaint, p. 2.

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Louis Vuitton S.A. vs. Villanueva

“Premises considered, it is most respectfully prayed that the

accused Jose V. Rosario be declared guilty beyond reasonable
doubt of having committed the offense described in the criminal
information against him.
In the alternative, if the accused cannot be held responsible for
the criminal information against him, it is respectfully moved
that the accused be committed to answer for the proper offense of
“giving other persons (the supposed concessionaire) a chance or
opportunity to commit unfair competition” (Section 1, Article 189
of the Revised Penal Code in conjunction with Rule 119 of the
2
1985 Rules on Criminal Procedure).”

The trial court summarized its factual findings as follows:

“From the records of the case, the evidence presented and the
arguments advanced by the parties, the Court finds that the
complaining witness in this case is the representative and
attorney­in­fact, counsel of Louis Vuitton, S.A. French Company
with business address at Paris, France; that private complainant
is suing the accused for the protection of the trade mark Louis
Vuitton and the L.V. logo which are duly registered with the
Philippine Patent Office; that on May 10, 1989, Atty. Felino
Padlan of the Quasha Law Office brought a letter to the COD
informing the latter to cease and desist from selling leather
articles bearing the trade marks Louis Vuitton and L.V. logo as
the same is the registered trade marks belonging to the private
complainant which has not authorized any person in the
Philippines to sell such articles; that on August 4, 1989,
prosecution witness, Miguel Domingo bought at the COD ladies’
bag bearing the trade mark and logo of Louis Vuitton x x x; that
again on September 6, 1989, said Mr. Domingo again bought from
the same store a wallet with a trade mark and logo of Louis
Vuitton x x x; that on September 28, 1989, the NBI, upon the
request of the Quasha Law Firm applied for a Search Warrant at
the Metropolitan Trial Court in Quezon City; that the application
was granted and the Search Warrant was issued against COD
and was enforced on the same date; that from the implementation
of the said Search Warrant, about seventy­two (72) leather
products were seized; that the accused signed the inventory of the
seized articles.
The accused, on the other hand, claimed: that he is not the
manufacturer or seller of the seized articles; that the said articles

______________

2 Prosecution’s Memorandum and Motion, p. 54.

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were sold in the store by a concessionaire by the name of Erlinda

Tan who is doing business under the name of Hi­Tech bags and
3
wallets.”

In acquitting the accused, the trial court gave the following

reasons:

“From all the foregoing, considering that the accused denied being
the manufacturer or seller of the seized articles, it is incumbent
upon the prosecution to prove that said articles are owned and
being sold by the accused. The prosecution relied as their evidence
against the accused the inventory which was signed by him
(accused) with a notation under his signature
“owner/representative”. An examination of the inventory x x x
would show that the same was a prepared form of the NBI and
that the accused was made to sign only on the space on the
typewritten word owner/representative. Aside from this, no other
evidence was presented by the prosecution to show that there is a
link between the manufacturer of the seized goods and the
accused. Further, when the case was filed with the Prosecutor’s
Office, it stated the name of the accused as the owner of the COD,
but from the evidence presented, it appears that the accused is
not the owner but the stockholder and the executive­vice
president thereof.
The prosecution evidence show that long before the raid of
September 28, 1989, surveys have been caused to be made by the
Quasha Law Firm, not only at the COD but also in other
department stores as far as Baguio City and Cebu City; that these
seized products were being sold not only at COD but also in some
big deparmtnet (sic) store such as Cash and Carry. They could
have easily verified from the Securities and Exchange
Commission who the actual officers of the COD [are] to be
charged, but the prosecution did not do this and relied only on the
inventory of the seized goods prepared by the NBI agents with the
typewritten word owner/representative.
With respect to the seized goods, the test of unfair competition
is whether the goods have been made to appear that will likely
deceive the ordinary purchaser exercising ordinary care. The
seized goods which were marked as exhibits and presented to the
Court would easily show that there was no attempt on the part of
the manufacturer or seller to pass these goods as products of
Louis Vuitton. From the price tags attached to a seized bag, it
could be seen that the article carried a price tag of ONE
HUNDRED FORTY­SEVEN (P147.00) PESOS, whereas, upon
examination of the expert witness presented

_______________

3 MTC Decision, pp. 6­7.

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by the prosecution, he testified that a genuine bag of Louis

Vuitton would cost about FOUR THOUSAND (P4,000.00) PESOS
to FIVE THOUSAND (P5,000.00) PESOS. It is apparent that the
seized articles did not come close to the appearance of a genuine
Louis Vuitton product. Further, the buckle of the bag also carries
the logo of Gucci, another trade mark. From the appearance of all
the seized goods, it is very apparent that these goods were
roughly done. The quality and textures of the materials used are
of low quality that an ordinary purchases (sic) exercising ordinary
[care] will easily determine that they were locally manufactured
and will not pass as a (sic) genuine Louis Vuitton products. From
these, the Court finds that the prosecution failed to prove that the
essential elements of unfair competition, to wit:

a. That the offender gives his goods the general appearance

of the goods of another manufacturer or dealer;
b. That the general appearance is shown in the (1) goods
themselves, or in the (2) wrapping of their packages, or in
the (3) device or words therein, or in (4) any other feature
of their a (sic) appearance.

These elements, to the mind of the Court are absent in this

case.
Further finally, the prosecution filed this case against accused
Jose V. Rosario in his personal capacity and not as an officer of
the Manila COD Department Store, which is a corporation, and
4
has a separate legal personality.”

In the complaint, complainant pointed out that the

respondent Judge did not consider the motion of February
11, 1990. This omission of respondent judge allegedly
constituted a clear and gross violation of his ministerial
duty in order to allow the accused to escape criminal
liability. Furthermore, complainant claimed that the
respondent judge’s failure to resolve the motion exposed his
gross ignorance of the law. Section 11, Rule 119 of the 1985
Rules on Criminal Procedure states:

Section 11. When mistake has been made in charging the proper
offense.—When it becomes manifest at any time before judgment,
that a mistake has been made in charging the proper offense, and
the accused cannot be convicted of the offense charged, or of any
other offense necessarily included therein, the accused shall not
be dis­

______________

4 Id., at pp. 7­8.

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charged, if there appears to be good cause to detain him. In such

case, the court shall commit the accused to answer for the proper
information charged.

Complainant also assailed respondent judge’s findings that

there was no unfair competition because the elements of
the crime were not met, and that the seized articles did not
come close to the appearance of a genuinie Louis Vuitton
product, the counterfeit items having been poorly done.
According to complainant, in making such conclusions,
respondent judge ignored the ruling in Converse 5
Rubber
Corp. vs. Jacinto Rubber & Plastics Co., Inc., that “the
statute on unfair competition extends protection to the
goodwill of a manufacturer or dealer”.
Thirdly, complainant criticized respondent judge for his
failure to consider the alleged lack of credibility of Felix
Lizardo, the lone witness for the defense, in rendering the
assailed decision.
Lastly, complainant pointed out that respondent judge
violated the constitutional mandate that decisions should
be rendered within three (3) months from submission of the
case. It appeared that the decision was dated June 28, 1991
but it was promulgated only on October 25, 1991.
In response to the forgoing accusations, respondent
judge set forth in his comment that:

1. The evidence of the prosecution was not sufficient

to sustain the conclusion that Jose V. Rosario was
guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The evidence did
not prove all the elements of the offense charged.
He added that in deciding criminal cases, the trial
court relies not on the weakness of the accused’s
evidence but on the strength of the evidence
submitted by the prosecution.
2. His alleged failure to act on the motion was due to
the prosecutor’s failure to point out to the court
before judgment was rendered that a mistake was
made in charging the proper offense. He also added
that the prosecutor’s evidence did not also manifest
this mistake.

Citing the conclusion of the Prosecution’s Memorandum

with

______________

5 97 SCRA 158 (1980).

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Motion of the complainant, respondent judge averred that

the private prosecutor himself, instead of showing to the
court that the proper offense was not charged, clearly
indicated that no such mistake was committed. The cited
statement says:

“It is respectfully submitted that the prosecution has fairly proven

that the accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of having
committed the offense outlined in the criminal Information
6
against him. x x x.”

3. The prayer contained in the Prosecution’s Memorandum

with Motion should have been placed in a proper pleading.
He also said that the private prosecutor should have
conferred with public prosecutor if the former believed that
the proper offense of giving other persons a chance to
commit unfair competition would be charged against
Rosario. The failure of both public and private prosecutors
to take the appropriate action provided no reason for
respondent judge to commit the accused to answer for the
proper information.
The sole issue for consideration of this Court is whether
or not respondent judge is guilty of knowingly rendering a
manifestly unjust judgment.
The Revised Penal Code holds a judge liable for
knowingly rendering a manifestly unjust judgment. Article
204 thereof provides:

Any judge who shall knowingly render an unjust judgment in a

case submitted to him for decision shall be punished x x x.

The law requires that the (a) offender is a judge; (b) he

renders a judgment in a case submitted to him for decision;
(c) the judgment
7
is unjust; (d) he knew that
8
said judgment
is unjust. In some administrative cases decided by this
Court, We have ruled that in order to hold a judge liable, it
must be

_______________

6 Supra, note 2 at p. 53.

7 GUEVERRA, FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL LAW 426 (8th ed.,
1988).
8 Pabalan vs. Guevarra, 74 SCRA 53 (1976); In Re: Rafael C. Climaco,
55 SCRA 107 (1974).

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shown beyond reasonable doubt that the judgment is unjust

and that it was made with conscious and deliberate intent
to do an injustice.

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In this case, We are constrained to hold that

complainant failed to substantiate its claims that
respondent judge rendered an unjust judgment knowingly.
It merely relied on the failure of respondent judge to
mention the motion in the decision, on his alleged reliance
on the testimony of defense witness and on the delay in the
promulgation of the case.
But they are not enough to show that the judgment was
unjust and was maliciously rendered.
A judgment is said to be unjust when it is 9
contrary to
the standards of conduct prescribed by law. The test to
determine whether an order or judgment is unjust may be
inferred from the circumstances
10
that it is contrary to law or
is not supported by evidence.
The decision herein rests on two legal grounds: first,
that there was no unfair competition because the elements
of the crime were not sufficiently proven; second, that Jose
V. Rosario who was accused as owner/proprietor of COD
was not properly charged as his personality is distinct from
that of the COD’s.
In holding that there was no unfair competition, the
respondent judge said that “the seized articles did not come
close to 11the appearance of a genuine Louis Vuitton
product.” His pronouncement obviously had in mind the
test to determine unfair competition which 12
this Court had
laid down in the case of U.S. vs. Manuel, to wit:

“x x x whether certain goods have been clothed with an

appearance which is likely to deceive the ordinary purchaser
exercising ordinary care, x x x.”

In so finding that the seized products did not come close to

the appearance of genuine Louis Vuittons because they
were poorly done, the court considered not only their
appearance but

_______________

9 Buenavista, Jr. vs. Garcia, 187 SCRA 598 (1990).

10 Ibid.
11 Supra, note 2 at p. 8.
12 7 Phil. 221 (1906).

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Louis Vuitton S.A. vs. Villanueva

other factors as well, such as the price differences between

the real and the fake products. Complainant, on the other
hand, alleged that they were good workmanship. But, thid
Court is not in a position to review thew evidence and
thereafter conclude that the imitation was poorly or
excellently done. The findings of fact of the trial court, if
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supported by substantial
13
evidence, are binding on the
Supreme Court. Even on the assumption that the judicial
officer has erred in the appraisal evidence, he cannot be
held administratively
14
or civilly liable for his judicial
action.
The second ground which was relied upon by the trail
court in acquitting the accused finds basis inthe well­
settled doctrine that a corporation has a distinct
personality that of its stockholders/owners. A corporation is
vested by law with a personality of its own, separate and
distinct from that of its stockholders and 15from that of its
officers who manage and run its affairs. Furthermore,
Section 23 of the Corporation Code provides:

x x x the corporate powers of all corporations formed under this

code shall be exercised, all business conducted, and all property of
such corporations controlled and held by the Board of Directors x
x x.

This decision is assailed to be unjust mainly because it did

not consider the Prosecution's Memorandum with Motion
and Motion for Early Resolution filed by private prosecutor,
herein complainant, on February 8, 1991 and February 11,
1991, respectively. According to complainant, had
respondent judge taken the former motion into account, he
would not have acquitted the accused, Jose V. Rosario.
Instead, he would have been guilty for giving others an
opportunity to engage in unfair competition as prescribed
by article 189 of the Revised

______________

13 FNCB Finance vs. Estavillo, 192 SCRA 514 (1990); People vs.
Fernandez, 165 SCRA 302 (1988); Manahan vs. People, 167 SCRA 1
(1988).
14 Pabalan vs. Guevarra, supra, note 8.
15 Villanueva, et. al. vs. NLRC, G.R. 80374, June 17, 1991; Sulo ng
Bayan, Inc. vs. Araneta, Inc., 72 SCRA 347 (1976); De Borja vs. Vasquez,
74 Phil. 560 (1944).

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Penal Code.
Respondent judge's judgement cannot be rendered
unjust by this alone
In the first place, it would not have made any difference
because Jose V. Rosario was charged as owner/proprietor.
COD is not a single proprietorship but one that is run and
owned by a corporation, Rosario bros., Inc., of which the
accused is a stockholder and Executive Vice­President. A
stockholder generally does not have a hand in the
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management of the corporate affairs. On the other hand,

the Vice­President
16
has no inherent power to bind the
corporation. As a general 17
rule, his duties must be
specified in the by­laws. In the criminal case, the
information did not specify his duties as Executive Vice­
President. The trial court had no basis for holding that as
such, the accused entered into a contract with
theconcessionaire thereby giving the latter an opportunity
to practice unfair competition. Whereas, Section 23 of the
corporation Code is explicit that the directors, acting as a
body, exercise corporate powers and conduct the
corporation's business. The board has the sole power and
responsibility to decide whether a 18
corporation should enter
into a contract or perform any act. The amendment of the
charge, as proposed by the private prosecutor, would not in
any way affect the application of the doctrine that the
corporation has a personalitydistinct from that of its
owners.
Moreover, the finding of the trial court that ther is no
unfair competition renders the consideration of the notions
insignificant. If there was unfair competition, so would
there be no offense of giving others an opprtunity to engage
in unfair competition since there was no unfair competition
to begin with.
Herein complainant also failed to prove malice and
deliberate intent on the part of respondent judge to
perpetrate an unjustice. We hereby quote the decision of
this Honorable Court

_______________

16 SANTOS, CORPORATE MANAGEMENT AND LAW IN THE

PHILIPPINES 76 (1987).
17 Ibid.
18 CAMPOS, JR. AND LOPEZ­CAMPOS, THE CORPORATION CODE
341 (v. 1, 1991).

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Louis Vuitton S.A. vs. Villanueva
19
in Sta Maria vs. Ubay, stating that:

"x x x complainant failed to show any unmistakable indication

that bad faith motivated the alleged unjust actuations of the
respondent judge x x x. Absent, thus, any positive evidence on
record that the respondent judge rendered judgement in question
with conscious and deliberate intent to do an injustice, the x x x
charge of the complainant must fall."
20
In Mendoza vs. Villaluz, this court has also held:

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"x x x it is a fundamental rule of long standing that a judicial

officer when required to exercise his judgement or discretion is
not criminally liable for any error he commits provided he acts in
good faith, that in the absence of malice or any wrongful conduct x
x x for "no one, called upon to try the facts or interpret the law in
the process of administering justice can be infallible in his
judgement," and "to hold a judge administratively accountable for
every erroneous ruling or decision he renders assuming that he
has erred, would be nothing short of harrasment or would make
his position unbearable"."

This pronouncement has been reiterated

21
by Us in the case
of Miranda vs. Judge Manalastas, where We said:

"Well established is the rule that mere errors in the appreciation

of evidence, unless so gross and patent as to produce and
inference of ignorance or bad faith, or that the judge knowingly
rendered an unjust decision, are irrelevant and immaterial in
administrative proceedings against him. No one called upon to try
the facts or interpret the law in the process of administering
justice is infallible in his judgement. All that is expected of him is
that he follow the rules prescibed to ensure a fair and impartial
hearing, assess the different factors that emerge therefrom and
bear on the issues presented, and on the basis of the conclusions he
find established, with only his conscience and knowledge of the
law to guide him, adjudicate the case accordingly.x x x. If in

_______________

19 87 SCRA 179 (1978).

20 106 SCRA 664 (1981).
21 A.M. MTJ­88­159, December 21 1989, citing Vda. de Zabala vs. Hon. Manuel
Pamaran, 39 SCRA 430 (1971).

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Louis Vuitton S.A. vs. Villanueva

the mind of the respondent, the evidence for the defense was
entitled to more weight and credence, he cannot be held to
account administratively for the result of his ratiocination. For
that is the very essence of judicial inquiry: otherwise hte burdens
of judicial office will be intolerable." (italics supplied)

A judge cannot be subjected to liability—civil, criminal, or

administrative—for any of his official acts,22 no matter how
erroneous,23as long as he acts in good faith. In Pabalan vs.
Guevarra, the Supreme Court spoke of the rationale for
this immunity. We held, thus:

"x x x "it is a general principle of the highest importance to the

proper administration of justice that a judicial officer, in
exercising the authority vested in him, shall be free to act upon
his own convictions, without apprehension of personal

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consequences to himself." This concept of Judicial immunity rests

upon consideration of public policy, its purpose being to preserve
the integrity and independence of the judiciary."

Still, complainant wants Us to apply the Res Ipsa Loquitur

Doctrine as24applied bythis Court in the cases of People
25
vs.
Valenzuela; Cathay 26
Pacific Airways vs. Romillo; In Re:
Wenceslao Laureta; and 27 Consolidated Bank and Trust
Corporation vs. Capistrano.
That Doctrine, however, is not applicable to the case at
bar. In similar administrative
28
cases 29separately filed
against Judge Liwag and Judge Dizon, We have ruled
that:

______________

22 Valdez vs. Valera, 81 SCRA 246 (1978).

23 Supra, note 8, citing Alzua and Arnalot vs. Johnson, 21 Phil. 308,
337­338 (1912) and Gammel vs. Ernst and Ernst, 245 Minn. 249, N.W. 2d.
364, 54 A.L.R. 2d. 316.
24 135 SCRA 712 (1985).
25 142 SCRA 262 (1986).
26 149 SCRA 570 (1987).
27 159 SCRA 47 (1988).
28 Pilipinas Bank vs. Tirona­Liwag, 190 SCRA 834 (1991).
29 In Re: Petition for the Dismissal from Service and/or Disbarment of
Judge Baltazar R. Dizon, 173 SCRA 719 (1989).

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Louis Vuitton S.A. vs. Villanueva

"In these res ipsa loquitor resolutions, there was on the face of the
assailed decisions, an inexplicable grave error bereft of any
redeeming feature, a patent railroading of a case to bring about
an unjust decision, or a manifestly deliberate intent to wreak (sic)
an injustice against a hpless party. The facts themselves,
previously proven or admitted, were of such a character as to give
rise to a strong inference that evul intent was present. Such
intent, in short, was clearly deducible from what was already of
record. The res ipsa loquitor doctrine does not except or dispense
with the necessity of proving the facts on which the inference of evil
intent is based. It merely expresses the clearly sound and
reasonable conclusion that when such facts are admitted or are
already shown by the record, and no crediblle explanation that
would negative the strong inference of evil intent is forthcoming,
no further hearing to establish them to support a judgement as to
the culpability of a respondent is necessary.
Thus,when asked to explain the clearly gross ignorance of law
or the grave misconduct irresistibly reflecting on their integrity,
the respondent Judges were completely unable to give any
credible explanation or to raise reasonable doubt x x x.” (italics
supplied).
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Thus, even granting that res ipsa loquitur is appreciable,

complainant still has to present proof of malice and bad
faith. Respondent judge, on the other hand, may raise good
faith as a defense. That good faith is a defense to the
charge of knowingly
30
rendering an unjust judgment remains
to be the law. He is also given the chance to explain his
acts and if such explanation is credible, the court may
absolve him of the charge.
In this case, We find that the facts and the explanation
rendered by Judge Villanueva justify his absolution from
the charge. However, while he is held to be not guilty, he
should avoid acts which tend to cast doubt on his integrity.
Moreover, his delay in the promulgation of this case
deserves a reprimand from this Court as it is contrary to
the mandate of our Constitution which enshrines the right
of the litigants to a speedy disposition of their cases.
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, this complaint
is hereby DISMISSED for lack of merit. Considering the
delay in the promulgation of the decision of this case by
respondent judge, a reprimand is in order.

_____________

30 Ibid.

134

134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Bustamante vs. Commissioner on Audit

SO ORDERED.

          Narvasa (C.J.), Gutierrez, Jr., Cruz, Feliciano,

Padilla, Bidin, Griño­Aquino, Regalado, Davide, Jr.,
Romero, Nocon, Bellosillo and Melo, JJ., concur.

Complaint dismissed.

Notes.—A judge is not liable for eroneous decision in

the absence of malice or wrongful conduct in rendering it
(Villamor vs. Salas, 203 SCRA 540).
It was the duty of respondent judge to take note of the
cases submitted for decision and see to it that the same are
decided within the ninety­day period. (Adriano vs. Sto.
Domingo, 202 SCRA 446).

——o0o——

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