Parametric Cycle Analysis of Real Turbojet

Parametric Cycle Analysis of
Real Turbojet
© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.
Introduction
• Parametric cycle analysis of a real turbojet

• Parametric cycle analysis of a real turbojet with
afterburner

Introduction
• Parametric cycle analysis of ideal gas turbine engine:

– Engine components are idealized and
– Working fluid is assumed to behave as a perfect gas with
constant cp
– Analysis of engine performance trends
• Component Performance:
– Variation of specific heat with temperature and fuel/air ratio
– More realistic assumptions, e.g. component losses
– Developed figures of merit of various engine components
Real Engines
• Parametric cycle analysis of real engines:

–Equations for different engine cycles
–Determine their performance
–Determine the effects of real components with losses
Source: The Jet Engine (1986) by Rolls Royce plc,

Parametric Cycle Analysis of Real Engines
• Assume one-dimensional flow

• Similar cycle analysis as ideal engine except
– Variation of specific heats : cpc and cpt for upstream and
downstream of the combustor respectively
– Inclusion of component losses,
– Mass flow of fuel through components
– Pressure at exhaust nozzle is not necessarily atmospheric
Real Turbojet
© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. Source: “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly
Ideal Turbojet
T-s Diagram for Ideal Turbojet Engine
Real Turbojet
T-s Diagram for Real Turbojet Engine
Real Turbojet
Real Turbojet
Real Turbojet
Effect of ec on Turbojet Cycle

R-1, Example 7.3
Mission
consideration:
Short range As πc increases, the effect of
interceptor - Low πc engine losses increases.
preferred for high
F/ṁ0 as compressor
size is small and
weight is reduced
Long-range
Optimum πc is transport –
affected by ec prefer high πc
to give lower
S for
operating
efficiency
Source: Example 7.3

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved. “Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly
Effect of Nozzle Off-Design Conditions
R-1, Example 7.3

πc = 16; ec = 0.92
Effect of slight exit

pressure mismatch is
small
0.8 1.2
Source: Example 7.3

“Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack D. Mattingly
Effect of Speed on Real Turbojet
Note: thrust for real engine

falls faster at high M0 than f
Source: Example 7.4

Effect of Speed on Real Turbojet
R-1, Example 7.4
• S increases exponentially since

Real cycle thrust for real engine falls to
zero at high M0 before f does
• Thermal efficiency at high M0 is
zero for real engine but
increases in ideal engine
Source: Example 7.4

Effects of Component Losses on Performance

Performance
Ideal Turbojet Real Turbojet
Parameter
Specific Maximum ⁄ occur Similar variation
Thrust, ⁄ at a higher
Similar magnitude
Goes to zero at high Maximum ⁄ occur at a lower
(for same )
Goes to zero at high with lower
Thrust Specific Lower S Higher S

Fuel Decreases with Decreases to an minimum, then increases with
Consumption, increasing
increasing
S Increases with velocity, and rapidly towards infinity at

high
Fuel/Air Ratio, Lower f Higher f due to increase in cp, combustor inefficiency
f and higher combustor exit massflow ( + )
Propulsive Lower Slightly higher due to lower exhaust velocity

Efficiency,
Thermal Higher Lower
Efficiency, Goes to zero at high for engine with high
Overall Higher Lower due to lower

Efficiency,

Real Turbojet with Afterburner
Figure 6-4 Station Numbering of an Afterburning Turbojet Engine

(adapted from R-1, page 399)
Input:
Output:
Refer to Study Guide for equations
Effects of Afterburning
• Afterburner
increases both
specific thrust and
fuel consumption
• Magnitude of
increases depend on
πc
• πc is important in gas
turbine engine
design
• Mission type dictates
πc choice
Figure 6-6 Performance of Turbojet Engine with and w/o Afterburner
Summary
• Concept and methodology of parametric cycle

analysis of a real turbojet, without and with
afterburning
• Effects of assumptions and losses on engine
performance
• Effects of afterburning on turbojet output
Reflection Question
• Perform a parametric cycle analysis on a turbojet

engine, using the input from Example 7.1 (pages
387 – 389) of the reference, “Elements of
Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets” by Jack
D. Mattingly.

Parametric Cycle Analysis of Real Turbojet

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Parametric Cycle Analysis of

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.

• Parametric cycle analysis of a real turbojet

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.

• Parametric cycle analysis of ideal gas turbine engine:

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.

• Parametric cycle analysis of real engines:

Source: The Jet Engine (1986) by Rolls Royce plc,

• Assume one-dimensional flow

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.

T-s Diagram for Ideal Turbojet Engine

T-s Diagram for Real Turbojet Engine

Effect of ec on Turbojet Cycle

Source: Example 7.3

R-1, Example 7.3

Effect of slight exit

Source: Example 7.3

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.

Effect of Speed on Real Turbojet

Note: thrust for real engine

Source: Example 7.4

R-1, Example 7.4

• S increases exponentially since

Source: Example 7.4

Effects of Component Losses on Performance

Thrust Specific Lower S Higher S

S Increases with velocity, and rapidly towards infinity at

Propulsive Lower  Slightly higher  due to lower exhaust velocity

Overall Higher  Lower  due to lower 

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.

Figure 6-4 Station Numbering of an Afterburning Turbojet Engine

Refer to Study Guide for equations

Figure 6-6 Performance of Turbojet Engine with and w/o Afterburner

• Concept and methodology of parametric cycle

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.

• Perform a parametric cycle analysis on a turbojet

© 2015 SIM University. All rights reserved.

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Propulsive Lower Slightly higher due to lower exhaust velocity

Overall Higher Lower due to lower