Dissertation Sample

NAME: - TABREJ DELAWALA
LSM NUMBER: - 203211
SID NUMBER: - 1551416/1
AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF TOP-DOWN

COMMUNICATION ON THE EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT: A
CASE STUDY OF TESCO
Abstract
In business context, top down communication can be one of the effectual ways to certify
employee engagement with the organisation. Top down communication is the way of
communication in which the information or instructions within an organisation are
disseminated from the higher level of organisational hierarchy and the nature as well as
amount of information varies based on the level of organisational hierarchy. Appliance of
top-down communication for motivating and inspiring the employees might serve efficiently
to enhance the level of engagement of employees with the organisation and its procedures,
which is essential for improving performance of the company as a whole.
The study concerns with top-down communication procedure of Tesco Plc, thus the
organisation itself might identify its drawbacks as well as scopes regarding this aspect and
apply them for bringing perfection in their employee engagement in suitable manner. This
study could serve as a stepping-stone for numerous kinds of studies concerning the
effectiveness of top-down communication process on employee engagement, employee
satisfaction, and overall performance of the employees. After having augmented knowledge
from theoretical underpinnings and conceptual model the researcher designed sample size
including 40 low-level employees and 4 mangers from 2 different stores of Tesco using
simple random sampling limiting biases for the survey and interview. Using statistical and
mathematical calculation, numeric values have been transformed to percentage form for
further interpretation. It could be seen one way communication flow, minimal chance for
feedback and slow feedback hinders effectiveness of top-down communication so employee
engagement. The findings suggest that how feedback and access of information play crucial
roles in order to accelerate the process of employee engagement with the organisation
facilitating top-down communication.
Acknowledgement
For overseeing in right the course through the investigation, I might need to be an adequate
measure of thankful to my educational director Gayani Pathirana Besides that, I might need
to show thankfulness to my educator Gayani Pathirana who helped me all through the
examination work. I would in like manner take after my appreciation to my beginning and
end accomplices for conferring for the season of the data gathering process. Before I finish, I
have to show appreciation to all the employees and managers of Tesco who have taken an
enthusiasm for the data accumulation methodology. There is presumably without their shore
up, this endeavour would not have been completed.
Thanking You.
Yours Sincerely,
TABREJ DELAWALA
Table of content
Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................... 9
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 9
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1 Background of the topic .................................................................................................... 9
1.2.2 Background of the company ........................................................................................... 10
1.3 Rationale of the study ........................................................................................................ 11
1.4 Research aim ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.5 Research objectives ............................................................................................................ 12
1.6 Research question .............................................................................................................. 13
1.7 Research hypothesis ........................................................................................................... 13
1.8 Significance of the study.................................................................................................... 13
1.9 Structure of the dissertation ............................................................................................... 14
1.10 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 16
Literature review ...................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 16
2.2 Role of communication in business organisation .............................................................. 16
2.3 Concept of top-down communication ................................................................................ 17
2.4 Model/Theories of communication .................................................................................... 19
2.4.1 Shannon’s model ............................................................................................................. 19
2.4.2 Conversation theory ........................................................................................................ 20
2.4.3 Berlo’s model .................................................................................................................. 21
2.5 Communication challenges in modern organisation (retail) .............................................. 23
2.6 Conception of employee engagement ................................................................................ 24
2.7 Significance of employee engagement .............................................................................. 25
2.8 Model/theory of employee engagement............................................................................. 26
2.8.1 Aon Hewitt’s model ........................................................................................................ 26
2.8.2 Head down theory ........................................................................................................... 28
2.9Dispute in employee engagement ....................................................................................... 30
2.10 Strategies for employee engagement ............................................................................... 32
2.11 Relationship between Top-down communication and employee engagement ................ 33
2.12 Conceptual framework ..................................................................................................... 34
2.13 Gap in the literature ......................................................................................................... 36
2.14 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................. 37
Research Methodology ............................................................................................................ 37
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 37
3.2 Method outline ................................................................................................................... 37
3.3 Research onion ................................................................................................................... 37
3.4 Research paradigm ............................................................................................................. 38
3.4.1 Justification for the chosen research paradigm ............................................................... 39
3.5 Research approach ............................................................................................................. 39
3.5.1 Justification for the chosen research approach ............................................................... 40
3.6 Research purpose ............................................................................................................... 40
3.6.1 Justification for the chosen research purpose ................................................................. 41
3.7 Research strategy ............................................................................................................... 41
3.7.1 Justification for the chosen research strategy ................................................................. 41
3.8 Sample selection ................................................................................................................ 41
3.9 Data collection procedure .................................................................................................. 42
3.10 Data analysis plan ............................................................................................................ 43
3.11 Ethical Consideration ....................................................................................................... 43
3.12 Time table ........................................................................................................................ 44
3.13 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................. 45
Result, analysis and evaluation of findings.............................................................................. 45
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 45
4.2 Quantitative data analysis .................................................................................................. 45
4.2.1 Demographic analysis ..................................................................................................... 45
4.2.2 Analysis for objective 1 .................................................................................................. 49
4.3 Qualitative data analysis .................................................................................................... 59
4.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 62
Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................. 63
Conclusion and recommendation ............................................................................................. 63
5.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 63
5.2 Linking with the objectives ................................................................................................ 63
5.3 Recommendation ............................................................................................................... 65
5.4 Research limitations ........................................................................................................... 66
5.5 Future scope for the study .................................................................................................. 66
Reference list ........................................................................................................................... 68
Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 74
List of figure
Figure 1.1: Structure of the dissertation ................................................................................... 15

Figure 2.1: Shannon’s model ................................................................................................... 19
Figure 2.2: Berlo’s model ........................................................................................................ 22
Figure 2.3: Elements of employee engagement in Aon Hewitt’s model ................................. 27
Figure 2.4: Dispute in employee engagement.......................................................................... 31
Figure 2.5: Conceptual framework .......................................................................................... 36
Figure 3.1: Research onion ...................................................................................................... 38
Figure 3.2: Research Philosophy ............................................................................................. 39
Figure 3.3: Research approach ................................................................................................. 39
Figure 3.4: research purposes .................................................................................................. 40
Figure 3.5: Data collection procedure ...................................................................................... 43
Figure 4.1: Gender group that respondents belong to .............................................................. 46
Figure 4.2: Age group that respondents belong to ................................................................... 47
Figure 4.3: Working years with Tesco ..................................................................................... 48
Figure 4.4: impact of top-down communication system on clarity, transparency and
accountability in employee-management relationship............................................................. 50
Figure 4.5: Influence of employee engagement developed through communication on
employee productivity ............................................................................................................. 51
Figure 4.6: Tesco has used top down-communication effectively .......................................... 53
Figure 4.7: Top-down communication process in leading to intended level of employee
engagement .............................................................................................................................. 54
Figure 4.8: strategies applied in Tesco for establishing effective communication within
workforce ................................................................................................................................. 56
Figure 4.9: Drawbacks in the top-down communication process of Tesco Plc ....................... 57
Figure 4.10: Suggestion to mitigate the drawbacks ................................................................. 59
List of table
Table 4.1: Gender group that respondents belong to ............................................................... 46

Table 4.2: Age group that respondents belong to .................................................................... 47
Table 4.3: Working years with Tesco ...................................................................................... 48
Table 4.4: Impact of top-down communication system on clarity, transparency and
accountability in employee-management relationship............................................................. 49
Table 4.5: Influence of employee engagement developed through communication on
employee productivity ............................................................................................................. 51
Table 4.6: Tesco has used top down-communication effectively ............................................ 52
Table 4.7: Top-down communication process in leading to intended level of employee
engagement .............................................................................................................................. 54
Table 4.8: strategies applied in Tesco for establishing effective communication within
workforce ................................................................................................................................. 56
Table 4.9: Drawbacks in the top-down communication process of Tesco Plc ........................ 57
Table 4.10: Suggestion to mitigate the drawbacks .................................................................. 59
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
The process of communication is one of the fundamental parts of a business organisation that
contribute to the overall success of the company in considerable manner. Top-down
communication process of a business organisation emphasises upon the managerial hierarchy
and transfer of the information within the business organisation from the higher level of
management to the staff in systematic manner (Haken, 2013, p.35). Employee engagement on
the other hand can be explained as a property or element of a business organisation that
determines the relationship of the company with its employees. Engagement of the employee
with company is measured through their level of enthusiasm and involvement that an
employee exhibits with organisational processes (Shuck et al. 2013, p.12). Thus, business
organisations apply several different kinds of measures for ensuring the engagement of
employees with the organisational processes. Determination of information flow is a part of
such measures.
In this particular study, the researcher has attempted to evaluate the influence of top-down
communication and information flow upon employee engagement of a business organisation.
Two different variables of this study are top-down communication and employee
engagement. The researcher would evaluate both secondary as well as primary data relevant
to the topic for evaluating relationship between these two variables of the research. For
primary data, the researcher has approached sources from Tesco Plc. Through completion of
this chapter, the researcher intends to generate complete awareness of the knowledge that the
researcher needs to acquire for completing this study in appropriate manner.
1.2.1 Background of the topic

Top down communication is the method of communication in which the information or
instructions within an organisation are issue from the higher level of organisational hierarchy
and the nature as well as amount of information varies based on the level of organisational
hierarchy (Daft, 2012). Each tier of the organisational structure receives information from the
exactly upper level of the hierarchy. The information filters down to the employees as per the
managerial structure of the company, which proves to be effective in ensuring a systematic
flow of information, power and authority within the company. Then again, employee
engagement refers to the involvement and enthusiasm among employees of a business
organisation that enable them to feel associated with the business organisational in deeper
level which enables them to work hard for contributing to the organisational development
(Cole et al. 2012, p.1552).
Higher level of employee engagement enables the employees to associate the development
and growth of the company with own wellbeing and growth which often leads to increased
contribution in part of employee towards achievement of the organisational goals. Truss et al.
(2013, p.2657) argued that a organisation with higher level of o employee engagement stands
higher chance of improvement in business performance compared to the ones that possess
lower level of employee engagement. In addition, communication is one of the key factors
that influence the employee engagement within the company (Shuck et al. 2013, p.12).
Several different studies have emphasised on the influence of communication style of
business organisational on the employee performance. Yet, very little discussions have been
found concerning the role of communication style upon the engagement of employees with
the company. Through completion of this study, the researcher attempts to hade light upon
this aspect of the employee and company relation.
1.2.2 Background of the company

Tesco is the leading grocery and merchandise retailer of the United Kingdom that operates in
12 different countries across Asia and Europe. The organisation is headquartered is Welwyn
Garden City, Hertfordshire of England, United Kingdom. Currently the organisation
possesses leading position in the UK, Ireland, Malaysia, Hungary and Thailand’s grocery
market. Within UK, the organisation possesses 28.3% market share (Thisismoney.co.uk,
2016). As per the record of 2015, the organisation employs around 500,000 people in its
6,814 stores that are spread in 12 different countries across the world (Tescoplc.com, 2016).
For the conduction of the study, Tesco has been chosen as recently the organisation has gone
through downfall in business due to lack of authority and scope for communication in part
of the staffs during the decision-making process. The study serves as providing effectual
remedies in order to enhance appropriate communication measures to ensure employee
engagement and improve overall performance in the marketplace.
1.3 Rationale of the study
What is the research issue?
Business organisations often apply several different kinds of communication procedure for
establishing effective communication between the work force and management, which is
essential for the success of organisational procedures. As the level of involvement of
employees in the organisational procedures and decision-making process depends on the
communication process of the business organisation, thus determination of an appropriate
communication method for the company is essential for acquiring intended level of employee
engagement. Andrew and Sofian (2012, p.502) argued that top-down flow of communication
and information within the business organisation avails the organisational leaders,
opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of employees in using the information availed by the
company for improving the quality of their work. While Beer (2014, p.142) stated that such
communication procedures avails very little scope for employee feedback and both way
communication which is essential for involving the employee’s opinion in organisation’s
decision making process. Thus, it is essential to identify if top-down communication process
can develop employee engagement before applying it as communication process of the
company.
Why is it an issue?
This is an issue because determination of appropriate communication measure for the

company is essential for the achievement of organisational goals and for communicating the
disciplinary and behavioural expectations of the company from its employees (Cooren, 2012,
p.17). Conversely, the communication procedure and style also determines the level between
the organisational and its employees, which is essential for encouraging the employees of a
business organisation to engage into its process of growth (Porter and Derry, 2012, p.39).
Tesco in its organisational policies emphasises on the necessity of communicating with its
employees for establishing an effective relationship with the employees yet the organisational
communication procedures highly stress upon delivery of brief and feedback for improving
the performance of employees, which exhibits certain traits of top-down communication
during the regular interactions (Thisismoney.co.uk, 2016). The lack of scope for both way
communications might cause downfall in the morale among the employees of the company,
which might reduce their level of engagement of organisational procedure.
Why is it an issue now?

Currently the performance of the workforce of Tesco has decreased in considerable manner,
and critiques have identified this as the outcome of the lack of authority and scope for
communication in part of the staffs during the decision-making process concerning
organisational procedures (Indeed.co.uk, 2016). In 2014, the market value of the company
faced down fall by billions of pounds for which the organisation suspended four of its
executives including its MD in UK. The organisation’ market hare faced considerable level of
downfall in 2015 as according to the report of the renounced research firm Kantar its share in
the UK market reduced from 58.8% to 28.3% this might be identified as the outcome of
inappropriate communication measure undertaken by the organisation (Thisismoney.co.uk,
2016). Employees play crucial role in influencing the perception of customers towards the
business organisation through the quality of service that they avail to customers. Thus for
restricting any further downfall in the market share or sales of the company the organisation
needs to address the issue of its communication system within the organisation.
What could this research shed light on?
Completion of this research in appropriate manner would enable the researcher to identify the
potential positive as well as negative impacts of top-down communication process on the
level of engagement of employees within business organisation. This might serve effectively
in evaluating the most suitable communication process for companies such as Tesco. This
might also serve as a basis for further studies concerning the impact of top-down
communication process upon employee engagement of business organisations.
1.4 Research aim

This particular research aims to evaluate the different kinds of impacts that top-down
communication process within business organisations might influence level of employee
engagement. For gaining clear understanding of this issue, the researcher has acquired
practical examples from the sources of Tesco Plc concerning this aspect of organisational
communication and employee engagement.
1.5 Research objectives

The research objectives are as follows:
 To analyse top-down communication

 To analyse the level of employee engagement at Tesco
 To analyse the impact of top-down communication on employee engagement
 To provide recommendations to Tesco to improve its top-down communications to
ensure better employee engagement
1.6 Research question

The research questions are as follows:
 What role top-down communication plays within an organisation?

 What is the current level of employee engagement in Tesco using top-down
communication?
 How top-down communication has augmented the scope of employee engagement at
Tesco?
 What could be the effective ways to improve top-down communication in Tesco in
order to ensure better employee engagement?
1.7 Research hypothesis

The research hypotheses are as follows:
H0. Top-down communication may not have any influence on employee engagement
H1. Top-down communication might influence the level of employee engagement
1.8 Significance of the study

Over the past few years, employee engagement in Tesco has been affected negatively due to
adoption of inappropriate communication measures restricting views of employees in
decision-making. Tesco is considered as the biggest retail giant in UK, however in order to
ensure long-term sustainability it needs to implement effective communication measures so
that employee engagement is ensured as when employees are more engaged they serve more
in favour the organisation. The study identically points out those draw backs that has
restricted the effectiveness of successful communication in between staffs and management
level. Indeed, the study not only identifies those drawbacks rather it testifies effectual ways to
enhance top-down communication process with the help of in-depth research evaluating both
primary and secondary sources.
Application of top-down communication for motivating and inspiring the employees might
serve effectively in improving the level of engagement of employees with the organisation
and its procedures, which is essential for improving performance of the company as a whole
(Ruiz et al. 2014, p.332). This aspect of communication within business organisation has not
been explored exhaustively yet, which restricts the scope for applying the top-down
communication process in different types of business organisations under different
circumstances. This study could serve as a stepping-stone for several different kinds of
studies concerning the effectiveness of top-down communication process on employee
engagement, employee satisfaction, performance of the employees and hence the overall
performance of a company as well. Moreover, this study concerns with top-down
communication process of Tesco Plc, thus the organisation itself might identify its drawbacks
as well as scopes concerning this aspect and apply them for bringing improvement in their
employee engagement in appropriate manner.
1.9 Structure of the dissertation

There researcher has segregated this entire study is five different chapters. Each of these five
chapters addresses the research study from different perspectives and approaches, which
enabled the researcher to identify and evaluate different aspects and possibilities of the
research issue.
Chapter 1: Introduction
• Research aim, objectives, question and hypotheses were identified that guided rest of the research.
Chapter 2: Literature review
• Theories, concepts and models were evaluated for gaining clear understanding of the research issue
Chapter 3: Research design and methodology
• Research design, strategies and data collection methods were identified along with sampling method and data
analysis plan
Chapter 4: Result, analysis and discussion
• Both qualitative and quantitative data are presented in systematic manner and compared and analysed with the
help of secondary literature
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation
• Conclusions are drawn from analysis through linking the findings with objectives and recommendations are
availed
Figure 1.1: Structure of the dissertation
(Source: As created by author)
1.10 Summary
In this introductory chapter of the research, the researcher has attempted to identify the
purpose of this stud, through evaluation of different aspects concerning the study. First, the
researcher identified the concept of two different variables of the research and the manner in
which they might be related long with the background of the company. Then the researcher
evaluated the research issues and its relevance in the current business environment for which
the researcher highlighted the current challenges that the company has faced which might be
the outcome of inappropriate application of communication measures and employee
engagement processes in the organisation. In this chapter, the researcher has identified the
aims and objectives of this research along with the research objectives that would guide the
entire process of this research study. By the end of this chapter, the researcher identified
significance of this study and the structure that the researcher intends to follow during this
particular study. In the following chapter, the researcher has evaluated different theories,
concepts and models that are relevant to, two different variables of this particular research.
Chapter 2
Literature review
2.1 Introduction
Conducting review on existing literature seems to be beneficial for this study, as it would
enrich the understanding of the research issues and the notion of top-down communication
and employee engagement (Amaladoss and Manohar 2013, p.80). Through this chapter, the
researcher has aspired to evaluate the concerned model and theories related with the research
variables in order to get the successful completion of the study. As the research topic is about
the communication and the employee engagement, therefore, it has been aspired to highlight
the area of these two variables with the relevant to the theories and models in a significant
approach. Researcher has hoped that the study and the consequences would help the future
researchers to get the effectual evaluation for the topic.
2.2 Role of communication in business organisation

In order to maintain a business organisation it has been necessary to incorporate certain
employees along with the proper management to get the best effectual consequences of the
business. Hence, if in the setting of the business organisation there would not be any types of
the communication between the employees and the management or the administration, then
as a result misunderstanding would definitely take place. Breevaart et al. (2014, p.157)
notified that in the recent context of the business, most of the organisation needs to conduct
various campaign, various strategies for improving their entire service by creating a strong
relationship with the customers for the betterment of the business. It has been observed that
most of the communication happens among the various organisations. Therefore, it is crucial
part to have an effectual communication procedure in the organisational setting.
Clutterbuck and Hirst (2012, p.78) remarked that communication can be considered as an art
to connect with each of the employees of the concerned organisation or might be the other
organisation as well. The managers of the organisation in modern context should inculcate
this art. Thus, it can be said that, communication could help the managers of the organisation
to execute their responsibilities towards their employees and organisation as well. However,
Beer (2014, p.143) commented if a manager is to implement or recognise any strategies or
requirement of the strategies, then that managerial figure must communicate with the other
managerial bodies or the employees to discuss about it. On the other side, the managers must
communicate with their subordinates to maintain the job task within the organisational setting
or to set the team goals to accomplish it, which is somewhat impossible without any types of
communication. Therefore, as a result the successful implementation of the strategies could
enhance the service offered by them to the customers.
In this context Shuck and Herd (2012, p.30) has mentioned about two internal
communication that include Top-down and bottom-up communication. On one hand, top-
down communication provides the increasing application of the various workplace
communications in order to make the employees aware regarding their availability,
accessibility with the management supports and programme values (Cooren, 2012, p.20). On
the other hand, bottom up communication describes the requirements of employees, their
perspective regarding the job task and their valuable opinion. From this very aspect, it can be
concluded that with the incorporation of both communication have been very fruitful to
accomplish the organisational objective in very noteworthy comportment.
In this framework to have the understanding regarding the employee communication

strategies, that organisation could implement in the business settings. Welch (2012, p.250)
opined that offering the employees a regular opportunities to provide feedback management
could augment the effectiveness of communication between the management and the
employees. In communication vehicles, such as group meetings, hall meetings, employee
survey, and suggestion boxes could be incorporated to have the significant upshot. Apart
from that, through making organisation’s goals and assessment of employees’ requirements,
upper section of the organisation could get the effective connecting procedures.
2.3 Concept of top-down communication

In the earlier section, it has been mentioned that generally there are two types of internal
communication such as top-down and bottom-up. In this study, main variables’ has focused
on the understanding of the top-down communication in the field of the business and
employee engagement (Lewis, 2015, p.24). Thus, it has been crucial to evaluate the top-down
management communication. In a very simplistic way, top-down communication can be
termed as the communication procedure from the part of the management of the concerned
organisation towards the employees of that very organisation (Amaladoss, and Manohar,
2013, p.75). Therefore, to have the better consequences of the top-down communication,
concerned management or administration should have to be very careful. Bakker et al.(2012,
p.55) preached that in a very brief way, top-down communication could be defined a s the
process of flowing the information or the messages from the upper level of the organisation
to down-level that is employees of the organisation. It is applied to inform them regarding the
accessibility of the service or make them aware about their job oriented task and their
expected contribution. From the managerial point of view, it was stated that this is an
approach to have proper decision taken by the boards or the administration to accomplish the
goals of organisation through a particular method. This very communication involves the
hierarchical structure within the organisation to communicate with the employees (Reich and
Benbasat, 2013, p.265). In this very context, Cooren (2012, p.15) has argued that, this can be
termed as a method through which economical trend are scrutinised in order to get the
effectual benefit from the service of the organisation.
This top-down communication has been termed as the downward communication as well.
Magilvy and Thomas (2009, p.300) mentioned that during this conscientious communication,
it is expected to have efficient responses from the side of employees, which is one directional
and not reciprocal. In this perspective, one instance for the top-own communication could
include the explanation and stating the organisation’s mission and vision as well the relevant
strategies to accomplish those goals for the betterment of the organisation. In addition
Crowther and Lancaster (2012, p.20) noted that through the effective downward
communication, employees could receive and understand the messages or information, which
upper level management has offered. Whether illuminating or persuading, fruitful sliding
correspondence results in making employees ready for a move or for the most part going
about according to the communicators' craving. Thus, from this very perspective it could be
stated that downward communication could be fruitful enough to gain the profit from the
service that the organisation is offering to the customers in the current business settings (Daft,
2012, p.36). Communication expert in business field, Anderson and Dale opined that
downward communication could offer the organisation different types of profit, such as,
developed morale, enhanced performance and industrial relationship, efficient co-ordination
and communication with employees and customers; and all theses aspects are indeed
important for the further development of the organisation.
2.4 Model/Theories of communication
2.4.1 Shannon’s model

In order to get the efficient communication procedure in the organisational setting it is
important to have the lucid conception regarding the implementation of certain
communication models or theories relevantly. In this context, Shannon’s model of
communication could be evaluated from the better perception in the business context. Claude
Shannon introduced this model in 1948, which is one of the earliest models. Beer (2014,
p.143) stated that this very model of communication has initiated to shape up various other
models of communication. This very model has illustrated the simplest model or approach of
communication.
Source Encode Decode Receiver
Noise
Figure 2.1: Shannon’s model

(Source: Amaladoss, and Manohar, 2013, p.75)
In accordance to the above-mentioned model through a diagram, it has been noted that
Claude Shannon has demonstrated the communication process in a very brief technique
(Haken, 2013, p.69). It stated that most of the time management is being the source of the
information and employees are being the receiver, which is considered as the setting of the
downward communication in the current business context. Above diagram, helps to
understand the exact communication process that could take placed in the organisational
setting and the determination of any wrongdoing in the communication approaches (Cooren,
2012, p.15).
In this model, the information source has been notified typically to refer an individual or
person, who applies the transmitter to send the information or message to the other side of the
communication thread. Hence, his transmitter can be any single communication tools in the
modern business framework such as mobile phones, computers. The wave signal of these
tools is very helpful to send and receives the relevant or any necessary information. In this
context, Welch (2012, p.250) mentioned about the box ‘Noise’ which has been regarded as
the signals, which are interfering enough in the communication procedure. Hence, Reich and
Benbasat (2013, p.340) debated that this entire.ly depends on the communication approaches
in setting of the business organisation. Lastly, this model has denoted the section of receiving
messages by the receiver, and this receiver could be either a person or any apparatus.
Therefore, this model provides the simplest progression to have the communication
especially in the organisational structure, which any administrative figure in an organisation
could implement. The model is regarded as one of the simplest frameworks of
communication but in real life, the communication process might be more intricate in nature.
Leedy and Ormrod (2012, p.21) criticised misinterpretation of human nature of
communication has not been emphasised in the model that is one of major weaknesses of the
model. However, model analyses the communication process of media hence, top-down
communication could hardly be evaluated through this model. Subsequently, the model
undermines the act of interpretation over transmission of information.
2.4.2 Conversation theory

In order to evaluate the, communication approaches in the working setting it has been cleared
to have the lucid understanding of the theory of the conversation. Talk speculation is a
modernized and contention framework that offers a coherent theory to reveal how
associations lead to improvement of data, or knowing wishing to spare both the
component/dynamic quality, and the requirement for there to be a "knower". Gordon Pask
proposed this work in 1970 ().
Conversation theory is arranged to Pask's most prominent point of interest in software

engineering. Counterfeit consciousness can be portrayed as the theoretical examination of
control strategies in electronic, mechanical, and characteristic structures. Panneerselvam
(2014, p.25) described it as the examination of correspondence and control in the animal and
the machine, or the correspondence within an onlooker and between the observer and his
environment. The focal thought about the theory was that learning happens through dialogs
around a subject, which serves to make, data express.
Thus, it has implicated the different levels of conversation that could be conducted. It
includes the level of natural language, Object language or Meta language. Thus, in order to
make the communication effective, Pask argued that subject matter should be represented in
the form of structure that makes the process slow enough. These structures exist in an
arrangement of different levels depending on the level of the associations appeared. The
fundamental procedure for learning according to Conversation Theory may be teach back in
which one individual educates another they have figured it. However, this theory was
introduced for the learning ground, but this aspect could also be established in the field of
business as mentioned by Ruiz et al. (2014, p.344) to be connected with the employees in a
proper manner. The theory is applicable in the field of organisational communication and
displays the way communication makes up and organisation (Reich and Benbasat, 2013,
p.265).The effectiveness of top-down communication does not give importance to physical
entity of organisation rather it emphasises communication at the heart of organisational
communication, which is formed by the communication within. In addition, organisation is
defined as the result of communication emphasising belief, structure, and plan and ensuring
employee engagement.
2.4.3 Berlo’s model

Other renowned model for the communication process can incorporate the model of Berlo.
Another expert in the business communication field, Berlo introduced this model to provide
the lucid understanding of the communication in the business context. In this model,
relationship between information resource and receiver was stressed out in a very significant
manner.
In accordance to this specific model, both message sender (resource) and the receiver should
have the best communication settings to encode and decode the messages or information
properly. Hence, in this point, Truxillo et al. (2012, 350) stated that communication
procedure would be at its paramount, if two points (information resource and receiver) are
experienced to an adequate level.
Encodes Decodes
Source Messages Channel Receiver
Communicatio Content Hearing Communicatio

n skill n skill
Element Seeing
Attitude Attitude
Treatment Touching
Knowledge Knowledge
Figure 2.2: Berlo’s model
(Source: Ruiz et al. 2014, p.344)
This model is comprised of four different elements, and all of them are very much important
for having the better and effectual communication process. Each of the elements does have its
sub apparatus, which describes about their function in each different context. Thus, Berlo’s
model of communication could be applied in the description of emotional aspect of the
speaker. Berlo’s model functions on the SMCR model, where, S stands for Source, M for
Messages, and C for Channel and R for receiver. While it is talking about top-down
communication process, the model fosters lucid understanding how communication process
really takes place within an organisation in order to ensure employee engagements.
In this model source can be depicted as the person who is sending the message or the
information and the next component is the message itself. Through the application of
Communication skill, Attitude, Knowledge, Social system and Culture, sender could transfer
the message to the recipient easily by encoding the messages. In this case, Vansteenkiste et
al. (2012, p.23) commented that, transferring the thoughts into words is the source of
messages and it is chiefly comprised of Content, Element, Treatment, Structure and Code.
On the next step, there is the mention of the channel and the receiver. In the words of Hurn,
B.J. and Tomalin, B., (2013, p.88), channel has been regarded as the medium of the
information or message through which the information flows to the receiver. This medium
could include touching, smelling, hearing, seeing and tasting that are the main parts of five
senses of human body. Lastly, while the receiver receives the message or the information,
then by decoding that information the individual could get the understanding of the proper
information in the context of the business organisational structure. It requires the speaker or
the resource of the information should be in the same platform with the receiver for having
the smooth progression of the entire communication process. Thus, it has indicated the
management of any organisation to have the better and effectual implementation of the
communication to connect with the employees. Nevertheless, in the framework of the
communication, Clutterbuck and Hirst (2012, p.99) debated that the application of this model
is not possible in the real scenario. Generally, the model depicts that the nature of message
remains same when decoded but it should be noted that human may not perceive the message
as it sent due to strong presence dialect at both the ends e.g. source, receiver.
2.5 Communication challenges in modern organisation (retail)

Though in the earlier sections it has been mentioned that implication of the effective
communication strategies in the organisational context is helpful enough for the development
of the entire organisational service, though in the modern context, certain challenges have
been implicated (Ruck and Welch, 2012, p.302). Those challenges include the following:
Not all employees being kept informed
In the organisational structure, most of the time it has been notified that often employees are
not kept informed regarding certain matters (Schaufeli and Taris, 2014, p.68). It is the
fundamental factor for the communication process in the organisational setting to inform all
the employees or send the important messages and each of the employees should be informed
in the most approachable manner. However, the management misses it.
Employees are not receiving the message on time:
Information has been regarded as the important message to be delivered to the right person
and at the right time (Schaufeli, 2012, p.10). However, in the modern organisational context
it was observed that right information is not reached to the person on time and as a result, that
very person or employees could not be able to provide the service to the concerned people as
it was expected due to the miscommunication.
Employees are not receiving the consistent messages from the management:
As commented by Sonenshein and Dholakia (2012, p.23) to be active in the performance,

employees must be informed with the important messages regarding the organisational
strategies or aspects. However, due to the least communication or the lack of proper
communication skill often the employees are not informed consistently or they are not
updated with the entire system of the organisation.
Plan is unknown for future:
Due to the least up gradation of the organisational service, employees are not known of the
plan and therefore those employees would not be able to take up the essential and important
strategies for the better development of their performances and the organisation’s
performances as well.
Functional area not collaborating:
In organisational structure, there are various departments, which work in its different
situational context and the requirement by the organisation. In this scaffold, it has been
notified that these departments are not even are collaborating with each other, they are
competing instead (Welch, 2012, p.246). As a result, then people or the employees to
instigate the performances do not receive important information.
Communication hampered by Distance between units:
It has been earlier told that distance create distance. However, it can be denied completely.
When an organisation is situated in different locations, therefore it becomes impossible to
communicate with each of the individual related with the organisation with the effective
approach (Hurn and Tomalin, 2013, p.21). Therefore, it becomes harder to make a proper
collaboration between the management and employees.
However, with theses above-mentioned challenges organisation cannot go on for a very long
time; and thus it is required to settle down the as soon as possible with bets effective
strategies.
2.6 Conception of employee engagement

In the scaffold of the organisational structure it was identified that employees are engaged by
the organisation’s management to perform their best for the effective progression if the entire
organisation. In this aspect, Vansteenkiste et al. (2012, p.23) stated that employees
engagement can be defined as the workplace approach towards the employees with the right
conditions and policies so that they could perform their best in order to accomplish the
organisational value and objectives. As per the consequences, each employee gives their best
level to their performances to enhance the organisational performance as a whole.
It is based on integrity, trust, commitment and communication between the employees and
the management. Through this proper approach towards the employees, organisation could
make certain of their success by contributing the organisational and individual presentation.
This engagement could be varied in the different level inside of the organisation. However, in
this framework, Bal et al. (2013, p.560) preached that employee engagement could be
defined from both the managerial and employee perspective. Thus, from the employee’s
perspective this engagement of employees could be termed as the procedure of understanding
the role of employees in the organisational context and evaluate its best place to perform to
accomplish organisation’s vision and objectives.
Hatch and Cunliffe (2013, p.20) notified that employee engagement is about being joined
totally, as a person from the gathering, focussed on clear destinations, trusted and
empowered, tolerating predictable and helpful information, maintained in developing new
capacities, communicated appreciation toward and saw for achievement. Attracted affiliations
have strong and true blue qualities, with clear affirmation of trust and sensibility in
perspective of basic esteem, where two-way ensures and obligations amidst organizations and
agents are grasped and satisfied. In this framework, Sonenshein and Dholakia (2012, p.22)
remarked that employee engagement is not possible to accomplish through the mechanistic
advancement. This approach tries to haul out unrestricted effort through manoeuvring of the
employee’s sentiment and dedication.
Therefore, from the notion of the employee’s engagement it was mentioned that employee
engagement could not be resembled with the employee satisfaction, because it highlights the
employees’ emotional assurance, which directs towards the organisation’s objective and the
vision. In the words of Vansteenkiste et al. (2012, p.23), theses emotional aspect include the
employees’ care about their job and the organisation as well its development. In that context,
they should be work on behalf of the organisation not for the better returns (salary,
promotion) from the organisation. Therefore, it could be stated that employee engagement is
completely an asset of the relationship between the employees and organisation.
2.7 Significance of employee engagement

In the business setting, it is important to have the employee engagement for the betterment of
the company and its service. The way it helps it is needed to be discussed in a significant
method.
Increased productivity:
As commented by Hurn and Tomalin (2013, p.20) with the successful inclusion of the
employee engagement in the organisational setting, the management of the concerned
company could get the increased productivity. If the management could be successful enough
to motivate the employees with the motivational culture, therefore, employees would provide
the best productivity skill to the organisation for the effective enhancement.
Employee understanding of business strategy:
Leedy and Ormrod (2012, p.36) mentioned that incorporation of the employees engagement
in the administrative level, the employees can get the chance to involve in the strategically
procedure for the augmentation of the organisation’s service. As a result, employees can get
the scope to know exact business strategy that the organisation is opting for in the current
circumstances. Therefore, they would gain the effectual understanding of the strategy and can
work in accordance to that strategies and the requirement of the job as well.
Higher level of satisfaction in employees:
It was earlier mentioned that employee engagement is not the employee satisfaction, but
however, with the engagement of the employees in the working process or in the
administrative decision making procedure, employees could have the satisfaction and as a
result, they would work or offer their best to their service on behalf of the organisation
(Armstrong and Taylor, 2014, p.36).
2.8 Model/theory of employee engagement
2.8.1 Aon Hewitt’s model

Employers in today’s business environment apply various different kinds of measures for
generating interest and passion among the employees of business organisations towards their
work and the overall growth of the business organisations as a motivated employee associates
the growth of the business organisation with own growth and development (Bal et al. 2013,
p.545). Tough competition in the market has augmented the notion of employee engagement
to ensure long-term sustainability. Hence, various communication methods e.g. top-down
communication could efficiently be applied to improve communication within organisation
between employees and the management. This makes it easier for the business organisation to
encourage hard work and effective communication among the work force, which is the key to
employee motivation and organisational development.
Earlier the business organisations identified employee satisfaction to be the key to employee
motivation, which is essential for the organisational development. Hewitt in 1994 shifted this
focus towards the employee engagement and stated that the passion and energy that
employee exhibits towards the development and market position of the employee or the
business organisation is the key influential factor that determines the success of business
organisation within the competitive market (Barrick et al. 2013, p.139). Employees that work
towards the achievement of the organisational goals are identified as a solid point for the start
of organisational growth. Sonenshein and Dholakia (2012, p.22) identified this passion and
enthusiasm for working for achievement of organisational goal as the outcome of employee
engagement.
Say
Elements of
employee
engagement in
Aon Hewitt’s
model
strive Stay
Figure 2.3: Elements of employee engagement in Aon Hewitt’s model

(Source: Barrick et al. 2013, p.139)
As per this particular theory, the engagement includes combination of various different
constructs such as continuance and affective commitment of the employee toward the
organisation, motivation and behaviour of organisational citizenship. Thus, it can be deduced
that employee engagement refers to the amalgamation of emotions, rational thoughts,
behaviour that is required for the optimal performance and intention for such behaviour
(Blader and Tyler, 2013, p.329). This particular theory has explained the employee
engagement as a combination of the following six items that are composed based on three
different facets that are explained vividly in the model (Irc.queensu.ca, 2016).
Say refers to the intention among the employees to speak positively about the organisation
and benefit of working within the organisation. This can be explained through certain
behavioural traits such as the intention among the employee to recommend the company to
others as preferable place for employment or to explain positive aspects regarding the
employment in the organisation (Breevaart et al. 2014, p.138). Stay refers to the intense
desire among the employees regarding staying within the organisation. Finally, strive refers
to the motivation among employees to excel in their job as well as towards achievement of
the organisational goals. Schaufeli (2012, p.06) criticised this conception concerning the
employee engagement stating that it is not essential for the employees to meet each of these
criteria for being considered as engaged with the organisation. Application of the theory
serves in better employee engagement within the organisation enabling say, strive and stay.
2.8.2 Head down theory

It has been identified that there is basic structural and behavioural difference between a
successful and struggling business organisation. Petrou et al. (2012, p.1120) identified that
the companies that engage employees of the organisation actively in the organisational
growth and the decisions that are taken for the organisational growth exhibit better prospect
of success compared to the companies that keep employees out of such processes. Companies
generally avail rewards and merchandises as the measure for motivating and engaging the
employees yet the most effective way for engaging employees with the organisation is to
allow the employees to avail their opinion concerning the organisational processes. Ruck and
Welch (2012, p.297) argued that the most effective determinant of the employee engagement
within a business organisation is the fairness within the business organisation. The head down
theory explained that there are four distinctively identifiable quadrants within an unfair
workplace. The work place culture of an unfair organisation and the reason of lack of
employee engagement can be explained through the distribution of organisational employees
in these quadrants.
The organisational employees that possess high confidence about their own skills and exhibit
higher level of loyalty towards the business organisation, attempt to challenge the existing
processes of the organisation for bringing positive change in the company (Sonnentag et al.
2012, p.842). Such challenge might be identified as negative influence towards the business
of an organisation. In such cases, the higher level of organisational hierarchy might refuse to
encourage such changes, which hinder the process of growth of the company and reduce the
level of engagement of employees with the organisational processes. On the other hand,
employees with lower level of loyalty towards the organisation ad high regards for own skills
and talent might choose to leave the organisation and opt for some other company (Alfes et
al. 2013, p.330). This is harmful for the image as well as performance of the business
organisation in competitive market as skilled employees are one of the most important assets
for the company that help in undertaking innovation and conducting difficult tasks.
Contradicting to this Bamford et al. (2013, p.529) stated that a disloyal employee stays with
the organisation only for the benefits that the company avails to the employee, thus in such
cases rewards are the only motivator that might encourage them to exhibit loyalty towards the
company.
Employees with superior level of loyalty and less confidence in own skills and talent might
choose to incorporate as they might consider this as the only way for surviving in the
organisation with unfair or dysfunctional culture. Bakker et al. (2012, p.561) argued that such
behaviour might be the outcome of the inconsiderate approach of the organisation’s
management section towards suggestion of employees. Armstrong and Taylor (2014, p.11)
opposed such opinion stating that an employee with strong confidence might state own
opinion and choose to stand out even at the adverse organisational situation thus the
assimilation of the low confidence employee is rather the outcome of the low confidence of
the employee.
Parker et al. (2012, p.506) added that employees that have low confidence on their skills and
low loyalty towards the company might choose to internally exit from the organisation. That
is to say, such employees might demonstrate unenviable performance in the company,
increased level of absenteeism, lower level of engagement with the organisational processes.
Finally Shuck and Herd (2012, p.15344) identified that majority of the employees of a
business organisations belong to the middle of these four quadrant, in the head down position.
That is to say, such employees are focused towards completion of their job for ensuring their
own survival in the organisation. Truxillo et al. (2012, p.354) criticised these employees
stating that such employees are not loyalty to the company yet they are not desperate enough
to internally or externally exit from the company thus they remain passively disengaged with
the organisational processes other than their own roles in the company.
2.9Dispute in employee engagement
In the current context of the business, it has been observed that most of the organisations are
facing certain challenges to engage their employees for the better development of the
business. Those challenges are as follows:
Communication vehicles issues:
In the business context presently, organisations use communication vehicles such as email,
newsletters, intranets, which are not so effective in the current circumstances (Clutterbuck
and Hirst, 2012, p.20). Often it has been observed that these vehicles are not able to reach to
the employees at a wide range and even they are not able to put across the important message
fast. Therefore, messages or information cannot reach on within time.
Top-down communication:
In the modern organisational structure, it has often been observed that communication
structure is the top-down one. In this case, Amaladoss and Manohar (2013, p.75) stated that
employees necessitate to be able to appoint in a judicious manner with the inferior and
superiors. It is required to have appropriate snaring of the innovative ideas, resources through
the application of the modernised communication tools. However, it would be impossible if
the companies would not active enough to implement those proper ways to share the ideas or
enthusiasm for employees, then as a result, proper communication structure could not be
framed.
Language and geographical barriers:
In each organisation, there are indeed certain issues regarding language and geographical
territory. There has been the issue in sharing the information or any types of crucial messages
with the other employees, who is not from the same language background (Amaladoss and
Manohar, 2013, p.80). It has been also notified that those persons are from the different
culture or different nations; therefore, it is hard to have the effective communication between
these people.
Communicatio
n vehicles
issues
Top-down
Lack of leader
communication
Non-white Language and

collar geographical
employees barriers
Figure 2.4: Dispute in employee engagement

(Source: Truxillo et al. 2012, p.354)
Non-white collar employees:
In a setting of the organisational structure, there are different types of employees from
different level. Therefore, their working level and the procedures are not also same in this
context (Andrew and Sofian, 2012, p.508). Thus, for the management of the organisation it is
not possible to reach out to each employee with the same approach. However, in this aspect,
company should be active in responding towards each employee with a significant approach.
Lack of leader:
In certain organisational setting, it has been necessary to have a leading figure, which can be
able to guide the other employees as well towards a proper and right direction.
Implementation for the communication programme it is centred in one or two perspectives-
internal resources or human resources (Beer, 2014, p.143). Therefore, in order to work
effectively and to avoid any types of misunderstanding in the working setting of the company
it is important to incorporate the, these various departments necessarily needs the leading
group or department to light up the path for the further development (Hatch and Cunliffe,
2013, p.99).
However, of an organisation would be able to overcome these challenges therefore the
organisation could maintain an effectual communication procedure to be connected with the
other employees as well.
2.10 Strategies for employee engagement

In order to overcome the above-mentioned challenges in the business context, certain
strategies need to be incorporated in a noteworthy comportment. With the successful
incorporation of the strategies, the concerned company could have the best employee
engagement in terms of the bets service. Therefore, effectual strategies could include the
following:
Connect the engagement efforts to the high performances:
In order to get the effective employee engagement it is chiefly necessary to connect the entire
programme with the fruitful performance (Biswas and Bhatnagar, 2013, p.40). Thus, it has
initiated that it should not be linked with the employee satisfaction, instead, with the high
performance so that the organisation could get the effectual result of their service.
Incorporate the first line managers and smart communication process:
Breaugh (2014, p.20) observed for having the better and effective consequences in engaging
employees, it has been suggested to include the first line manager so that the employees could
have the lucid and direct communication with the management to offer their best possible
service. In case of any issue in the working setting, first line manager would be capable
enough to deal with it by giving the best effort. It would positively include the smart
communication process through mobile phone, internets, visual conversation etc.
Individualise the engagement:
This particular strategy has been proved effective for most of the organisation. Earlier it has
been notified that most of the organisation feels that the employees should be treated as per
the management’s will, but in the modern conception it was suggested to treat the employees
in way, which the employee want, so that there would be a fruitful engagement of employees.
Keeping of record of progression:
In order to get the fruitful employee engagement, it has been necessary to have the lucid
understanding and the notion of the progression in the service process. Leaders are the guide
of the employees to show them the exact path for serving in the organisation as far as it is
possible. Therefore, the leaders should communicate to have the better progression in order
to get the better benefit.
Engaging of motivational culture and reward system:
Employees are considered as the decisive part in an organisational structure (Thompson,

2013, p.66). Therefore, is important to motivate the employees to make them work as per
their best possible service towards the organisation. As a result, the company could gain the
effective employee engagement. Thus, the organisation could opt for the motivational culture
in the working setting for the employees in a very considerable approach. Along with this, the
company might opt for the reward system in terms of the well-structured behaviour of the
employees. It could be considered as one of the better way to engage employees in the
working process.
With these procedures or strategies, organisations could overcome the existing challenges
with the engagement of employees easily.
2.11 Relationship between Top-down communication and employee engagement

In the organisational setting, top-down communication might play for the better result in
employee engagement. Therefore, there could be positive relationship between employee
engagement and top-down communication in business setting.
Organizational discipline:
If there would be appropriate procedure of the communication in the top-down section, then
there could be the positive result in the communication surroundings (Cooren, 2012, p.20).
With this proper perspective, the organisation or the management of the organisation could
get the better and profitable employee engagement for having the better development in the
business procedure. As a result, the company could maintain the discipline inside of the
organisation between the employees and the management.
Efficiency:
Lewis (2015, p.24) noted that by having the effective employee engagement and
organisational discipline, the organisation could get the significant scope to prove their
efficacy in terms of the providing service. With the noteworthy amalgamation of the
discipline with the culture of the organisation, both the management and the employees could
offer the better way to serve the customers, therefore, the organisation, as a whole shows
there efficiency of service.
Effective communication of goals:
It was notified that each organisation has their essential objectives o accomplish for the better
development of the organisation (Porter and Derry, 2012, p.53). Therefore, management
should incorporate certain strategies to communicate with the employees in an effective
advancement. Because of the easy communication (top-down) with the employees,
management could accomplish the aims of the service through a momentous manner.
Ease of delegation:
Through the appropriate inclusion of the top-down communication in the organisational

setting, the employees might gain the exact engagement in the working circumstances
(Cooren, 2012, p.1). As a result, the management could provide the effective designation or
the allocation of the job task to the employees in a very easy manner. Therefore, the
organisation could be able to get the better consequences of their service.
2.12 Conceptual framework

Engaged employees
Supervision
Job fit
Recognition
Psychological climate Workforce drivers
Top-down communication
Figure 2.5: Conceptual framework
(Source: Created by Author)
2.13 Gap in the literature

In the season of conduction of the study, the researcher has found gap in the before
composing made in this reported. Specifically it should be said that not very many
investigation paper has been coordinated on this archived from the key data could be
assembled. Besides, ought to be said that the investigation variables, for instance, top-down
communication and employee engagement scarcely has theories and models. It was slippery
hypotheses and models on employee engagement. As the result, the investigator could not
finish up required data required for the present study.
2.14 Summary
Throughout this chapter, the researcher has discussed regarding the research variables with its
relevant aspects with the proper incorporation of the theories and models. As a result, a lucid
understanding has been gained to solve the research issues. It has initiated the researcher
towards the next chapter that is methodology.
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
In this very chapter, the researcher has aimed to discuss about the entire method of
conducting the research along with the collection of the relevant information and the
evaluation procedure. It has chiefly focused on the data collection and analysing process of
the relevant research variables with a proper technique and design. With the incorporation of
the method of the research, the consequences of the study could be helpful enough for the
future researcher as well.
3.2 Method outline

In order to conduct the study with the effective approach, researcher has designed the entire
process with the significant approach, which is befitted for having the consequences. In this
context, the researcher has selected each separate sector in a considerable method. For this
study the researcher has opted for the positivism philosophy, deductive research approach,
descriptive research design, survey research strategy primary data collection and
qualitative and quantitative analysis in order to get the fruitful consequence. In the setting of
the data collection process the researcher has selected certain amount of respondent through
probable and non-probable method.
3.3 Research onion

Saunders et al. (2009, pp. 52) has considered research onion as one of the effective tool to
have clear understanding of the entire strategy for the research. It is comprised of six different
stages such as research philosophy, research approach, research design, research strategy,
data collection process, data analysis process and time Horizon. With the successful attempt
of each stage by the researcher, the research would get the effective result for the future
study. In order to maintain systematic path in the research, the researcher has followed the
folds of research onion to get objective based outcomes.
Figure 3.1: Research onion
(Source: Saunders et al. 2009, pp. 52)
3.4 Research paradigm

Through the proper incorporation of the research paradigm, the researcher would get proper
guideline to complete the study. There are three fundamental sorts of examination
perspective, for instance, Interpretive, positivism and realism (Leedy and Ormrod, 2012,
p.78). Afresh, Post-positivism is the bit of positivism thinking. Interpretive can be useful for
the researcher in order to understand reality and substances. It will in like manner give the
information as for the acknowledgments, needs and experiences of the individual. Positivism
helps researcher to predict and clearing up the exploratory learning changes of affiliation. In
like way, in Interpretive, this hypothesis is having only a singular truth existed.
RESEARCH
PHOLOSOPHY
POSITIVISM INTERPRETIVISM REALISM
POST-POSITIVISM
Figure 3.2: Research Philosophy
(Source: Leedy and Ormrod, 2012, p.78)
3.4.1 Justification for the chosen research paradigm

As per the research variables and existing issues in this case, researcher has selected
Positivism Philosophy, as it would offer researcher to have different types of research
experience and scope to evaluate the information in a productive comportment with
successful completion of the study. Other philosophies in this study would not be helpful as
they cannot be able to draw better implication of the issues in this case. In addition, the
researcher has opted for positivism philosophy, as it would contribute towards logical and
critical analysis of data. This philosophy is based upon factual evidence whereas
interpretivism focuses on human perception. The researcher would be able to analyse
research problem based on research rationale with the logical facts.
3.5 Research approach

There are key two sorts of examination strategies Deductive and Inductive research
approaches. Deductive approach highlights the higher to lower worth, while the inductive
approach moves from the considerable adjustment to little frame. Deductive philosophy is
known as testing of speculations. With the help of this approach the expert, at first adds to a
theory or hypothesis and setup the investigation technique to characterize the speculation. On
the other hand, the inductive strategy is known as working of theory. Here the pro begins the
investigation with social event data and after that development a theory (Neuman, and
Robson, 2012, p.56). With the help of the examination approach, the expert can create some
new thoughts, imaginative contemplations and theories. In this way, determination of true
blue investigation strategy is the pivotal step of the examination logic.
Research • Deductive
approach • Inductive
Figure 3.3: Research approach

(Source: Neuman, and Robson, 2012, p.56)
3.5.1 Justification for the chosen research approach
For this research study, the researcher has selected Deductive approach, because this
approach helped the researcher to gather the relevant information from the existing studies
and there were no need of generating new theories, which the inductive could not be able to
do. Deductive approach follows the principles of top to bottom approach in order to prepare
hypothesis after having segmented knowledge from theoretical underpinnings and conceptual
models. There was minimal chance for the researcher to develop new theories rather exiting
theories and models of to-down communication and employee engagement are utilised to
deduce knowledge.
3.6 Research purpose

There are three types of research purposes, such as, Exploratory, Explanatory and
Descriptive research purposes (Crowther and Lancaster, 2012, p.45). Exploratory
examination is the key investigation of theoretical and theoretical contemplations. It helps the
researcher to elucidate the investigation subject by using the momentum speculations to
choose the future degree of study. Consequently, this investigation purposes sets up the
fundamental stage without limits research. The accompanying stage is the realistic
examination reason. It is essential when it needs to explore or clear up the additional
information. On the other hand, legitimate investigation relates the distinctive musings to see
better the circumstances and finished results and clearly elucidate what is truly going on.
Exploratory Descriptive
Explanatory
Figure 3.4: research purposes

(Source: Lewis, S., 2015, p.20)
3.6.1 Justification for the chosen research purpose
For this specific research study, researcher has opted for the descriptive research purpose
through which researcher could gather more information and explain in detailed manner for
having the successful completion. With the other purposes, researcher could not be able to
explain the knowledge or information in details to have further consideration. Descriptive
research purpose is chosen so that test association between the dependent, independent and
uncontrolled (optional) variables can be done. Most importantly, the researcher has intended
to analyse research problems from different viewpoints in order to uncover different
dimensions to conclude new findings. Selection of this method is justified as the research
objectives have already been framed.
3.7 Research strategy

Having research strategy helps the researcher to move with the proper plan and scheme to
gather the information from source and evaluate in order to get an efficient upshot of
research. In that context, Panneerselvam (2014, p.77) mentioned about main three types of
strategy that includes Experiment, Case Study, Survey and interview.
3.7.1 Justification for the chosen research strategy

For this study, researcher selected Survey strategy, the researcher would lead a diagram on
the overall public for social event data. For this circumstance, the expert contacts to the
overall public either eventually or over phone and offer a couple conversation starters to them
for social event data. Survey has been chosen so that data could be collected from a large
scale of audience within a small span of time and incurring less cost. It is one of the cost and
time saving methods to gather primary data using both online and offline survey. On the other
hand, interview contributes towards gathering data from selected yet knowledgeable
respondents concerning the field of research. Therefore, the researcher has opted for survey
and interview as the research strategy for the current research.
3.8 Sample selection

Sampling technique:
Sampling methods can be classified as the probability or non-probability. In case of

probability, every member of the population has a known non-zero probability to be selected.
Consequently, probability methods are comprised of random sampling, stratified sampling
and systematic sampling. For the conduction of the study, the researcher has selected the
respondents using random sampling procedure in order to limit bias following principles of
probability sampling for the selection of employees. For selecting, the employee’s researcher
opted for the probable sample technique and for selection of the managers researcher
obtained non-probable sampling technique. Non-probability sampling to select the managers
can further be categorised in convenience sampling, purposive sampling etcetera.
Nevertheless, the researcher has opted for purposive sampling e.g. expert sampling to obtain
valuable data based upon working experience of the mangers.
Population:
In the setting of the research study, population refers to the entire involvement in the study
that certainly includes the concerned company’s employees, managers, respondent including
researcher as well.
Sample size: For the evaluation of the information entire population cannot be taken, hence
the researcher has selected a sample size, that is 60 employees and 10 managers. However,
among those sample size, 40 employees and 4 managers have responded towards the data
collection process. The sample size has been justified as using random sampling method
respondents were selected limiting biases. Most importantly, the chosen sample size may
sufficiently represent whole employee base of Tesco providing enriching data required for the
study. Minimal chance to select large sample size due to time and logical constraint justifies
the abovementioned sample size appropriately based on the research problem.
3.9 Data collection procedure

Data and information is the most fundamental portion of the examination process. Data can
be accumulated by applying diverse systems. There are two sorts of data social event
techniques. One is Primary data collection and another is Secondary data collection (Robson
and McCartan, 2016, p.88). Primary data is accumulated from the two sources; fundamental
sources and helper sources. The researcher accumulates primary data for the given
association from the indiscriminately picked employees by asking a couple surveys to them
and from the boss and workers of the association within the affiliation and conducting
interview session with the managers. It should be noted that secondary data may not
suffieciently provide logical data for the study augmenting scope of primary research.
Interview and survey has been chosen as the method for primary data collection as it helps is
acquiring reliable data within a minor span and incurring less cost yet from large base of
audience. Books, journals and websites have been used as the source of secondary data for
further development of the study.
Primary
Secondary
Figure 3.5: Data collection procedure

(Source: Robson and McCartan, 2016, p.88)
3.10 Data analysis plan

It is important to have the better data analysing technique to get the result of the study, and
there are mainly two types of data analysing technique such as Quantitative and Qualitative.
Quantitative data have been analysed with the help of statistical method by converting the
numeric value into percentage form for further analysis based on research problem and
rationale of the research. Qualitative data have in analysed by developing transcripts of
managerial interviews.
3.11 Ethical Consideration

In the setting of the research study, certain ethics are there to be maintained such as liberty of
contribution, good behaviour, data protection, data application etc. With the good
behaviour of the researcher, respondent can be able to provide the relevant information. In
that context, Mackey and Gass (2015, p.43) stated that participation of the data collection
procedure should be offered the freedom, they can take part or they can withdraw their name
form the participation. On the other hand, the researcher should protect the gathered data in
the most effective manner so that that can be applied for the further study as well under Data
Protection Act (1998) and the researcher in that setting should also be careful in applying
those data for the academic use only.
3.12 Time table
Refer to appendix 1
3.13 Summary
Through the discussion of the research methodology, the researcher has provided the detailed
understanding of the research methods with the each aspect from the perspective of study.
With this symposium, this chapter has been flourished enough to get the advancements for
the progression in next chapter.
Chapter 4
Result, analysis and evaluation of findings
4.1 Introduction
Data analysis is regarded as one of the most important chapters of dissertation. This chapter
was helpful in order to gather first-hand data directly from the respondents. The researcher
has conducted online survey with the low-level employees of in order to gather quantitative
data to assess how top-down communication has ensured their engagement with Tesco. 2
store managers each from two different branch such as Tesco, Bridge Retail park and Tesco,
Lockerbie Road have been interviewed to gather qualitative data. The researcher approached
60 low-level employees of Tesco and 10 managers from different store but was able to gather
data from 40 employees and 4 managers from 2 different stores respectively. Deduced data
have been analysed using mathematical and statistical methods have been represented using
tables and charts.
4.2 Quantitative data analysis
4.2.1 Demographic analysis

Question 1: Which gender group do you belong to?
Response Response % Number of Total respondents

responses
37.50% 15
Female 40
62.50% 25
Male 40
Table 4.1: Gender group that respondents belong to
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
Response %
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Female Male
Figure 4.1: Gender group that respondents belong to
Analysis and interpretations
The above table shows female and male ratio of the employees in Tesco. The researcher has
used simple random sampling thus it cannot be stated that the organisation is male oriented.
Both male and female employees are working in the organisation. As per the data shown in
the above table, it can be seen that male workers are keener to take part in the survey
procedure other than the female workers. Due to participation of the male workers in more
number showed distinct distribution of ratio regarding gender. Findings represent the further
involvement of the male employees in the survey procedure other than the female employees.
It can also be mentioned that male employees are more concerned on the subject of top-down
communication in order to radically enhance engagement with the organisation.
Question2: Which age group do you belong to?

responses
17.50%
21 years 7 40
37.50%
22-30 years 15 40
20.00%
31-40 years 8 40
12.50%
40-50 years 5 40
12.50%
Above 50 5 40
Table 4.2: Age group that respondents belong to
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
Response %
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
21 years 22-30 years 31-40 years 40-50 years Above 50
Figure 4.2: Age group that respondents belong to
Observing the table in the aforementioned section, the researcher has found that majority of
the respondents took part in the survey process has been working in Tesco belongs to age
group between 22 to 30 years. From the result, it can be seen that Tesco has given priority to
the middle-aged employees while recruiting them in the Tesco stores. Noticeable fact is that
Tesco hardy own employees from age group 40 to 50 above. After interpreting data, it can be
stated that the organisation has given priority to recruit young employees. It can be seen that
the organization uses screening to select employees from the bulk of candidates. It can be
stated that young employees are given preference by Tesco to maintain workforce and it
accelerates performance of the employees. Findings also represents that more young
employees have taken part in the survey procedure as they are more concerned about
employee engagement through proper communication methods within Tesco. It indicated that
effective communication enhances their engagement with organisation.
Question 3: How long have you been working with Tesco?

responses
12.50%
Less than 1 year 5 40
17.50%
1-2 years 7 40
30.00%
2-3 years 12 40
35.00%
3-5 years 14 40
5.00%
More than 5 years 2 40
Table 4.3: Working years with Tesco
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
Response %
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Less than 1 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-5 years More than 5
year years
Figure 4.3: Working years with Tesco

Data represented in the above section shows that most of the employees have been working
in Tesco since last 3 to 5 years. Majority of the participants have been working with the
organisation for a long time. It should be observed that major portion of employees have been
working over the last 2 years with organisation. However, from the respondents, the
researcher hardly found employees working above five years with Tesco. The reasons might
be that they have not participated in the online survey process. It uncovers that employees
might not be satisfied with the communication technique adopted by the management
resulting in leaving the organisation. In the competitive era, retention of employees in Tesco
has raised question so the engagement with the organisation due to lack proper
communication method maintaining flow of information in every level of employees.
4.2.2 Analysis for objective 1
Question 4: How far do you agree top-down communication system increases clarity,
transparency and accountability in employee-management relationship?

responses
Strongly agree 37.50% 15 40
Agree 27.50% 11 40
Neutral 20.00% 8 40
disagree 10.00% 4 40
Strongly disagree 5.00% 2 40

Mean Median Mode Standard Deviation
2.175 2 1 1.19588
Table 4.4: Impact of top-down communication system on clarity, transparency and

accountability in employee-management relationship
Impact of top-down communication system
on clarity, transparency and accountability in
employee-management relationship
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00% Response %
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Strongly agree Agree Neutral disagree Strongly
disagree
Figure 4.4: impact of top-down communication system on clarity, transparency and

accountability in employee-management relationship
Analysis and interpretation
Through the evaluation of tables and chart above the researcher has deduced that majority of
the respondents have opted for the first option, which provides that around 37.5%
respondents accepted that application of top-down communication process increases the level
of clarity, transparency and accountability in the employee management. Standard deviation
of this question is 1.19588, that is to say, it is more than 1, thus the company might face risk
of losing its transparency and accountability if it fails to apply the top-down communication
in the organisational processes in appropriate manner. As represented in Head down theory,
employees generate engagement and satisfaction towards the organisational processes if they
identify the company valuing their contribution. Thus, application of top-down
communication needs to be done keeping this aspect in mind for avoiding risk of losing
organisational transparency and accountability.
Question 5: How far do you agree employee engagement through communication can
increase employee productivity?
Response Response % Number of responses Total respondents

Strongly agree 15.00% 6 40
Agree 32.50% 13 40
Neutral 15.00% 6 40
disagree 17.50% 7 40
Strongly disagree 20.00% 8 40

2.95 3 2 1.395046
Table 4.5: Influence of employee engagement developed through communication on

employee productivity
Influence of employee engagement

developed through communication on
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
disagree
Strongly disagree
Figure 4.5: Influence of employee engagement developed through communication on

Mode of this question is 2, which provides the understanding that majority of the respondent,
that is around 32.50% of the employees have agreed that employee engagement through
appropriate communication process has the capability of generating higher level of employee
productivity. On the other hand, standard deviation of this question is 1.395046, which is the
indicator of the potential risk that the organisation might face if it fails to generate
appropriate level of employee engagement through communication. This can be explained
through the head down theory, which clearly explained that at the absence of a fair
organisational environment the intention of employees to bring development in organisational
performance reduces which affect their productivity. Findings also uncovers that
communication ensures engagement of the employees and they become more productive to
the organisation.
Question 6: How far do you agree that Tesco has used top down-communication
effectively?

responses
30.00%
Strongly agree 12 40
17.50%
Agree 7 40
25.00%
Neutral 10 40
12.50%
Disagree 5 40
15.00%
Strongly disagree 6 40
Mean Median Mode SD
2.65 3 1 1.424151
Table 4.6: Tesco has used top down-communication effectively

35.00%
30.00%
30.00%
25.00%
25.00%
20.00% 17.50%
15.00%
15.00% 12.50%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
Response %
Figure 4.6: Tesco has used top down-communication effectively
Data findings represented in the above table and chart show that top-down communication
has been proven effectual for Tesco. The organisation has sent executive to the stores and
applied different tools such as intranet, e-mail etc to ensure employee engagement through
top-down communication. Data shows that majority of the respondents chosen from simple
random sampling showed positive responses. 30% of the total respondents have agreed to the
question whereas 25% remained neutral in case of responses. Statistical calculation represents
that mode value is 1 and it shows that most of the respondents have opted for this option. On
the other hand, SD value is more than 1, thus employees are confused regarding the
effectiveness of the top-down communication process. Shannon’s model used in literature
review showed that from the source of message to the receiver, noise might be created and it
should be minimised in order to maintain effective communication.
Question 7: How far do you agree that top-down communication process of Tesco Plc is
sufficient in leading to intended level of employee engagement?

responses
37.50%
Strongly agree 15 40
25.00%
Agree 10 40
12.50%
Neutral 5 40
17.50%
disagree 7 40
7.50%
Strongly disagree 3 40
Mean Median Mode SD
2.325 2 1 1.347124
Table 4.7: Top-down communication process in leading to intended level of employee

engagement
40.00% 37.50%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
25.00%
20.00% 17.50%
15.00% 12.50%
10.00% 7.50%
5.00%
0.00%
Strongly agree Agree Neutral disagree Strongly disagree
Response %
Figure 4.7: Top-down communication process in leading to intended level of employee

engagement
Majority of the respondents have given positive responses for the question. The employee
also agreed that it ensured their engagement with the organisation. The data interpretation
shows that the strategies applied by Tesco have proven to be effective that helped in ensuring
employee engagement and maintain workforce. From the result, it can be stated that Tesco is
successful in applying appropriate top-down communication strategies. Statistical data on the
other hand shows that mode value is 1 and most of the respondents have opted for the option.
SD value is 1 that shows employees are bit confused regarding the effectiveness of top-down
communication applied by Tesco. It should be noted that research problem intensified lack of
proper communication technique has proven to be drawback for Tesco but the findings does
not necessarily signify that. Aon Hewitt’s model can be asserted here that defines three
important components for employee engagement but the findings do not compliment the
research issue sufficiently.
Question 8: What strategies do you think Tesco has applied for establishing effective
communication within workforce?

responses
Intranet 35.00% 14 40
E-mail 30.00% 12 40
Company website 17.50% 7 40
SharePoint 5.00% 2 40
Text messages 12.50% 5 40

2.3 2 1 1.343551
Table 4.8: strategies applied in Tesco for establishing effective communication within
workforce
Response %
Response %
35.00%
30.00%
17.50%
12.50%
5.00%
Intranet E-mail Company website SharePoint Text messages
Figure 4.8: strategies applied in Tesco for establishing effective communication within
workforce
Mode for this particular question is 1, which is the indicator of the fact that majority of the
respondent agreed that the organisation uses intranet most for the internal communication
within the organisation while several other measures could be used for ensuring effective top-
down communication within Tesco. SD value for this particular question is 1.343551, which
is indicator that the organisation might face risk for not using the rest of the measures or
communication channels enough to enforce top-down communication. In this context Aon
Hewitt’s employee engagement model can be mentioned, which explained that for ensuring
employee engagement within a business organisation is essential to avail the employees
enough opportunity to communicate for which the organisation might use several other
communication measures mentioned in the table above.
Question 9: What drawbacks did you identify in the top-down communication process
of Tesco Plc?

responses
Less scope for
feedback 12.50% 5 40
Generally one way

information flow 37.50% 15 40
Negative impact on
employee morale 27.50% 11 40
Ignorance of special
skills of employees 17.50% 7 40
Others 5.00% 2 40
2.65 2.5 2 1.075365
Table 4.9: Drawbacks in the top-down communication process of Tesco Plc
Drawbacks in the top-down communication

process of Tesco Plc
Response %
37.50%
27.50%
17.50%
12.50%
5.00%
Less scope for Generally one way Negative impact on Ignorance of special Others
feedback information flow employee morale skills of employees
Figure 4.9: Drawbacks in the top-down communication process of Tesco Plc
Mode of this question is 2, from this it can be deduced that majority of the respondents
identified one way information flow as the major drawback of the top-down communication
process that Tesco applies. Standard deviation of the question is 1.075365, which provides
the understanding that such drawbacks are to be eliminated for avoiding any risk of losing
employee engagement due to the existing communication measure of the organisation. This
can be evacuated through the communication barriers identified in the literature review,
which provides the organisational a clear understanding that in retail sectors the distance
between different units of the organisation as well as inconsistency in the information flow
makes it difficult to encourage larger engagement in part of employee though incorporation
of employee’s inputs as well.

Question 10: What strategies could be suggested to mitigate the drawbacks that Tesco
faced while communicating with its work force?

responses
Scope for feedback 40.00% 16 40
Modification of information based

on requirement of job roles 12.50% 5 40
Delivery of information keeping the

capabilities of employee in mind 0.00% 0 40
Regular report taken from

executives about performance and
requirements of employees 35.00% 14 40
Others 12.50% 5 40
2.675 2 1 1.591443
Table 4.10: Suggestion to mitigate the drawbacks
45.00% 40.00%
40.00% 35.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00% 12.50% 12.50%
10.00%
5.00% 0.00%
0.00%
Scope for feedback Modification of Delivery of Regular report Others
information based information taken from
on requirement of keeping the executives about
job roles capabilities of performance and
employee in mind requirements of
employees
Response %
Figure 4.10: Suggestion to mitigate the drawbacks
Maximum of the respondents identified the scope of feedback as essential for ensuring the
success of communication system used in Tesco, which can be identified through the fact that
mode of this question is 1. Finally, standard deviation of this question is 1.591443, which
might be considered as the indicator of the fact that the organisation might face risk of losing
engagement of its employees if it fails to mitigate its communication issues with the help of
this suggestion. It should be noted that findings highlights the communication gap between
the top engagement and employee base that can be mitigated by maintaining communication
flow. There should be wider scopes for feedbacks and the management needs to be keener to
those.
4.3 Qualitative data analysis
Q1: How do you find top down communication followed by the company is fruitful in
terms of ensuring employee engagement?
Managerial viewpoints of first and second manager of Bridge Retail Park reveals Tesco as
one of those companies where top-down communication is used to ensure employee
engagement by enabling two way communication process and giving priority to employees’
feedbacks including both interpersonal relation and exchange of information. It is notified
that to-down communication is co-related with career satisfaction of the low-level employees.
Based on the viewpoint of first and second manager of Lockerbie Road it can be asserted
that communication creates positive perceptions among the employees and make them
satisfied. Different communication methods such as intranet, e-mail, company website, text
message have been used widely. It is noted that top-down communication is used to resolve
work uncertainty rather task-oriented knowledge as defined in Aon Hewitt’s employee
engagement model. Lack of communication might reduce the organisational performance
hence therefore; Tesco gives careful attention to this concern in order to maintain
organisational performance. Thereby, it can be asserted that application of appropriate
communication techniques proven to be fruitful to wider extent.
Q2: What strategies the company take to initiate effective communication?
Based upon the viewpoint of second manager of Lockerbie Road store it is identified
communication plays vital role in order to ensure employee engagement. Therefore, Tesco
uses different tools such as meetings, e-mail, and phone to disseminate message from higher
level to lower level of employees. While using the mediums the management needs to be
aware of the noise as evaluated in Shannon’s model so the effectiveness of the message and
information flow remains flawless. In addition, non-verbal, electronic and visual
communication is entertained to maintain systematic flow of information. Otherwise,
communication gap creates confusion among the employees and it hampers their work
performance. Tesco is one of those organisations that enabled effective organisational
communication through sending and receiving of message among interrelated individuals
within specific environment or setting to achieve common and individual goal.
Second manager emphasised that face-to-face communication as well as written and through
mediated channels. Top-down communication can be regarded as the effective internal
communication process with the employees to ensure their engagement with the organisation.
The first manager of Bridge Retail Park mentioned that executives are sent to the stores to
have consultation with the employees. This reveals that how Tesco has encouraged
interactive communication process within the stores to ensure employee engagement. The
executives talk to the employees and enquires whether they have any issue regarding
exchange of information among different levels such as store manager, supervisor etc.
Q3: What do you think as effective procedure to engage employees at work?
Viewpoint of first manager Bridge Retail Park uncovers that employee engagement is
attachment and active participation of employees in tasks provided by the organisation. It
reveals different ways to ensure engagement of the employees with the organisation and
Tesco has used top-down communication methods to ensure managerial hierarchy and
transfer information from high level to low-level staffs. Through this Tesco could
disseminate information from the high-ranking officials to the low-level staffs. In addition,
other ways concluded by second manager such as career-path meetings, informal learning
opportunities, giving real feedback, acknowledge the effort made by the employees,
maintaining transparency are the effective ways to ensure employee engagement.
In addition, it needs to be mentioned that top-down communication is the downward

communication through which employee can understand the message or information as first
manager of Lockerbie Road mentioned that keeping promise would be very crucial for the
organisation. It can be considered that when the organisation promises to perform such
things, it means the organisation is supposed to perform those. On the other hand, productive
work environment should be there including trusting people and having fun at work.
Employee should be given the feeling that their voices are being heard. The second manger
of the same branch concluded that different tools such as intranet, company website are used
to ensure employee engagement with the organisation this is complimentary with Head down
theory as analysed in preceding chapter.
Q4: What challenges do you face in employee engagement through top-down

communication?
Based on the view point of first manager of Bridge Retail Park it is identified that distortion;
slow feedbacks are two of the vital challenges that the organisation faced. Top down
communication is having impact over the morale of the employees. The second manager
identified that employees sometimes employees possess emotional and intellectual take in
their jobs hence, the top management finds it hard to understand the level of talent exist in the
workforce.
It can be asserted that downwards communication can be distorted as it comes through
various levels of the organisation. The first manger of Lockerbie Road mentioned that slow
feedback is another disadvantage of this type of communication process. Therefore, it can be
stated that the message takes time to be disseminated among the employees. Slow feedback
thus creates problem in the dynamic environment. Due distortion, employees sometimes fail
to understand the message clearly. In other words, there is lack of clarification of the
conveyed message based on the interpretation ability of the employees within the
organisation.
4.4 Summary
The chapter was helpful for the researcher in order to gather data directly from the
respondents by conducting survey and interviews. Mathematical and statistical methods have
been used to analyse data. Data analysis helped in finding out the gaps applied by Tesco
regarding top-down communication and based on the gaps recommendations are developed.
Chapter 5
Conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Completion of this particular study has availed the researcher a clear understanding of the
influence that top-down communication procedure of a business organisation might have
upon the level of engagement of its employee. Theories concerning communication measures
used within a business organisation specifically focusing on the top-down communication
process and employee engagement has enabled the researcher to gain generalised
understanding of the employee engagement. Such generalised information is used for
evaluating the primary and secondary data in the fourth chapter of this study. Through the
completion of the former four chapters, the researcher has been able to deduce the top-down
communication system might be effectively used for maintaining systematic information flow
within a business organisation, which might be effective in generating employee engagement.
Yet, inappropriate application of the procedure might also generate dissatisfaction among the
employees, which might bring downfall in employee engagement level.
5.2 Linking with the objectives

In this section, findings of this particular research have been compared to objectives of this
study for identify if the study has been able to achieve its objectives in appropriate manner,
which is essential for evaluating its success as a research.
Linking with the objective 1: To analyse top-down communication
It was very important for the researcher to assess the top-down communication in order to
scrutinise how it affects employee engagement with the organisation. In the literature review
chapter, several models such have been used to fulfil the objective. Question 4 and 5 in the
quantitative section and question 1 in the qualitative section has direct link with the
objective. It is noted that that top-down communication can be used to ensure employee
engagement with the organisation. In case of Tesco, findings indicated that the organisation
maintains transparency, accountability in the top-down communication process that helps in
ensuring employee engagement with the organisation. Based on the findings it can be
asserted that top-down communication can be the effective method ensuring employee
involvement. Thereby, it can be mentioned that the researcher successfully accomplished this
objectives in compliance with data findings revealing various advantageous aspects of top-
down communication.
Linking with the objective 2: To analyse the level of employee engagement at Tesco
The researcher has intended to examine the level of employee engagement in Tesco. Based
on the findings gathered through Question 6 and 7 in the quantitative section and question
3 in the qualitative section it is found the Tesco sends executive to have communication with
the employees. In addition, intranet, e-mail and website are used for the purpose and maintain
effective communication with the employees of Tesco. From the analysis of the questions,
effective measures have been found regarding the strategies used by Tesco. It should be
mentioned that employee engagement of the organisation is not that flourishing as it was
expected to be utilising the aforementioned methods. Negative perception of some of the
employees have undermines the engagement with the organisation. Thereby, the researcher
has accomplished this objective too with the help of gathered evidence.
Linking with the objective 3: To analyse the impact of top-down communication on

employee engagement
The researcher has intended to scrutinise the impact of used top-down communication
strategy. Question 7 in the quantitative section and question 2 in the qualitative section has
direct link with the objective. By fulfilling requirements of the objective, it can be said that
the researcher has successfully fulfilled this objective. It is noted that top-down
communication maintains the flow of information within employee and management base
that radically makes the employees productive as they contribute more to the organisation. In
addition they feel valued that significantly affect their performance level. However,
drawbacks sometimes lessen the impact of top-down communication that may need
alternative methods. Thereby, the researcher successfully accomplished this objective.
Linking with the objective 4: To provide recommendations to Tesco to improve its top-down
communications to ensure better employee engagement
Evaluation of the question 10 of the quantitative data analysis section has enabled the
researcher to identify the different suggestions that employees of the organisation that
participated in the study, availed for reducing the challenges. The recommendations are
developed based on researcher’s understanding of the shortcomings that are availed in the
following section.
5.3 Recommendation
Incorporation of feedback availing facility along with top down communication
As top-down communication strategy avails scope for information flow from the upper level
of organisational hierarchy to the lower level thus strict application of such method might
restrict the possibility of identify the issues in bottom level of the organisational structure.
Thus, Tesco might avail an opportunity for feedback from the lower level while applying top-
down communication process for ensuring effective information flow within the company
and engagement of employees towards organisational development. Development of
feedback measures for employees such as blogs, social network groups and performance
review session. This can be measured through the increased level of engagement of
employees towards organisational processes and through reduced number of issues in bottom
level of organisational hierarchy. This recommendation is identified as achievable as the
organisation has enough financial resource for generation of appropriate feedback
programmes. This is considered as reliable as the organisation can directly achieve feedback
of employees, which might prove to be effective in identifying solutions for organisational
processes and for generating deeper engagement in part of the employees. Period of 6
months has been assigned for this recommendation. (Action plan refer to appendix-4)
Determination of employees’ access to information based on employee capability and role
Analysis of the response of employees of the organisation that participated in data collection
process has enabled the researcher to identify that the major issue with top-down
communication process of a business organisation is that it avails the organisation very little
scope for incorporating the opinion of organisation’s members that belong to the lower level
of organisational hierarchy. This might reduce the scope of identifying the potential of
employees of the organisation in appropriate manner, which could be essential for availing
the employees, larger responsibilities and exploring their potential exhaustively. On the other
hand, the position of the employee might call for less information than what is required for
completion of their job. Gathering performance report from the organisational executive
regarding performance of the employees of the organisation .Assignment of responsibility of
employees based on that report. Availing information concerning organisational operations
based on that role and capability. Effectiveness of this strategy can be measured through
improved performance of the employee and increased productivity of the work force. This
strategy is attainable as executive officers of the organisation develop employee performance
record only they need to develop employee performance report based on that record. The
procedure can be considered reliable as it avails the organisation, appropriate opportunity to
gain deeper understanding of its work force and utilise them appropriately. This objective is
expected to be achieved within 6 months. (Action plan refer to appendix-5)
Regular report taken from executives about performance of employees
It would be very crucial for Tesco to analyse the effectiveness of the applied communication
methods through the provided report by the executives. Report would be helpful for the
organisation to assess the performance level of the employees resulted from their engagement
with the organisation. In addition, sending the executives to the stores has been entertained
to enhance the communication process thereby; regular report would be helpful in monitoring
effectiveness of the applied communication technique. Possible gaps would have been
identified in the initial stage before performance of the employee is hampered. Due to
identified shortcomings of the communication technique, applied by Tesco the management
needs to give serious attention based on its relevance to ensure employee engagement
through evaluation of employee performance and indentifying most effective method to
maintain communication flow (top-down communication). (Action plan refer to appendix-6)
5.4 Research limitations

During the completion of this particular study, the researcher has faced several different kinds
of hazards that restricted achievement of further knowledge concerning the research issue in
considerable manner. The researcher faced limitation in terms of time, which restricted the
researcher from taking larger sample size for the researcher. Limitation of financial budget is
another severe restriction that caused the researcher to limit sample size.
5.5 Future scope for the study

Availability of larger time and financial allocation could have enabled the researcher to
undertake larger sampling for the data analysis process, which could have enhanced the
quality of this particular research in considerable manner. Moreover, comparison of the data
acquired from the sources of Tesco with that of the other organisation could have enabled the
researcher to acquire a generalised understanding of the research issue, which could have
served as a starting point for further researches on this particular issue.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Activities 1st 2nd - 7th 8th– 12th - 16th – 20th – 24nd – 26th
Week Week 11th 15th 19th 23st 25rd week
Week Week Week Week Week
Topic selection
Secondary data  
collection
Primary data  
collection
Literature review  
Methodology 
identification
Analysis and   
interpretation of
primary data
Findings of the  
study and
comparing them
with literature
Conclusion  
Draft formation 
Submission of final 
work
Table: Gantt chart

Appendix 2
(Questionnaire for employees of Tesco)
Name: Age:
Gender: Contact No.
Email ID:
Question1: Which gender group do you belong to?
 Female
 Male
Question2: Which age group do you belong to?
 21 years
 22-30 years
 31-40 years
 40-50 years
 Above 50
Question3: How long have you been working with Tesco?
 Less than 1 year
 1-2 years
 2-3 years
 3-5 years
 More than 5 years
Question4: How far do you agree that Tesco has used top down-communication effectively?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
Question 5: How far do you agree that top-down communication process of Tesco Plc is
sufficient in leading to intended level of employee engagement?
Strongly
 agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 disagree
Question 6: How far do you agree top-down communication system increases clarity,
transparency and accountability in employee-management relationship?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 disagree
Question 7: What strategies do you think Tesco has applied for establishing effective
communication within workforce?
 Intranet
 E-mail
 Company website
 SharePoint
 Text messages
Question 8: How far do you agree employee engagement through communication can
increase employee productivity?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 disagree
Question 9: What drawbacks did you identify in the top-down communication process of
Tesco Plc?
 Less scope for feedback
 Generally one way information flow
 Negative impact on employee morale
 Ignorance of special skills of employees
 Others
Question 10: What strategies could be suggested to mitigate the drawbacks that Tesco faced
while communicating with its work force?
 Scope for feedback
 Modification of information based on requirement of job roles
 Delivery of information keeping the capabilities of employee in mind
 Regular report taken from executives about performance and requirements of

employees
 Others
Appendix 3
(Questionnaire for store managers of Tesco)
Name: Age:
Gender: Contact No.
Email ID:
Q1: How do you find top down communication followed by the company is fruitful in
terms of ensuring employee engagement?
Tesco, Bridge Retail Park
First manger- ‘I think interpersonal and exchange of information marinating clarity is

maintained.’
Second manager- ‘yes, the process has been successful as it augments employee
engagements’.
Tesco, Lockerbie Road
First manger – ‘Communication creates positive perceptions among the employees and
makes them satisfied’
Second manager- ‘Top-down communication is used to resolve work uncertainty rather

task-oriented knowledge’
Q2: What strategies the company take to initiate effective communication?
First manger- ‘Tesco has enabled different strategies’
Second manager- ‘Face-to-face communication as well as written and through mediated

channels is used by Tesco.’
First manger- ‘The executive team talk to the employees.’
Second manager- ‘I think formation of executive team is proven to be effective for Tesco’
Q3: What do you think as effective procedure to engage employees at work?
First manger- ‘Employee engagement is attachment and active participation of employees in

tasks provided by the organisation’
Second manager- ‘It needs to be mentioned that top-down communication is the downward
communication through which employee can understand the message or information’
First manger- ‘When the organisation promises to perform such things, it means the
organisation is supposed to perform those.’
Second manager- ‘Intranet, company website are used to ensure employee engagement with
the organisation’
Q4: What challenges do you face in employee engagement through top-down

communication?
First manger- ‘Distortion challenge is the biggest challenge.’
Second manager-‘Slow feedback is such a challenge that hampers top-down communication

process.’
First manger- ‘The message takes time to be disseminated among the employees’
Second manager- ‘Due distortion, employees sometimes fail to understand the message
clearly’
Appndix-4
Action plan for first recommendation
Actions Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week

1 2-4 5-7 8-12 13-17 18-20 21-23 24
Consulting the authority and 
employees
Identification of need 
Evaluation of different measures   
that can be used
Identification of most suitable  
measure for feedback collection
Identification of the process  
Evaluation  
Rectification 
Application 
Appendix-5
Action plan for second recommendation

1 2-4 5-7 8-12 13-17 18-20 21-23 24
Market research   
Consulting the   
employees
Need identification 
Evaluation of possible  
measures
Instructing  
organisational
executives to develop
employee performance
report
Development of report  
Evaluation 
Determination of role  
of employees
Identification of  
required information
as per employees’ role
Implementation 
Appendix-6
Action plan for third recommendation

1 2-4 5-7 8-12 13-17 18-20 21-23 24
Research   
Consulting the   
employees
Need identification 
Evaluation of possible  
measures
Development of report  
Evaluation 
Determination of role  
of executives
Implementation 

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NAME: - TABREJ DELAWALA

LSM NUMBER: - 203211

SID NUMBER: - 1551416/1

AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF TOP-DOWN

Figure 1.1: Structure of the dissertation ................................................................................... 15

Table 4.1: Gender group that respondents belong to ............................................................... 46

1.2.1 Background of the topic

1.2.2 Background of the company

This is an issue because determination of appropriate communication measure for the

Why is it an issue now?

What could this research shed light on?

1.4 Research aim

1.5 Research objectives

 To analyse top-down communication

1.6 Research question

 What role top-down communication plays within an organisation?

1.7 Research hypothesis

H1. Top-down communication might influence the level of employee engagement

1.8 Significance of the study

1.9 Structure of the dissertation

Chapter 2: Literature review

Chapter 3: Research design and methodology

Chapter 4: Result, analysis and discussion

Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation

2.2 Role of communication in business organisation

In this framework to have the understanding regarding the employee communication

2.3 Concept of top-down communication

2.4.1 Shannon’s model

Source Encode Decode Receiver

Figure 2.1: Shannon’s model

2.4.2 Conversation theory

Conversation theory is arranged to Pask's most prominent point of interest in software

2.4.3 Berlo’s model

Source Messages Channel Receiver

Communicatio Content Hearing Communicatio

2.5 Communication challenges in modern organisation (retail)

Not all employees being kept informed

Employees are not receiving the message on time:

As commented by Sonenshein and Dholakia (2012, p.23) to be active in the performance,

Plan is unknown for future:

Functional area not collaborating:

Communication hampered by Distance between units:

2.6 Conception of employee engagement

2.7 Significance of employee engagement

Employee understanding of business strategy:

Higher level of satisfaction in employees:

2.8 Model/theory of employee engagement

2.8.1 Aon Hewitt’s model

Figure 2.3: Elements of employee engagement in Aon Hewitt’s model

2.8.2 Head down theory

Communication vehicles issues:

Language and geographical barriers:

Non-white Language and

Figure 2.4: Dispute in employee engagement

Non-white collar employees:

2.10 Strategies for employee engagement

Connect the engagement efforts to the high performances:

Incorporate the first line managers and smart communication process:

Individualise the engagement: