Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 49 views

    Math Midterm Paper

    Uploaded by

    api-312462558
    The document discusses sequences and series. It defines arithmetic and geometric sequences, providing their general equations. It explains that sequences have integer inputs while functions can have non-integer values. Series are the sums of sequences, and the document provides the equations to calculate the sum of arithmetic and geometric series up to a certain term or infinitely. Examples are worked through to demonstrate finding the sums. Connections are made to topics like sigma notation and logarithms, as well as real-world applications of sequences and series.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Math Midterm Paper

    Uploaded by

    api-312462558
    49 views5 pages
    The document discusses sequences and series. It defines arithmetic and geometric sequences, providing their general equations. It explains that sequences have integer inputs while functions can have non-integer values. Series are the sums of sequences, and the document provides the equations to calculate the sum of arithmetic and geometric series up to a certain term or infinitely. Examples are worked through to demonstrate finding the sums. Connections are made to topics like sigma notation and logarithms, as well as real-world applications of sequences and series.

    Original Title

    math midterm paper

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses sequences and series. It defines arithmetic and geometric sequences, providing their general equations. It explains that sequences have integer inputs while functions can have non-integer values. Series are the sums of sequences, and the document provides the equations to calculate the sum of arithmetic and geometric series up to a certain term or infinitely. Examples are worked through to demonstrate finding the sums. Connections are made to topics like sigma notation and logarithms, as well as real-world applications of sequences and series.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views5 pages

    Math Midterm Paper

    Uploaded by

    api-312462558
    The document discusses sequences and series. It defines arithmetic and geometric sequences, providing their general equations. It explains that sequences have integer inputs while functions can have non-integer values. Series are the sums of sequences, and the document provides the equations to calculate the sum of arithmetic and geometric series up to a certain term or infinitely. Examples are worked through to demonstrate finding the sums. Connections are made to topics like sigma notation and logarithms, as well as real-world applications of sequences and series.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Khris Thammavong

    April 26, 2018

    B5

    Sequences and Series

    Sequences are like an ongoing set of numbers that follow a specific pattern. There are

    two main types of sequences: arithmetic sequences and geometric sequences. Arithmetic

    sequences generally follow a rule of adding or subtracting a certain number repeatedly, similar to

    a linear function. The general equations for an arithmetic sequence are:

    a​n​ = a​1​ + d(n - 1) and a​n​ = a​0​ ​+ dn

    a​n​ is the output (the nth term of the sequence)

    a​1 and
    ​ a​0​ are the 1st and 0th terms respectively

    d is the common difference

    n is the input

    Geometric sequences follow a rule of multiplying or dividing by a certain number

    repeatedly, similar to an exponential function. The general equations for a geometric sequence

    are:

    a​n​ = a​1​(r)​n-1​ and a​n =


    ​ a​0​(r)​
    n

    a​n​ is the output (the nth term of the sequence)

    a​1 and
    ​ a​0​ are the 1st and 0th terms respectively

    r is the ratio

    n is the input
    However, sequences should not be confused with functions as the inputs for a sequence

    are only integers; there is no “in-between” numbers.

    For example, for the function f(x) = 7x + 4:

    f(x) x f(x) x
    11 1 35.5 4.5

    14.5 1.5 39 5

    18 2 42.5 5.5

    21.5 2.5 46 6

    25 3 49.5 6.5

    28.5 3.5 53 7

    32 4 56.5 7.5
    There are values for those numbers in between the whole number inputs.

    On the other hand, for the sequence a​n​ = 4 + 7n:

    a​n n a​n n
    11 1 N/A 4.5

    N/A 1.5 39 5

    18 2 N/A 5.5

    N/A 2.5 46 6

    25 3 N/A 6.5

    N/A 3.5 53 7

    32 4 N/A 7.5

    There are no values for those numbers in between the whole number inputs.

    When plotted on a graph, it would only look like dots spaced out that follow the trend.
    Series are pretty much the sums of a sequence. You could use sigma for adding it up, but

    there are also certain equations that you can use to find the series of both arithmetic and

    geometric sequences. The equation for the series of an arithmetic series is:

    S​n​ = ​n(a​1​ + a​n​) S​n​ is the sum up to n terms


    2 n is the term number you want to add up to

    a​1​ is the first term of the sequence and a​n​ is the nth term of the sequence

    The equation for a geometric sequences is:

    S​n​ = ​a​1​(1 - r​n​) S​n​ is the sum up to n terms


    ​ (1
    ​ - r) a is the first term

    r is the ratio and r​n​ is the ratio to the power of how many terms there are

    There is also an equation for infinite geometric series, but that’s only for when the absolute value
    of the ratio is less than 1:

    S​∞​ = ​ a​1​ ​ ​S​∞​ is the sum up to an infinite amount of terms


    ​​ 1 - r ​a is the zeroth term and r is the ratio

    Examples for all three:


    Find the sum of the following series

    13 + 24 + 35 + 46 + … + 156
    We see that this is adding by 11 each time so we know that this is an arithmetic sequence, so we
    use the arithmetic series equation.
    The first term is 13 and the last term is 156 as we can see, but to discover the number of terms
    we have to find how many times it adds by 11
    To do that, we subtract 13 from 156 and that gets us 143; divide that by 11 (because that’s what
    we add by) and we get 13, but we have to add 1 because we have to count the initial number so
    we get 14 terms
    To solve this, we just plug in all of the numbers we have collected into the equation:

    S​n​ = ​14(13 + 156)​ = 1183


    2
    Find the sum of the following series

    4 + 12 + 36 + 108 + … + 972
    We see that this is multiplying by 3 each time so we know that this is an geometric sequence, so
    we use the geometric series equation.
    Our first term is 4 and we need to find out the amount of terms.
    To do so, this time we divide the last term by the first term and we get 243. We use a logarithm
    to find out how many times it has to multiply by 3 to get to 243 and that is 5, but we add 1 to
    count the initial term so it’s 6.
    We have all of our terms discovers so we plug it into our equation:

    S​n​ = ​4(1 - 3​6​)​ = 1456


    ​ (1
    ​ - 3)

    Find the sum of the following infinite series

    0.520 + 0.000520 + 0.000000520 + …


    We see that this is multiplying by 1/1000 each time so we know that this is an geometric
    sequence, and the ratio is less than 1 so we use the infinite geometric series equation.
    Our first term is 0.520 and we already have all of our terms, so we plug it in:

    S​∞​ = 0​ .520 ​ = ​0.520​ = ​520


    1 - 1​​ /​1000 ​ /​1000 ​ 999
    999​
    ​
    Connections to other topics we’ve learned in class:
    Sequences and series have a lot to do with previous concepts that we’ve learned in class
    previously. As mentioned before we can use sigma instead of those equations that we used to
    sum up the series. For example in the series we did before of a​n​ = 4 + 7n, we could just plug that
    into sigma and for the sum of the first 10 numbers we could get the same answer:
    10
    ∑ 4 + 7n = 425
    n=1

    10(11 + 74)​ = 425


    2
    Also, with geometric sequences it is necessary to use logs to discover the amount of
    terms. In my previous example with 4 + 12 + 36 + 108 + … + 972, I had to take the log​3​(243) to
    find out how many terms there were in the series.

    Connections to outside of class:


    Series are used in stuff like: finding out how much money is in your savings account after
    n years or finding out the population of something that grows exponentially (like in bacteria or
    rabbits) after a certain amount of time.
    There is also a sequence that is pretty well known to almost everybody and that is the
    Fibonacci sequence, in which the next number is found by adding the two previous numbers. If
    we take any two consecutive numbers from this sequence and divide the bigger one by the small
    one, the ratio is close to the golden ratio, which is represented by the greek letter φ. This number
    is around 1.618034… and this ratio is found commonly in art, architecture, and even nature.

    Source:
    https://www.livescience.com/
    37704-phi-golden-ratio.html

    You might also like