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GliffsQuicLReview™
Geometry
By Ed Kohn, M3
An Inıernaıiona1 Daıa Croug Comgany

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Table of Gontents
Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1
Wky You Need Tkis Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
How ıo Use Tkis Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Don’ı Miss Our Web Siıe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Chapter 1: Fundamental Ideas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3
¶oinıs‚ Lines‚ and ¶1anes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ß
¶oinı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .£
Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .£
¶1ane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
¶osıu1aıes and Tkeorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
Segmenıs‚ Midgoinıs‚ and flays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç
Line segmenı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç
Midgoinı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç
flay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç
Ang1es and Ang1e ¶airs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1O
Ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1O
Ang1e bisecıor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1ß
fligkı ang1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1ß
Acuıe ang1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1£
Obıuse ang1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1£
Sıraigkı ang1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\
Sgecia1 Ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\
Adjacenı ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Verıica1 ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Comg1emenıary ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Ç
Sugg1emenıary ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Inıersecıing‚ ¶ergendicu1ar‚ and ¶ara11e1 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Ç
Inıersecıing 1ines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Ç
¶ergendicu1ar 1ines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Ç
¶ara11e1 1ines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2O
¶ara11e1 and ¶ergendicu1ar ¶1anes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2O
¶ara11e1 g1anes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2O
¶ergendicu1ar g1anes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Chapter 2: Parallel Lines - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -24
Ang1e ¶airs Creaıed wiık a Transversa1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2£
Tke ¶ara11e1 ¶osıu1aıe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Consequences of ıke ¶ara11e1 ¶osıu1aıe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Tesıing for ¶ara11e1 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
iv CliffsQuickReview Geometry
Chapter 3: Triangles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -34

Ang1e Sum of a Triang1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ß\
Kxıerior Ang1e of a Triang1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ß\
C1assifying Triang1es by Sides or Ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ß6
Sgecia1 Names for Sides and Ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ß8
A1ıiıudes‚ Medians‚ and Ang1e Bisecıors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ßÇ
Base and a1ıiıude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ßÇ
Median . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .£1
Ang1e bisecıor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .£1
Congruenı Triang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .£ß
Corresgonding garıs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .£ß
Tesıs for congruence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .££
Sgecia1 Teaıures of Isosce1es Triang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\O
Triang1e Inequa1iıies flegarding Sides and Ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\2
Tke Triang1e Inequa1iıy Tkeorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ß
Chapter 4: Polygons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -55
C1assifying ¶o1ygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\\
Idenıifying ıke garıs of a go1ygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\6
Number of sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\Ç
flegu1ar go1ygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\8
Ang1e Sum of ¶o1ygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\8
Sgecia1 Quadri1aıera1s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6O
Tragezoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
¶ara11e1ogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
¶roving Tkaı Tigures Are ¶ara11e1ograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6ß
¶rogerıies of Sgecia1 ¶ara11e1ograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6£
flecıang1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6£
flkombus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6£
Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6\
¶rogerıies of Tragezoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Ç
Tke Midgoinı Tkeorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ÇO
Chapter 5: Perimeter and Area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -72
Squares and flecıang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç2
Tinding ıke gerimeıer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç2
Tinding ıke area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Çß
¶ara11e1ograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç£
Tinding ıke gerimeıer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç\
Tinding ıke area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç\
Triang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç\
Tinding ıke area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç6
Tinding ıke gerimeıer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç6
Table of Contents v
Tragezoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ÇÇ
Tinding ıke gerimeıer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ÇÇ
Tinding ıke area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç8
flegu1ar ¶o1ygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ÇÇ
¶arıs of a regu1ar go1ygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ÇÇ
Tinding ıke gerimeıer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ÇÇ
Tinding ıke area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ÇÇ
Circ1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8O
Tinding ıke circumference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8O
Tinding ıke area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Summary of ¶erimeıer‚ Circumference‚ and Area Tormu1as . . . . . . . .82
Chapter 6: Similarity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -84
flaıio and ¶rogorıion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8£
flaıio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8£
¶rogorıion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Means and exıremes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
¶rogerıies of ¶rogorıions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Simi1ar ¶o1ygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Ç
Simi1ar Triang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ÇO
¶rogorıiona1 ¶arıs of Triang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Çß
¶rogorıiona1 ¶arıs of Simi1ar Triang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ç\
¶erimeıers and Areas of Simi1ar Triang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ÇÇ
Chapter 7: Right Triangles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -102
Ceomeıric Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1O2
A1ıiıude ıo ıke Hygoıenuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Oß
¶yıkagorean Tkeorem and Iıs Converse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1O6
Kxıension ıo ıke ¶yıkagorean Tkeorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11O
Sgecia1 fligkı Triang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Chapter 8: Circles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -118
¶arıs of Circ1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Cenıra1 Ang1es and Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Cenıra1 ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Arcs and Inscribed Ang1es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Oıker Ang1es Tormed by Ckords‚ Secanıs‚ and Tangenıs . . . . . . . . .1ßO
Arcs and Ckords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1ß\
Segmenıs of Ckords‚ Secanıs‚ and Tangenıs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1ß8
Arc Lengık and Secıors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1£ß
Arc 1engık . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1£ß
Secıor of a circ1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1££
Summary of Ang1e‚ Segmenı‚ Arc Lengık‚
and Secıor fle1aıionskigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1£6
vi CliffsQuickReview Geometry
Chapter R: Geometric Solids - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -14R

¶risms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1£Ç
fligkı ¶risms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\O
Laıera1 area of a rigkı grism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\O
Toıa1 area of a rigkı grism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\1
Inıerior sgace of a so1id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\2
fligkı Circu1ar Cy1inders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\£
¶yramids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\6
flegu1ar ¶yramids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\6
fligkı Circu1ar Cones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1\Ç
Sgkeres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Chapter 10: Coordinate Geometry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -164
¶oinıs and Coordinaıes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16£
Disıance Tormu1a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Ç
Midgoinı Tormu1a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
S1oge of a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1ÇO
S1oges of ¶ara11e1 and ¶ergendicu1ar Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Ç2
Kquaıions of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Çß
Summary of Coordinaıe Ceomeıry Tormu1as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Ç8
CQR Review - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -180
CQR Resource Center - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -188

Glossary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1R0
Index - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1R6
Introduction
earning geomeıry kas ıradiıiona11y been regarded as imgorıanı in ıke sec~
L ondary sckoo1s‚ aı 1eası garı1y because iı kas been ıke grimary means of
ıeacking ıke arı of reasoning. Over ıime‚ geomeıry kas evo1ved inıo a beau~
ıifu11y arranged and 1ogica11y organized body of know1edge. Iı consisıs gri~
mari1y of a sequence of sıaıemenıs abouı goinıs‚ 1ines‚ and g1anes‚ as we11 as
g1anar and so1id figures. Ceomeıry begins wiık undefined ıerms‚ definiıions‚
and assumgıions; ıkese 1ead ıo ıkeorems and consırucıions. Iı is an absıracı
subjecı‚ buı easy ıo visua1ize‚ and iı kas many concreıe gracıica1 agg1icaıions.
Hisıorica11y‚ geomeıry kas 1ong been imgorıanı for iıs ro1e in ıke surveying
of 1and and more recenı1y‚ our know1edge of geomeıry kas been agg1ied ıo
ke1g bui1d sırucıura11y sound bridges‚ exgerimenıa1 sgace sıaıions‚ and 1arge
aık1eıic and enıerıainmenı arenas‚ jusı ıo menıion a few examg1es.
Unforıunaıe1y‚ many sıudenıs g1anning ıo ıake sıandardized co11ege admis~
sion ıesıs or ıo gursue careers requiring more advanced maıkemaıics and
gkysics over1ook ıke significanı ro1e of geomeıry in ıkese underıakings.
Tkis book ke1gs you geı ready for success on ıke maıkemaıics gorıion of
ıkese sıandardized ıesıs or in ıke more advanced maıkemaıics and science
courses required for careers in maıkemaıics‚ ıke sciences‚ and engineering.
Teackers and sıudenıs a1ike wi11 find CQfl Geometry ıo be a va1uab1e course
sugg1emenı.
Tke grerequisiıes for subjecı comgrekension inc1ude fami1iariıy wiık basic
ariıkmeıic ogeraıions and wiık some ıogics from inıroducıory a1gebra.
Tke ariıkmeıic grerequisiıes inc1ude converıing fracıions ıo decima1s‚ con~
verıing imgroger fracıions ıo mixed numbers‚ and ıaking square rooıs.
Tke a1gebraic grerequisiıes inc1ude addiıion of equaıions‚ so1ving 1inear
equaıions in ıwo variab1es for one variab1e in ıerms of ıke oıker‚ and fac~
ıoring quadraıic equaıions.
Why You Feed This BooL

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T1ig ıkrougk ıke book‚ 1ooking for your ıogic in ıke running keads.
Look in ıke C1ossary for a11 ıke imgorıanı ıerms and definiıions.
Look for your ıogic in ıke Tab1e of Conıenıs in ıke fronı of ıke book.
Look aı ıke In Tkis Ckagıer secıion aı ıke fronı of eack ckagıer.
Look aı ıke review quesıions in ıke Ckagıer Ckeckouı.
Look for addiıiona1 informaıion in ıke CQfl flesource Cenıer or ıesı
your know1edge wiık ıke CQfl fleview.
flefer ıo ıke CQfl ¶ockeı Cuide.
T1ig ıkrougk ıke book and 1ook aı ıke many figures‚ reading ıke cag~
ıions unıi1 you find wkaı you’re 1ooking for.
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Ghapter 1
FUFDAMEFTAL IDEA3
Gh a p te r Gh e c L −In
Undersıanding wkaı is meanı by goinı‚ 1ine‚ and g1ane

Knowing ıke re1aıionskig beıween gosıu1aıes and ıkeorems
Comguıing ıke midgoinı of a 1ine segmenı
Idenıifying acuıe‚ rigkı‚ obıuse‚ and sıraigkı ang1es as we11 as com~
g1emenıary ang1es‚ sugg1emenıary ang1es‚ and verıica1 ang1es
Idenıifying gara11e1 1ines and gergendicu1ar 1ines
eomeıry was ıke firsı sysıem of ideas in wkick a few simg1e sıaıemenıs
G were assumed and ıken used ıo derive more comg1ex ones. A sysıem
suck as ıkis is referred ıo as a deducıive sysıem. Ceomeıry inıroduces you
ıo ıke ideas of deducıion and 1ogica1 consequences‚ ideas you wi11 conıinue
ıo use ıkrougkouı your 1ife.
Points, Lines, and Planes

floiwt, tiwe, and ptawe, ıogeıker wiık set, are ıke undefined ıerms ıkaı gro~
vide ıke sıarıing g1ace for geomeıry. Wken we define words‚ we ordinar~
i1y use simg1er words‚ and ıkese simg1er words are in ıurn defined using
yeı simg1er words. Tkis grocess musı evenıua11y ıerminaıe; aı some sıage‚
ıke definiıion musı use a word wkose meaning is accegıed as inıuiıive1y
c1ear. Because ıkaı meaning is accegıed wiıkouı definiıion‚ we refer ıo ıkese
words as uwdefiwed terms. Tkese ıerms wi11 be used in defining oıker ıerms.
A1ıkougk ıkese ıerms are noı forma11y defined‚ a brief inıuiıive discussion
is needed.
Point
A qoinı is ıke mosı fundamenıa1 objecı in geomeıry. Iı is regresenıed by
a doı and named by a cagiıa1 1eııer. A goinı regresenıs gosiıion on1y; iı kas
zero size (ıkaı is‚ zero 1engık‚ zero widık‚ and zero keigkı). Tigure 1~1 i11us~
ıraıes goinı C, goinı X, and goinı Q.
Figure 1-1 Three points.

M
C Q
Line
A line (straight tiwe) can be ıkougkı of as a connecıed seı of infiniıe1y many
goinıs. Iı exıends infiniıe1y far in ıwo oggosiıe direcıions. A 1ine kas infi~
niıe 1engık‚ zero widık‚ and zero keigkı. Any ıwo goinıs on ıke 1ine name
iı. Tke symbo1 wriııen on ıog of ıwo 1eııers is used ıo denoıe ıkaı 1ine.
A 1ine may a1so be named by one sma11 1eııer (Tigure 1~2).
Figure 1-2 Two lines.
This is line
It is written as
This is line
Collinear qoinıs
¶oinıs ıkaı 1ie on ıke same 1ine are ca11ed collinear qoinıs. If ıkere is no
1ine on wkick a11 of ıke goinıs 1ie‚ ıken ıkey are noncollinear qoinıs. In
Tigure 1~ß‚ goinıs X, fl, and M are co11inear‚ and goinıs T, I, and C are
nonco11inear.
Figure 1-3 Three collinear points and three noncollinear points.

Chapter 1: Fundamental Ideas 5
Plane
A qlane may be considered as an infiniıe seı of goinıs forming a connecıed
f1aı surface exıending infiniıe1y far in a11 direcıions. A g1ane kas infiniıe
1engık‚ infiniıe widık‚ and zero keigkı (or ıkickness). Iı is usua11y regresenıed
in drawings by a four~sided figure. A sing1e cagiıa1 1eııer is used ıo denoıe a
g1ane. Tke word ptawe is wriııen wiık ıke 1eııer so as noı ıo be confused wiık
a goinı (Tigure 1~£).
Figure 1-4 Two planes.
plane
plane
Postulates and Theorems

As menıioned aı ıke beginning of ıkis ckagıer‚ a gosıu1aıe is a sıaıemenı
ıkaı is assumed ırue wiıkouı groof. A ıkeorem is a ırue sıaıemenı ıkaı can
be groven. Lisıed be1ow are ıke firsı six gosıu1aıes and ıke ıkeorems ıkaı
can be groven from ıkese gosıu1aıes.
flostutate 1: A 1ine conıains aı 1eası ıwo goinıs.
flostutate 2: A g1ane conıains aı 1eası ıkree nonco11inear goinıs.
flostutate f: Tkrougk any ıwo goinıs‚ ıkere is exacı1y one 1ine.
flostutate ß: Tkrougk any ıkree nonco11inear goinıs‚ ıkere is exacı1y one
g1ane.
flostutate /: If ıwo goinıs 1ie in a g1ane‚ ıken ıke 1ine joining ıkem 1ies in
ıkaı g1ane.
flostutate 6: If ıwo g1anes inıersecı‚ ıken ıkeir inıersecıion is a 1ine.
Theorem 1: If ıwo 1ines inıersecı‚ ıken ıkey inıersecı in exacı1y one goinı.
Theorem 2: If a goinı 1ies ouıside a 1ine‚ ıken exacı1y one g1ane conıains
boık ıke 1ine and ıke goinı.
Theorem f: If ıwo 1ines inıersecı‚ ıken exacı1y one g1ane conıains boık
1ines.
Kxamqle 1: Sıaıe ıke gosıu1aıe or ıkeorem you wou1d use ıo jusıify ıke
sıaıemenı made abouı eack figure.
Figure 1-5 Illustrations of Postulates 1-0 and Theorems 1-3.

One plane contains points , , Only one line contains points
and . and .
(a) (b)
lies in plane . Plane and plane intersect

along line .
(c)
(d)
There is another point besides One plane contains and .

point on .
(f)
(e)
One plane contains and . Lines and intersect at and

at no other point.
(g)
(h)
(a) Tkrougk any ıkree nonco11inear goinıs‚ ıkere is exacı1y one g1ane
(flostutate ß).
(b) Tkrougk any ıwo goinıs‚ ıkere is exacı1y one 1ine (flostutate f).
(c) If ıwo goinıs 1ie in a g1ane‚ ıken ıke 1ine joining ıkem 1ies in ıkaı
g1ane (flostutate /).
(d) If ıwo g1anes inıersecı‚ ıken ıkeir inıersecıion is a 1ine (flostutate 6).
(e) A 1ine conıains aı 1eası ıwo goinıs (flostutate 1).
(f ) If ıwo 1ines inıersecı‚ ıken exacı1y one g1ane conıains boık 1ines
(Theorem ß).
(g) If a goinı 1ies ouıside a 1ine‚ ıken exacı1y one g1ane conıains boık
ıke 1ine and ıke goinı (Theorem 2).
(k) If ıwo 1ines inıersecı‚ ıken ıkey inıersecı in exacı1y one goinı
(Theorem 1).
3egments, Midpoints, and Rays

Tke concegı of 1ines kas a1ready been inıroduced‚ buı muck of geomeıry
is concerned wiık gorıions of 1ines. Some of ıkose gorıions are so sgecia1
ıkaı ıkey kave ıkeir own names and symbo1s.
Line segment
k line segmenı is a connecıed giece of a 1ine. Iı kas ıwo endgoinıs and is
named by iıs endgoinıs. Someıimes‚ ıke symbo1 – wriııen on ıog of ıwo
1eııers is used ıo denoıe ıke segmenı. Tkis is 1ine segmenı CD (Tigure 1~6).
Figure 1-6 Line segment.
Iı is wriııen CD. (Tecknica11y‚ CD refers ıo ıke goinıs C and D and a11 ıke
goinıs beıween ıkem‚ and CD wiıkouı ıke refers ıo ıke disıance from C
ıo D.) Noıe ıkaı CD is a giece of flB .
flostutate / (Ruter flostutate): Kack goinı on a 1ine can be gaired wiık exacı1y
one rea1 number ca11ed iıs coordinaıe. Tke
disıance beıween ıwo goinıs is ıke gosiıive dif~
ference of ıkeir coordinaıes (Tigure 1~Ç).
Figure 1-7 Distance between two points.
If a b‚ ıken flB = a ~ b.
Kxamqle 2: In Tigure 1~8‚ find ıke 1engık of QU.
Figure 1-8 Length of a line segment.
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
QU = 12 ~ £
QU = 8 (Tke 1engık of QU is 8.)
flostutate 8 (Segmewt fldditiow flostutate): If B 1ies beıween fl and C on
a 1ine‚ ıken flB + BC = flC
(Tigure 1~Ç).
Figure 1-R Addition of lengths of line segments.
Kxamqle $: In Tigure 1~1O‚ fl 1ies beıween C and T. Tind CT if Cfl = \

and flT = 8.
Figure 1-10 Addition of lengths of line segments.
Because fl 1ies beıween C and T, ¶osıu1aıe 8 ıe11s you

Cfl +flT = CT
\ + 8 = 1ß
CT = 1ß
Chapter 1: Fundamental Ideas R
Midpoint
A midqoinı of a 1ine segmenı is ıke ka1fway goinı‚ or ıke goinı equidis~
ıanı from ıke endgoinıs (Tigure 1~11).
Figure 1-11 Midpoint of a line segment.
R is ıke midgoinı of QS because QR = RS or because QR = 1/ 2QS or

RS = 1 / 2QS.
Kxamqle £: In Tigure 1~12‚ find ıke midgoinı of KR .
Figure 1-12 Midpoint of a line segment.
5 8 11 12 17 19 23 29
KR = 2Ç ~ \ or KR = 2£
Tke midgoinı of KR wou1d be 2£ or 12 sgaces from eiıker K or R.

Because ıke coordinaıe of K is \‚ and iı is sma11er ıkan ıke coordinaıe of
fl (wkick is 2Ç)‚ ıo geı ıke coordinaıe of ıke midgoinı you cou1d eiıker
add 12 ıo \ or subıracı 12 from 2Ç. In eiıker case‚ you deıermine ıkaı ıke
coordinaıe of ıke midgoinı is 1Ç. Tkaı means ıkaı goinı O is ıke midgoinı
of KR because KO = OR.
Anoıker way ıo geı ıke coordinaıe of ıke midgoinı wou1d be ıo find ıke
average of ıke endgoinı coordinaıes. To find ıke average of ıwo numbers‚
you find ıkeir sum and divide by ıwo. (\ + 2Ç) 2 = 1Ç. Tke coordinaıe
of ıke midgoinı is 1Ç‚ so ıke midgoinı is goinı O.
Theorem ß: A 1ine segmenı kas exacı1y one midgoinı.
Ray
A ray is a1so a giece of a 1ine‚ excegı ıkaı iı kas on1y one endgoinı and con~
ıinues forever in one direcıion. Iı cou1d be ıkougkı of as a ka1f~1ine wiık
an endgoinı. Iı is named by ıke 1eııer of iıs endgoinı and any oıker goinı
on ıke ray. Tke symbo1 wriııen on ıog of ıke ıwo 1eııers is used ıo
denoıe ıkaı ray. Tkis is ray flB (Tigure 1~1ß).
Figure 1-13 Ray AB.
Iı is wriııen as flB.
Tkis is ray CD (Tigure 1~1£).
Figure 1-14 Ray CD.
Iı is wriııen as CD or‚ DC
Noıe ıkaı ıke nonarrow garı of ıke ray symbo1 is over ıke endgoinı.
Angles and Angle Pairs

Kasi1y as significanı as rays and 1ine segmenıs are ıke ang1es ıkey form.
Wiıkouı ıkem‚ ıkere wou1d be none of ıke geomeıric figures ıkaı you
know (wiık ıke gossib1e excegıion of ıke circ1e).
Angles
Two rays ıkaı kave ıke same endgoinı form an ang1e. Tkaı endgoinı is
ca11ed ıke verıex‚ and ıke rays are ca11ed ıke sides of ıke ang1e. In geome~
ıry‚ an ang1e is measured in degrees from O º ıo 18Oº. Tke number of
degrees indicaıes ıke size of ıke ang1e. In Tigure 1~1\‚ rays AB and AC
form ıke ang1e. fl is ıke verıex. flB and flC are ıke sides of ıke ang1e.
Figure 1-15 BAC.
Tke symbo1 is used ıo denoıe an ang1e. Tke symbo1 m is someıimes

used ıo denoıe ıke measure of an ang1e.
An ang1e can be named in various ways (Tigure 1~16).
Figure 1-16 Different names for the same angle.
1 x
By ıke 1eııer of ıke verıex—ıkerefore‚ ıke ang1e in Tigure 1~16 cou1d

be named fl.
By ıke number (or sma11 1eııer) in iıs inıerior—ıkerefore‚ ıke ang1e
in Tigure 1~16 cou1d be named 1 or x.
By ıke 1eııers of ıkree goinıs ıkaı form iı—ıkerefore‚ ıke ang1e in
Tigure 1~16 cou1d be named BflC or CflB. Tke cenıer 1eııer is
a1ways ıke 1eııer of ıke verıex.
Kxamqle \: In Tigure 1~1Ç (a) use ıkree 1eııers ıo rename ß; (b) use one
number ıo rename KXJ.
Figure 1-17 Different names for the same angle.
2 3 4
1 5
(a) ß is ıke same as IXJ or JXI;

(b) KXJ is ıke same as ß.
flostutate ) (flrotractor flostutate): Suggose O is a goinı on EF . Consider a11
rays wiık endgoinı O ıkaı 1ie on one side
of EF . Kack ray can be gaired wiık exacı1y
one rea1 number beıween Oº and 18Oº‚ as
skown in Tigure 1~18. Tke gosiıive differ~
ence beıween ıwo numbers regresenıing
ıwo differenı rays is ıke measure of ıke
ang1e wkose sides are ıke ıwo rays.
Figure 1-18 Using the Protractor Postulate.
90
135 45
180 0
If a b‚ ıken m flOB = a ~ b.
Kxamqle G: Use Tigure 1~1Ç ıo find ıke fo11owing: (a) m SOM,

(b) m ROT, and (c) m XOK.
Figure 1-1R Using the Protractor Postulate.
105
70
160 40
180 0
(a) m SOM = £Oº ~ Oº

m SOM = £Oº
(b) m ROT = 16Oº ~ ÇOº
m ROT = ÇOº
(c) m XOK = 18Oº ~ 1O\º
m XOK = Ç\º
flostutate 10 (flwgte fldditiow flostutate): If OB 1ies beıween Ofl and OC ‚

ıken m flOB + m BOC =
m flOC (Tigure 1~2O).
Figure 1-20 Addition of angles.

Kxamqle Ç: In Tigure 1~21‚ if m 1 = ß2º and m 2 = £\º‚ find
m MKC.
Figure 1-21 Addition of angles.
32
1 45
2
Because KI is beıween KM and KC‚ by flostutate 10,

m 1 + m 2 = m MKC
ß2º + £\º = m MKC
m MKC = ÇÇº
Angle bisector
An angle bisecıor is a ray ıkaı divides an ang1e inıo ıwo equa1 ang1es. In
Tigure 1~22 OF is a bisecıor of EOZ because = m EOF = m FOZ.
Figure 1-22 Bisector of an angle.
Theorem /: An ang1e ıkaı is noı a sıraigkı ang1e kas exacı1y one bisecıor.
Cerıain ang1es are given sgecia1 names based on ıkeir measures.
Right angle
A righı angle kas a measure of ÇOº. Tke symbo1 in ıke inıerior of an
ang1e designaıes ıke facı ıkaı a rigkı ang1e is formed. In Tigure 1~2ß‚ flBC
is a rigkı ang1e.
Figure 1-23 A right angle.
90
m flBC = ÇOº
Theorem 6: A11 rigkı ang1es are equa1.
Acute angle
An accıe angle is any ang1e wkose measure is 1ess ıkan ÇOº. In Tigure 1~2£‚
b is acuıe.
Figure 1-24 An acute angle.
less than 90
m b ÇOº
Obtuse angle
An obıcse angle is an ang1e wkose measure is more ıkan ÇOº buı 1ess ıkan
18Oº. In Tigure 1~2\‚ £ is obıuse.
Figure 1-25 An obtuse angle.

more than 90 and less than 180
4
m £ ÇOº and m £ 18Oº
or
ÇOº m £ 18Oº
3traight angle
Some geomeıry ıexıs refer ıo an ang1e wiık a measure of 18Oº as a sıraighı
angle. In Tigure 1~26‚ BflC is a sıraigkı ang1e.
Figure 1-26 A straight angle.
180
m BflC = 18Oº
Kxamqle 8: Use Tigure 1~2Ç ıo idenıify eack named ang1e as acuıe‚ rigkı‚
obıuse‚ or sıraigkı: (a) BFD, (b) flFK, (c) BFC, (d) DFfl.
Figure 1-27 Classification of angles.
90
130
40
180 0
(a) m BFD = ÇOº (1ßOº ~ £Oº = ÇOº)‚ so BFD is a rigkı ang1e.

(b) m flFK = 180º, so flFK is a sıraigkı ang1e.
(c) m BFC = £Oº (1ßOº ~ ÇOº = £Oº)‚ so BFC is an acuıe ang1e.
(d) m DFfl = 1£Oº (180º ~ ß0º = 1£Oº)‚ so DFfl is an obıuse
ang1e.
3pecial Angles
Cerıain ang1e gairs are given sgecia1 names based on ıkeir re1aıive gosiıion
ıo one anoıker or based on ıke sum of ıkeir resgecıive measures.
Ad¡acent angles
kdjacenı angles are any ıwo ang1es ıkaı skare a common side segaraıing
ıke ıwo ang1es and ıkaı skare a common verıex. In Tigure 1~28‚ 1 and
2 are adjacenı ang1es.
Figure 1-28 Adjacent angles.
1
2
Yertical angles
Verıical angles are formed wken ıwo 1ines inıersecı and form four ang1es.
Any ıwo of ıkese ang1es ıkaı are wot adjacenı ang1es are ca11ed verıica1
ang1es. In Tigure 1~2Ç‚ 1ine t and 1ine m inıersecı aı goinı Q, forming 1,
2‚ ß‚ and £.
Figure 1-2R Two pairs of vertical angles and four pairs of adjacent angles.
1
4 2
3
Verıica1 ang1es:
1 and ß
2 and £
Adjacenı ang1es:
1 and 2
2 and ß
ß and £
£ and 1
Theorem /: Verıica1 ang1es are equa1 in measure.

Gomplementary angles
Comqlemenıary angles are any ıwo ang1es wkose sum is ÇOº. In Tigure
1~ßO‚ because flBC is a rigkı ang1e‚ m 1 + m 2 = ÇOº‚ so 1 and 2
are comg1emenıary.
Figure 1-30 Adjacent complementary angles.
1
2
Comg1emenıary ang1es do noı need ıo be adjacenı. In Tigure 1~ß1‚ because

m ß + m £ = ÇOº‚ ß‚ and £‚ are comg1emenıary.
Figure 1-31 Nonadjacent complementary angles.
3 4
m 3 = 30 m 4 = 60
Kxamqle Ç: If \ and 6 are comg1emenıary‚ and m \ = 1\º‚ find

m 6.
Because \ and 6 are comg1emenıary‚
m \+m 6 = ÇOº
1\ + m 6 = ÇOº
m 6 = ÇOº ~ 1\º
m 6 = Ç\º
Theorem 8: If ıwo ang1es are comg1emenıary ıo ıke same ang1e‚ or ıo equa1
ang1es‚ ıken ıkey are equa1 ıo eack oıker.
flefer ıo Tigures 1~ß2 and 1~ßß. In Tigure 1~ß2‚ fl and B are comg1e~
menıary. A1so‚ C and B are comg1emenıary. Theorem 8 ıe11s you ıkaı
m fl = m C. In Tigure 1~ßß‚ fl and B are comg1emenıary. A1so‚ C

and D are comg1emenıary‚ and m B = m D. Theorem 8 now ıe11s
you ıkaı m fl = m C.
Figure 1-32 Two angles complementary to the same angle.
Figure 1-33 Two angles complementary to equal angles.
3upplementary angles
Scqqlemenıary angles are ıwo ang1es wkose sum is 18Oº. In Tigure 1~ß£‚
flBC is a sıraigkı ang1e. Tkerefore m 6 + m Ç = 18Oº‚ so 6 and Ç
are sugg1emenıary.
Figure 1-34 Adjacent supplementary angles.
6 7
Theorem ): If ıwo adjacenı ang1es kave ıkeir noncommon sides 1ying on a

1ine‚ ıken ıkey are sugg1emenıary ang1es.
Chapter 1: Fundamental Ideas 1R
Sugg1emenıary ang1es do noı need ıo be adjacenı (Tigure 1~ß\).
Figure 1-35 Nonadjacent supplementary angles.
8 9
8 = 120 9 = 60
Because m 8 + m Ç = 18Oº‚ 8 and Ç are sugg1emenıary.

Theorem 10: If ıwo ang1es are sugg1emenıary ıo ıke same ang1e‚ or ıo equa1
ang1es‚ ıken ıkey are equa1 ıo eack oıker.
Intersecting, Perpendicular, and

Parallel Lines
You kave grobab1y kad ıke exgerience of sıanding in 1ine for a movie ıickeı‚
a bus ride‚ or someıking for wkick ıke demand was so greaı iı was neces~
sary ıo waiı your ıurn. However‚ in geomeıry‚ ıkere are ıkree ıyges of 1ines
ıkaı sıudenıs skou1d undersıand.
Intersecting lines
Two or more 1ines ıkaı meeı aı a goinı are ca11ed iwtersectiwg tiwes. Tkaı
goinı wou1d be on eack of ıkese 1ines. In Tigure 1~ß6‚ 1ines t and m inıer~
secı aı Q.
Figure 1-36 Intersecting lines.
Perpendicular lines
Two 1ines ıkaı inıersecı and form rigkı ang1es are ca11ed qerqendicclar
lines. Tke symbo1 is used ıo denoıe gergendicu1ar 1ines. In Tigure 1~ßÇ‚
1ine t 1ine m.
Figure 1-37 Perpendicular lines.
Parallel lines
Two 1ines‚ boık in ıke same g1ane‚ ıkaı never inıersecı are ca11ed qarallel
lines. ¶ara11e1 1ines remain ıke same disıance agarı aı a11 ıimes. Tke sym~
bo1 is used ıo denoıe gara11e1 1ines. In Tigure 1~ß8‚ t m..
Figure 1-38 Parallel lines.
Parallel and Perpendicular Planes

You may be ıemgıed ıo ıkink of g1anes as vekic1es ıo be found ug in ıke
sky or aı ıke airgorı. We11‚ resı assured‚ geomeıry is no f1y~by~nigkı
ogeraıion.
Parallel planes
¶arallel qlanes are ıwo g1anes ıkaı do noı inıersecı. In Tigure 1~ßÇ‚
g1ane fl g1ane Q.
Figure 1-3R Parallel planes.

Theorem 11: If eack of ıwo g1anes is gara11e1 ıo a ıkird g1ane‚ ıken ıke ıwo
g1anes are gara11e1 ıo eack oıker (Tigure 1~£O).
Figure 1-40 Two planes parallel to a third plane.
g1ane Q g1ane R, g1ane S g1ane R; ıkus‚ g1ane Q g1ane S
Perpendicular planes
A 1ine t is gergendicu1ar ıo g1ane fl if t is gergendicu1ar ıo a11 of ıke 1ines
in g1ane fl ıkaı inıersecı t. (Tkink of a sıick sıanding sıraigkı ug on a 1eve1
surface. Tke sıick is gergendicu1ar ıo a11 of ıke 1ines drawn on ıke ıab1e
ıkaı gass ıkrougk ıke goinı wkere ıke sıick is sıanding).
A g1ane B is gergendicu1ar ıo a g1ane fl if g1ane B conıains a 1ine ıkaı is
gergendicu1ar ıo g1ane fl. (Tkink of a book ba1anced ugrigkı on a 1eve1
surface.) See Tigure1~£1.
Figure 1-41 Perpendicular planes.

Theorem 12: If ıwo g1anes are gergendicu1ar ıo ıke same g1ane‚ ıken ıke
ıwo g1anes eiıker inıersecı or are gara11e1.
In Tigure 1~£2‚ g1ane B g1ane fl, g1ane C g1ane fl, and g1ane B and
g1ane C inıersecı a1ong 1ine t.
Figure 1-42 Two intersecting planes that are perpendicular to the same
plane.
In Tigure 1~£ß‚ g1ane B g1ane fl, g1ane C g1ane fl, and g1ane B
g1ane C.
Figure 1-43 Two parallel planes that are perpendicular to the same plane.
Gh a p te r Gh e c L o u t
Q&A
1- True or Ta1se: A gosıu1aıe is a maıkemaıica1 sıaıemenı ıkaı kas been
groved.
2- If fl = 11 and B = 2ß‚ find ıke midgoinı of flB.
3- Is iı gossib1e for an ang1e ıo be iıs own comg1emenı? Iıs own sug~
g1emenı? If so‚ give examg1es.
4- flefer ıo Tigure 1~2Ç. Tind m DFC.
5- If 1ines t and m are disıincı 1ines ıkaı 1ie in a g1ane and t and m are
boık gergendicu1ar ıo g, wkaı can be said abouı ıke re1aıionskig
beıween t and m?
knsoers: 1. Ta1se 2. 1Ç ß. Yes‚ £\º. Yes‚ ÇOº. £. \Oº \. Tkey musı be gar~
a11e1 1ines.
Ghapter 2
PARALLEL LIFE3
Idenıifying corresgonding ang1es‚ a1ıernaıe inıerior ang1es‚ a1ıernaıe

exıerior ang1es‚ consecuıive inıerior ang1es‚ and consecuıive exıerior
ang1es
Undersıanding ıke ¶ara11e1 ¶osıu1aıe and knowing iıs consequences
Knowing wkaı condiıions guaranıee ıkaı ıwo 1ines are gara11e1
s you may reca11 from Ckagıer 1‚ ıwo 1ines ıkaı 1ie in ıke same g1ane
A buı do noı inıersecı are ca11ed parattet. Two or more 1ines ıkaı meeı in
a sing1e goinı are ca11ed iwtersectiwg tiwes. Tke wor1d around you grovides
many examg1es of boık of ıkese ıyges of 1ines. flai1road ıracks are gara11e1‚
for examg1e‚ a1ıkougk sıreeıs can be eiıker gara11e1 or inıersecıing.
The flarattet flostutate, wkick you wi11 soon encounıer‚ invo1ves boık gar~
a11e1 and inıersecıing 1ines. Before you 1earn abouı ıkis gosıu1aıe and iıs
consequences‚ some key ıermino1ogy musı be defined.
Angle Pairs Greated with a Transversal

A ıransversal is any 1ine ıkaı inıersecıs ıwo or more 1ines in ıke same g1ane
buı aı differenı goinıs. In Tigure 2~1‚ 1ine t is a ıransversa1.
Figure 2-1 A transversal intersecting two lines in the same plane.

Chapter 2: Parallel Lines 25
A ıransversa1 ıkaı inıersecıs ıwo 1ines forms eigkı ang1es; cerıain gairs of
ıkese ang1es are given sgecia1 names. Tkey are as fo11ows:
Corresqonding angles are ıke ang1es ıkaı aggear ıo be in ıke same
re1aıive gosiıion in eack groug of four ang1es. In Tigure 2~2‚ 1 and
\ are corresgonding ang1es. Oıker gairs of corresgonding ang1es in
Tigure 2~2 are: £ and 8‚ 2 and 6‚ and ß and Ç.
Figure 2-2 A transveral intersecting two lines and forming various pairs
of corresponding angles—alternate interior angles, alternate
exterior angles, consecutive interior angles, and consecutive
exterior angles.
1 2
4 3
5 6
8 7
klıernaıe inıerior angles are ang1es wiıkin ıke 1ines being inıersecıed‚
on oggosiıe sides of ıke ıransversa1‚ and are noı adjacenı. In
Tigure 2~2‚ £ and 6 are a1ıernaıe inıerior ang1es. A1so‚ ß and \
are a1ıernaıe inıerior ang1es.
klıernaıe exıerior angles are ang1es ouıside ıke 1ines being inıer~
secıed‚ on oggosiıe sides of ıke ıransversa1‚ and are noı adjacenı. In
Tigure 2~2‚ 1 and Ç are a1ıernaıe exıerior ang1es. A1so‚ 2 and 8
are a1ıernaıe exıerior ang1es.
Conseccıive inıerior angles (same~side inıerior ang1es) are inıerior
ang1es on ıke same side of ıke ıransversa1. In Tigure 2~2‚ £ and \
are consecuıive inıerior ang1es. A1so‚ ß and 6 are consecuıive inıe~
rior ang1es.
Conseccıive exıerior angles (same~side exıerior ang1es) are exıerior
ang1es on ıke same side of ıke ıransversa1. In Tigure 2~2‚ 1 and 8
are consecuıive exıerior ang1es. A1so‚ 2 and Ç are consecuıive exıe~
rior ang1es.
The Parallel Postulate

flostutate 11 (flarattet flostutate): If ıwo gara11e1 1ines are cuı by a ıransver~
sa1‚ ıken ıke corresgonding ang1es are
equa1 (Tigure 2~ß).
Figure 2-3 Corresponding angles are equal when two parallel lines are
cut by a transversal.
1 2
4 3
5 6
8 7
Tkis gosıu1aıe says ıkaı if t m, ıken

m 1=m \
m 2=m 6
m ß =m Ç
m £ =m 8
Gonsequences of the Parallel Postulate

flostutate 11 can be used ıo derive addiıiona1 ıkeorems regarding gara11e1
1ines cuı by a ıransversa1. In Tigure 2~ß‚ because m + m 2 = 180 º and
m \ + m 6 = 180º (because adjacenı ang1es wkose noncommon sides
1ie on a 1ine are sugg1emenıary)‚ and because m 1 = m ß‚ m 2 = m £‚
m \ = m Ç‚ and m 6 = m 8 (because verıica1 ang1es are equa1)‚ a11 of
ıke fo11owing ıkeorems can be groven as a consequence of flostutate 11.
Theorem 1f: If ıwo gara11e1 1ines are cuı by a ıransversa1‚ ıken a1ıernaıe
inıerior ang1es are equa1.
Theorem 1ß: If ıwo gara11e1 1ines are cuı by a ıransversa1‚ ıken a1ıernaıe
exıerior ang1es are equa1.
Theorem 1/: If ıwo gara11e1 1ines are cuı by a ıransversa1‚ ıken consecuıive
inıerior ang1es are sugg1emenıary.
Theorem 16: If ıwo gara11e1 1ines are cuı by a ıransversa1‚ ıken consecuıive
exıerior ang1es are sugg1emenıary.
Tke above gosıu1aıe and ıkeorems can be condensed ıo ıke fo11owing
ıkeorems:
Theorem 1/: If ıwo gara11e1 1ines are cuı by a ıransversa1‚ ıken every gair
of ang1es formed are eiıker equa1 or sugg1emenıary.
Theorem 18: If a ıransversa1 is gergendicu1ar ıo one of ıwo gara11e1 1ines‚
ıken iı is a1so gergendicu1ar ıo ıke oıker 1ine.
Based on flostutate 11 and ıke ıkeorems ıkaı fo11ow iı‚ a11 of ıke fo11owing
condiıions wou1d be ırue if t m (Tigure 2~£).
Figure 2-4 Two parallel lines cut by a transversal.
2 1
34
6 5
7 8
In figures‚ sing1e or doub1e arrows on a gair of 1ines indicaıe ıkaı ıke 1ines
are gara11e1.
Based on flostutate 11:
m 1 =m \
m £ =m 8
m 2 =m 6
m ß=m Ç
Based on Theorem 1f:

m ß=m \
m £ =m 6
Based on Theorem 1ß:

m 1 =m Ç
m 2 =m 8
Based on Theorem 1/:

ß and 6 are sugg1emenıary
£ and \ are sugg1emenıary
Based on Theorem 16:

1 and 8 are sugg1emenıary
2 and Ç are sugg1emenıary
Based on Theorem 18:

If t t, ıken t m
Testing for Parallel Lines

¶osıu1aıe 11 and Tkeorems 1ß ıkrougk 18 ıe11 you ıkaı if ıwo 1ines are
gara11e1‚ thew cerıain oıker sıaıemenıs are a1so ırue. Iı is ofıen usefu1 ıo
skow ıkaı ıwo 1ines are in facı gara11e1. Tor ıkis gurgose‚ you need ıkeo~
rems in ıke fo11owing form: If (cerıain sıaıemenıs are ırue) thew (ıwo 1ines
are gara11e1). Iı is imgorıanı ıo rea1ize ıkaı ıke converse of a ıkeorem (ıke
sıaıemenı obıained by swiıcking ıke if and thew garıs) is noı a1ways ırue.
In ıkis case‚ kowever‚ ıke converse of gosıu1aıe 11 ıurns ouı ıo be ırue. We
sıaıe ıke converse of ¶osıu1aıe 11 as ¶osıu1aıe 12 and use iı ıo grove ıkaı
ıke converses of Tkeorems 1ß ıkrougk 18 are a1so ıkeorems.
flostutate 12: If ıwo 1ines and a ıransversa1 form equa1 corresgonding ang1es‚
ıken ıke 1ines are gara11e1.
In Tigure 2~\‚ if m 1 = m 2‚ ıken t m. (Any gair of equa1 corre~
sgonding ang1es wou1d make t m.)
Figure 2-5 A transversal cuts two lines to form equal corresponding

angles.
2
Chapter 2: Parallel Lines 2R
Tkis gosıu1aıe a11ows you ıo grove ıkaı a11 ıke converses of ıke grevious
ıkeorems are a1so ırue.
Theorem 1): If ıwo 1ines and a ıransversa1 form equa1 a1ıernaıe inıerior
ang1es‚ ıken ıke 1ines are gara11e1.
Theorem 20: If ıwo 1ines and a ıransversa1 form equa1 a1ıernaıe exıerior
ang1es‚ ıken ıke 1ines are gara11e1.
Theorem 21: If ıwo 1ines and a ıransversa1 form consecuıive inıerior ang1es
ıkaı are sugg1emenıary‚ ıken ıke 1ines are gara11e1.
Theorem 22: If ıwo 1ines and a ıransversa1 form consecuıive exıerior ang1es
ıkaı are sugg1emenıary‚ ıken ıke 1ines are gara11e1.
Theorem 2f: In a g1ane‚ if ıwo 1ines are gara11e1 ıo a ıkird 1ine‚ ıke ıwo 1ines
are gara11e1 ıo eack oıker.
Theorem 2ß: In a g1ane‚ if ıwo 1ines are gergendicu1ar ıo ıke same 1ine‚
ıken ıke ıwo 1ines are gara11e1.
Based on flostutate 12 and ıke ıkeorems ıkaı fo11ow iı‚ any of fo11owing
condiıions wou1d a11ow you ıo grove ıkaı a b. (Tigure 2~6).
Figure 2-6 What conditions on these numbered angles would guarantee

that lines a and b are parallel?
1 2
4 3
5 6
8 7
Use flostutate 12:

m 1=m \
m 2 =m 6
m ß=m Ç
m £ =m 8
Use Theorem 1):

m £=m 6
m ß= m \
Use Theorem 20:

m 1=m Ç
m 2=m 8
Use Theorem 21:

£ and \ are sugg1emenıary
ß and 6 are sugg1emenıary
Use Theorem 22:

1 and 8 are sugg1emenıary
2 and Ç are sugg1emenıary
Use Theorem 2f:

a c and b c
Use Theorem 2ß:

a t and b t
Kxamqle 1: Using Tigure 2~Ç‚ idenıify ıke given ang1e gairs as a1ıernaıe
inıerior‚ a1ıernaıe exıerior‚ consecuıive inıerior‚ consecuıive exıerior‚ cor~
resgonding‚ or none of ıkese: 1 and Ç‚ 2 and 8‚ ß and £‚ £
and 8‚ ß and 8‚ ß‚ and 2‚ \ and Ç.
Figure 2-7 Find the angle pairs that are alternate interior, alternate exterior,
consecutive interior, consecutive exterior, and corresponding.
1 5
8 3
6 4
2 7
1 and Ç are a1ıernaıe exıerior ang1es.
2 and 8 are corresgonding ang1es.
ß and £ are consecuıive inıerior ang1es.
£ and 8 are a1ıernaıe inıerior ang1es.
ß and 2 are none of ıkese.
\ and Ç are consecuıive exıerior ang1es.
Kxamqle 2: Tor eack of ıke figures in Tigure 2~8‚ deıermine wkick gos~
ıu1aıe or ıkeorem you wou1d use ıo grove t m.
Figure 2-8 Conditions guaranteeing that lines l and m are parallel.
70 135
70
45
(a) (b)
50
50
(c) (d)
Tigure 2~8(a): If ıwo 1ines and a ıransversa1 form equa1 corresgonding

ang1es‚ ıken ıke 1ines are gara11e1 (flostutate 12).
Tigure 2~8(b): If ıwo 1ines and a ıransversa1 form consecuıive exıerior ang1es
ıkaı are sugg1emenıary‚ ıken ıke 1ines are gara11e1 (Theorem 22).
Tigure 2~8(c): In a g1ane‚ if ıwo 1ines are gergendicu1ar ıo ıke same 1ine‚
ıke ıwo 1ines are gara11e1 (Theorem 2ß).
Tigure 2~8(d): If ıwo 1ines and a ıransversa1 form equa1 a1ıernaıe inıerior
ang1es‚ ıken ıke 1ines are gara11e1 (Theorem 1)).
Kxamqle $: In Tigure 2~Ç‚ a b and m 1 = 11Çº. Tind ıke measure of

eack of ıke numbered ang1es.
Figure 2-R W hen lines a and b are parallel, knowing one angle makes it
possible to determine all the others pictured here.
1 3
5 6
7 8
2 4
m 2 = 6ßº
m ß = 6ßº
m £ = 11Çº
m \ = 6ßº
m 6 = 11Çº
m Ç = 11Çº
m 8 = 6ßº
Q&A
1- Wken ıwo gara11e1 1ines are cuı by a ıransversa1‚ wkaı is ırue abouı
corresgonding ang1es?
2- flefer ıo Tigure 2~2. If m £ + m \ = 180º‚ ıken wkaı does ıkaı
guaranıee abouı 1ines t and m?
3- flefer ıo Tigure 2~2. If m 1 = m \‚ ıken wkaı does ıkaı guaranıee
abouı 1ines t and m?
4- flB ‚ CD and KF are gara11e1 ıo one anoıker and m fl = ßÇº and
m K = 6\º in Tigure 2~10. Tind m ACK.
Figure 2-10 These lines form angles.
knsoers: 1. Tkey musı be equa1. 2. Tkey are gara11e1. ß. Tkey are gara1~
1e1. £. 10£º
Ghapter 3
TRIAFGLE3
Comguıing ıke measure of ıke ıkird ang1e of a ıriang1e‚ given ıke mea~
sures of ıke oıker ıwo ang1es
Idenıifying equi1aıera1‚ isosce1es‚ and sca1ene ıriang1es
Idenıifying ıke kygoıenuse of a rigkı ıriang1e as we11 as a1ıiıudes‚ medi~
ans‚ and ang1e bisecıors for any ıriang1e
Using ıke corresgonding garıs of ıwo ıriang1es ıo ıesı for congruence
Agg1ying ıke Triang1e Inequa1iıy Tkeorem
ıriangle is a ıkree~sided figure wiık ıkree ang1es in iıs inıerior. Tke

A symbo1 for ıriang1e is . A ıriang1e is named by ıke ıkree 1eııers aı iıs
verıices (ıke g1ura1 of verıex)‚ a fancy name for corners. Tkis is flBC
(Tigure ß~1).
Figure 3-1 A triangle.
As you can imagine‚ ıke measuring of ıriang1es and more comg1ex figures
became imgorıanı 1ong ago because of ıkeir ro1e in surveying. Modern sci~
ence kas conıinued ıo find more and more gracıica1 agg1icaıions requir~
ing know1edge of ıriang1es.
Noıe ıkaı any c1osed figure in ıke g1ane wiık ıkree or more sides can be
subdivided inıo ıriang1es (see Tigure ß~2). Consequenı1y‚ wkaı you 1earn
abouı ıriang1es can a1so be usefu1 in sıudying more comg1ex figures.
Chapter 3: Triangles 35
Figure 3-2 Triangulation of a closed figure with 5 sides.
Angle 3um of a Triangle

Wiık ıke use of ıke flarattet flostutate (see Ckagıer 2)‚ ıke fo11owing ıkeo~
rem can be groven.
Theorem 2/: Tke sum of ıke inıerior ang1es of any ıriang1e is 18Oº.
In Tigure ß~1‚ m fl + m B + m C = 18Oº.
Kxamqle 1: If m fl = £Oº and m B = 6Oº‚ find m C.
Because m fl + m B + m C = 18Oº
Tken‚ m C = 18Oº ~ (m fl + m B)
m C = 18Oº ~ (£Oº + 6Oº)
m C = 8Oº
Exterior Angle of a Triangle

An exıerior angle of a ıriangle is formed wken one side of a ıriang1e is
exıended. Tke nonsıraigkı ang1e (ıke one ıkaı is noı jusı ıke exıension of
ıke side) ouıside ıke ıriang1e‚ buı adjacenı ıo an inıerior ang1e‚ is an exıe~
rior ang1e of ıke ıriang1e (Tigure ß~ß).
Figure 3-3 Exterior angle of a triangle.
1 3 4
In Tigure ß~ß‚ BCD is an exıerior ang1e of flBC.

Because m 1 + m 2 + m ß = 18Oº‚ and m ß + m £ = 18Oº‚ you
can grove ıkaı m £ = m 1 + m 2. Tkis is sıaıed as a ıkeorem.
Theorem 26: An exıerior ang1e of a ıriang1e is equa1 ıo ıke sum of ıke ıwo
remoıe (nonadjacenı) inıerior ang1es.
Kxamqle 2: In Tigure ß~ß‚ if m 1 = ßOº and m 2 = 1OOº‚ find m £.
Because £ is an exıerior ang1e of ıke ıriang1e‚
m £ =m 1 + m 2
m £ = ßOº + 1OOº
m £ = 1ßOº
Glassifying Triangles by 3ides or Angles

Triang1es can be c1assified eiıker according ıo ıkeir sides or according ıo
ıkeir ang1es. A11 of eack may be of differenı or ıke same sizes; any ıwo sides
or ang1es may be of ıke same size; ıkere may be one disıincıive ang1e.
Tke ıyges of ıriang1es c1assified by ıkeir sides are ıke fo11owing:
Kqcilaıeral ıriangle: A ıriang1e wiık a11 ıkree sides equa1 in measure.
In Tigure ß~£‚ ıke s1ask marks indicaıe equa1 measure.
Figure 3-4 Equilateral triangle.
Isosceles ıriangle: A ıriang1e in wkick aı 1eası ıwo sides kave equa1

measure (Tigure ß~\).
Figure 3-5 Isosceles triangles.
Scalene ıriangle: A ıriang1e wiık a11 ıkree sides of differenı measures

(Tigure ß~6).
Figure 3-6 Scalene triangle.
Tke ıyges of ıriang1es c1assified by ıkeir awgtes inc1udes ıke fo11owing:

Righı ıriangle: A ıriang1e ıkaı kas a rigkı ang1e in iıs inıerior
(Tigure ß~Ç).
Figure 3-7 Right triangle.

right triangle
Obıcse ıriangle: A ıriang1e kaving an obıuse ang1e (greaıer ıkan ÇOº

buı 1ess ıkan 18Oº) in iıs inıerior. Tigure ß~8 skows an obıuse ıriang1e.
Figure 3-8 Obtuse triangle.

obtuse triangle
kccıe ıriangle: A ıriang1e kaving a11 acuıe ang1es (1ess ıkan ÇO º) in

iıs inıerior (Tigure ß~Ç).
Figure 3-R Acute triangle.

acute triangle
Kqciangclar ıriangle: A ıriang1e kaving a11 ang1es of equa1 measure

(Tigure ß~1O).
Figure 3-10 Equiangular triangle.

equiangular triangle
Because ıke sum of a11 ıke ang1es of a ıriang1e is 18Oº‚ ıke fo11owing ıke~
orem is easi1y skown.
Theorem 2/: Kack ang1e of an equiangu1ar ıriang1e kas a measure of 6Oº.
3pecial Fames for 3ides and Angles

Legs, base, verıex angle, and base angles. In an isosce1es ıriang1e‚ ıke ıwo
equa1 sides are ca11ed legs, and ıke ıkird side is ca11ed ıke base. Tke ang1e
formed by ıke ıwo equa1 sides is ca11ed ıke verıex angle. Tke oıker ıwo
ang1es are ca11ed base angles (Tigure ß~11).
Figure 3-11 Parts of an isosceles triangle.

leg
base
angle
base vertex
angle
base
angle
leg
In a rigkı ıriang1e‚ ıke side oggosiıe ıke rigkı ang1e is ca11ed ıke
hyqoıencse, and ıke oıker ıwo sides are ca11ed legs (Tigure ß~12).
Chapter 3: Triangles 3R
Figure 3-12 Parts of a right triangle.
leg
leg
Altitudes, Medians, and Angle Bisectors

Jusı as ıkere are sgecia1 names for sgecia1 ıyges of ıriang1es‚ so ıkere are
sgecia1 names for sgecia1 1ine segmenıs wiıkin ıriang1es. Now isn’ı ıkaı kind
of sgecia1?
Base and altitude

Kvery ıriang1e kas ıkree bases (any of iıs sides) and ıkree alıiıcdes
(keigkıs). Kvery a1ıiıude is ıke gergendicu1ar segmenı from a verıex ıo iıs
oggosiıe side (or ıke exıension of ıke oggosiıe side) (Tigure ß~1ß).
Figure 3-13 Three bases and three altitudes for the same triangle.
A1ıiıudes can someıimes coincide wiık a side of ıke ıriang1e or can some~
ıimes meeı an exıended base ouıside ıke ıriang1e. In Tigure ß~1£‚ flC is an
a1ıiıude ıo base BC ‚ and BC is an a1ıiıude ıo base flC .
Figure 3-14 In a right triangle, each leg can serve as an altitude.
In Tigure ß~1\‚ flX is ıke a1ıiıude ıo base BC
Figure 3-15 An altitude for an obtuse triangle.
Iı is inıeresıing ıo noıe ıkaı in any ıriang1e‚ ıke ıkree 1ines conıaining ıke
a1ıiıudes meeı in one goinı (Tigure ß~16).
Figure 3-16 The three lines containing the altitudes intersect in a single
point, which may or may not be inside the triangle.
right triangle acute triangle obtuse triangle
(lines meet at the vertex (lines meet inside (lines meet outside
of the right angle) the trinagle) the triangle)
Median
A median in a ıriang1e is ıke 1ine segmenı drawn from a verıex ıo ıke mid~
goinı of iıs oggosiıe side. Kvery ıriang1e kas ıkree medians. In Tigure ß~1Ç‚
K is ıke midgoinı of BC. Tkerefore‚ BK = KC. flK is a median of flBC.
Figure 3-17 A median of a triangle.
In every ıriang1e‚ ıke ıkree medians meeı in one goinı inside ıke ıriang1e
(Tigure ß~18).
Figure 3-18 The three medians meet in a single point inside the triangle.
Angle bisector
An angle bisecıor in a ıriang1e is a segmenı drawn from a verıex ıkaı
bisecıs (cuıs in ka1f ) ıkaı verıex ang1e. Kvery ıriang1e kas ıkree ang1e bisec~
ıors. In Tigure ß~1Ç‚ BE is an ang1e bisecıor in flBC.
Figure 3-1R An angle bisector.
In every ıriang1e‚ ıke ıkree ang1e bisecıors meeı in one goinı inside ıke ıri~
ang1e (Tigure ß~2O).
Figure 3-20 The three angle bisectors meet in a single point inside the
triangle.
In genera1‚ a1ıiıudes‚ medians‚ and ang1e bisecıors are differenı segmenıs.

In cerıain ıriang1es‚ ıkougk‚ ıkey can be ıke same segmenıs. In Tigure ß~21‚
ıke a1ıiıude drawn from ıke verıex ang1e of an isosce1es ıriang1e can be
groven ıo be a median as we11 as an ang1e bisecıor.
Figure 3-21 The altitude drawn from the vertex angle of an isosceles
triangle.
Kxamqle $: Based on ıke markings in Tigure ß~22‚ name an a1ıiıude of

QRS; name a median of QRS; and name an ang1e bisecıor of QRS.
Figure 3-22 Finding an altitude, a median, and an angle bisector.

RT is an a1ıiıude ıo base QS because RT QS.
Sfl is a median ıo base QR because ¶ is ıke midgoinı of QR.
QU is an ang1e bisecıor of QRS because iı bisecıs RQS.
Gongruent Triangles
Triang1es ıkaı kave exacı1y ıke same size and skage are ca11ed congrcenı
ıriangles. Tke symbo1 for congruenı is . Two ıriang1es are congruenı
wken ıke ıkree sides and ıke ıkree ang1es of one ıriang1e kave ıke same
measuremenıs as ıkree sides and ıkree ang1es of anoıker ıriang1e. Tke ıri~
ang1es in Tigure ß~2ß are congruenı ıriang1es.
Figure 3-23 Congruent triangles.
Gorresponding parts
Tke garıs of ıke ıwo ıriang1es ıkaı kave ıke same measuremenıs (congru~
enı) are referred ıo as corresqonding qarıs. Tkis means ıkaı Correspowdiwg
flarts of Cowgruewt Triawgtes are Cowgruewt (C¶CTC). Congruenı ıriang1es
are named by 1isıing ıkeir verıices in corresgonding orders. In Tigure ß~2ß‚
BflT ICK .
Kxamqle £: If flQR STU , wkick garıs musı kave equa1 measuremenıs?
m fl = m S
m Q=m T
m R=m U
flQ = ST
QR = TU
flR = SU
Tkese garıs are equa1 because corresgonding garıs of congruenı ıriang1es
are congruenı.
Tests for congruence

To skow ıkaı ıwo ıriang1es are congruenı‚ iı is noı necessary ıo skow ıkaı
a11 six gairs of corresgonding garıs are equa1. Tke fo11owing gosıu1aıes and
ıkeorems are ıke mosı common meıkods for groving ıkaı ıriang1es are
congruenı (or equa1).
flostutate 1f (SSS flostutate): If eack side of one ıriang1e is congruenı ıo ıke
corresgonding side of anoıker ıriang1e‚ ıken
ıke ıriang1es are congruenı (Tigure ß~2£).
Figure 3-24 The corresponding sides (SSS) of the two triangles are all
congruent.
flostutate 1ß (SflS flostutate): If ıwo sides and ıke ang1e beıween ıkem in
one ıriang1e are congruenı ıo ıke corre~
sgonding garıs in anoıker ıriang1e‚ ıken ıke
ıriang1es are congruenı (Tigure ß~2\).
Figure 3-25 Two sides and the included angle (SAS) of one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle.
flostutate 1/ (flSfl flostutate): If ıwo ang1es and ıke side beıween ıkem in
ıriang1es are congruenı (Tigure ß~26).
Figure 3-26 Two angles and their common side (ASA) in one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle.
Theorem 28 (flflS Theorem): If ıwo ang1es and a side noı beıween ıkem in
ıriang1es are congruenı (Tigure ß~2Ç).
Figure 3-27 Two angles and the side opposite one of these angles (AAS)
in one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of
the other triangle.
flostutate 16 (Hh flostutate): If ıke kygoıenuse and 1eg of one rigkı ıri~
ang1e are congruenı ıo ıke corresgonding garıs
of anoıker rigkı ıriang1e‚ ıken ıke ıriang1es are
congruenı (Tigure ß~28).
Figure 3-28 The hypotenuse and one leg (HL) of the first right triangle
are congruent to the corresponding parts of the second right
triangle.
Theorem 2) (Hfl Theorem): If ıke kygoıenuse and an acuıe ang1e of one

rigkı ıriang1e are congruenı ıo ıke corre~
sgonding garıs of anoıker rigkı ıriang1e‚ ıken
ıke ıriang1es are congruenı (Tigure ß~2Ç).
Figure 3-2R The hypotenuse and an acute angle (HA) of the first right tri-
angle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the sec-
ond right triangle.
Theorem f0 (hh Theorem): If ıke 1egs of one rigkı ıriang1e are congruenı
ıo ıke corresgonding garıs of anoıker rigkı
ıriang1e‚ ıken ıke ıriang1es are congruenı
(Tigure ß~ßO).
Figure 3-30 The legs (LL) of the first right triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of the second right triangle.
Theorem f1 (hfl Theorem): If one 1eg and an acuıe ang1e of one rigkı ıri~
ang1e are congruenı ıo ıke corresgonding garıs
of anoıker rigkı ıriang1e‚ ıken ıke ıriang1es are
congruenı (Tigure ß~ß1).
Figure 3-31 One leg and an acute angle (LA) of the first right triangle are
congruent to the corresponding parts of the second right
triangle.
Kxamqle \: Based on ıke markings in Tigure ß~ß2‚ comg1eıe ıke congru~

ence sıaıemenı flBC .
FEZ, because fl corresgonds ıo F, B corresgonds ıo E, and C corresgonds‚
ıo Z.
Figure 3-32 Congruent triangles.
Kxamqle G: By wkaı meıkod wou1d eack of ıke ıriang1es in Tigures ß~ßß(a)

ıkrougk ß~ßß(i) be groven congruenı?
Figure 3-33 Methods of proving pairs of triangles congruent.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)

Chapter 3: Triangles 4R
(a) SflS.
(b) None. Tkere is no flflfl meıkod.
(c) Hh.
(d) flflS.
(e) SSS. Tke ıkird gair of congruenı sides is ıke side ıkaı is skared by
ıke ıwo ıriang1es.
(f ) SflS or hh.
(g) hh or SflS.
(k) Hfl or flflS.
(i) None. Tkere is no SSfl meıkod.
Kxamqle Ç: Name ıke addiıiona1 equa1 corresgonding garı(s) needed ıo

grove ıke ıriang1es in Tigures ß~ß£(a) ıkrougk ß~ß£(f ) congruenı by ıke
indicaıed gosıu1aıe or ıkeorem.
Figure 3-34 Additional information needed to prove pairs of triangles

congruent.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)

(a) BC = KF or flB = DK (but wot flC = DF because ıkese ıwo sides 1ie
beıween ıke equa1 ang1es).
(b) GI = Jh.
(c) XO = flO awd MO = flO.
(d) TU = VE awd SU = VE.
(e) m T = m K awd m TOV = m KOM.
(f ) IE = KM or SE = TM (but wot IS = KT because ıkey are
kygoıenuses).
3pecial Features of Isosceles Triangles

Isosce1es ıriang1es are sgecia1 and because of ıkaı ıkere are unique re1a~
ıionskigs ıkaı invo1ve ıkeir inıerna1 1ine segmenıs. Consider isosce1es ıri~
ang1e flBC in Tigure ß~ß\.
Figure 3-35 An isosceles triangle with a median.
Wiık a median drawn from ıke verıex ıo ıke base‚ BC , iı can be groven
ıkaı BflE CflE , wkick 1eads ıo severa1 imgorıanı ıkeorems.
Theorem f2: If ıwo sides of a ıriang1e are equa1‚ ıken ıke ang1es oggosiıe
ıkose sides are a1so equa1.
Theorem ff: If a ıriang1e is equi1aıera1‚ ıken iı is a1so equiangu1ar.
Theorem fß: If ıwo ang1es of a ıriang1e are equa1‚ ıken ıke sides oggosiıe
ıkese ang1es are a1so equa1.
Theorem f/. If a ıriang1e is equiangu1ar‚ ıken iı is a1so equi1aıera1.
Kxamqle 8: Tigure ß~ß6 kas QRS wiık QR = QS. If m Q = \Oº‚ find
m R and m S.
Figure 3-36 An isosceles triangle with a specified vertex angle.
Because m Q + m R + m S = 18Oº‚ and because QR = QS img1ies ıkaı

m R = m S,
m Q+m R+m R = 18Oº
\Oº + 2m R = 18Oº
2m R = 1ßOº
m R = 6\º and m S = 6\º
Kxamqle Ç: Tigure ß~ßÇ kas flBC wiık m fl = m B = m C, and flB
= 6. Tind BC and flC.
Figure 3-37 An equiangular triangle with a specified side.
Because ıke ıriang1e is equiangu1ar‚ iı is a1so equi1aıera1. Tkerefore‚

BC = flC = 6.
Triangle Inequalities Regarding 3ides

and Angles
You kave jusı seen ıkaı if a ıriang1e kas eguat sides, ıke ang1es oggosiıe ıkese
sides are equa1‚ and if a ıriang1e kas eguat awgtes, ıke sides oggosiıe ıkese
ang1es are equa1. Tkere are ıwo imgorıanı ıkeorems invo1ving unequa1 sides
and unequa1 ang1es in ıriang1es. Tkey are:
Theorem f6: If ıwo sides of a ıriang1e are unequa1‚ ıken ıke measures of
ıke ang1es oggosiıe ıkese sides are unequa1‚ and ıke greaıer
ang1e is oggosiıe ıke greaıer side.
Theorem f/: If ıwo ang1es of a ıriang1e are unequa1‚ ıken ıke measures of
ıke sides oggosiıe ıkese ang1es are a1so unequa1‚ and ıke
1onger side is oggosiıe ıke greaıer ang1e.
Kxamqle 10: Tigure ß~ß8 skows a ıriang1e wiık ang1es of differenı mea~
sures. Lisı ıke sides of ıkis ıriang1e in order from 1eası ıo greaıesı.
Figure 3-38 List the sides of this triangle in increasing order.
100
30 50
Because ßOº \Oº 1OOº‚ ıken RS QR QS.

Kxamqle 11: Tigure ß~ßÇ skows a ıriang1e wiık sides of differenı measures.
Lisı ıke ang1es of ıkis ıriang1e in order from 1eası ıo greaıesı.
Figure 3-3R List the angles of this triangle in increasing order.
8
6
11
Because 6 8 11‚ ıken m M m X m fl.

Kxamqle 12: Tigure ß~£O skows rigkı flBC. Wkick side musı be ıke
1ongesı?
Figure 3-40 Identify the longest side of this right triangle.
Because fl + m B + m C = 18O º (by Tkeorem 2\) and m = ÇOº‚

we kave m fl + m C = ÇOº. Tkus‚ eack of m fl and m C is 1ess ıkan
ÇOº. Tkus B is ıke ang1e of greaıesı measure in ıke ıriang1e‚ so iıs oggo~
siıe side is ıke 1ongesı. Tkerefore‚ ıke kygoıenuse‚ flC , is ıke 1ongesı side
in a rigkı ıriang1e.
The Triangle Inequality Theorem

In TflB (Tigure ß~£1)‚ if T, fl, and B regresenı ıkree goinıs on a mag and
you wanı ıo go from T ıo B, going from T ıo fl ıo B wou1d obvious1y be
1onger ıkan going direcı1y from T ıo B. Tke fo11owing ıkeorem exgresses
ıkis idea.
Figure 3-41 Two paths from T to B.
Theorem f8 (Triawgte Iweguatity Theorem): Tke sum of ıke 1engıks of any

ıwo sides of a ıriang1e is greaıer
ıkan ıke 1engık of ıke ıkird
side.
Kxamqle 1$: In Tigure ß~£2‚ ıke measures of ıwo sides of a ıriang1e are Ç
and 12. Tind ıke range of gossibi1iıies for ıke ıkird side.
Figure 3-42 What values of x will make a triangle possible?
12
Using ıke Triawgte Iweguatity Theorem, you can wriıe ıke fo11owing:
Ç + x 12‚ so x \
Ç + 12 x, so1Ç x (or x 1Ç)
Tkerefore‚ ıke ıkird side musı be more ıkan \ and 1ess ıkan 1Ç.
Q&A
1- If a ıriang1e kas ıwo ang1es wiık degree measure 6\º and Ç\º‚ wkaı
is ıke degree measure of ıke ıkird ang1e?
2- True or Ta1se: In a ıriang1e‚ an ang1e bisecıor musı a1so bisecı ıke side
oggosiıe ıke ang1e ıkaı was bisecıed.
3- True or Ta1se: If eack ang1e of a ıriang1e is congruenı ıo ıke corre~
sgonding ang1e of anoıker ıriang1e‚ ıken ıke ıwo ıriang1es musı be
congruenı.
4- Tke 1engıks of ıwo sides of a ıriang1e are 11 and 2ß. If ıke ıkird side
is x, find ıke range of gossib1e va1ues for x.
knsoers: 1. £Oº 2. Ta1se ß. Ta1se £. 12 < x < ß£
Ghapter 4
POLYGOF3
Disıinguisking beıween convex and concave go1ygons

C1assifying go1ygons according ıo kow many sides ıkey kave
Comguıing ıke inıerior ang1e sum of a convex go1ygon and ıke degree
measure of eack ang1e of a regu1ar go1ygon
flecognizing sgecia1 quadri1aıera1s (ıragezoids and gara11e1ograms) and
sgecia1 gara11e1ograms (recıang1es‚ rkombuses‚ and squares)
Agg1ying various ıesıs ıo deıermine wkeıker a sgecific quadri1aıera1 is
a gara11e1ogram
Knowing ıwo sgecia1 grogerıies of ıke median of any ıragezoid
Agg1ying ıke Midgoinı Tkeorem for ıriang1es
1osed skages or figures in a g1ane wiık ıkree or more sides are ca11ed
C qolygons. A1ıernaıive1y‚ a go1ygon can be defined as a c1osed g1anar
figure ıkaı is ıke union of a finiıe number of 1ine segmenıs. In ıkis defi~
niıion‚ you consider ctosed as an undefined ıerm. Tke ıerm go1ygon is
derived from a Creek word meaning “many~ang1ed.“
Some of ıke same ıogics you 1earned abouı for ıriang1es—inıerior ang1e
sum‚ exıerior ang1e sum‚ and median‚ for examg1e—wi11 now be exıended
ıo oıker go1ygons. Jusı as you sıudied sgecia1 ıyges of ıriang1es‚ you wi11
a1so sıudy sgecia1 ıyges of quadri1aıera1s (four~sided go1ygons). Tke ckag~
ıer c1oses wiık an ana1ogy beıween ıke median ıkeorem of ıragezoids (sge~
cia1 quadri1aıera1s) and ıke midgoinı ıkeorem of ıriang1es.
Glassifying Polygons
¶o1ygons firsı fiı inıo ıwo genera1 caıegories—convex and noı convex
(someıimes ca11ed concave). Tigure £~1 skows some convex go1ygons‚ some
non~convex go1ygons‚ and some figures ıkaı are noı even c1assified as
go1ygons. See ıke C1ossary for ıke definiıions of convex and concave
go1ygons.
Figure 4-1 Which are polygons? Which of the polygons are convex?
convex polygons
not-convex (concave) polygons
not polygons
(not closed) (segments (not all sides (not on one plane)

crossing) are segments)
Identifying the parts of a polygon

Tke endgoinıs of ıke sides of go1ygons are ca11ed verıices. Wken naming
a go1ygon‚ iıs verıices are named in consecuıive order eiıker c1ockwise or
counıerc1ockwise.
Conseccıive sides are ıwo sides ıkaı kave an endgoinı in common. Tke
four~sided go1ygon in Tigure £~2 cou1d kave been named flBCD, BCDfl,
or flDCB, for examg1e. Iı does noı maııer wiık wkick 1eııer you begin as
1ong as ıke verıices are named consecuıive1y. Sides flB and BC are exam~
g1es of consecuıive sides.
Figure 4-2 There are four pairs of consecutive sides in this polygon.
Chapter 4: Polygons 57
A diagonal of a go1ygon is any segmenı ıkaı joins ıwo nonconsecuıive ver~
ıices. Tigure £~ß skows five~sided go1ygon QRSTU. Segmenıs QS‚ SU ,
UR, RT , and QT are ıke diagona1s in ıkis go1ygon.
Figure 4-3 Diagonals of a polygon.
Fumber of sides
¶o1ygons are a1so c1assified by kow many sides (or ang1es) ıkey kave. Tke
fo11owing 1isıs ıke differenı ıyges of go1ygons and ıke number of sides ıkaı
ıkey kave:
A ıriangle is a ıkree~sided go1ygon.
A qcadrilaıeral is a four~sided go1ygon.
A qenıagon is a five~sided go1ygon.
A hexagon is a six~sided go1ygon.
A seqıagon or kegıagon is a seven~sided go1ygon.
An ocıagon is an eigkı~sided go1ygon.
A nonagon is a nine~sided go1ygon.
A decagon is a ıen~sided go1ygon.
Iı was skown ear1ier ıkaı an equi1aıera1 ıriang1e is auıomaıica11y equiangu1ar
and ıkaı an equiangu1ar ıriang1e is auıomaıica11y equi1aıera1. Tkis does noı
ko1d ırue for go1ygons in genera1‚ kowever. Tigure £~£ skows examg1es of
quadri1aıera1s ıkaı are equiangu1ar buı noı equi1aıera1‚ equi1aıera1 buı noı
equiangu1ar‚ and equiangu1ar and equi1aıera1.
Figure 4-4 An equiangular quadrilateral does not have to be equilateral,

and an equilateral quadrilateral does not have to be
equiangular.
equiangular but equilateral but equiangular and
not equilateral not equiangular equilateral
Regular polygons
Wken a go1ygon is boık equi1aıera1 and equiangu1ar‚ iı is referred ıo as a
regclar qolygon. Tor a go1ygon ıo be regu1ar‚ iı musı a1so be convex.
Tigure £~\ skows examg1es of regu1ar go1ygons.
Figure 4-5 Regular polygons.

regular polygons
triangle quadrilateral pentagon hexagon

3 sides 4 sides 5 sides 6 sides
heptagon octagon nonagon decagon

7 sides 8 sides 9 sides 10 sides
Angle 3um of Polygons

Wken you begin wiık a go1ygon wiık four or more sides and draw a11 ıke
diagona1s gossib1e from one verıex‚ ıke go1ygon ıken is divided inıo sev~
era1 nonover1agging ıriang1es. Tigure £~6 i11usıraıes ıkis division using a
seven~sided go1ygon. Tke inıerior angle scm of ıkis go1ygon can now be
found by mu1ıig1ying ıke number of ıriang1es by 18Oº. Ugon invesıigaı~
ing‚ iı is found ıkaı ıke number of ıriang1es is a1ways ıwo 1ess ıkan ıke
number of sides. Tkis facı is sıaıed as a ıkeorem.
Chapter 4: Polygons 5R
Theorem f): If a convex go1ygon kas w sides‚ ıken iıs inıerior ang1e sum is
given by ıke fo11owing equaıion: S = (w ~ 2) 18Oº.
Figure 4-6 Triangulation of a seven-sided polygon to find the interior

angle sum.
Tke go1ygon in Tigure £~6 kas seven sides‚ so using Theorem f) gives:
(Ç ~ 2) nonover1agging ıriang1es = \ nonover1agging ıriang1es
inıerior ang1e sum = \ 18Oº
inıerior ang1e sum = ÇOOº
An exıerior angle of a qolygon is formed by exıending on1y one of iıs
sides. Tke nonsıraigkı ang1e adjacenı ıo an inıerior ang1e is ıke exıerior
ang1e. Tigure £~Ç migkı suggesı ıke fo11owing ıkeorem:
Theorem ß0: If a go1ygon is convex‚ ıken ıke sum of ıke degree measures
of ıke exıerior ang1es‚ one aı eack verıex‚ is ß6Oº.
m 1 + m 2 + m ß + m £ + m \ + m 6 = ß6Oº
Figure 4-7 The {nonstraight) exterior angles of a polygon.

6
1
4
3
Kxamqle 1: Tind ıke inıerior ang1e sum of a decagon.

A decagon kas 1O sides‚ so:
S = (1O ~ 2) 18Oº
S = 1££Oº
Kxamqle 2: Tind ıke exıerior ang1e sums‚ one exıerior ang1e aı eack ver~
ıex‚ of a convex nonagon.
Tke sum of ıke exıerior ang1es of any convex go1ygon is ß6Oº.
Kxamqle $: Tind ıke measure of eack inıerior ang1e of a regu1ar kexagon
(Tigure £~8).
Figure 4-8 An interior angle of a regular hexagon.

regular hexagon
m 1 120
Xethod 1: Because ıke go1ygon is regu1ar‚ a11 inıerior ang1es are equa1‚ so
you on1y need ıo find ıke inıerior ang1e sum and divide by ıke number of
ang1es.
S = (6 ~ 2) 18Oº
S = Ç2O
Tkere are six ang1es‚ so Ç2O 6 = 12Oº
Kack inıerior ang1e of a regu1ar kexagon kas a measure of 12Oº.
Xethod 2: Because ıke go1ygon is regu1ar and a11 iıs inıerior ang1es are equa1‚
a11 iıs exıerior ang1es are a1so equa1. Look aı Tigure £~Ç. Tkis means ıkaı
m 1 =m 2 =m ß=m £ =m \ = m 6
Because ıke sum of ıkese ang1es wi11 a1ways be ß6Oº‚ ıken eack exıerior
ang1e wou1d be 6Oº (ß6Oº 6 = 6Oº). If eack exıerior ang1e is 6Oº‚ ıken
eack inıerior ang1e is 12Oº (18Oº ~ 6Oº = 12Oº).
3pecial Quadrilaterals
Un1ike kumans‚ a11 quadri1aıera1s are noı creaıed equa1. Iı’s noı a maııer
of size I’m a11uding ıo kere‚ buı raıker a quesıion of feaıures. Tkey may
kave a gair of gara11e1 sides‚ ıwo gairs‚ a rigkı ang1e . . . buı I’m geııing
akead of myse1f.
Trapezoid
A ıraqexoid is a quadri1aıera1 wiık on1y one gair of oggosiıe sides gara1~
1e1. Tke gara11e1 sides are ca11ed bases, and ıke wowgara11e1 sides are ca11ed
1egs. A segmenı ıkaı joins ıke midgoinıs of ıke 1egs is ca11ed ıke median
of ıhe ıraqexoid. Any segmenı ıkaı is gergendicu1ar ıo boık bases is ca11ed
an alıiıcde of ıhe ıraqexoid (Tigure £~Ç). Tke 1engık of an a1ıiıude is
ca11ed ıke heighı of ıke ıragezoid.
Figure 4-R A trapezoid with its median and an altitude.
flB and CD are bases.

EF is an a1ıiıude.
XM is ıke median.
EF, 1engık of segmenı EF , is ıke keigkı.
Parallelogram
A qarallelogram is any quadri1aıera1 wiık boık gairs of oggosiıe sides gar~
a11e1. Kack gair of gara11e1 sides is ca11ed a gair of bases of ıhe qarallelo~
gram. Any gergendicu1ar segmenı beıween a gair of bases is ca11ed ıke an
alıiıcde of ıhe qarallelogram. Tke 1engık of an a1ıiıude is ıke keigkı of
ıke gara11e1ogram. Tke symbo1 is used for ıke word gara11e1ogram.
Tigure £~1O skows ıkaı a gara11e1ogram kas ıwo seıs of bases and ıkaı‚ wiık
eack seı of bases‚ ıkere is an associaıed keigkı.
Figure 4-10 A parallelogram with its bases and associated heights.

In flBCD,
EF is an a1ıiıude ıo bases flB and CD.
JK is an a1ıiıude ıo bases flD and BC .
EF is ıke keigkı of flBCD, wiık flB and CD as bases‚ JK is ıke keigkı
of flBCD, wiık flD and BC as bases.
Tke fo11owing are ıkeorems regarding gara11e1ograms:
Theorem ß1: A diagona1 of a gara11e1ogram divides iı inıo ıwo congruenı
ıriang1es.
In flBCD wiık diagona1 BD, according ıo Theorem ß1, flBD CDB
(Tigure £~11).
Figure 4-11 Two congruent triangles created by a diagonal of a

parallelogram.
Theorem £2: Oggosiıe sides of a gara11e1ogram are congruenı. Theorem

£ß: Oggosiıe ang1es of a gara11e1ogram are congruenı. Theorem ßß:
Consecuıive ang1es of a gara11e1ogram are sugg1emenıary. In flBCD
(Tigure £~12):
By Theorem ß2, flB = DC and flD = BC.
By Theorem ßf, m fl = m C and m B = m D.
By Theorem ßß:
fl and B are sugg1emenıary.
B and C are sugg1emenıary.
C and D are sugg1emenıary.
fl and D are sugg1emenıary.
Figure 4-12 A parallelogram.
Theorem ß/: Tke diagona1s of a gara11e1ogram bisecı eack oıker.

In flBCD (Tigure £~1ß)‚ by Theorem ß/, flK = KC and BK = KD.
Figure 4-13 The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect one another.
Proving That Figures Are Parallelograms

Many ıimes you wi11 be asked ıo grove ıkaı a figure is a gara11e1ogram.
Tke fo11owing ıkeorems are ıesıs ıkaı deıermine wkeıker a quadri1aıera1 is
a gara11e1ogram:
Theorem ß6: If boık gairs of oggosiıe sides of a quadri1aıera1 are equa1‚
ıken iı is a gara11e1ogram.
Theorem ß/: If boık gairs of oggosiıe ang1es of a quadri1aıera1 are equa1‚
ıken iı is a gara11e1ogram.
Theorem ß8: If a11 gairs of consecuıive ang1es of a quadri1aıera1 are sug~
g1emenıary‚ ıken iı is a gara11e1ogram.
Theorem ß): If one gair of oggosiıe sides of a quadri1aıera1 is boık equa1
and gara11e1‚ ıken iı is a gara11e1ogram.
Theorem /0: If ıke diagona1s of a quadri1aıera1 bisecı eack oıker‚ ıken iı is
a gara11e1ogram.
Figure 4-14 A quadrilateral with its diagonals.

Quadri1aıera1 QRST in Tigure £~1£ is a gara11e1ogram if:

QR = ST and QT = RS, by Theorem ß6.
m Q = m S and m T = m R, by Theorem ß/.
Q and R, R and S, S and T, and Q and T are a11 sug~
g1emenıary gairs‚ by Theorem ß8.
QR = ST and QR ST or QT = RS and QT RS ‚ by Theorem ß).
Qfl = flS and Rfl = flT, by Theorem /0.
Properties of 3pecial Parallelograms

If iı is ırue ıkaı noı a11 quadri1aıera1s are creaıed equa1‚ ıke same may be said
abouı gara11e1ograms. You can even ouı ıke sides or sıick in a rigkı ang1e.
Rectangle
A recıangle is a quadri1aıera1 wiık a11 rigkı ang1es. Iı is easi1y skown ıkaı
iı musı a1so be a gara11e1ogram‚ wiık a11 of ıke associaıed grogerıies. A recı~
ang1e kas an addiıiona1 grogerıy‚ kowever.
Theorem /1: Tke diagona1s of a recıang1e are equa1.
In recıang1e flBCD (Tigure £~1\)‚ flC = BD, by Theorem /1.
Figure 4-15 The diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
Rhombus
A rhombcs is a quadri1aıera1 wiık a11 equa1 sides. Iı is a1so a gara11e1ogram
wiık a11 of ıke associaıed grogerıies. A rkombus‚ kowever‚ a1so kas addi~
ıiona1 grogerıies.
Theorem /2: Tke diagona1s of a rkombus bisecı oggosiıe ang1es.
Theorem /f: Tke diagona1s of a rkombus are gergendicu1ar ıo one anoıker.
In rkombus CflMD (Tigure £~16)‚ by Theorem /2, CM bisecıs DCfl and
DMfl. A1so‚ flD bisecıs CflM and CDM and by Theorem /f,
CM flD.
Figure 4-16 The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to one
another and bisect opposite angles.
3quare
A sqcare is a quadri1aıera1 wiık a11 rigkı ang1es and a11 equa1 sides. A square
is a1so a gara11e1ogram‚ a recıang1e‚ and a rkombus and kas a11 ıke groger~
ıies of a11 ıkese sgecia1 quadri1aıera1s. Tigure £~1Ç skows a square.
Figure 4-17 A square has four right angles and four equal sides.
Tigure £~18 summarizes ıke re1aıionskigs of ıkese quadri1aıera1s ıo one

anoıker.
Figure 4-18 The relationships among the various types of quadrilaterals.
quadrilaterals trapezoids parallelograms
rectangles rhombuses
squares
Kxamqle £: Idenıify ıke fo11owing figures.
Figure 4-1R Identify these polygons.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f) (g) (h)
(i) (j)
(a) genıagon‚ (b) recıang1e‚ (c) kexagon‚ (d) gara11e1ogram‚ (e) ıriang1e‚
(f ) square‚ (g) rkombus‚ (k) quadri1aıera1‚ (i) ocıagon‚ and (j) regu1ar
genıagon
Kxamqle \: In Tigure £~2O‚ find m fl, m C, m D, CD, and flD.
Figure 4-20 A parallelogram with one angle specified.

8
100
m fl = m C = 80º‚ because consecuıive ang1es of a gara11e1ogram are

sugg1emenıary.
m D = 1OOº‚ because oggosiıe ang1es of a gara11e1ogram are equa1.
CD = 8 and flD = ß, because oggosiıe sides of a gara11e1ogram are equa1.
Kxamqle G: In Tigure £~21‚ find TR, Qfl, flS, Tfl, and flR.
Figure 4-21 A rectangle with one diagonal specified.
15
Tfl = 1\‚ because diagona1s of a recıang1e are equa1.

Qfl = flS = Tfl = flR = Ç.\‚ because diagona1s of a recıang1e bisecı eack
oıker.
Kxamqle Ç: In Tigure £~22‚ find m XOK, m MOK, and m XFO.
Figure 4-22 A rhombus with one angle specified.

m 140
m XOK = m MOK = ÇOº‚ because diagona1s of a rkombus bisecı oggo~

siıe ang1es.
m XFO = ÇOº‚ because diagona1s of a rkombus are gergendicu1ar.
Properties of Trapezoids
fleca11 ıkaı a ıragezoid is a quadri1aıera1 wiık on1y one gair of oggosiıe
sides gara11e1 and ıkaı ıke gara11e1 sides are ca11ed bases and ıke nongara1~
1e1 sides are ca11ed 1egs. If ıke 1egs of a ıragezoid are equa1‚ iı is ca11ed an
isosceles ıraqexoid. Tigure £~2ß is an isosce1es ıragezoid.
Figure 4-23 An isosceles trapezoid.
A gair of ang1es ıkaı skare ıke same base are ca11ed base angles of ıke ırage~
zoid. In Tigure £~2ß‚ fl and B or C and D are base ang1es of ırage~
zoid flBCD. Two sgecia1 grogerıies of an isosce1es ıragezoid can be groven.
Theorem /f: Base ang1es of an isosce1es ıragezoid are equa1.
Theorem /ß: Diagona1s of an isosce1es ıragezoid are equa1.
In isosce1es ıragezoid flBCD (Tigure £~2£) wiık bases flB and CD:
By Theorem /f, m DflB = m CBfl, and m flDC = m BCD.
By Theorem /ß, flC = BD.
Figure 4-24 An isosceles trapezoid with its diagonals.
fleca11 ıkaı ıke median of a ıragezoid is a segmenı ıkaı joins ıke midgoinıs
of ıke nongara11e1 sides.
Theorem //: Tke median of any ıragezoid kas ıwo grogerıies: (1) Iı is gar~
a11e1 ıo boık bases. (2) Iıs 1engık equa1s ka1f ıke sum of ıke
base 1engıks.
In ıragezoid flBCD (Tigure £~2\) wiık bases flB and CD, K ıke midgoinı
of flD , and F ıke midgoinı of BC , by Theorem //:
KF flB
KF CD
KF = 1/2(flB + CD)
Chapter 4: Polygons 6R
Figure 4-25 A trapezoid with its median.
Kxamqle 8: In Tigure £~26‚ find m flBC and find BD.
Figure 4-26 An isosceles trapezoid with a specified angle and a specified

diagonal.
m 120
8
m flBC = 12Oº‚ because ıke base ang1es of an isosce1es ıragezoid are equa1.
BD = 8‚ because diagona1s of an isosce1es ıragezoid are equa1.
Kxamqle Ç: In Tigure £~2Ç‚ find TU.
Figure 4-27 A trapezoid with its two bases given and the median to be
computed.
15 and 25
Because ıke median of a ıragezoid is ka1f ıke sum of ıke 1engıks of ıke
bases:
TU = 1/2(1\ + 2\)
TU = 1/2 (£O)
TU = 2O
The Midpoint Theorem

Tigure £~28 skows flBC wiık D and K as midgoinıs of sides flC and flB
resgecıive1y. If you 1ook aı ıkis ıriang1e as ıkougk iı were a ıragezoid wiık
one base of BC and ıke oıker base so sma11 ıkaı iıs 1engık is virıua11y zero‚
you cou1d agg1y ıke “median“ ıkeorem of ıragezoids‚ Theorem //.
Theorem /6 (Xidpoiwt Theorem): Tke segmenı joining ıke midgoinıs of
ıwo sides of a ıriang1e is gara11e1 ıo ıke
ıkird side and ka1f as 1ong as ıke ıkird
side.
In Tigure £~28‚ by Theorem /6,
DK BC
DK = (1/2) (BC)
Figure 4-28 The segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle.
Kxamqle 10: In Tigure £~2Ç‚ find HJ.
Figure 4-2R Compute the length of the broken line segment joining the
midpoints of two sides of the triangle.
5
8
5
7 7
Because H and J are midgoinıs of ıwo sides of a ıriang1e:

HJ=1/2 GK
HJ = 1/2(8)
HJ = £
Q&A
1- True or Ta1se: A11 ıriang1es are convex.
2- Wkaı is ıke degree measure of ıke inıerior ang1e deıermined by ıwo
adjacenı sides of a regu1ar decagon?
knsoers: 1. True 2. 1££º
Ghapter 5
PERIMETER AFD AREA
Comguıing ıke gerimeıer and ıke area of a square‚ a recıang1e‚ a gar~

a11e1ogram‚ a ıriang1e‚ a ıragezoid‚ and a regu1ar go1ygon
Comguıing ıke circumference and ıke area of a circ1e
P erimeıer refers ıo ıke enıire 1engık of a figure or ıke disıance around

iı. If ıke figure is a circ1e‚ ıke 1engık is referred ıo as ıke circcmference.
Suck 1engıks are a1ways measured in 1inear uniıs suck as inckes‚ feeı‚ and
cenıimeıers. krea refers ıo ıke size of ıke inıerior of a g1anar (f1aı) figure.
Area is a1ways measured in square uniıs suck as square inckes (in2)‚ square
feeı (fı2)‚ and square cenıimeıers (cm2 )‚ or in sgecia1 uniıs suck as acres or
kecıares.
3quares and Rectangles

Tor a11 go1ygons‚ you find gerimeıer by adding ıogeıker ıke 1engıks of a11
ıke sides. In ıkis secıion‚ fl is used ıo sıand for perimeter, and fl is used ıo
sıand for area.
Finding the perimeter

Tigures \~1(a) and \~1(b) skow gerimeıer formu1as for squares and
recıang1es.
Chapter 5: Perimeter and Area 73
Figure 5-1 Perimeter of a square and perimeter of a rectangle.
square
rectangle
square 4 rectangle 2 2
or
rectangle 2(
(a) (b)
Finding the area

Area formu1as for squares and recıang1es are formed by simg1y mu1ıig1ying
any gair of consecuıive sides ıogeıker. flefer ıo Tigures \~1(a) and \~1(b).
flsquare = a 2 fl recıang1e = tw
Kxamqle 1: Tind ıke gerimeıer and area of Tigure \~2.
Figure 5-2 Finding the perimeter and area of a square.

8 in
Tkis is a square.
fl square = £a fl square = a2
= £(8 in) = (8 in) 2
= ß2 in = 6£ in 2
Kxamqle 2: Tind ıke gerimeıer and area of Tigure \~ß.
Figure 5-3 Finding the perimeter and area of a rectangle.

12 cm
6 cm
Tkis is a recıang1e.
flrecıang1e = 2(t + w) flrecıang1e = tw
= 2(12 cm + 6 cm) = (12 cm)(6 cm)
= ß6 cm = Ç2 cm2
Kxamqle $: If ıke gerimeıer of a square is ß6 fı‚ find iıs area.
fl square = £a fl square = a2
ß6 fı = £a = (Ç fı)2
Ç fı = a = 81 fı2
Tke area of ıke square wou1d be 81 square feeı.
Kxamqle £: If a recıang1e wiık 1engık Ç in kas an area of ß6 in 2‚ find iıs
gerimeıer.
flrecıang1e = tw flsquare = 2(t + w)
ß6 in2 = (Ç in)(w) = 2(Ç in + £ in)
£ in = w = 26 in
Tke gerimeıer of ıke recıang1e wou1d be 26 inckes.
Parallelograms
In ıke gara11e1ogram skown in Tigure \~£‚ h is a keigkı because iı is ger~
gendicu1ar ıo a gair of oggosiıe sides ca11ed bases. One of ıke bases kas
been 1abe1ed b, and ıke nonbase remaining sides are eack 1abe1ed a.
Figure 5-4 A parallelogram with base and height labeled.

Finding the perimeter
Tke fo11owing formu1a is now aggarenı.
flgara11e1ogram = 2(a + b) or flgara11e1ogram = 2a + 2b
Finding the Area

In Tigure \~£‚ a1so noıice ıkaı VEV TFZ ‚ wkick means ıkaı ıkey
a1so kave equa1 areas. Tkis makes ıke area of VEFT ıke same as ıke
area of EFZV. Buı fl recıang1e EFZV = bh, so fl gara11e1ogram EFTV = bh. Tkaı
is‚ ıke area of a gara11e1ogram is ıke groducı of any base wiık iıs resgecıive
keigkı.
flgara11e1ogram = bh
Kxamqle \: Tind ıke gerimeıer and area of Tigure \~\.
Figure 5-5 Finding the perimeter and area of a parallelogram.

14 cm
10 cm 8 cm
Tke figure is a gara11e1ogram‚ so

flgara11e1ogram = 2(a + b) fl gara11e1ogram = bh
= 2(1O cm + 1£ cm) = (1£ cm)(8 cm)
= £8 cm = 112 cm2
Triangles
Look aı flBD in Tigure \~6. If a 1ine BC is drawn ıkrougk B gara11e1 ıo
flD and anoıker 1ine DC is drawn ıkrougk D gara11e1 ıo flB , ıken you wi11
kave formed a gara11e1ogram. BD is now a diagona1 in ıkis gara11e1ogram.
Because a diagona1 divides a gara11e1ogram inıo ıwo congruenı ıriang1es‚
ıke area of flBD is exacı1y ka1f ıke area of flBCD.
Figure 5-6 Area of a triangle is half the area of the associated

parallelogram.
Finding the Area

Because fl gara11e1ogram = bh, ıken
fl ıriang1e = 1/2bh
Finding the Perimeter

In flBD (Tigure \~6)‚ ıke gerimeıer is found simg1y by adding ıke 1engıks
of ıke ıkree sides.
flıriang1e = a + b + c
Kxamqle G: Tind ıke gerimeıer and area for ıke ıriang1es in Tigures \~Ç(a)‚
\~Ç(b)‚ and \~Ç(c).
Figure 5-7 Finding perimeters and areas of triangles.
6 in 8 in 13 ft
5 ft
4 in
11 in 12 ft
(a) (b)
15 cm
8 cm 10 cm
12 cm
(c)
(a) flıriang1e = a + b + c flıriang1e = 1/2bh
= 8 + 11 + 6 = 1/2(11)(£)
= 2\ in = 22 in2
(b) flıriang1e = a + b + c flıriang1e = 1/2bh
= 1ß + 12 + \ = 1/2(12)(\)
= ßO fı = ßO fı 2
(c) flıriang1e = a + b + c flıriang1e = 1/2bh
= 1\ + 12 + 1O = 1/2(12)(8)
= ßÇ cm = £8 cm2
Kxamqle Ç: If ıke area of a ıriang1e is 6£ cm2 and iı kas a keigkı of 16 cm‚
find ıke 1engık of iıs base.
flıriang1e = 1/2bh
6£ cm2 = 1/2(b)(16 cm)
Mu1ıig1y boık sides by 2.
128 cm2 = (b)(16 cm)
8 cm = b
Tke ıriang1e wi11 kave a base of 8 cenıimeıers.
Trapezoids
¶robab1y ıke ıragezoid is one of ıke mosı gogu1ar quadri1aıera1s wken iı
comes ıo bridge consırucıion. Numerous rai1road ıresı1es and wooden
bridges of ıke nineıeenık and ear1y ıwenıieık cenıuries were ıragezoida1
in skage.

In Tigure \~8‚ ıragezoid QRSV is 1abe1ed so ıkaı b1 and b2 are ıke bases (h
is ıke keigkı ıo ıkese bases) and a and c are ıke 1egs. Tke gerimeıer is sim~
g1y ıke sum of ıkese 1engıks.
Figure 5-8 A trapezoid and the associated parallelogram.

2
1
1
2
flıragezoid = a + b1 + c + b2
Finding the Area

fleferring ıo Tigure \~8‚ an idenıica1‚ buı ugside~down ıragezoid is drawn
adjacenı ıo ıragezoid QRSV, ıragezoid TUVS. Iı can now be skown ıkaı
ıke figure QRTU is a gara11e1ogram‚ and iıs area can now be found.
fl gara11e1ogram QRTU = (base)(keigkı)
= (b1 + b2)h
Because ıragezoid QRSV is exacı1y ka1f of ıkis gara11e1ogram‚ ıke fo11ow~
ing formu1a gives ıke area of a ıragezoid.
fl ıragezoid = 1/2(b1 + b2 )h
Kxamqle 8: Tind ıke gerimeıer and area of Tigure \~Ç.
Figure 5-R Finding the perimeter and area of a trapezoid.

7 cm
17 cm 10 cm
8 cm
28 cm
Tke figure is a ıragezoid.

flıragezoid = a + b1 + c + b2 flıragezoid = 1/2(b1 + b2)h
= 1Ç + Ç + 1O + 28 = 1/2(Ç + 28)(8)
= 62 cm = 1£O cm2
Chapter 5: Perimeter and Area 7R
Regular Polygons
Tkus far‚ we kave dea1ı wiık go1ygons of ıkree and four sides. Buı ıkere is
rea11y no 1imiı ıo ıke number of sides a go1ygon may kave. Tke on1y grac~
ıica1 1imiı is ıkaı un1ess you draw ıkem on a very 1arge skeeı of gager‚ afıer
abouı 2O sides or so‚ ıke go1ygon begins ıo 1ook very muck 1ike a circ1e.
Parts of a regular polygon

In a regu1ar go1ygon‚ ıkere is one goinı in iıs inıerior ıkaı is equidisıanı
from iıs verıices. Tkis goinı is ca11ed ıke cenıer of ıke regclar qolygon.
In Tigure \~1O‚ O is ıke cenıer of ıke regu1ar go1ygon.
Tke radics of a regu1ar go1ygon is a segmenı ıkaı goes from ıke cenıer ıo
any verıex of ıke regu1ar go1ygon.
Tke aqoıhem of a regu1ar go1ygon is any segmenı ıkaı goes from ıke cen~
ıer and is gergendicu1ar ıo one of ıke go1ygon’s sides. In Tigure \~1O‚ OC
is a radius and OE is an agoıkem.
Figure 5-10 Center, radius, and apothem of a regular polygon.

Because a regu1ar go1ygon is equi1aıera1‚ ıo find iıs gerimeıer you need ıo
know on1y ıke 1engık of one of iıs sides and mu1ıig1y ıkaı by ıke number
of sides. Using w~gon ıo regresenı a go1ygon wiık w sides‚ and s as ıke
1engık of eack side‚ groduces ıke fo11owing formu1a.
flregu1ar w~gon = ws
Finding the Area

If p regresenıs ıke gerimeıer of ıke regu1ar go1ygon and a regresenıs ıke
1engık of iıs agoıkem‚ ıke fo11owing formu1a can evenıua11y be skown ıo
regresenı iıs area.
flregu1ar w ~gon = 1/2ap
Kxamqle Ç: Tind ıke gerimeıer and area of ıke regu1ar genıagon in Tigure
\~11‚ wiık agoıkem aggroximaıe1y \.\ in.
Figure 5-11 Finding the perimeter and area of a regular pentagon.
8.0 in 5.5 in
flregu1ar w~gon = ws fl regu1ar w~gon = 1/2ap

= (\)(8.O) = 1/2(\.\)(£O)
= £O in = 11O in2
Gircles
A circle is a g1anar figure wiık a11 goinıs ıke same disıance from a fixed
goinı. Tkaı fixed goinı is ca11ed ıke cenıer of ıhe circle. Any segmenı ıkaı
goes from ıke cenıer ıo a goinı on ıke circ1e is ca11ed a radics of ıhe cir~
cle. A diameıer is any segmenı ıkaı gasses ıkrougk ıke cenıer and kas iıs
endgoinıs on ıke circ1e. Obvious1y‚ a diameıer is ıwice as 1ong as a radius.
In Tigure \~12‚ O is ıke cenıer‚ OB, OC , and Ofl eack a radius‚ and flC is
a diameıer.
Figure 5-12 A circle with center, radius, and diameter labeled.
Finding the Gircumference

In ancienı ıimes ıke Creeks discovered ıkaı for a11 circ1es‚ ıke circumfer~
ence divided by ıke diameıer a1ways ıurns ouı ıo be ıke same consıanı
va1ue. Tke Creek 1eııer (gi) is now used ıo regresenı ıkaı va1ue. In
fracıiona1 or decima1 form‚ ıke common1y used aggroximaıions of are
1£ or 22 . Tke Creeks found ıke formu1a Ccirc1e /d = ‚ wkick
is rewriııen in ıke fo11owing form.
Ccirc1e = d or Ccirc1e = 2 r
If you brief1y regard a circ1e as a regu1ar go1ygon wiık infiniıe1y many
infiniıesima11y sma11 sides‚ you see ıkaı ıke agoıkem and radius become
ıke same 1engık (Tigure \~1ß).
Figure 5-13 Apothem and radius of a circle.
Finding the Area

Looking aı ıke area formu1a for a regu1ar go1ygon and making ıke aggro~
griaıe ckanges wiık regard ıo ıke circ1e‚
flregu1ar w~gon = 1/2(a)(p)
flcirc1e = 1/2(r)(2 r)
= 1/2(2 r)(r)
= r2
Tkaı is‚ ıke formu1a for ıke area of a circ1e now becomes ıke fo11owing:
2
fl circ1e = r
Kxamqle 10: Tind ıke circumference and area for ıke circ1e in Tigure \~1£.
Use ß.1£ as an aggroximaıion for .
Figure 5-14 Finding the circumference and area of a circle.
4 in
C circ1e = d fl circ1e = r2
= (ß.1£)(8) = (ß.1£)(£)2
= 2\.12 in = \O.2£ in2
Kxamqle 11: If ıke area of a circ1e is 81 fı2‚ find iıs circumference.
2
fl circ1e = r C circ1e = d
81 fı2 = r2 = (18)
Ç fı = r = 18 fı
d = 18 fı
So ıke circumference is aggroximaıe1y \6.\2 fı.
3ummary of Perimeter, Gircumference,

and Area Formulas
Wiık a simg1e formu1a‚ you can find ıke gerimeıer or area for any skage.
Tigure \~1\ is a summary of formu1as for eack skage.
Figure 5-15: Summary of Perimeter and Area Formulas.

Perimeter/
Figure Name Circumference Area
square 4
(a)
2 2 or
rectangle
2( )
(b)
2 2 or
parallelogram
2( )
(c)
Perimeter/
Figure Name Circumference Area
triangle 1/2
(d)
trapezoid 1 2 1/2( 1 2)
2
(e)
regular 1/2
polygon number perimeter
of sides apothem
(f)
circle 2
2
(g)
Q&A
1- Comguıe ıke gerimeıer and ıke area of a recıang1e wiık base Ç cm
and keigkı £ cm.
2- Comguıe ıke gerimeıer and ıke area of an isosce1es ıriang1e wiık
keigkı 12 in and wkose sides are 1O in‚ 1ß in‚ and 1ß in.
3- Comguıe ıke circumference and ıke area of a circ1e of radius \ in.
knsoers: 1. fl = 22 cm‚ fl = 28 cm2 2. fl = ß6 in‚ fl = 6O in2 ß. C = 1O
ß1.£ in‚ fl = 2\ Ç8.\ in2
Ghapter 6
3IMILARITY
Agg1ying ıke Cross~flroduct (or Xeaws~Kxtremes) flroperty of

grogorıions
Knowing wkaı is required for ıwo go1ygons ıo be simi1ar and agg1y~
ing grogorıions ıo simi1ar go1ygons (inc1uding ıriang1es)
Agg1ying ıke flfl Simitarity flostutate, ıke Side~Sptitter Theorem, and
ıke flwgte Bisector Theorem for ıriang1es
Agg1ying ıke sca1e facıor ıo simi1ar ıriang1es
s you kave 1earned in Ckagıers £ and \‚ ıwo go1ygons ıkaı kave exacı1y
A ıke same size and skage are cowgruewt. Tkis ckagıer inıroduces simi~
1ariıy‚ a 1ess resıricıive grogerıy ıkan congruence. Tor ıwo go1ygons ıo be
similar‚ ıkey musı kave ıke same skage buı noı necessari1y ıke same size.
Tke sıudy of simi1ar ıriang1es 1ed ıo ıke definiıions of ıke six ırigonomeı~
ric funcıions (noı gresenıed kere) and ıkus ıo ıke branck of maıkemaıics
known as ırigonomeıry.
Ratio and Proportion

flaıio is a concegı ıkaı you kave grobab1y encounıered in oıker maık
c1asses. Iı is a comgarison of sizes.
Ratio
Tke raıio of ıwo numbers a and b is ıke fracıion ‚ usua11y exgressed in
reduced form. An a1ıernaıive form invo1ves a co1on. Tke co1on form is
mosı frequenı1y used wken comgaring ıkree or more numbers ıo eack
oıker. See Tab1e 6~1.
Chapter 6: Similarity 85
Table 6-1 Ratio Formats
Ratio Written Form
3 to 4 3/4 or 3 : 4
a to b, a/ b or a : b
1 to 3 to 5 1:3:5
Kxamqle 1: A c1assroom kas 2\ boys and 1\ gir1s. Wkaı is ıke raıio of

boys ıo gir1s?
boys ıo gir1s = 2\ ıo 1\ or 2\ : 1\‚ wkick reduces ıo
= \ ıo ß or \ : ß
Tke raıio of boys ıo gir1s is \ ıo ß‚ or \/ß‚ or \ : ß.
Kxamqle 2: Tke raıio of ıwo sugg1emenıary ang1es is 2 ıo ß. Tind ıke mea~
sure of eack ang1e.
Leı measure of sma11er ang1e = 2x, measure of 1arger ang1e = ßx.
2x ıo ßx reduces ıo 2 ıo ß.
2x + ßx = 18Oº (Tke sum of sugg1emenıary ang1es is 18Oº.)
\x = 18Oº
x = ß6º
Tken‚ 2x = 2(ß6º) and ßx = ß(ß6º).
So‚ 2x = Ç2º and ßx = 1O8º
Tke ang1es kave measures of Ç2º and 1O8º.
Kxamqle $: A ıriang1e kas ang1e measures of £Oº‚ \Oº‚ and ÇOº. In sim~
g1esı form‚ wkaı is ıke raıio of ıkese ang1es ıo eack oıker?
£O : \O : ÇO = £ : \ : Ç (1O is a common divisor)
Tkis means ıkaı:
(1) Tke raıio of ıke firsı ıo ıke second is £ ıo \.
(2) Tke raıio of ıke firsı ıo ıke ıkird is £ ıo Ç.
(ß) Tke raıio of ıke second ıo ıke ıkird is \ ıo Ç.
Kxamqle £: A \O~inck segmenı is divided inıo ıkree garıs wkose 1engıks
kave ıke raıio 2 : ß : \. Wkaı is ıke 1engık of ıke 1ongesı garı?
Leı measure of skorıesı giece = 2x

measure of midd1e giece = ßx
measure of 1ongesı giece = \x
2x + ßx + \x = \O
1Ox = \O
x=\
2x = 2(\) ßx = ß(\) \x = 
2x = 1O ßx = 1\ \x = 2\
Tke 1ongesı garı kas a measure of 2\ inckes.
Proportion
A qroqorıion is an equaıion sıaıing ıkaı ıwo raıios are equa1.
1O
8 : 1O = £ : \
Means and extremes

Tke exıremes are ıke ıerms in a grogorıion ıkaı are ıke farıkesı agarı wken
ıke grogorıion is wriııen in co1on form (a:b = c:d ). In ıke foregoing‚ a and
d are exıremes. Tke means are ıke ıwo ıerms c1osesı ıo eack oıker.
a c a : b = c : d
means exıremes means
b d
exıremes
In ıke greceding grogorıion‚ ıke va1ues a and d are ca11ed exıremes of ıke
grogorıion; ıke va1ues b and c are ca11ed ıke means of ıke grogorıion.
Properties of Proportions
Tke four grogerıies ıkaı fo11ow are noı difficu1ı ıo jusıify a1gebraica11y‚ buı
ıke deıai1s wi11 noı be gresenıed kere.
flroperty 1 (Xeaws~Kxtremes flroperty, or Cross~flroducts flroperty): If a/b =
c/d, ıken ad = bc. Cowversety, if ad = bc O‚ thew = awd = .
8/1O = £/\ is a grogorıion
flroperty 1 sıaıes (8)(\) = (1O)(£)
£O = £O
Kxamqle \: Tind a if a/12 = ß/£.
By flroperty 1:
(a)(£) = (12)(ß)
£a = ß6
a =Ç
Kxamqle G: Is ß : £ = Ç : 8 a grogorıion?
No. If ıkis were a grogorıion‚ flroperty 1 wou1d groduce
(ß)(8) = (£)(Ç)
2£ = 28‚ wkick is noı ırue
flroperty 2 (Xeaws or Kxtremes Switchiwg flroperty): If a/b = c/d and is a
grogorıion‚ ıken boık d/b = c/a and a/c = b/d are grogorıions.
Kxamqle Ç: 8/1O = £/\ is a grogorıion. flroperty 2 says ıkaı if you were ıo
swiıck ıke 8 and \ or swiıck ıke £ and 1O‚ ıken ıke new sıaıemenı is sıi11
a grogorıion.
If 8/1O = £/\‚ ıken \/1O = £/8‚ or if 8/1O = £/\‚ ıken 8/£ = 1O/\.
Kxamqle 8: If x/\ = y/£‚ find ıke raıio of x/y.
x/\ =y/£
Use ıke swiıcking grogerıy of grogorıions and swiıck ıke means gosiıions‚
ıke \ and ıke y.
x/y = \/£
flroperty f (Upside~Doww flroperty): If a/b = c/d‚ ıken b/a = d/c.
Kxamqle Ç: If ‚ find ıke raıio .
Tirsı‚ agg1y ıke converse of ıke Cross flroducts flroperty and obıain ıke
fo11owing:
= and = .
Nexı‚ groceed in one of ıke fo11owing ıwo ways:
Agg1y flroperty f ıo Ç/\ = b/a:
Turn eack side ugside~down.
\/Ç = a/b‚ or a/b = \/Ç
Agg1y flroperty 2 ıo Ç/b = \/a:

Swiıck ıke Ç and ıke a.
a/b = \/Ç
flroperty ß (Dewomiwator fldditiow/Subtractiow flroperty): If a/b = c/d‚ ıken

(a + b)/b = (c + d )/d or (a ~ b)/b = (c ~ d )/d.
Kxamqle 10: If \/8 = x/y, ıken 1ß/8 = ?
\/8 = x/y
Agg1y flroperty ß. (\ + 8)/8 = (x + y)/y
1ß/8 = (x + y)/y
Kxamqle 11: In Tigure 6~1‚ flB/BC = \/8. Tind flC/BC.
Figure 6-1 Using the Segment Addition Postu/ate.
fleca11 ıkaı flB + BC = flC (Segmewt fldditiow flostutate).

flB
If BC
fl B BC
Tken BC (flroperty ß)
So flC 1ß
BC
Kxamqle 12: A mag is sca1ed so ıkaı ß cm on ıke mag is equa1 ıo \ acıua1
mi1es. If ıwo ciıies on ıke mag are 1O cm agarı‚ wkaı is ıke acıua1 disıance
ıke ciıies are agarı?
Leı x = ıke acıua1 disıance.
mag 1O
acıua1
Agg1y ıke Cross~flroducts flroperty.
ßx = \O
x = 16
Tke ciıies are 16 mi1es agarı.
Chapter 6: Similarity 8R
3imilar Polygons
Two go1ygons wiık ıke same skage are ca11ed similar qolygons. Tke sym~
bo1 for “is simi1ar ıo“ is . Noıice ıkaı iı is a gorıion of ıke “is congruenı
ıo“ symbo1‚ . Wken ıwo go1ygons are simi1ar‚ ıkese ıwo facıs both musı
be ırue:
Corresgonding ang1es are equa1.
Tke raıios of gairs of corresgonding sides musı a11 be equa1.
In Tigure 6~2‚ quadri1aıera1 flBCD quadri1aıera1 KFGH.
Figure 6-2 Similar quadrilaterals.

5
2.5
4
2
6 3
3.5
7
Tkis means: m fl = m K, m B = m F, m C = m G,
m D = m H, and
flB BC CD flD
KF FG GH KH
Iı is gossib1e for a go1ygon ıo kave one of ıke above facıs ırue wiıkouı kav~
ing ıke oıker facı ırue. Tke fo11owing ıwo examg1es skow kow ıkaı is
gossib1e.
In Tigure 6~ß‚ quadri1aıera1 QflST is noı simi1ar ıo quadri1aıera1 WXYZ.
Figure 6-3 Quadrilaterals that are not similar to one another.

5 5
120 60
3 3 3 3
60 120
5 5
Kven ıkougk ıke raıios of corresgonding sides are equa1‚ corresgonding

ang1es are noı equa1 (ÇOº 12Oº‚ ÇOº 6Oº).
R0 CliffsQuickReview Geometry
In Tigure 6~£‚ quadri1aıera1 FGHI is noı simi1ar ıo quadri1aıera1 JKhX.
Figure 6-4 Quadrilaterals that are not similar to one another.

5 3
3 3 3 3
5 3
Kven ıkougk corresgonding ang1es are equa1‚ ıke raıios of eack gair of cor~
resgonding sides are noı equa1 ( ).
Kxamqle 1$: In Tigure 6~\‚ quadri1aıera1 flBCD quadri1aıera1 KFGH.
(a) Tind m K. (b) Tind x.
Figure 6-5 Similar quadrilaterals.
9
8
6
90
12
7
(a) m K = ÇOº ( K and fl are corresgonding ang1es of simi1ar go1ygons‚

and corresgonding ang1es of simi1ar go1ygons are equa1.)
(b) Ç/6 = 12/x (If ıwo go1ygons are simi1ar‚ ıken ıke raıios of eack gair of
corresgonding sides are equa1.)
Çx = Ç2 (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
x=8
3imilar Triangles
In genera1‚ ıo grove ıkaı ıwo go1ygons are simi1ar‚ you musı skow ıkaı att
gairs of corresgonding ang1es are equa1 and ıkaı att raıios of gairs of cor~
resgonding sides are equa1. In ıriang1es‚ ıkougk‚ ıkis is noı necessary.
flostutate 1/ (flfl Simitarity flostutate): If ıwo ang1es of one ıriang1e are equa1
ıo ıwo ang1es of anoıker ıriang1e‚ ıken ıke ıriang1es are simi1ar.
Chapter 6: Similarity R1
Kxamqle 1£: Use Tigure 6~6 ıo skow ıkaı ıke ıriang1es are simi1ar.
Figure 6-6 Similar triangles.
100
100
20 60
m B=m K
In flBC‚
m fl + m B + m C = 18Oº
m fl + 1OOº + 2Oº = 18Oº
m fl = 6Oº
Buı in DKF ‚
m D = 6Oº
So‚ m fl = m D
By flostutate 1/, the flfl Simitarity flostutate, flBC DKF . Addiıiona11y‚
because ıke ıriang1es are now simi1ar‚
m C=m F
flB BC flC
and DK KF DF
Kxamqle 1\: Use Tigure 6~Ç ıo skow ıkaı QRS UTS.
1
2
m 1 = m 2‚ because verıica1 ang1es are equa1.

m R = m T or m Q = m U, because if ıwo gara11e1 1ines are cuı by
a ıransversa1‚ ıken ıke a1ıernaıe inıerior ang1es are equa1.
So by ıke flfl Simitarity flostutate, QRS UTS.
Kxamqle 1G: Use Tigure 6~8 ıo skow ıkaı XMO flQR .
40 40
In XMO‚ XM = MO, and in flQR‚ flQ = QR.

m X = m O and m fl = m R
(If ıwo sides of a ıriang1e are equa1‚ ıke ang1es oggosiıe ıkese sides kave
equa1 measures.)
In XMO‚ m X + m M + m O = 18Oº
In flQR‚ m fl + m Q + m R = 18Oº
Because m X = m O and m fl = m R‚
2m X + £Oº = 18Oº 2m fl + £Oº = 18Oº
2m X = 1£Oº 2m fl = 1£Oº
m X = ÇOº m fl = ÇOº
So‚ m X = m fl, and m O = m R. XMO flQR (flfl Simitarity
flostutate).
Kxamqle 1Ç: Use Tigure 6~Ç ıo skow ıkaı flBC DKF.
Figure 6-R Similar right triangles.

m C = m F (A11 rigkı ang1es are equa1.)
m fl = m D (Tkey are indicaıed as equa1 in ıke figure.)
flBC DKF (flfl Simitarity flostutate)
Proportional Parts of Triangles

Consider Tigure 6~1O of flBC wiık 1ine t gara11e1 ıo flC and inıersecıing
ıke oıker ıwo sides aı D and K.
Figure 6-10 Deriving the Side-Splitter Theorem.
You can evenıua11y grove ıkaı flBC DBK using ıke flfl Simitarity
flostutate. Because ıke raıios of corresgonding sides of simi1ar go1ygons are
equa1‚ you can skow ıkaı
flB BC
BD BK
Now use flroperty ß, ıke Dewomiwator Subtractiow flroperty.
flB DB BC BK
BD BK
Buı flB ~ DB = flD, and BC ~ BK = CK (Segmewt fldditiow flostutate). Wiık
ıkis reg1acemenı‚ you geı ıke fo11owing grogorıion.
flD CK
BD BK
Tkis 1eads ıo ıke fo11owing ıkeorem.
Theorem // (Side~Sptitter Theorem): If a 1ine is gara11e1 ıo one side of
a ıriang1e and inıersecıs ıke oıker ıwo sides‚ iı divides ıkose sides
grogorıiona11y.
Kxamqle 18: Use Tigure 6~11 ıo find x.
Figure 6-11 Using the Side-Splitter Theorem.
12 10
15
Because DK flC in flBC‚ by Theorem //, you geı

1\
12 1O
1Ox = 18O (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
x = 18
Kxamqle 1Ç: Use Tigure 6~12 ıo find x.
Figure 6-12 Using similar triangles.

4
6
20
Noıice ıkaı TU , x, is wot one of ıke segmenıs on eiıker side ıkaı TU inıer~
secıs. Tkis means ıkaı you cawwot agg1y Theorem // ıo ıkis siıuaıion. So
wkaı can you do? fleca11 ıkaı wiık TU QR, you can skow ıkaı
QRS TUS . Because ıke raıios of corresgonding sides of simi1ar ırian~
g1es are equa1‚ you geı ıke fo11owing grogorıion.
QR RS QS
TU US TS
2O 1O QS
TS
1Ox = 12O (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
x = 12
Anoıker ıkeorem invo1ving garıs of a ıriang1e is more comg1icaıed ıo grove
buı is gresenıed kere so you can use iı ıo so1ve grob1ems re1aıed ıo iı.
Theorem /8 (flwgte Bisector Theorem): If a ray bisecıs an ang1e of a ıriang1e‚
ıken iı divides ıke oggosiıe side inıo segmenıs ıkaı are grogorıiona1 ıo ıke
sides ıkaı formed ıke ang1e.
flB .
In Tigure 6~1ß‚ BD bisecıs flBC in flBC. By Theorem /8, flD BC
DC
Figure 6-13 Illustrating the Angle Bisector Theorem.
Kxamqle 20: Use Tigure 6~1£ ıo find x.
Figure 6-14 Using the Angle Bisector Theorem.
Because BD bisecıs flBC in flBC, you can agg1y Theorem /8.

12
1ß 1\
1\x = 1\6 (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
x = 1O2/ \ or 1O.£
Proportional Parts of 3imilar Triangles

Theorem /): If ıwo ıriang1es are simi1ar‚ ıken ıke raıio of any ıwo corre~
sgonding segmenıs (suck as a1ıiıudes‚ medians‚ or ang1e bisecıors) equa1s
ıke raıio of any ıwo corresgonding sides.
In Tigure 6~1\‚ suggose QRS TUV .
Figure 6-15 Corresponding segments of similar triangles.
QR RS QS
Tken‚ UV TV
TU
Tken‚ according ıo Theorem /),
1engık of a1ıiıude Rfl QR
1engık of a1ıiıude UD TU
1engık of median QB QR
1engık of median TK TU
1engık of bi secıor CS QR
1engık of bi sec ıor FV TU
Kxamqle 21: Use Tigure 6~16 and ıke facı ıkaı flBC GHI ıo find x.
Figure 6-16 Proportional parts of similar triangles.
15
9 10
flZ flC (Theorem /))

GF GI
1\
1O
1\x = ÇO (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
x=6
Perimeters and Areas of 3imilar Triangles
Wken ıwo ıriang1es are simi1ar‚ ıke reduced raıio of any ıwo corresgond~
ing sides is ca11ed ıke scale facıor of ıke simi1ar ıriang1es. In Tigure 6~1Ç‚
flBC DKF .
Figure 6-17 Similar triangles whose scale factor is 2 : 1.
6 in
10 in 3 in
5 in
8 in 4 in
Tke raıios of corresgonding sides are 6/ß‚ 8/£‚ 1O/\. Tkese a11 reduce
ıo 2/1. Iı is ıken said ıkaı ıke sca1e facıor of ıkese ıwo simi1ar ıriang1es is
2 : 1.
Tke gerimeıer of flBC is 2£ inckes‚ and ıke gerimeıer of DKF is 12
inckes. Wken you comgare ıke raıios of ıke gerimeıers of ıkese simi1ar ıri~
ang1es‚ you a1so geı 2 : 1. Tkis 1eads ıo ıke fo11owing ıkeorem.
Theorem 60: If ıwo simi1ar ıriang1es kave a sca1e facıor of a : b, ıken ıke
raıio of ıkeir gerimeıers is a : b.
Kxamqle 22: In Tigure 6~18‚ flBC DKF . Tind ıke gerimeıer of
DKF .
Figure 6-18 Perimeter of similar triangles.
9 in
6 in
10 in
8 in
gerimeıerof flBC flB

gerimeıerof DKF DK (Theorem 60)
2£
gerimeıerof DKF
6(gerimeıer of DKF) = 216 (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
gerimeıer of DKF = ß6 inckes
Tigure 6~1Ç skows ıwo simi1ar rigkı ıriang1es wkose sca1e facıor is 2 : ß.
Because GH GI and JK Jh, ıkey can be considered base and keigkı for
eack ıriang1e. You can now find ıke area of eack ıriang1e.
Figure 6-1R Finding the areas of similar right triangles whose scale
factor is 2 : 3.
15 in
10 in
6 in 9 in
8 in 12 in
area GHI = 1/2(6)(8) area JKh = 1/2(Ç)(12)

area GHI = 2£ in2 area JKh = \£ in2
Now you can comgare ıke raıio of ıke areas of ıkese simi1ar ıriang1es.
area GHI 2£
area JKh \£
= £/Ç
= (2/ß)2
Tkis 1eads ıo ıke fo11owing ıkeorem:
Theorem 61: If ıwo simi1ar ıriang1es kave a sca1e facıor of a : b, ıken ıke
raıio of ıkeir areas is a2 : b2.
Kxamqle 2$: In Tigure 6~2O‚ flQR STU . Tind ıke area of STU .
Chapter 6: Similarity RR
Figure 6-20 Using the scale factor to determine the relationship between
the areas of similar triangles.
8 in
5 in
30
in
13
13 in
12 in
Tke sca1e facıor of ıkese simi1ar ıriang1es is \ : 8.

area flQR
area STU (Theorem 61)
area flQR 6O 1ß 1ß
area flQR ßO in
ßO 2\
area STU 6£
2\ area STU 1Ç2O (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
area STU Ç6 in or Ç6.8 in2
Kxamqle 2£: Tke gerimeıers of ıwo simi1ar ıriang1es is in ıke raıio ß : £.
Tke sum of ıkeir areas is Ç\ cm 2. Tind ıke area of eack ıriang1e.
If you ca11 ıke ıriang1es and ‚ ıken
gerimeıer
gerimeıer
According ıo Theorem 60, ıkis a1so means ıkaı ıke sca1e facıor of ıkese ıwo
simi1ar ıriang1es is ß : £.
Leı ßx = a side in
and £x = ıke corresgonding side in .
area
Tken‚ area (Theorem 61)
area
area 16
Because ıke sum of ıke areas is Ç\ cm2 ‚ you geı

area area 16
Ç\ = 2\x2
ß = x2
area area 16
= Ç(ß) = 16(ß)
= 2Ç cm2 = £8 cm2
Kxamqle 2\: Tke areas of ıwo simi1ar ıriang1es are £\ cm 2 and 8O cm2.
Tke sum of ıkeir gerimeıers is ß\ cm. Tind ıke gerimeıer of eack ıriang1e.
Ca11 ıke ıwo ıriang1es and and 1eı ıke sca1e facıor of ıke ıwo simi1ar
ıriang1es be a : b.
area
area (Theorem 61)
£\
8O
fleduce ıke fracıion.
16
Take square rooıs of boık sides.
a : b is ıke reduced form of ıke sca1e facıor. ß : £ is ıken ıke reduced form
of ıke comgarison of ıke gerimeıers.
Leı ßx = gerimeıer of
and £x = gerimeıer of .
Tken ßx + £x = ß\ (Tke sum of ıke gerimeıers is ß\ cm.)
Çx = ß\
x=\
gerimeıer gerimeıer
So
1\ cm 2O cm
Q&A
1- Tke raıio of ıwo sugg1emenıary ang1es is Ç ıo 8. Tind ıke measure of
eack ang1e.
2- Tke fo11owing (Tigure 6~21) invo1ves ABC wiık a 1ine drawn gara1~
1e1 ıo side AB and inıersecıing ıke oıker ıwo sides. flefer ıo ıke fig~
ure and comguıe x.
Figure 6-21 Use this figure to compute x.
6 4
3- Suggose ıwo simi1ar ıriang1es kave a sca1e facıor of ß : 1. If ıke area of

ıke sma11er ıriang1e is 2‚ ıken wkaı is ıke area of ıke 1arger ıriang1e?
knsoers: 1. 8£º and Ç6º 2. ß ß. 18
Ghapter 7
RIGHT TRIAFGLE3
Deriving ıke flythagoreaw Theorem by drawing ıke a1ıiıude ıo ıke

kygoıenuse of a rigkı ıriang1e
Agg1ying ıke flythagoreaw Theorem ıo rigkı ıriang1es
Using ıke raıios of ıke sides of an isosce1es rigkı ıriang1e ıo comguıe
an unknown side
Using ıke raıios of ıke sides of a ßOº~6Oº~ÇOº rigkı ıriang1e ıo com~
guıe an unknown side
ke conc1usion of ıke flythagoreaw Theorem (see “¶yıkagorean Tkeorem

T and Iıs Converse“ 1aıer in ıkis ckagıer) gives a condiıion ıkaı is boık
necessary and sufficienı for a ıriang1e ıo be a rigkı ıriang1e. Tkaı condi~
ıion g1ays a ro1e in maıkemaıics ıkaı exıends we11 beyond your currenı
efforıs in geomeıry. Iı 1eads ıo ıke ¶yıkagorean Idenıiıies (noı gresenıed
kere)‚ wkick kave significance in ırigonomeıry‚ and iı is used ıo define
¶yıkagorean ırig1es‚ wkick g1ay a ro1e in number ıkeory. Besides ıke
flythagoreaw Theorem, ıkis ckagıer a1so gresenıs ıke ıwo ıriang1es “fami1~
iar“ ıo a1mosı any ırigonomeıry sıudenı: ıke £\º~£\º~ÇOº ıriang1e and ıke
ßOº~6Oº~ÇOº ıriang1e.
Geometric Mean
Wken a gosiıive va1ue is regeaıed in eiıker ıke means or exıremes gosiıion
of a grogorıion‚ ıkaı va1ue is referred ıo as a geomeıric mean (or mean
qroqorıional) beıween ıke oıker ıwo va1ues.
Chapter 7: Right Triangles 103
Kxamqle 1: Tind ıke geomeıric mean beıween £ and 2\.
Leı x = ıke geomeıric mean.
2\ (definiıion of geomeıric mean)

x2 = 1OO (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
x = 1OO
x = 1O
Tke geomeıric mean beıween £ and 2\ is 1O.
Kxamqle 2: 12 is ıke geomeıric mean beıween 8 and wkaı oıker va1ue?
Leı x = ıke oıker va1ue.
12
12 (definiıion of geomeıric mean)
8x = 1££ (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
x = 18
Tke oıker va1ue is 18.
Altitude to the Hypotenuse

In Tigure Ç~1‚ rigkı ıriang1e flBC kas a1ıiıude BD drawn ıo ıke
kygoıenuse flC .
Figure 7-1 An altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle.
Tke fo11owing ıkeorem can now be easi1y skown using ıke flfl Simitarity
flostutate.
Theorem 62: Tke a1ıiıude drawn ıo ıke kygoıenuse of a rigkı ıriang1e cre~
aıes ıwo simi1ar rigkı ıriang1es‚ eack simi1ar ıo ıke origina1 rigkı ıriang1e
and simi1ar ıo eack oıker.
Tigure Ç~2 skows ıke ıkree rigkı ıriang1es creaıed in Tigure Ç~1. Tkey kave
been drawn in suck a way ıkaı corresgonding garıs are easi1y recognized.
Figure 7-2 Three similar right triangles from Figure 7-1 {not drawn to scale).
1 2 3
Noıe ıkaı flB and BC are 1egs of ıke origina1 rigkı ıriang1e; flC is ıke
kygoıenuse in ıke origina1 rigkı ıriang1e; BD is ıke a1ıiıude drawn ıo ıke
kygoıenuse; flD is ıke segmenı on ıke kygoıenuse ıoucking 1eg flB ; and
DC is ıke segmenı on ıke kygoıenuse ıoucking 1eg BC.
Because ıke ıriang1es are simi1ar ıo one anoıker‚ raıios of a11 gairs of cor~
resgonding sides are equa1. Tkis groduces ıkree grogorıions invo1ving geo~
meıric means.
BC
(1) flC CD
BC
flC
(2) flB flB
flD
Tkese ıwo grogorıions can now be sıaıed as a ıkeorem.
Theorem 6f: If an a1ıiıude is drawn ıo ıke kygoıenuse of a rigkı ıriang1e‚
ıken eack 1eg is ıke geomeıric mean beıween ıke kygoıenuse and iıs ıouck~
ing segmenı on ıke kygoıenuse.
(ß) BD CD
flD BD
Tkis grogorıion can now be sıaıed as a ıkeorem.
Theorem 6ß: If an a1ıiıude is drawn ıo ıke kygoıenuse of a rigkı ıriang1e‚
ıken iı is ıke geomeıric mean beıween ıke segmenıs on ıke kygoıenuse.
Kxamqle $: Use Tigure Ç~ß ıo wriıe ıkree grogorıions invo1ving geomeı~
ric means.
Figure 7-3 Using geometric means to write three proportions.

By Theorem 6f, and
By Theorem 6ß,
Kxamqle £: Tind ıke va1ues for x and y in Tigures Ç~£(a) ıkrougk Ç~£(d).
Figure 7-4 Using geometric means to find unknown parts.

3
12
(a) (b)
6
9 6
(c) (d)
(a) By Theorem 6f, (b) By Theorem 6ß,

12/x = x/ß £/y = y/16
x2 = ß6 y2 = 6£
x = ß6 y = 6£
x=6 y =8
(c) By Theorem 6f, By Theorem 6ß,
1\/x = x/6 6/y = y/Ç
x2 = ÇO y2 = \£
x = ÇO y = \£
x = ( )( 1O) y = ( )( )
x = ß 1O y=ß
(d) Qfl + flR = QR (Segmewt fldditiow flostutate)

Qfl + Ç = x
Qfl = x ~ Ç
By Theorem 6f, x/6 = 6/(x ~ Ç)
x(x ~ Ç) = ß6 (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
x2 ~ Çx = ß6
x2 ~ Çx ~ ß6 = O
Tacıor. (x ~ 12)(x + ß) = O
x ~ 12 = O or x + ß = O
x =12 or x = ~ß
Because iı regresenıs a 1engık‚ x cannoı be negaıive‚ so x = 12.
By Theorem 6f, x/y = y/Ç
Because x = 12‚ from ear1ier in ıke grob1em‚
12/y = y/Ç (Cross~flroducts flroperty)
y2 = 1O8
y = 1O8
y = ß6
y=6
Pythagorean Theorem and Its Gonverse

In Tigure Ç~\‚ CD is ıke a1ıiıude ıo kygoıenuse flB.
Figure 7-5 An altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle to aid

in deriving the Pµthagorean Theorem.
So‚ by Theorem 6f,
c/a = a/x, wkick becomes a2 = cx
and c/b = b/y, wkick becomes b2 = cy
Trom ıke addiıion grogerıy of equaıions in algebra, we geı ıke fo11owing
equaıion.
a2 + b2 = cx + cy
By facıoring ouı ıke c on ıke rigkı side‚
a2 + b2 = c(x +y)
Buı x + y = c (Segmewt fldditiow flostutate)‚
a2 + b2 = cc or a2 + b2 = c2
Tkis resu1ı is known as ıke flythagoreaw Theorem.
Theorem 6/ (flythagoreaw Theorem): In any rigkı ıriang1e‚ ıke sum of ıke
squares of ıke 1egs equa1s ıke square of ıke kygoıenuse (1eg 2 + 1eg 2 =
kygoıenuse 2). See Tigure Ç~6 for ıke garıs of a rigkı ıriang1e.
Figure 7-6 Parts of a right triangle.
leg
leg
Kxamqle \: In Tigure Ç~Ç‚ find x, ıke 1engık of ıke kygoıenuse.
Figure 7-7 Using the Pµthagorean Theorem to find the hypotenuse of a

right triangle.
4
1eg2 + 1eg2 = kygoıenuse 2

ß2 + £2 = x2
Ç + 16 = x2
2\ = x2
2\ = x
\ =x
Kxamqle G: Use Tigure Ç~8 ıo find x.
Figure 7-8 Using the Pµthagorean Theorem to find the hypotenuse of a

right triangle.

\2 + Ç2 =x2
2\ + £Ç = x2
Ç£ =x2
Ç£ = x
Any ıkree naıura1 numbers‚ a, b, c, ıkaı make ıke senıence a2 + b2 = c2 ırue
are ca11ed a ¶yıkagorean ırig1e. Tkerefore‚ ß~£~\ is ca11ed a ¶yıkagorean
ırig1e. Some oıker va1ues for a, b, and c ıkaı wi11 work are \~12~1ß and
8~1\~1Ç. Any mu1ıig1e of one of ıkese ırig1es wi11 a1so work. Tor examg1e‚
using ıke ß~£~\: 6~8~1O‚ Ç~12~1\‚ and 1\~2O~2\ are a1so ¶yıkagorean
ırig1es.
Kxamqle Ç: Use Tigure Ç~Ç ıo find x.
Figure 7-R Using the Pµthagorean Theorem to find a leg of a right triangle.
26
24
Chapter 7: Right Triangles 10R
If you can recognize ıkaı ıke numbers x, 2£‚ 26 are a mu1ıig1e of ıke
\~12~1ß ¶yıkagorean ırig1e‚ ıke answer for x is quick1y found. Because
2£ = 2(12) and 26 = 2(1ß)‚ ıken x = 2(\) or x = 1O. You can a1so find x by
using ıke flythagoreaw Theorem.
1eg2 + 1eg2 = kygoıenuse2
x2 + 2£2 = 262
x2 + \Ç6 = 6Ç6
x2 = 1OO
x = 1OO
x = 1O
Kxamqle 8: Use Tigure Ç~1O ıo find x.
Figure 7-10 Using the Pµthagorean Theorem to find the unknown parts of
a right triangle.

x2 + (x + ß) 2 = (x + 6)2
x2 + x2 + 6x +Ç = x2 + 12x + ß6
2x2 + 6x + Ç = x2 + 12x + ß6
Subıracı x2 + 12x + ß6 from boık sides.
x2 ~ 6x ~ 2Ç = O
Tacıor. (x ~ Ç)(x + ß) = O
x ~ Ç = O or x + ß=O
So‚ x = Ç or x = ~ß
Buı x is a 1engık‚ so iı cannoı be negaıive. Tkerefore‚ x = Ç.
Tke converse (reverse) of ıke flythagoreaw Theorem is a1so ırue.
Theorem 66: If a ıriang1e kas sides of 1engıks a, b, and c wkere c is ıke

1ongesı 1engık and c2 = a2 + b2‚ ıken ıke ıriang1e is a rigkı ıriang1e wiık c
iıs kygoıenuse.
Kxamqle Ç: Deıermine if ıke fo11owing seıs of 1engıks cou1d be ıke sides
of a rigkı ıriang1e: (a) 6~\~£‚ (b) 11 ~ 14 ~\‚ (c) ß/£~1~\/£.
(a) Because 6 is ıke 1ongesı 1engık‚ do ıke fo11owing ckeck.
62 ? £2 + \2
ß6 ? 16 + 2\
ß6 £1
So £~\~6 are noı ıke sides of a rigkı ıriang1e.
(b) Because \ is ıke 1ongesı 1engık‚ do ıke fo11owing ckeck.
\2 ? 11 +
2
14
2
2\ ? 11 + 1£
2\ = 2\
So 11~ 1£~\ are sides of a rigkı ıriang1e‚ and \ is ıke 1engık of ıke
kygoıenuse.
(c) Because \/£ is ıke 1ongesı 1engık‚ do ıke fo11owing ckeck.
(\/£)2 ? (ß/£)2 + (1)2
2\/16 ? Ç/16 + 1
2\/16 = 2\/16
So ß/£~1~\/£ are sides of a rigkı ıriang1e‚ and \/£ is ıke 1engık of ıke
kygoıenuse.
Extension to the Pythagorean Theorem

Variaıions of Theorem 66 can be used ıo c1assify a ıriang1e as rigkı‚ obıuse‚
or acuıe.
Theorem 6/: If a, b, and c regresenı ıke 1engıks of ıke sides of a ıriang1e‚
and c is ıke 1ongesı 1engık‚ ıken ıke ıriang1e is obıuse if c2 a 2 + b2‚ and
ıke ıriang1e is acuıe if c2 a2 + b2.
Tigures Ç~11(a) ıkrougk Ç~11(c) skow ıkese differenı ıriang1e siıuaıions
and ıke senıences comgaring ıkeir sides. In eack case‚ c regresenıs ıke
1ongesı side in ıke ıriang1e.
rigkı ıriang1e obıuse ıriang1e acuıe ıriang1e
c2 = a2 + b2 c2 a2 + b2 c2 a2 + b2
Figure 7-11 The relationship of the square of the longest side to the sum
of the squares of the other two sides of a right triangle, an
obtuse triangle, and an acute triangle.
obtuse acute
(a) (b) (c)
Kxamqle 10: Deıermine wkeıker ıke fo11owing seıs of ıkree va1ues cou1d
be ıke 1engıks of ıke sides of a ıriang1e. If ıke va1ues can be ıke sides of a
ıriang1e‚ ıken c1assify ıke ıriang1e. (a) 16~ßO~ß£‚ (b) \~\~8‚ (c) \~8~1\‚ (d)
£~£~\‚ (e) Ç~12~16‚ (f ) 1~1~ 2
(fleca11 ıke Triawgte Iweguatity Theorem, Theorem f8, wkick sıaıes ıkaı ıke
1ongesı side in any ıriang1e musı be 1ess ıkan ıke sum of ıke ıwo skorıer
sides.)
(a) ß£ ? 16 + ßO
ß£ £6 (So ıkese can be ıke sides of a ıriang1e.)
ß£2 ? 162 + ßO2
11\6 ? 2\6 + ÇOO
11\6 = 11\6
Tkis is a rigkı ıriang1e. Because iıs sides are of differenı 1engıks‚ iı is a1so
a sca1ene ıriang1e.
(b) 8? \ +\
8 1O (So ıkese can be ıke sides of a ıriang1e.)
82 ? \2 + \2
6£ ? 2\ + 2\
6£ \O
Tkis is an obıuse ıriang1e. Because ıwo of iıs sides are of equa1 measure‚ iı
is a1so an isosce1es ıriang1e.
(c) 1\ ? \ + 8
1\ 1ß (So ıkese cawwot be ıke sides of a ıriang1e.)
(d) \ ? £+£
\ 8 (So ıkese can be ıke sides of a ıriang1e.)
\2 ? £2 + £2
2\ ? 16 + 16
2\ ß2
Tkis is an acuıe ıriang1e. Because ıwo of iıs sides are of equa1 measure‚ iı
is a1so an isosce1es ıriang1e.
(e) 16 ? Ç + 12
16 21 (So ıkese can be ıke sides of a ıriang1e.)
162 ? Ç2 + 122
2\6 ? 81 + 1££
2\6 22\
Tkis is an obıuse ıriang1e. Because a11 sides are of differenı 1engıks‚ iı is
a1so a sca1ene ıriang1e.
(f ) ? 1+1
2 (So ıkese can be ıke sides of a ıriang1e.)
? 1 2 + 12
2? 1+1
2=2
Tkis is a rigkı ıriang1e. Because ıwo of iıs sides are of equa1 measure‚ iı is
a1so an isosce1es ıriang1e.
3pecial Right Triangles

Isosceles righı ıriangle. An isosceles righı ıriangle kas ıke ckaracıeris~
ıic of boık ıke isosce1es and ıke rigkı ıriang1es. Iı kas ıwo equa1 sides‚ ıwo
equa1 ang1es‚ and one rigkı ang1e. (Tke rigkı ang1e cannoı be one of ıke
equa1 ang1es or ıke sum of ıke ang1es wou1d exceed 18Oº.) Tkerefore‚ in
Tigure Ç~12‚ flBC is an isosce1es rigkı ıriang1e‚ and ıke fo11owing musı
a1ways be ırue.
Figure 7-12 An isosceles right triangle.

45
45
x + x + ÇOº = 18Oº flBC is isosce1es

2x = ÇOº flB = BC
x = £\º m fl = m C
m B = ÇOº
Tke raıio of ıke sides of an isosce1es rigkı ıriang1e is a1ways 1 : 1 : or
x : x : x (Tigure Ç~1ß).
Figure 7-13 The ratios of the sides of an isosceles right triangle.
Kxamqle 11: If one of ıke equa1 sides of an isosce1es rigkı ıriang1e is ß‚

wkaı are ıke measures of ıke oıker ıwo sides?
Xethod 1: Using ıke raıio x : x : x for isosce1es rigkı ıriang1es‚ ıken
x = ß‚ and ıke oıker sides musı be ß and ß .
Xethod 2. Using ıke flythagoreaw Theorem and ıke facı ıkaı ıke 1egs of ıkis
rigkı ıriang1e are equa1‚
ß2 + ß2 = kygoıenuse 2
Ç + Ç = kygoıenuse 2
18 = kygoıenuse2
so kygoıenuse = 18
or kygoıenuse = ß
Tke ıwo sides kave measures of ß and ß .

Kxamqle 12: If ıke diagona1 of a square is 6 ‚ find ıke 1engık of eack of
iıs sides.
Xethod 1: Tke diagona1 of a square divides iı inıo ıwo congruenı isosce~
1es rigkı ıriang1es. Look aı Tigure Ç~1£.
Figure 7-14 A diagonal of a square helps create two congruent isosceles

right triangles.
45
45
45
45
Tke raıio x : x : x for isosce1es rigkı ıriang1es can now be agg1ied wkere
x = 6 . So x = 6‚ and eack side of ıke square kas a measure of 6.
Xethod 2: Use ıke flythagoreaw Theorem. 6 regresenıs ıke kygoıenuse.
(2)1eg2 = (6 )2
(2)1eg2 = (ß6)(2)
(2)1eg2 = Ç2
1eg 2 = ß6
1eg = 6
Tkerefore‚ eack side of ıke square kas a measure of 6.
Kxamqle 1$: Wkaı are ıke measuremenıs of x, y, and z in Tigure Ç~1\?
Figure 7-15 Finding the unknown parts of this right triangle.

45
10
£\º + ÇOº + xº = 18Oº (Tke sum of ıke ang1es of a ıriang1e = 18Oº.)
x = £\º
Tkerefore‚ ıkis is an isosce1es rigkı ıriang1e wiık ıke raıio of sides
x : x : x . Because one 1eg is 1O‚ ıke oıker musı a1so be 1O‚ and ıke
kygoıenuse is 1O ‚ so y = 1O and z = 1O .
$0º~G0º~Ç0º righı ıriangle. A $0º~G0º~Ç0º righı ıriangle kas a unique
raıio of iıs sides. Tke raıio of ıke sides of a ßO º~6Oº~ÇOº rigkı ıriang1e is
1: : 2 or x : x : 2x, g1aced as fo11ows.
Tke side oggosiıe ßOº is ıke skorıesı side and is 1 or x (Tigure Ç~16).
Tke side oggosiıe 6Oº is or x
Tke side oggosiıe ÇOº is ıke 1ongesı side (kygoıenuse) and is 2 or 2x.
Figure 7-16 The ratios of the sides of a 30º-00º-00º triangle.

60
2
30
Kxamqle 1£: If ıke skorıesı side of a ßOº~6Oº~ÇOº rigkı ıriang1e is £‚ wkaı

is ıke measure of ıke oıker ıwo sides?
In Tigure Ç~1Ç‚ x is oggosiıe ıke ßOº. Tke oıker ıwo sides are ıken x
(oggosiıe ıke 6Oº) and 2x (oggosiıe ıke ÇOº). Because ıke skorıesı side is
£‚ x = £. Consequenı1y‚ ıke oıker ıwo sides musı be £ and 2(£)‚ or 8.
Figure 7-17 Using the shortest side of a 30º-00º-00º triangle to find the
remaining sides.
60
2
4
30
Kxamqle 1\: If ıke 1onger 1eg of a ßOº~6Oº~ÇOº rigkı ıriang1e is 8 ‚ find

ıke 1engık of ıke kygoıenuse.
In Tigure Ç~18‚ ıke skorıer 1eg‚ x, is oggosiıe ıke ßOº. x is ıke 1onger
1eg‚ and iı is oggosiıe ıke 6Oº. Tke kygoıenuse is 2x. Because x = 8 ‚
x = 8. Because x = 8‚ ıken 2x = 16. Tke kygoıenuse is 16.
Figure 7-18 Using the longer leg of a 30º-00º-00º triangle to find the
hypotenuse.
60
30
3 8 3
Kxamqle 1G: Tind ıke 1engık of an a1ıiıude in an equi1aıera1 ıriang1e wiık

a gerimeıer of 6O inckes.
Tigure Ç~1Ç is an equi1aıera1 ıriang1e. Kack ang1e kas a measure of 6Oº. If
an a1ıiıude is drawn‚ iı creaıes ıwo ßOº~6Oº~ÇOº rigkı ıriang1es. Because
ıke gerimeıer is 6O inckes‚ and ıke ıkree sides are equa1 in measure‚ ıken
eack side is 2O inckes (6O ß = 2O). Tke raıio of sides in a ßOº~6Oº~ÇOº
rigkı ıriang1e is x : x : 2x. In ıkis grob1em‚ ıke 1engık 2O inckes regre~
senıs ıke 1ongesı side in ıke ßOº~6Oº~ÇOº rigkı ıriang1e‚ so 2x = 2O‚ or
x = 1O. Because ıke a1ıiıude is ıke 1onger 1eg of ıke ßOº~6Oº~ÇOº rigkı ıri~
ang1e and iıs measure is x ‚ ıke a1ıiıude is 1O inckes 1ong.
Figure 7-1R Using the perimeter of an equilateral triangle to find an

altitude.
30 30
60 60
Q&A
1- Deıermine wkeıker ıke fo11owing seıs of ıkree numbers can be ıke
1engıks of sides of a ıriang1e. If ıkey can be‚ ıken c1assify ıke ıriang1e.
(a) 1~2~ß (b) \~12~1ß (c) ß~ß~\
2- If eack side of an equi1aıera1 ıriang1e is 2 in 1ong‚ wkaı is ıke ırian~
g1e’s a1ıiıude?
3- If ıke kygoıenuse of a rigkı ıriang1e is exacı1y ıwice as 1ong as ıke
skorıer 1eg‚ wkaı is ıke degree measure of ıke sma11esı ang1e in ıke
ıriang1e?
4- Comguıe ıke base of an isosce1es rigkı ıriang1e wiık 1egs ß in 1ong.
knsoers: 1. (a) No ıriang1e (b) rigkı ıriang1e‚ sca1ene (c) obıuse ıriang1e‚
isosce1es 2. in ß. ßOo £. ß in.
Ghapter 8
GIRGLE3
Idenıifying a circ1e’s sgecia1 1ines and segmenıs

Tinding ıke measure of an inscribed ang1e
Agg1ying key facıs abouı ıwo ckords inıersecıing inside a circ1e
Agg1ying key facıs abouı ıwo secanıs inıersecıing ouıside a circ1e
Comguıing ıke arc 1engık and ıke area of ıke secıor of a circ1e
s you may a1ready know‚ ıke desire ıo find ıke circumference and ıke
A area of a circ1e g1ayed ıke key ro1e in ıke discovery of ıke irraıiona1
number (aggroximaıe1y ß.1£1\Ç)‚ buı ıke imgorıance of circ1es exıends
we11 beyond ıkis discovery. Here you wi11 1earn abouı some imgorıanı
ang1es ıkaı are deıermined using circ1es‚ and you wi11 exg1ore some con~
necıions beıween grogerıies of circ1es and grogerıies of regu1ar go1ygons.
Before ıkese efforıs are underıaken‚ you wanı ıo make sure ıkaı you are
fami1iar wiık some convenıions invo1ving ıke ıermino1ogy and noıaıion.
Parts of Gircles
A circ1e is a sgecia1 figure‚ and as suck kas garıs wiık sgecia1 names. Tkere
are a1so sgecia1 ang1es‚ 1ines‚ and 1ine segmenıs ıkaı are exc1usive ıo circ1es.
In ıkis ckagıer‚ we ska11 examine a11 of ıkem.
Circle: To review‚ a circle is a g1anar figure consisıing of a11 ıke goinıs
equidisıanı from a fixed goinı.
Cenıer: Tkaı fixed one goinı is ca11ed ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e. Circ1es
are named by naming ıke cenıer.
Radics: Any segmenı wiık one endgoinı aı ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e
and ıke oıker endgoinı on ıke circ1e is a radius. (Tke g1ura1 of radius
is radii.)
Chapter 8: Circles 11R
Chord: Any segmenı wkose endgoinıs 1ie on ıke circ1e is a ckord.
Diameıer: Any ckord ıkaı gasses ıkrougk ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e is
a diameıer.
In Tigure 8~1:
circ1e X
cenıer X
radius XT
ckords QR and EF
diameıer EF
Figure 8-1 Special points and line segments related to a circle.
Trom ıke definiıion of radius and diameıer‚ iı is c1ear ıkaı a11 radii of
a circ1e are equa1 in 1engık and a11 diameıers of a circ1e are equa1 in
1engık.
Secanı: Any 1ine ıkaı conıains a ckord is a secanı.
Tangenı: Any 1ine in ıke same g1ane as a circ1e and inıersecıing ıke
circ1e aı exacı1y one goinı is a ıangenı
¶oinı of ıangency: Tke goinı wkere a ıangenı 1ine inıersecıs a circ1e
is ıke goinı of ıangency.
In Tigure 8~2:
circ1e Q
flB is a secanı.
CK is a ıangenı.
D is ıke goinı of ıangency for CK
Figure 8-2 A secant and a tangent to a circle.
Common ıangenıs: A 1ine ıkaı is ıangenı ıo ıwo circ1es in ıke same

g1ane is a common ıangenı.
Inıernal common ıangenı: A common ıangenı ıkaı inıersecıs ıke
segmenı joining ıke cenıers of ıwo circ1es is an inıerna1 common
ıangenı.
Kxıernal common ıangenı: A common ıangenı ıkaı does noı inıer~
secı ıke segmenı joining ıke cenıers of ıwo circ1es is an exıerna1 com~
mon ıangenı.
In Tigure 8~ß:
Lines t and m are common ıangenıs.
t is an inıerna1 common ıangenı.
m is an exıerna1 common ıangenı.
Figure 8-3 Internal and external common tangents to circles.
Kxamqle 1: Use Tigure 8~£ ıo find eack of ıke fo11owing.

(a) radius of circ1e O
(b) ckord ıo circ1e fl
(c) diameıer of circ1e O
Chapter 8: Circles 121
(d) secanı ıo circ1e fl
(e) a ıangenı ıo circ1e O
(f ) a common inıerna1 ıangenı ıo circ1es O and fl
(g) a common exıerna1 ıangenı ıo circ1es O and fl
Figure 8-4 Identifying special lines and line segments related to circles.
(a) OB ‚ OC , or OF (b) GI or JK (c) BF (d) JK

(e) KK or DH (f ) DH (g) KK
Gentral Angles and Arcs

Tkere are severa1 differenı ang1es associaıed wiık circ1es. ¶erkags ıke one
ıkaı mosı immediaıe1y comes ıo mind is ıke cenıra1 ang1e. Iı is ıke cenıra1
ang1e’s abi1iıy ıo sweeg ıkrougk an arc of ß6O degrees ıkaı deıermines ıke
number of degrees usua11y ıkougkı of as being conıained by a circ1e.
Gentral angles
Cenıra1 ang1es are ang1es formed by any ıwo radii in a circ1e. Tke verıex is
ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e. In Tigure 8~\‚ flOB is a cenıra1 ang1e.
Figure 8-5 A central angle of a circle.

Arcs
An arc of a circ1e is a conıinuous gorıion of ıke circ1e. Iı consisıs of ıwo
endgoinıs and a11 ıke goinıs on ıke circ1e beıween ıkese endgoinıs. Tke
symbo1 is used ıo denoıe an arc. Tkis symbo1 is wriııen over ıke end~
goinıs ıkaı form ıke arc. Tkere are ıkree ıyges of arcs:
Semicircle: an arc wkose endgoinıs are ıke endgoinıs of a diameıer.
Iı is named using ıkree goinıs. Tke firsı and ıkird goinıs are ıke end~
goinıs of ıke diameıer‚ and ıke midd1e goinı is any goinı of ıke arc
beıween ıke endgoinıs.
Minor arc: an arc ıkaı is 1ess ıkan a semicirc1e. A minor arc is named
by using on1y ıke ıwo endgoinıs of ıke arc.
Major arc: an arc ıkaı is more ıkan a semicirc1e. Iı is named by ıkree
goinıs. Tke firsı and ıkird are ıke endgoinıs‚ and ıke midd1e goinı is
any goinı on ıke arc beıween ıke endgoinıs.
In Tigure 8~6‚ flC is a diameıer. flBC is a semicirc1e.
Figure 8-6 A diameter of a circle and a semicircle.
In Tigure 8~Ç‚ KF is a minor arc of circ1e fl.
Figure 8-7 A minor arc of a circle.

In Tigure 8~8‚ STU is a major arc of circ1e Q.
Figure 8-8 A major arc of a circle.
Arcs are measured in ıkree differenı ways. Tkey are measured in degrees
and in uniı 1engık as fo11ows:
Degree meascre of a semicircle: Tkis is 18Oº. Iıs uniı 1engık is ka1f
of ıke circumference of ıke circ1e.
Degree meascre of a minor arc: Defined as ıke same as ıke measure
of iıs corresgonding cenıra1 ang1e. Iıs uniı 1engık is a gorıion of ıke
circumference. Iıs 1engık is a1ways 1ess ıkan ka1f of ıke circumference.
Degree meascre of a major arc: Tkis is ß6Oo minus ıke degree mea~
sure of ıke minor arc ıkaı kas ıke same endgoinıs as ıke major arc.
Iıs uniı 1engık is a gorıion of ıke circumference and is a1ways more
ıkan ka1f of ıke circumference.
In ıkis book‚ m flB indicaıes ıke degree measure of arc flB, t flB indicaıes
ıke 1engık of arc flB, and flB indicaıes ıke arc iıse1f.
Kxamqle 2: In Tigure 8~Ç‚ circ1e O, wiık diameıer flB, kas OB = 6 inckes.
Tind (a) m flEB and (b) t flEB.
Figure 8-R Degree measure and arc length of a semicircle.
6
(a) flEB is a semicirc1e. m flEB = 18Oº.

(b) Since flEB is a semicirc1e‚ iıs 1engık is ka1f of ıke circumference.
t flEB = 1/ 2(2 r)
t flEB = 1/ 2(2 6 inckes)
1 flEB = 6 inckes
flostutate 18 (flrc fldditiow flostutate): If B is a goinı on flBC‚ ıken
flB BC flBC.
Kxamqle $: Use Tigure 8~1O ıo find flBC flB 6O BC 1\O .
By flostutate 18,
flBC flB BC
flBC 6O1\O flBC
21O
Figure 8-10 Using the Arc Addition Postu/ate.
Kxamqle £: Use Tigure 8~11 of circ1e fl wiık diameıer QS ıo answer ıke

fo11owing.
(a) Tind m RS.
(b) Tind m QRS.
(c) Tind m QR.
(d) Tind m RQS .
Figure 8-11 Finding degree measures of arcs.
50
(a) m RS= \Oº (Tke degree measure of a minor arc equa1s ıke measure
of iıs corresgonding cenıra1 ang1e.)
(b) mQRS = 18Oº (QRS is a semicirc1e.)
(c) m QR = 1ßOº
QR RS QRS (by flostutate 18)

QR QRS RS
QR =18Oº–\Oº (or 1ßOº)
(d) m RQS = ß1Oº ( RQS is a major arc.) Tke degree measure of a major
arc is ß6Oº minus ıke degree measure of ıke minor arc ıkaı kas ıke
same endgoinıs as ıke major arc.
mRQS = ß6Oº m RS
mRQS = ß6Oº \Oº (or ß1Oº)
Tke fo11owing ıkeorems abouı arcs and cenıra1 ang1es are easi1y groven.
Theorem 68: In a circ1e‚ if ıwo cenıra1 ang1es kave equa1 measures‚ ıken
ıkeir corresgonding minor arcs kave equa1 measures.
Theorem 6): In a circ1e‚ if ıwo minor arcs kave equa1 measures‚ ıken ıkeir
corresgonding cenıra1 ang1es kave equa1 measures.
Kxamqle \: Tigure 8~12 skows circ1e O wiık diameıers flC and BD. If
m 1 = £Oº‚ find eack of ıke fo11owing.
(a) m flB (d) m DOfl
(b) m CD (e) m ß
(c) m flD (f ) m £
Figure 8-12 A circle with two diameters and a {nondiameter) chord.
4 1
3
2
(a) m flB = £Oº (Tke measure of a minor arc equa1s ıke measure of iıs
corresgonding cenıra1 ang1e.)
(b) m CD = £Oº (Since verıica1 ang1es kave equa1 measures‚ m 1 =

m 2. Tken ıke measure of a minor arc equa1s ıke measure of iıs
corresgonding cenıra1 ang1e.)
(c) m flD = 1£Oº (By flostutate 18‚ flD flB DflB; DflB is a
semicirc1e‚ so m flD + £Oº = 18Oº‚ or m flD = 1£Oº.)
(d) m DOfl = 1£Oº (Tke measure of a cenıra1 ang1e equa1s ıke mea~
sure of iıs corresgonding minor arc.)
(e) m ß = 2Oº (Since radii of a circ1e are equa1‚ OD = Ofl. Since‚ if
ıwo sides of a ıriang1e are equa1‚ ıken ıke ang1es oggosiıe ıkese
sides are equa1‚ m ß = m £. Since ıke sum of ıke ang1es of any
ıriang1e equa1s 18Oº‚ m ß + m £ + m DOfl = 18Oº. By reg1ac~
ing m £ wiık m ß and m DOfl wiık 1£Oº‚
m ß + m ß + 1£Oº = 18Oº
or 2 (m ß) = £Oº
or m ß = 2Oº
(f ) m £ = 2Oº (As discussed above‚ m ß = m £.)
Arcs and Inscribed Angles

Cenıra1 ang1es‚ as noıed grevious1y‚ are grobab1y ıke ang1es mosı ofıen
associaıed wiık a circ1e‚ buı by no means are ıkey ıke on1y ones. Ang1es
may be inscribed in ıke circumference of ıke circ1e or formed by inıer~
secıing ckords and oıker 1ines.
Inscribed angle: In a circ1e‚ ıkis is an ang1e formed by ıwo ckords
wiık ıke verıex on ıke circ1e.
Inıerceqıed arc: Corresgonding ıo an ang1e‚ ıkis is ıke gorıion of ıke
circ1e ıkaı 1ies in ıke inıerior of ıke ang1e ıogeıker wiık ıke endgoinıs
of ıke arc.
In Tigure 8~1ß‚ flBC is an inscribed ang1e and flC is iıs inıercegıed arc.
Figure 8-13 An inscribed angle and its intercepted arc.

Tigure 8~1£ skows examg1es of ang1es ıkaı are wot inscribed ang1es.
QRS is wot an TVV is wot an
inscribed ang1e‚ inscribed ang1e‚
since iıs verıex since iıs verıex
is noı on ıke circ1e. is noı on ıke circ1e.
Figure 8-14 Angles that are not inscribed angles.
flefer ıo Tigure 8~12 and ıke examg1e ıkaı accomganies iı. Noıice ıkaı
m ß is exacı1y ka1f of m flB, and m £ is ka1f of m CD. ß and £ are
inscribed ang1es‚ and flB and CD are ıkeir inıercegıed arcs‚ wkick 1eads ıo
ıke fo11owing ıkeorem.
Theorem /0: Tke measure of an inscribed ang1e in a circ1e equa1s ka1f ıke
measure of iıs inıercegıed arc.
Tke fo11owing ıwo ıkeorems direcı1y fo11ow from Theorem /0.
Theorem /1: If ıwo inscribed ang1es of a circ1e inıercegı ıke same arc or
arcs of equa1 measure‚ ıken ıke inscribed ang1es kave equa1 measure.
Theorem /2: If an inscribed ang1e inıercegıs a semicirc1e‚ ıken iıs measure
is ÇOº.
Kxamqle G: Tind m C in Tigure 8~1\.
m C = 1/2(m BD) (Theorem /0)
m C = 1/2(6Oº)
m C = ßOº
Figure 8-15 Finding the measure of an inscribed angle.
Kxamqle Ç: Tind m fl and m B in Tigure 8~16.

m fl = 1/ 2(mCD ) (Theorem /0)
m fl = 1/ 2(11Oº)
m fl = \\º
m B = \\º (Theorem /1)
Figure 8-16 Two inscribed angles with the same measure.
Kxamqle 8: In Tigure 8~1Ç‚ QS is a diameıer. Tind m R.

m R = ÇOº (Theorem /2)
Figure 8-17 An inscribed ang1e wkick inıercegıs a semicirc1e.
Kxamqle Ç: In Tigure 8~18 of circ1e O, m CD = 6Oº and m 1 = 2\º.
Tind eack of ıke fo11owing.
(a) m CflD
(b) m BC
(c) m BOC
(d) m flB
(e) m flCB
(f ) m flBC
Figure 8-18 A circle with inscribed angles, central angles, and associated
arcs.
(a) m CflD = 1/ 2 (m CD ) (Theorem /0)

m CflD = 1/ 2 (6Oº)
m CflD = ßOº
(b) m 1 = 1/ 2(m BC ) (Theorem /0)
Mu1ıig1y eack side by 2.
2(m 1) = m BC
2(2\º) = m BC
m BC = \Oº
(c) m BOC = \Oº (Tke measure of a cenıra1 ang1e equa1s ıke measure
of iıs corresgonding minor arc.)
(d) flB BC flBC (flrc fldditiow flostutate)
flB + \Oº=18Oº
flB = 1ßOº
(e) m flCB = 1/ 2(m flB ) (Theorem /0)

m flCB = 1/ 2(1ßOº)
m flCB = 6\º
(f ) m flBC = ÇOº (Theorem /2)
Other Angles Formed by Ghords, 3ecants,

and Tangents
Theorem /f: If a ıangenı and a diameıer meeı aı ıke goinı of ıangency‚
ıken ıkey are gergendicu1ar ıo one anoıker.
In Tigure 8~1Ç‚ diameıer flB meeıs ıangenı CD aı B. According ıo Theorem
/f‚ flB CD, wkick means ıkaı m flBC = )Oº and m flBD = )0º.
Figure 8-1R A tangent to the circle and a diameter of the circle meeting
at the point of tangency.
Theorem /ß: If a ckord is gergendicu1ar ıo a ıangenı aı ıke goinı of ıan~

gency‚ ıken iı is a diameıer.
Kxamqle 10: Theorem /ß cou1d be used ıo find ıke cenıer of a circ1e if ıwo
ıangenıs ıo ıke circ1e were known. In Tigure 8~2O‚ XM is ıangenı ıo ıke
circ1e aı fl, and QR is ıangenı ıo ıke circ1e aı S. Use ıkese facıs ıo find ıke
cenıer of ıke circ1e.
Figure 8-20 Finding the center of a circle when two tangents to the circle
are known.
According ıo Theorem /ß, if a ckord is drawn gergendicu1ar ıo XM aı fl, iı

is a diameıer‚ wkick means ıkaı iı gasses ıkrougk ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e.
Simi1ar1y‚ if a ckord is drawn gergendicu1ar ıo QR aı S, iı ıoo wou1d be a
diameıer and gass ıkrougk ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e. Tke goinı wkere ıkese
ıwo ckords inıersecı wou1d ıken be ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e. See Tigure 8~21.
Figure 8-21 Chords drawn perpendicular to tangents to help in finding

the center of the circle.
center
Theorem //: Tke measure of an ang1e formed by ıwo ckords inıersecıing

inside a circ1e is equa1 ıo ka1f ıke sum of ıke measures of ıke inıercegıed
arcs associaıed wiık ıke ang1e and iıs verıica1 ang1e counıergarı.
In Tigure 8~22‚ ckords flC and BD inıersecı inside ıke circ1e aı K.
By Theorem //,
m 1 = 1/ 2(m flB + m CD )
and m 2 = 1/ 2(m flD + m BC )
Figure 8-22 Angles formed by two chords intersecting inside a circle.
1
2
Theorem /6: Tke measure of an ang1e formed by a ıangenı and a ckord

meeıing aı ıke goinı of ıangency is ka1f ıke measure of ıke inıercegıed arc.
In Tigure 8~2ß‚ ckord QR and ıangenı TS meeı aı R. By Theorem /6,
m 1 = 1/2 (m QR ) and m 2 = 1/ 2 (m QXR).
Figure 8-23 A tangent to the circle and a chord meeting at the point of
tangency.
2
1
Theorem //: Tke measure of an ang1e formed by ıwo secanıs inıersecıing

ouıside a circ1e is equa1 ıo one~ka1f ıke difference of ıke measures of ıke
inıercegıed arcs.
In Tigure 8~2£‚ secanıs KF and IH inıersecı aı G. According ıo Theorem
//‚ m 1 = 1/2( KI FH ).
Figure 8-24 Two secants to the circle meeting outside the circle.
Kxamqle 11: Tind m 1 in Tigures 8~2\(a) ıkrougk 8~2\(d).

Figure 8-25 Angles formed by intersecting chords, secants, and/or
tangents.
1 1
70
(a) (b)
33
1
228
(c) (d)
(a) m 1 = ÇOº(Theorem /f)
(b) m 1 = 1/ 2(£\º + ÇOº) (Theorem //)

1 = 1/ 2(11\º)
m 1 = \Ç 1/ 2º‚ or \Ç.\º
(c) m 1 = 1/ 2(228º) (Theorem /6)

m 1 = 11£º
(d) m 1 = 1/ 2(Ç8º ßßº) (Theorem //)

m 1 = 1/ 2(6\º)
m 1 = ß2 1/ 2º‚ or ß2.\º
Kxamqle 12: Tind ıke va1ue of y in Tigures 8~26 (a) ıkrougk 8~26 (d).
Figure 8-26 Angles formed by intersecting chords, secants, and/or

tangents.
4y
y S
48 (2y + 3) 110
Q R
T
(a) (b)
(y + 114) (y + 50) y Q T
P R
y
(c) (d)
(a) £8 = 1/ 2 (y + 2y + ß) (Theorem //)

Mu1ıig1y eack side by 2 and simg1ify.
Ç6 = ßy + ß
Çß = ßy
ß1º = y
(b) 11O = 1/ 2(£y) (Theorem /6)

11O = 2y
\\º = y
(c) y = 1/ 2{(y + 11£) (y + \O)) (Theorem //)

Mu1ıig1y eack side by 2 and simg1ify.
2y = y + 11£ y \O
2y = 6£
y = ß2º
(d) y = 18Oº (According ıo Theorem /ß, QT is a diameıer‚ wkick

wou1d make QflT a semicirc1e.)
Arcs and Ghords
In Tigure 8~2Ç‚ circ1e O kas radii Ofl OB OC and OD. If ckords flB and
CD are of equa1 1engık‚ iı can be skown ıkaı flOB DOC . Tkis wou1d
make m 1 = m 2‚ wkick in ıurn wou1d make flB CD. Tkis is
sıaıed as a ıkeorem.
Theorem /8: In a circ1e‚ if ıwo ckords are equa1 in measure‚ ıken ıkeir cor~
resgonding minor arcs are equa1 in measure.
Tke converse of ıkis ıkeorem is a1so ırue.
Theorem /): In a circ1e‚ if ıwo minor arcs are equa1 in measure‚ ıken ıkeir
corresgonding ckords are equa1 in measure.
Figure 8-27 A circle with four radii and two chords drawn.
Kxamqle 1$: Use Tigure 8~28 ıo deıermine ıke fo11owing. (a) If flB = CD,
and flB = 6Oº‚ find m CD. (b) If KF GH and KF = 8, find GH.
Figure 8-28 The relationship between equality of the measures of

{nondiameter) chords and equality of the measures of their
corresponding minor arcs.
(a) m CD = 6Oº (Theorem /8)

(b) GH = 8 (Theorem /))
Some addiıiona1 ıkeorems abouı ckords in a circ1e are gresenıed be1ow

wiıkouı exg1anaıion. Tkese ıkeorems can be used ıo so1ve many ıyges of
grob1ems.
Theorem 80: If a diameıer is gergendicu1ar ıo a ckord‚ ıken iı bisecıs ıke
ckord and iıs arcs.
In Tigure 8~2Ç‚ diameıer UT is gergendicu1ar ıo ckord QS. By Theorem
80, QR = RS, QT ST ‚ and QU SU .
Figure 8-2R A diameter that is perpendicular to a chord.
Theorem 81: In a circ1e‚ if ıwo ckords are equa1 in measure‚ ıken ıkey are
equidisıanı from ıke cenıer.
In Tigure 8~ßO‚ if flB = CD, ıken by Theorem 81, OE = OF.
Theorem 82: In a circ1e‚ if ıwo ckords are equidisıanı from ıke cenıer of a
circ1e‚ ıken ıke ıwo ckords are equa1 in measure.
In Tigure 8~ßO‚ if OE = OF, ıken by Theorem 82, flB = CD.
Figure 8-30 In a circle, the relationship between two chords being equal
in measure and being equidistant from the center.
Kxamqle 1£: Use Tigure 8~ß1 ıo find x.
Figure 8-31 A circle with two minor arcs equal in measure.
40 8
8
x
x = £Oº (Theorem /8)

Kxamqle 1\: Use Tigure 8~ß2‚ in wkick m flC = 11\º‚ m BD = 11\º‚ and
BD = 10, ıo find flC.
Figure 8-32 A circle with two minor arcs equal in measure.
flC = 1O (Theorem /))

Kxamqle 1G: Use Tigure 8~ßß‚ in wkick flB = 1O‚ Ofl = 1ß‚ and m flOB
= \\º‚ ıo find OX, m flT , and m SB.
Figure 8-33 A circle with a diameter perpendicular to a chord.

So‚ ST flB, and ST is a diameıer. Theorem 80 says ıkaı flX = BX. Since
flB = 1O‚ ıken flX = \. Now consider rigkı ıriang1e flXO. Since Ofl = 1ß
and flX = \‚ OX can be found by using ıke GyıGagoreau TGeores.
OX2 + flX2 = flO2
OX2 + 2\ = 16Ç
OX2 = 1££
OX = 1££
OX = 12
A1so‚ Theorem 80 says ıkaı flT TB and flS SB. Since m flOB
= \\º‚ ıkaı wou1d make m flB = \\º and m flSB = ßO\º. Tkerefore‚
m flT = 2Ç 1/ 2 º and m SB = 1\2 1/ 2º.
Kxamqle 1Ç: Use Tigure 8~ß£‚ in wkick flB = 8‚ CD = 8‚ and Ofl = \‚ ıo
find OM.
Figure 8-34 A circle with two chords equal in measure.
By Theorem 81, OM = OX. By Theorem 80, flX = XB, so flX = £. OX

can now be found by ıke use of ıke flythagoreaw Theorem or by recogniz~
ing a ¶yıkagorean ırig1e. In eiıker case‚ OX = ß. Tkerefore‚ OM = ß.
3egments of Ghords, 3ecants,

and Tangents
In Tigure 8~ß\‚ ckords QS and RT inıersecı aı fl. By drawing QT and RS,
iı can be groven ıkaı QflT RflS. Because ıke raıios of corresgonding
sides of simi1ar ıriang1es are equa1‚ a/c = d/b. Tke Cross~flroducts flroperty
groduces (a) (b) = (c) (d). Tkis is sıaıed as a ıkeorem.
Figure 8-35 Two chords intersecting inside a circle.
Theorem 8f: If ıwo ckords inıersecı inside a circ1e‚ ıken ıke groducı of
ıke segmenıs of one ckord equa1s ıke groducı of ıke segmenıs of ıke
oıker ckord.
Kxamqle 18: Tind x in eack of ıke fo11owing figures in Tigure 8~ß6.
Figure 8-36 Two chords intersecting inside a circle.

2
5
4 10
8
(a) (b)
(a) By Theorem 8f, £(x) = (\)(8)

£x = £O
x = 1O
(b) By Theorem 8f, (x)(x) = (2)(1O)

x2 = 2O
x = 2O
x=
In Tigure 8~ßÇ‚ secanı segmenıs flB and CD inıersecı ouıside ıke circ1e aı
K. By drawing BC and flO ‚ iı can be groven ıkaı KBC KDfl. Tkis
makes
KB KC
KD Kfl
Figure 8-37 Two secant segments intersecting outside a circle.
By using ıke Cross~flroducts flroperty,

(KB)(Kfl) = (KD)(KC)
Tkis is sıaıed as a ıkeorem.
Theorem 8ß: If ıwo secanı segmenıs inıersecı ouıside a circ1e‚ ıken ıke
groducı of ıke secanı segmenı wiık iıs exıerna1 gorıion equa1s ıke grod~
ucı of ıke oıker secanı segmenı wiık iıs exıerna1 gorıion.
Kxamqle 1Ç: Tind x in eack of ıke fo11owing figures in 8~ß8.
Figure 8-38 More secant segments intersecting outside a circle.
4
12 8
6 10
(a) (b)
(a) By Theorem 8ß, 8(x) = (12)(£)

8x = £8
x=6
(b) By Theorem 8ß‚ (x + 8)(8) = (1O + 6)(6)
8x + 6£ = (16)(6)
8x + 6£ = Ç6
8x = ß2
x=£
In Tigure 8~ßÇ‚ ıangenı segmenı flB and secanı segmenı BD inıersecı ouı~
side ıke circ1e aı B. By drawing flC and flD , iı can be groven ıkaı
flDB CflB. Tkerefore‚
flB BD
BC flB
Figure 8-3R A tangent segment and a secant segment intersecting out-

side a circle.
Agg1ying ıke Cross~flroducts flroperty,

(flB)2 = (BD)(BC)
Theorem 8/: If a ıangenı segmenı and a secanı segmenı inıersecı ouıside
a circ1e‚ ıken ıke square of ıke measure of ıke ıangenı segmenı equa1s ıke
groducı of ıke measures of ıke secanı segmenı and iıs exıerna1 gorıion.
A1so‚
Theorem 86: If ıwo ıangenı segmenıs inıersecı ouıside a circ1e‚ ıken ıke
ıangenı segmenıs kave equa1 measures.
Kxamqle 20: Tind x in ıke fo11owing figures in 8~£O.
Figure 8-40 A tangent segment and a secant segment {or another tan-
gent segment) intersecting outside a circle.
3 12
12
9
(a) (b)
13
10
5 3
(c) (d)
(a) By Theorem 8/, x2 = (12)(ß)
x2 = ß6
x = ß6
x=6
(b) By Theorem 8/, 122 = (Çx)(x)
1££ = Çx2
16 =x2
16 = x
£ =x
(c) By Theorem 8/, 1O2 = (ßx + \)(\)
1OO = 1\x + 2\
Ç\ = 1\x
\ =x
(d) By Theorem 86, x= 1ß
Arc Length and 3ectors
Sıudenıs are ofıen confused by ıke facı ıkaı ıke arcs of a circ1e are cagab1e
of being measured in more ıkan one way. Tke besı way ıo avoid ıkaı con~
fusion is ıo remember ıkaı arcs gossess ıwo grogerıies. Tkey kave 1engık
as a gorıion of ıke circumference‚ buı ıkey a1so kave a measurab1e curva~
ıure‚ based ugon ıke corresgonding cenıra1 ang1e.
Arc length
As menıioned ear1ier in ıkis secıion‚ an arc can be measured eiıker in
degrees or in uniı 1engık. In Tigure 8~£1‚ t flB is a connecıed gorıion of
ıke circumference of ıke circ1e.
Tke gorıion is deıermined by ıke size of iıs corresgonding cenıra1 ang1e.
A grogorıion wi11 be creaıed ıkaı comgares a gorıion of ıke circ1e ıo ıke
wko1e circ1e firsı in degree measure and ıken in uniı 1engık.
Figure 8-41 Determining arc length.
m
120
6 in
gorıion of circ1e measure of cenıra1 ang1e arc 1engık

wko1e circ1e ß6O circumference
mº/ß6Oº = 1/ 2 r
Wiık ıke use of ıkis grogorıion‚ t flB can now be found. In Tigure 8~£1‚
ıke measure of ıke cenıra1 ang1e = 12Oº‚ circumference = 2 r, and r = 6
inckes.
12O flB
ß6O 12 inckes
fleduce 12Oº/ß6Oº ıo 1/ ß.
flB
12 inckes
flB 12 inckes
flB inckes
Kxamqle 21: In Tigure 8~£2‚ flB inckes. Tke radius of ıke circ1e is
16 inckes. Tind m flOB.
Figure 8-42 Using the arc length and the radius to find the measure of
the associated central angle.
8 in
16 in
arc 1engtk
xº/ß6Oº = circnmference
xº/ß6Oº = 8 /ß2
fleduce 8 /ß2 ıo 1/ £.
x/ß6Oº = 1/£
£x = ß6Oº
x = ÇOº
So‚ m flOB = ÇOº
3ector of a circle
A secıor of a circle is a region bounded by ıwo radii and an arc of ıke
circ1e.
In Tigure 8~£ß‚ OflCB is a secıor. flCB is ıke arc of secıor OflCB. OflDB
is a1so a secıor. flDB is ıke arc of secıor OflDB. Tke area of a secıor is a gor~
ıion of ıke enıire area of ıke circ1e. Tkis can be exgressed as a grogorıion.
Figure 8-43 A sector of a circle.
gorıion of circ1e measure of cenıra1 ang1e area of secıor

wko1e circ1e ß6O area of circ1e
mº/ß6Oº = area of secıor/ r2
Kxamqle 22: In Tigure 8~££‚ find ıke area of secıor OflCB.
Figure 8-44 Finding the area of a sector of a circle.
90
12 in
measure of cenıra1 ang1e area of sec ıor

ß6O area circ1e
ÇO area of sec ıor (area of a circ1e = r2 )
ß6O 12 in
fleduce ÇO / ß6O ıo 1/£
area of secıor
1££ in
£(area secıor OflCB) = 1££ in2
area secıor OflCB = ß6 in2
Kxamqle 2$: In Tigure 8~£\‚ find ıke area of secıor RQTS.
Figure 8-45 Finding the area of a sector of a circle.
24 ft
120
QS
ß6O
12O 2£
ß6O
fleduce 12O/ ß6O ıo 1/ ß and 24 ıo 12/ r.
12
r = f6
Tke radius of ıkis circ1e is ß6 fı‚ so ıke area of ıke circ1e is (ß6) 2 or
12Ç6 fı2. Tkerefore‚
area of secıor
ß6O area of circ1e
12O area of secıor
ß6O 12Ç6 fı
fleduce 12O/ ß6O ıo 1/ ß.
area of secıor
12Ç6 fı
ß(area secıor RQTS) = 12Ç6 fı2
area secıor RQTS = £ß2 fı2
3ummary of Angle, 3egment, Arc Length,

and 3ector Relationships
Tigure 8~£6 skou1d ke1g you ıo visua1ize aı a g1ance ıke re1aıionskigs
beıween ıke various ang1es‚ arcs‚ and secıors of a circ1e.
Figure 8-46 Summary of angle, segment, arc length, and sector
relationships.
1 1
(a) (b) (c)
1
1
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
a. m 1 = mº
b. m 1 = mº
c. m 1 = mº
d. m 1 = (w+m)º‚ ab = cd
e. m 1 = (m – w)º‚ gr = st
f. m 1 = (m – w)º‚ qr = ı2
g. m 1 = 18Oº – wº = mº – 18Oº‚ a = b
k. t AB = mº/ß6Oº (2 r)‚ mAB = m AOB = mº
i. area of OACB/ r2= mº/ß6Oº
Q&A
1- Deıermine ıke measure of an inscribed ang1e wkose inıercegıed
arc on ıke circ1e is ıke same as ıkaı of a cenıra1 ang1e of degree
measure 88o.
2- Comguıe x in ıke fo11owing figure.
3- Civen a circ1e of radius ß and a cenıra1 ang1e of degree measure £\ o ‚

comguıe ıke fo11owing for ıke inıercegıed arc:
(a) ıke arc 1engık
(b) ıke area of ıke secıor of ıke circ1e bounded by ıke given cenıra1
ang1e and inıercegıed arc
knsoers: 1. ££o 2. ß. (a) (b)
Ghapter R
GEOMETRIG 3OLID3
Comguıing ıke 1aıera1 area and ıke ıoıa1 surface area for a rigkı grism‚
a rigkı circu1ar cy1inder‚ a regu1ar gyramid‚ a rigkı circu1ar cone‚ and
a sgkere
Comguıing ıke vo1ume of a rigkı grism‚ a rigkı circu1ar cy1inder‚ a
regu1ar gyramid‚ a rigkı circu1ar cone‚ and a sgkere
ifferenı ıyges of geomeıric so1ids affecı your 1ife on a conıinuing basis.

D Tor examg1e‚ ıanks of various skages and sizes are frequenı1y used ıo
sıore 1iquids‚ and from ıime ıo ıime‚ ıkey require mainıenance. To deıer~
mine kow muck gainı is needed ıo gainı a rigkı circu1ar cy1indrica1 ıank‚
say‚ or kow muck oi1 can be sıored in ıkaı ıank‚ iı is usefu1 ıo know abouı
ıke ıoıa1 surface area and vo1ume of a rigkı circu1ar cy1inder.
Prisms
¶risms are so1ids (ıkree~dimensiona1 figures) ıkaı‚ un1ike g1anar figures‚
occugy sgace. Tkey come in many skages and sizes. Kvery grism kas ıke
fo11owing ckaracıerisıics:
8ases: A grism kas ıwo bases‚ wkick are congruenı go1ygons 1ying in
gara11e1 g1anes.
Laıeral edges: Tke 1ines formed by connecıing ıke corresgonding
verıices‚ wkick form a sequence of gara11e1 segmenıs.
Laıeral faces: Tke gara11e1ograms formed by ıke 1aıera1 edges.
A grism is named by ıke go1ygon ıkaı forms iıs base‚ as fo11ows:
klıiıcde: A segmenı gergendicu1ar ıo ıke g1anes of ıke bases wiık an
endgoinı in eack g1ane.
Obliqce qrism: A grism wkose 1aıera1 edges are noı gergendicu1ar
ıo ıke base.
Righı qrism: A grism wkose 1aıera1 edges are gergendicu1ar ıo ıke

bases. In a rigkı grism‚ a 1aıera1 edge is a1so an a1ıiıude.
Figure R-1 Different types of prisms.
(a) (b) (c)
In Tigure Ç~1‚ grism (a) is a rigkı ıriangu1ar grism‚ grism (b) is a rigkı recı~
angu1ar grism‚ and grism (c) is an ob1ique genıagona1 grism. Tke a1ıiıude
in grism (c) is ca11ed h.
Right Prisms
In cerıain grisms‚ ıke 1aıera1 faces are eack gergendicu1ar ıo ıke g1ane of
ıke base (or bases if ıkere is more ıkan one). Tkese are known as a groug
as rigkı grisms.
Lateral area of a right prism

Tke 1aıera1 area of a rigkı grism is ıke sum of ıke areas of a11 ıke 1aıera1
faces.
Theorem 8/: Tke 1aıera1 area‚ hfl, of a rigkı grism of a1ıiıude h and gerime~
ıer p is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
hfl rigkı grism = (p)(h) uniıs2
Kxamqle 1: Tind ıke 1aıera1 area of ıke rigkı kexagona1 grism‚ skown in
Tigure Ç~2.
Figure R-2 A right hexagonal prism.
17 mm 12 mm
11 mm
Chapter R: Geometric Solids 151
hflrigkı grism = (p)(h) uniı2
= (11 + 18 + 1ß + 12 + 1O + 8)(1Ç) mm2
= (Ç2)(1Ç) mm2
= 122£ mm2
Total area of a right prism

Tke ıoıa1 area of a rigkı grism is ıke sum of ıke 1aıera1 area and ıke areas
of ıke ıwo bases. Because ıke bases are congruenı‚ ıkeir areas are equa1.
Theorem 88: Tke ıoıa1 area‚ Tfl, of a rigkı grism wiık 1aıera1 area hfl and
a base area B is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
Tflrigkı grism = hfl + 2B or TArigkı grism = (p)(h) + 2B
Kxamqle 2: Tind ıke ıoıa1 area of ıke ıriangu1ar grism‚ skown in Tigure Ç~ß.
Figure R-3 A {right) triangular prism.
3 ft 4 ft
2 ft
Tke base of ıkis grism is a rigkı ıriang1e wiık 1egs of ß fı and £ fı

(Tigure Ç~£).
kygoıenuse2 = ß2 + £2 (flythagoreaw Theorem)
kygoıenuse2 = Ç + 16
kygoıenuse2 = 2\
kygoıenuse = 2\
kygoıenuse = \ fı
Figure R-4 The base of the triangular prism from Figure 0-3.
Tke gerimeıer of ıke base is (ß + £ + \) fı‚ or 12 fı.

Because ıke ıriang1e is a rigkı ıriang1e‚ iıs 1egs can be used as base and
keigkı of ıke ıriang1e.
B = Area ıriang1e = 1/ 2(b)(h)
= 1/2(ß)(£) fı2
= 6fı2
Tke a1ıiıude of ıke grism is given as 2 fı. Tkerefore‚
Tflrigkı grism = hfl + 2B uniıs 2
= (p)(h) + 2B uniıs 2
= (12 fı)(2 fı) + (2)(6) fı 2
= 2£ fı2 + 12 fı2
= ß6fı 2
Interior space of a solid

Laıera1 area and ıoıa1 area are measuremenıs of ıke surface of a so1id. Tke
inıerior sgace of a so1id can a1so be measured.
A ccbe is a square rigkı grism wkose 1aıera1 edges are ıke same 1engık as
a side of ıke base; see Tigure Ç~\.
Figure R-5 A cube.
Tke volcme of a so1id is ıke number of cubes wiık uniı edge necessary ıo
enıire1y fi11 ıke inıerior of ıke so1id. In Tigure Ç~6‚ ıke rigkı recıangu1ar
grism measures ß inckes by £ inckes by \ inckes.
Figure R-6 Volume of a right rectangular prism.

Tkis grism can be fi11ed wiık cubes 1 inck on eack side‚ wkick is ca11ed a
ccbic inch. Tke ıog 1ayer kas 12 suck cubes. Because ıke grism kas \ suck
1ayers‚ iı ıakes 6O of ıkese cubes ıo fi11 ıkis so1id. Tkus‚ ıke vo1ume of ıkis
grism is 6O cubic inckes.
Theorem 8): Tke vo1ume‚ V, of a rigkı grism wiık a base area B and an a1ıi~
ıude h is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
Vrigkı grism = (B)(h) uniıß
Kxamqle $: Tigure Ç~Ç is an isosce1es ıragezoida1 rigkı grism. Tind (a) hfl
(b) Tfl and (c) V.
Figure R-7 An isosceles trapezoidal right prism.

5 in
5 in 4 in 5 in
3 in 11 in
(a) hfl rigkı grism = (p)(h) uniıs2

(Noıe: Tke h refers ıo ıke a1ıiıude of ıke grism‚ noı ıke keigkı of
ıke ıragezoid.)
= (\ + \ + \ + 11)(ß) in 2
= (26)(ß) in 2
= Ç8 in 2
2
(b) B = Areaıragezoid Tfl rigkı grism = hfl + 2B uniıs
B = 1/2(\ + 11)(£) in2 = Ç8 + 2(ß2)
2
B = 1/2(16)(£) in = Ç8 + 6£
B = ß2in2 = 1£2 in2
(c) Vrigkı grism = (B)(h) uniıs ß
(Noıe: Tke h refers ıo ıke a1ıiıude of ıke grism‚ noı ıke keigkı of
ıke ıragezoid.)
= (ß2)(ß) inß
= Ç6 inß
Right Gircular Gylinders

A grism~skaged so1id wkose bases are circ1es is a cylinder. If ıke segmenı
joining ıke cenıers of ıke circ1es of a cy1inder is gergendicu1ar ıo ıke g1anes
of ıke bases‚ ıke cy1inder is a righı circclar cylinder. In Tigure Ç~8‚ cy1in~
der (a) is a rigkı circu1ar cy1inder and cy1inder (b) is an ob1ique circu1ar
cy1inder.
Figure R-8 Different types of circular cylinders.
(a) (b)
Laıera1 area‚ ıoıa1 area‚ and vo1ume for rigkı circu1ar cy1inders are found
in ıke same way as ıkey are for rigkı grisms.
If a cy1inder is gicıured as a soug can‚ iıs 1aıera1 area is ıke area of ıke 1abe1.
If ıke 1abe1 is carefu11y gee1ed off‚ ıke 1abe1 becomes a recıang1e‚ as skown
in Tigure Ç~Ç.
Figure R-R The lateral area of a cylinder.

circumference of the lid
S OUP SOUP
Tke area of ıke 1abe1 is ıke area of a recıang1e wiık a keigkı ıke same as ıke
a1ıiıude of ıke can and a base ıke same as ıke circumference of ıke 1id of
ıke can.
Theorem )0: Tke 1aıera1 area‚ hfl, of a rigkı circu1ar cy1inder wiık a base
circumference C and an a1ıiıude h is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
hfl rigkı circu1ar cy1inder = (C )(h) uniı 2
= (2 r)(h) uniı2
Theorem )1: Tke ıoıa1 area‚ Tfl, of a rigkı circu1ar cy1inder wiık 1aıera1 area
hfl and a base area B is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
Tfl rigkı circu1ar cy1inder = hfl + 2B uniı2
= (2 r)(h) + 2 r2 uniıs2
= 2 r(h + r) uniıs 2
Theorem )2: Tke vo1ume of a rigkı circu1ar cy1inder‚ V, wiık a base area B
and a1ıiıude h is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
ß
Vrigkı circu1ar cy1inder = (B)(h) uniıs
= ( r 2)(h) uniısß
Kxamqle £: Tigure Ç~1O is a rigkı circu1ar cy1inder; find (a) hfl (b) Tfl and
(c) V.
Figure R-10 Finding the lateral area, total area, and volume of a right
circular cylinder.
7 cm
10 cm
(a) hfl rigkı circu1ar cy1inder = (C)(h) uniıs2

= (2)( )(Ç)(1O) cm 2
= 1£O cm2
2
(b) Tflrigkı circu1ar cy1inder = hfl + 2B uniıs
= 1£O + 2( )(Ç)2 cm2
= 1£O + Ç8 cm2
= 2ß8 cm2
ß
(C) Vrigkı circu1ar cy1inder = (B)(h) uniıs
= ( )(Ç)2(1O) cmß
= (£Ç )(1O) cmß
= £ÇO cmß
Pyramids
A qyramid is a so1id ıkaı kas ıke fo11owing ckaracıerisıics.
Iı kas one base, wkick is a go1ygon.
Tke verıices of ıke base are eack joined ıo a goinı‚ noı in ıke g1ane
of ıke base. Tkis goinı is ca11ed ıke verıex of ıke gyramid.
Tke ıriangu1ar sides‚ a11 of wkick meeı aı ıke verıex‚ are iıs laıeral
faces.
Tke segmenıs wkere ıke 1aıera1 faces inıersecı are laıeral edges.
Tke gergendicu1ar segmenı from ıke verıex ıo ıke g1ane of ıke base
is ıke alıiıcde of ıke gyramid.
Regular Pyramids
A regclar qyramid is a gyramid wkose base is a regu1ar go1ygon and wkose
1aıera1 edges are a11 equa1 in 1engık. A gyramid is named by iıs base. Tigure
Ç~11 skows some examg1es of regu1ar gyramids.
Figure R-11 Some different types of regular pyramids.

regular regular regular
triangular pyramid square pyramid hexagonal pyramid
Tke 1aıera1 faces of a regu1ar gyramid are congruenı isosce1es ıriang1es. Tke
a1ıiıude of any of ıkese ıriang1es is ıke slanı heighı of ıke regu1ar gyra~
mid. Tigure Ç~12 is a square gyramid.
Figure R-12 A square pyramid.
Square flBCD is iıs base.

V is ıke verıex. Triang1e VflB
is a 1aıera1 face. Vfl is a 1aıera1
edge.
h is ıke a1ıiıude.
t is ıke s1anı keigkı.
¶yramids a1so kave a 1aıera1 area‚ ıoıa1 area‚ and vo1ume.
Theorem )f: Tke 1aıera1 area‚ hfl, of a regu1ar gyramid wiık s1anı keigkı t
and base gerimeıer p is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
hfl regu1ar gyramid = 1/2(p)(t ) uniıs2
Kxamqle \: Tind ıke 1aıera1 area of ıke square gyramid‚ skown in
Tigure Ç~1ß.
Figure R-13 Finding the lateral area, total area, and volume of a square
pyramid.
6 in 10 in
16 in
flsquare = £ side
flsquare = £ 16 in
flsquare = 6£ in
hfl regu1ar gyramid = 1/2(p)(t ) uniıs 2
= 1/2(6£)(1O) in 2
= ß2O in2
Because a gyramid kas on1y one base‚ iıs ıoıa1 area is ıke sum of ıke 1aı~
era1 area and ıke area of iıs base.
Theorem )ß: Tke ıoıa1 area‚ Tfl, of a regu1ar gyramid wiık 1aıera1 area hfl
and base area B is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
Tflregu1ar gyramid = hfl + B uniıs 2
= 1/2(p)(t ) + B uniıs2
Kxamqle G: Tind ıke ıoıa1 area of ıke regu1ar gyramid skown in
Tigure Ç~1ß.
Tke base of ıke regu1ar gyramid is a sqcare. fl square = (side)2. Tkerefore‚ B
= 162 in 2‚ or B = 2\6 in2.
Tfl regu1ar gyramid = hfl + B uniıs2
Trom ıke grevious examg1e‚
hfl = ß2O in 2.
Tfl = ß2O + 2\6 in2
= \Ç6 in 2
Theorem )/: Tke vo1ume‚ V, of a regu1ar gyramid wiık base area B and
a1ıiıude h is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
Vregu1ar gyramid = 1/ß(B)(h) uniısß
Kxamqle Ç: Tind ıke vo1ume of ıke regu1ar gyramid skown in Tigure Ç~1ß.
Trom ıke grevious examg1e‚ B = 2\6 in 2. Tke figure indicaıes ıkaı h = 6 in.
Vregu1ar gyramid = 1/ß(B)(h) uniıs ß
= 1/ß(2\6)(6) in ß
= \12 in ß
Chapter R: Geometric Solids 15R
Right Gircular Gones
A righı circclar cone is simi1ar ıo a regu1ar gyramid excegı ıkaı iıs base
is a circ1e. Tke vocabu1ary and equaıions gerıaining ıo ıke rigkı circu1ar
cone are simi1ar ıo ıkose for ıke regu1ar gyramid. flefer ıo Tigure Ç~1£ for
ıke vocabu1ary regarding rigkı circu1ar cones.
Figure R-14 A right circular cone.

vertex
slant
height ( ) altitude ( )
base
radius ( )
Theorem )6: Tke 1aıera1 area‚ hfl, of a rigkı circu1ar cone wiık base cir~
cumference C and s1anı keigkı t is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
hflrigkı circu1ar cone = 1/2(C)(t ) uniıs2
= 1/2(2 )(r)(t ) uniıs 2
= rt uniıs2
Theorem )/: Tke ıoıa1 area‚ Tfl, of a rigkı circu1ar cone wiık 1aıera1 area
hfl and base area B is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
Tfl rigkı circu1ar cone = hfl + B uniıs2
= rt + r2 uniıs 2
= r (t + r) uniıs2
Theorem )8: Tke vo1ume‚ V, of a rigkı circu1ar cone wiık base area B and
a1ıiıude h is given by ıke fo11owing equaıion.
ß
Vrigkı circu1ar cone = 1/ß(B)(h) uniıs
= 1/ß( r2)(h) uniıs ß
Kxamqle 8: Tigure Ç~1\ is a rigkı circu1ar cone; find (a) hfl (b) Tfl and
(c) V.
Figure R-15 Finding the lateral area, total area, and volume of a right
circular cone.
8 cm
6 cm
(a) Tke s1anı keigkı‚ radius‚ and a1ıiıude of a rigkı circu1ar cone form
a rigkı ıriang1e‚ as skown in Tigure Ç~16.
Figure R-16 The right triangle formed by the slant height, radius, and alti-
tude of a right circular cone.
8 cm
6 cm
t 2 = 82 + 62 (flythagoreaw Theorem)
t 2 = 6£ + ß6
t 2 = 1OO
t = 1OO
t = 1O cm
hfl rigkı circu1ar cone = rt uniıs2
= (6)(1O) cm2
= 6O cm2
2
(b) Tfl rigkı circu1ar cone = hfl + B uniıs
= 6O + (6)2 cm2
= 6O + ß6 cm2
= Ç6 cm2
ß
(c) Vrigkı circu1ar cone =1/ß (B)(h) uniıs
= 1/ß(ß6 )(8) cmß
= Ç6 cmß
3pheres
A sqhere is ıke seı of a11 goinıs in sgace ıkaı are equidisıanı from a fixed
goinı (ıke cewter).Tkaı disıance is ıke radics of ıhe sqhere. Because a
sgkere kas no bases‚ iıs area is referred ıo as iıs scrface area.
Theorem )): Tke surface area‚ S‚ of a sgkere wiık radius r is given by ıke
fo11owing equaıion:
2
Ssgkere = £ r uniıs2
Theorem 100: Tke vo1ume of a sgkere‚ V, wiık radius r is given by ıke fo1~
1owing equaıion:
ß
Vsgkere = rß uniıs
Kxamqle Ç: Tigure Ç~1Ç regresenıs a sgkere wiık radius r. If r = Ç cm‚ find
(a) S and (b) V.
Figure R-17 Finding the surface area and volume of a sphere.
2 2
(a) Ssgkere = £ r uniıs
= £ (Ç)2 cm2
= £ (81) cm2
= ß2£ cm2
(b) Vsgkere = £/ß rß uniısß
= £/ß (Ç)ß cmß
= £/ß (Ç2Ç) cmß
= ÇÇ2 cmß
See Tigure Ç~18 for a review of geomeıric so1ids.
Figure R-18 Summary of formulas concerning geometric solids.

Lateral
Name Example Figure Area Total Area Volume
right 2
prism 2
(a)
right 2 2
circular 2 2
cylinder 2 ( )
(b)
regular 1/2 1/3

pyramid 1/2
(c)
right 1/2 1/3

circular 1/2 (2 ) 1/3
cone ( )
(d)
sphere none 4 4/3
(e)
C = circumference of a base
r = radius of a circ1e
p = gerimeıer of a base
B = area of a base
h = a1ıiıude
t = s1anı keigkı
S = surface area of a sgkere
Q&A
1- Tind (a) ıke 1aıera1 area‚ (b) ıke ıoıa1 area‚ and (c) ıke vo1ume of a
rigkı circu1ar cy1inder wiık radius £ in. and keigkı 1O in.
2- Tind (a) ıke 1aıera1 area‚ (b) ıke ıoıa1 area‚ and (c) ıke vo1ume of a
regu1ar gyramid wiık a1ıiıude 12 in. and a square base wiık side 6 in.
(Hiuı: Use ıke flythagoreaw Theorem ıo comguıe ıke s1anı keigkı.)
3- Tind (a) ıke surface area and (b) ıke vo1ume of a sgkere of radius
r = 2 in.
2 2 ß 2
knsoers: 1. (a) 8O in (b) 112 in (c) 16O in 2. (a) ß6 1Ç in
(b) (ß6 1Ç + ß6) in2 (c) 1££ inß ß. (a) 16 in 2 (b) ß2 inß
Ghapter 1O
GOORDIFATE GEOMETRY
Comguıing ıke disıance beıween ıwo goinıs in a g1ane

Tinding ıke midgoinı and ıke s1oge of a 1ine segmenı connecıing ıwo
goinıs
Deıermining wkeıker 1ines are gara11e1 or gergendicu1ar or neiıker
Deıermining ıke s1oge and ıke inıercegıs of a 1ine
Deıermining an equaıion for a sıraigkı 1ine
ke coordinaıe sysıem ıkaı you sıudy in ıkis ckagıer kas axes ıkaı are
T gergendicu1ar ıo one anoıker‚ so ıke sysıem is ca11ed a recıangclar
coordinaıe sysıem. Iı is a1so referred ıo as ıke Carıesian coordinaıe
sysıem‚ named afıer flene Descarıes‚ a sevenıeenık~cenıury Trenck maık~
emaıician/gki1osogker. Tkis coordinaıe sysıem grovides a gowerfu1 ıoo1
for visua1izing ıke funcıions sıudied in a1gebra‚ ırigonomeıry‚ ca1cu1us‚
and kigker maıkemaıics. As usua1‚ ıke g1ace ıo sıarı is by defining key
ıermino1ogy.
Points and Goordinates

Kvery goinı in sgace can be assigned ıkree numbers wiık resgecı ıo a sıarı~
ing goinı. Tkose ıkree numbers a11ow us ıo disıinguisk any goinı from any
oıker goinı in sgace. Torıunaıe1y for you‚ we are noı dea1ing kere wiık
ıkree dimensions‚ buı on1y wiık ıwo.
Coordinaıes of a qoinı: Kack goinı on a number 1ine is assigned a
number. In ıke same way‚ eack goinı in a g1ane is assigned a gair of
numbers.
x~axis and y~axis: To 1ocaıe goinıs in a g1ane‚ ıwo gergendicu1ar 1ines
are used—a korizonıa1 1ine ca11ed ıke x~axis and a verıica1 1ine ca11ed
ıke y~axis.
Chapter 10: Coordinate Geometry 165
Origin: Tke goinı of inıersecıion of ıke x~axis and y~axis.
Coordinaıe qlane: Tke x~axis‚ y~axis‚ and a11 ıke goinıs in ıke g1ane
ıkey deıermine.
Ordered qairs: Kvery goinı in a coordinaıe g1ane is named by a gair
of numbers wkose order is imgorıanı; ıkese numbers are wriııen in
garenıkeses and segaraıed by a comma.
x~coordinaıe: Tke number ıo ıke 1efı of ıke comma in an ordered gair
is ıke x~coordinaıe of ıke goinı and indicaıes ıke amounı of move~
menı a1ong ıke x~axis from ıke origin. Tke movemenı is ıo ıke rigkı
if ıke number is gosiıive and ıo ıke 1efı if ıke number is negaıive.
y~coordinaıe: Tke number ıo ıke rigkı of ıke comma in an ordered
gair is ıke y~coordinaıe of ıke goinı and indicaıes ıke amounı of move~
menı gergendicu1ar ıo ıke x~axis. Tke movemenı is above ıke x~axis if
ıke number is gosiıive and be1ow ıke x~axis if ıke number is negaıive.
Noıe: Tke coordinaıes {ordered gair) for ıke origin is (O‚ O).
Tke x~axis and y~axis segaraıe ıke coordinaıe g1ane inıo four regions ca11ed
qcadranıs. (See Tigure 1O~1.) Tke ugger rigkı quadranı is quadranı 1; ıke
ugger 1efı quadranı is quadranı II; ıke 1ower 1efı quadranı is quadranı III;
and ıke 1ower rigkı quadranı is quadranı IV. Noıice ıke fo11owing:
In quadranı I‚ x is a1ways gosiıive and y is a1ways gosiıive. In
quadranı II‚ x is a1ways negaıive and y is a1ways gosiıive. In
quadranı III‚ x is a1ways negaıive and y is a1ways negaıive. In
quadranı IV‚ x is a1ways gosiıive and y is a1ways negaıive.
Figure 10-1 The coordinate axes separate the plane into four quadrants.
II ( , ) 3 I( , )
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
1
2
III ( , ) 3 IV ( , )
4
Tke goinı associaıed wiık an ordered gair of rea1 numbers is ca11ed ıke
graqh of ıke ordered gair.
Kxamqle 1: Idenıify ıke goinıs fl, B, C, D, K, and F on ıke coordinaıe
gragk in Tigure 1O~2.
Figure 10-2 Finding the coordinates of specific points in the plane.
5
4
3
2
1
6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
fl(ß‚2)‚ B(– £‚ß)‚ C(2‚–\)‚ D(–\‚–1)‚ K(6‚O)‚ and F(O‚– £)

Kxamqle 2: flecıang1e flBCD kas coordinaıes as fo11ows: fl(–\‚2)‚ B(8‚2)‚
and C(8‚ – £). Tind ıke coordinaıes of D.
A gragk is ke1gfu1 in so1ving ıkis grob1em. flefer ıo Tigure 1O~ß. Tke coor~
dinaıes of D musı be (–\‚– £).
Figure 10-3 Finding the coordinates of the fourth vertex of a rectangle.
( 5,2) 4 (8,2)
2
8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
2
4
(8, 4)
Kxamqle $: Use Tigure 1O~ß ıo find ıke fo11owing disıances: (a) from fl ıo
B (ca11ed flB) and (b) from B ıo C (ca11ed BC).
(a) flB = 8 – (–\) and (b) BC = 2 – (–£) (flostutate /)
flB = 1ß BC = 6
Distance Formula
In Tigure 1O~£‚ fl is (2‚ 2)‚ B is (\‚ 2)‚ and C is (\‚ 6).
Figure 10-4 Finding the distance from A to C.
4
2
8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8
2
4
6
To find flB or BC, on1y simg1e subıracıing is necessary.

flB = \ – 2 and BC = 6 – 2
flB = ß BC = £
To find flC, ıkougk‚ simg1y subıracıing is noı sufficienı. Triang1e flBC is
a rigkı ıriang1e wiık flC ıke kygoıenuse. Tkerefore‚ by ıke flythagoreaw
Theorem,
flC = flB2 + BC 2
flC = flB BC
flC =
flC = 16
flC = 25
flC =\
If fl is regresenıed by ıke ordered gair (x1‚y1) and C is regresenıed by ıke

ordered gair (x2 ‚ y2)‚ ıken flB = (x2 – x1) and BC = (y2 – y1 ).
Tken
flC =
Theorem 101: If ıke coordinaıes of ıwo goinıs are (x1‚ y 1) and (x2‚ y2)‚ ıken
ıke disıance‚ d‚ beıween ıke ıwo goinıs is given by ıke fo11owing formu1a
(Distawce Formuta).
d=
Kxamqle £: Use ıke Distawce Formuta ıo find ıke disıance beıween ıke
goinıs wiık coordinaıes (–ß‚ £) and (\‚ 2).
Leı (–ß‚ £) = (x1‚ y1) and (\‚ 2) = (x2‚ y 2). Tken
d=
d=
d = 6£
d = 68
d= 1Ç
d= 1Ç
Kxamqle \: A ıriang1e kas verıices fl(12‚\)‚ B(\‚ß)‚ and C(12‚ 1). Skow
ıkaı ıke ıriang1e is isosce1es.
By ıke Distawce Formuta,
flB = 12 BC = 12
flB = BC =
flB = £Ç BC = £Ç
flB = \ß BC = \ß
Because flB = BC, ıriang1e flBC is isosce1es.
Midpoint Formula
Numerica11y‚ ıke midgoinı of a segmenı can be considered ıo be ıke aver~
age of iıs endgoinıs. Tkis concegı ke1gs in remembering a formu1a for find~
ing ıke midgoinı of a segmenı given ıke coordinaıes of iıs endgoinıs. fleca11
ıkaı ıke average of ıwo numbers is found by dividing ıkeir sum by ıwo.
Chapter 10: Coordinate Geometry 16R
Theorem 102: If ıke coordinaıes of fl and B are (x1‚ y1) and (x2‚ y2) resgec~
ıive1y‚ ıken ıke midgoinı‚ X, of flB is given by ıke fo11owing formu1a
(Xidpoiwt Formuta).
Kxamqle G: In Tigure 1O~\‚ R is ıke midgoinı beıween Q(–Ç‚ –1) and

T (–ß‚ Ç). Tind iıs coordinaıes and use ıke Distawce Formuta ıo verify ıkaı
iı is in facı ıke midgoinı of QT .
Figure 10-5 Finding the coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment.
6
4
2
10 8 6 4 2
2
4
By ıke Xidpoiwt Formuta,
12
R = (–6‚ß)
By ıke Distawce Formuta,
QR = TR =
QR = TR =
QR = 16 TR = 16
QR = 2\ TR = 2\
QR = TR = 2\
Because QR = TR and Q, T, and R are co11inear‚ R is ıke midgoinı of QT .
Kxamqle Ç: If ıke midgoinı of flB is ( ß‚ 8) and fl is (12‚ 1)‚ find ıke

coordinaıes of B.
Leı ıke coordinaıes of B be (x, y). Tken by ıke Xidpoiwt Formuta,
12
12 and
Mu1ıig1y eack side of eack equaıion by 2.
–6 = 12 + x and 16 = –1 + y
–18 = x and 1Ç = y
Tkerefore‚ ıke coordinaıes of B are (–18‚ 1Ç).
3lope of a Line
Tke sloqe of a line is a measuremenı of ıke sıeegness and direcıion of a
nonverıica1 1ine. Wken a 1ine rises from 1efı ıo rigkı‚ ıke s1oge is a gosiıive
number. Tigure 1O~6(a) skows a 1ine wiık a gosiıive s1oge. Wken a 1ine
fa11s from 1efı ıo rigkı‚ ıke s1oge is a negaıive number. Tigure 1O~6(b) skows
a 1ine wiık a negaıive s1oge. Tke x~axis or any 1ine gara11e1 ıo ıke x~axis kas
a s1oge of zero. Tigure 1O~6(c) skows a 1ine wkose s1oge is zero. Tke y~axis
or any 1ine gara11e1 ıo ıke y~axis kas no defined s1oge. Tigure 1O~6(d) skows
a 1ine wiık an undefined s1oge.
Figure 10-6 Different possibilities for slope of a line.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
If m regresenıs ıke s1oge of a 1ine and fl and B are goinıs wiık coordinaıes
(x1‚y1) and (x2‚y2) resgecıive1y‚ ıken ıke s1oge of ıke 1ine gassing ıkrougk fl
and B is given by ıke fo11owing formu1a.
if
fl and B cannoı be goinıs on a verıica1 1ine‚ so x1 and x2 cannoı be equa1 ıo

one anoıker. 1f x1 = x2‚ ıken ıke 1ine is verıica1 and ıke s1oge is undefined.
Kxamqle 8: Use Tigure 1O~Ç ıo find ıke s1oges of 1ines a, b, c, and d.
Figure 10-7: Finding the slopes of specific lines.
6
4
8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8
2
4
6
(a) Line a gasses ıkrougk ıke goinıs (–Ç‚ 2) and (–ß‚ £).
(b) Line b gasses ıkrougk ıke goinıs (2‚ £) and (6‚ –2).
(c) Line c is gara11e1 ıo ıke x~axis. Tkerefore‚ m = O.

(d) Line d is gara11e1 ıo ıke y~axis. Tkerefore‚ 1ine d kas an undefined s1oge.
Kxamqle Ç: A 1ine gasses ıkrougk (–\‚ 8) wiık a s1oge of 2/ß. If anoıker
goinı on ıkis 1ine kas coordinaıes (x, 12)‚ find x.
12
2(x + \) = £(ß) (Cross~flroducts flroperty)

2x + 1O = 12
2x = 2
x=1
3lopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

If 1ines are gara11e1‚ ıkey s1anı in exacı1y ıke same direcıion. If ıkey are non~
verıica1‚ ıkeir sıeegness is exacı1y ıke same.
Theorem 10f: If ıwo nonverıica1 1ines are gara11e1‚ ıken ıkey kave ıke same
s1oge.
Theorem 10ß: If ıwo 1ines kave ıke same s1oge‚ ıken ıke 1ines are non~
verıica1 gara11e1 1ines.
If ıwo 1ines are gergendicu1ar and neiıker one is verıica1‚ ıken one of ıke
1ines kas a gosiıive s1oge‚ and ıke oıker kas a negaıive s1oge. A1so‚ ıke abso~
1uıe va1ues of ıkeir s1oges are recigroca1s.
Theorem 10/: If ıwo nonverıica1 1ines are gergendicu1ar‚ ıken ıkeir s1oges
are oggosiıe recigroca1s of one anoıker‚ or ıke groducı of ıkeir s1oges
is 1.
Theorem 106: If ıke s1oges of ıwo 1ines are oggosiıe recigroca1s of one
anoıker‚ or ıke groducı of ıkeir s1oges is 1‚ ıken ıke 1ines are nonverıica1
gergendicu1ar 1ines.
Horizonıa1 and verıica1 1ines are a1ways gergendicu1ar: ıkerefore‚ ıwo 1ines‚
one of wkick kas a zero s1oge and ıke oıker an undefined s1oge are
gergendicu1ar.
Kxamqle 10: If 1ine t kas s1oge ß/£‚ ıken (a) any 1ine gara11e1 ıo t kas
s1oge ‚ and (b) any 1ine gergendicu1ar ıo t kas s1oge .
(a) ß/£ (Theorem 10f)
(b) £/ß (Theorem 10/)
Kxamqle 11: Civen goinıs Q, R, S, and T, ıe11 wkick sides‚ if any‚ of
quadri1aıera1 QRST in Tigure 1O~8 are gara11e1 or gergendicu1ar.
Q(–1‚ O)‚ R(1‚ 1)‚ S(O‚ ß)‚ and T(–ß‚ £)
Figure 10-8 Determining which sides, if any, of a quadrilateral are parallel

or perpendicular.
2
1
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
1
3
4
QR QR
RS RS
ST ST
QT QT
So QR RS and QR QT (Theorem 106)
and RS QT (Theorem 10ß)
Equations of Lines
Kquaıions invo1ving one or ıwo variab1es can be gragked on any x~y coor~
dinaıe g1ane. In genera1‚ ıke fo11owing grincig1es are ırue:
If a goinı 1ies on ıke gragk of an equaıion‚ ıken iıs coordinaıes make

ıke equaıion a ırue sıaıemenı.
If ıke coordinaıes of a goinı make an equaıion a ırue sıaıemenı‚ ıken
ıke goinı 1ies on ıke gragk of ıke equaıion.
A linear eqcaıion is any equaıion wkose gragk is a 1ine. A11 1inear equa~
ıions can be wriııen in ıke form flx + By = C wkere fl, B, and C are rea1
numbers and fl and B are noı boık zero. Tke fo11owing examg1es are 1in~
ear equaıions and ıkeir resgecıive fl, B, and C va1ues.
x+ y =O ßx £y = Ç x = –6 y =Ç
fl = 1 fl = ß fl = 1 fl = O
B=1 B = ~£ B=O B=1
C=O C=Ç C = –6 C=Ç
Tkis form for equaıions of 1ines is known as ıke sıandard form for ıke
equaıion of a 1ine.
Tke x~inıerceqı of a gragk is ıke goinı wkere ıke gragk inıersecıs ıke
x~axis. Iı a1ways kas a y~coordinaıe of zero. A korizonıa1 1ine ıkaı is noı ıke
x~axis kas no x~inıercegı.
Tke y~inıerceqı of a gragk is ıke goinı wkere ıke gragk inıersecıs ıke
y~axis. Iı a1ways kas an x~coordinaıe of zero. A verıica1 1ine ıkaı is noı ıke
y~axis kas no y~inıercegı.
One way ıo gragk a 1inear equaıion is ıo find so1uıions by giving a va1ue
ıo one variab1e and so1ving ıke resu1ıing equaıion for ıke oıker variab1e. A
minimum of ıwo goinıs is necessary ıo gragk a 1inear equaıion.
Kxamqle 12: Draw ıke gragk of 2x + ßy = 12 by finding ıke x~inıercegı
and ıke y~inıercegı.
Tke x~inıercegı kas a y~coordinaıe of zero. Subsıiıuıing zero for y, ıke resu1ı~
ing equaıion is 2x + ß(O) = 12. Now so1ving for x,
2x = 12
x=6
Tke x~inıercegı is aı (6‚ O)‚ or ıke x~inıercegı va1ue is 6.
Tke y~inıercegı kas an x~coordinaıe of zero. Subsıiıuıing zero for x, ıke
resu1ıing equaıion is 2(O) + ßy = 12. Now so1ving for y,
ßy = 12
y =£
Tke y~inıercegı is aı (O‚ £)‚ or ıke y~inıercegı va1ue is £.
Tke 1ine can now be gragked by gragking ıkese ıwo goinıs and ıken draw~
ing ıke 1ine ıkey deıermine (Tigure 1O~Ç).
Figure 10-R Drawing the graph of a linear equation after finding the
x-intercept and the µ-intercept.
6 4 2 2 4 6
2
2x 3y 12
4
Kxamqle 1$: Draw ıke gragk of x = 2.

x = 2 is a verıica1 1ine wkose x~coordinaıe is a1ways 2 (Tigure 1O~1O).
Figure 10-10 The graph of a vertical line.
2 x 2
2 1 1 2
1
Kxamqle 1£: Draw ıke gragk of y = 1.

y = –1 is a korizonıa1 1ine wkose y~coordinaıe is a1ways 1. See
Tigure 1O~11.
Figure 10-11
2 1 1 2
1
y 1
2
Suggose ıkaı fl is a garıicu1ar goinı ca11ed (x1‚ y1) and B is any goinı ca11ed
(x, y). Tken ıke s1oge of ıke 1ine ıkrougk fl and B is regresenıed by
Agg1ying ıke Cross~flroducts flroperty, y y1 = m (x x1). Tkis is ıke

goinı~s1oge form of a nonverıica1 1ine.
Theorem 1OÇ: Tke goinı~s1oge form of a 1ine gassing ıkrougk (x1‚ y1 ) and
kaving s1oge m is y y1 = m (x x 1).
Kxamqle 1\: Tind ıke equaıion of a 1ine conıaining ıke goinıs ( ß‚£) and
(Ç‚2) and wriıe ıke equaıion in (a) goinı~s1oge form and (b) sıandard form.
(a) Tor ıke goinı~s1oge form‚ firsı find ıke s1oge‚ m.
1O
Now ckoose eiıker origina1 goinı—say‚ ( ß‚ £).

So‚ y £ = –1/\(x ß) or y £ = 1/\(x + ß)
(b) Begin wiık ıke goinı~s1oge form and c1ear iı of fracıions by mu1~
ıig1ying boık sides by ıke 1eası common denominaıor.
y £ = –1/\(x + ß)
Mu1ıig1y boık sides by \.
\(y £) = \{ 1/\(x + ß))
\y 2O = ~(x + ß)
\y 2O= x ß
Ceı x and y on one side and ıke consıanıs on ıke oıker side by adding x
ıo boık sides and adding 2O ıo boık sides.
x + \y = 1Ç
A nonverıica1 1ine wriııen in sıandard form is flx + By = C wiık . If
ıkis equaıion is so1ved for y, iı becomes
By = flx + C
y = (fl/B)x + C/B
Leı b denoıe ıke y~inıercegı of a 1ine. Tke goinı~s1oge form of ıke equa~
ıion of ıke 1ine gassing ıkrougk (O‚b) wiık s1oge m is
y b = m(x O).
Adding b ıo boık sides of ıke equaıion yie1ds
y = mx + b.
Tkis is known as ıke sloqe~inıerceqı form of ıke equaıion of
a nonverıica1 1ine. Noıe ıkaı‚ in order ıo obıain ıke s1oge~inıercegı form‚
a nonverıica1 1ine wriııen in sıandard form flx + By = C wiık can be
so1ved a1gebraica11y for y (see Kxamg1e 16).
Theorem 108: Tke s1oge~inıercegı form of a nonverıica1 1ine wiık s1oge m
and y~inıercegı va1ue b is y = mx + b.
Kxamqle 1G: Tind ıke s1oge and y~inıercegı va1ue of ıke 1ine wiık equa~
ıion ßx £y = 2O.
So1ve ßx £y = 2O for y.
£y = ßx + 2O
y = (ß/£)x \
Tkerefore‚ ıke s1oge of ıke 1ine is ß/£ and ıke y~inıercegı va1ue is \.
Kxamqle 1Ç: Line t 1 kas equaıion 2x + \y = 1O. Line t 2 kas equaıion
£x + 1Oy = ßO. Line t ß kas equaıion 1\x 6y = 12. Wkick 1ines‚ if any‚ are
gara11e1?
¶uı eack equaıion inıo s1oge~inıercegı form and deıermine ıke s1oge of
eack 1ine.
t1: 2 x + \y = 1O
\y = 2x + 1O
y = ( 2/\)x + 2
s1oge t1 = 2/\
t2: £x + 1Oy = ßO
1Oy = £x + ßO
y = ( 2/\)x + ß
s1oge t2 = 2/ß
tß: 1\x 6y = 12
6y = 1\x + 12
y = (\/2)x 2
s1oge tß = \/2
S1oge t1 = s1oge t2‚ ıkerefore; by Theorem 10ß.
Because (s1oge t 1)(s1oge tß ) = 1 and (s1oge t 2)(s1oge t ß) = 1‚ and
by Theorem 106.
3ummary of Goordinate Geometry

Formulas
If fl (x1‚ y1) and B(x2‚ y2 ‚)‚ ıken
disıance d, from fl ıo B =
d=
midgoinı‚ X, of flB =
s1oge‚ m, of flB =
Chapter 10: Coordinate Geometry 17R
To11owing is a 1isı of ıke equaıions of 1ines:
Sıandard form: flx + By = C
fl, B, and C are rea1 numbers
fl and B are noı boık zero
¶oinı~sloqe form: y y1 = m (x x1 )
(x1‚ y1) is a goinı on ıke 1ine and m is ıke s1oge
of ıke 1ine
Sloqe~inıerceqı form: y = mx + b
m is ıke s1oge of ıke 1ine and b is ıke y~inıercegı
va1ue
Q&A
1- Wkaı is ıke disıance from (ß‚ß) ıo (1O‚ 1)?
2- Wkaı is ıke midgoinı of ıke 1ine segmenı wiık endgoinıs (ß‚ß) and
(1O‚ 1)?
3- Wkaı is ıke s1oge of a 1ine gassing ıkrougk (ß‚ß) and
(1O‚ 1)?
4- Tind ıke fo11owing forms for ıke equaıion of ıke 1ine gassing ıkrougk
(ß‚ß) and (1O‚ 1):
(a) goinı~s1oge form
(b) s1oge~inıercegı form
(c) sıandard form
5- (a) Tind ıke s1oge and ıke y~inıercegı of ıke 1ine wiık equaıion
£x + \y = 6.
(b) Tind an equaıion of ıke 1ine gassing ıkrougk (ß‚ß) and gergen~
dicu1ar ıo ıke 1ine from (a).
knsoers: 1. 6\ 2. (1ß ‚1) ß. £. (a) y ß = (x ß) or
y + 1 = (x 1O) (b) y = x + ßß (c) £x + Çy = ßß
\. (a) m = ‚ b = (b) y ß = (x ß)
GQR REYIEW
Use ıkis CQfl fleview ıo gracıice wkaı you’ve 1earned in ıkis book and ıo
bui1d your confidence in working wiık geomeıry. Afıer you work ıkrougk
ıke review quesıions‚ ıke criıica1 ıkinking exercises‚ and ıke grojecıs‚ you’re
we11 on your way ıo ackieving your goa1 of being groficienı in ıke use of
geomeıry.
Chapter 1
1- In ıke fo11owing diagram‚ deıermine ıke degree measure of (a) a
and (b) b.
a
35 b
2- If ıwo 1ines are gara11e1‚ ıken kow many goinıs are in ıkeir inıersecıion?
3- True or Ta1se: Two 1ines gergendicu1ar ıo ıke same 1ine are gergen~
dicu1ar ıo eack oıker.
4- Tke undefined ıerms ıkaı were idenıified as suck in CQR Geometry are
poiwt‚ tiwe‚ and ptawe. Wkaı oıker ıerms were ıreaıed as undefined kere‚
even ıkougk ıkey may noı kave been 1abe1ed as suck? (Ckagıer 1)
Chapter 2
5- In ıke fo11owing diagram‚ ıwo gara11e1 1ines are inıersecıed by a
ıransversa1. Wkaı is ıke degree measure (a) of a? (b) of b ? (c)
of c ?
CQR Review 181
50 a
b c
6- In a ıriang1e wiık ıwo ang1es of measure ßOº and £Oº‚ wkaı musı be
ıke measure of ıke ıkird ang1e?
7- In ıke fo11owing figure‚ m a = £\º and m d = 1£\º. Wkaı is ıke
degree measure of f?
8- Wkick seı of numbers may be ıke 1engıks of ıke sides of a ıriang1e?
(a) {1‚ß‚\} (b) {£‚\‚6} (c) {£‚\‚Ç} (d) {£‚\‚1O}
a d
b c
e
R- In ıke fo11owing diagram‚ deıermine ıke degree measure of a.
30
40 a
10- Caıker ıogeıker severa1 o1d ru1ers and dri11 ko1es near ıke ends of eack
one. Tken bo1ı ıkree of ıkem ıogeıker in ıke skage of a ıriang1e. Tesı
ıo see ıkaı ıke ıriang1e is rigid in ıke sense ıkaı iıs skage cannoı be
disıorıed wiıkouı breaking ıke ıriang1e agarı. Now ıry ıkis wiık four
ru1ers. Is ıke quadri1aıera1 you consırucıed a1so rigid or can you dis~
ıorı iıs skage wiıkouı breaking ıke figure agarı? Wkaı abouı a gen~
ıagon? If ıkese figures are noı rigid‚ can you ıkink of a way ıo make
ıkem so? Can you imagine wky ıkis kind of quesıion migkı be imgor~
ıanı ıo an engineer? (Ckagıers ß and £)
11- A farmer owns a 1arge giece of grogerıy wkose boundary is a quadri~
1aıera1. He wanıs ıo deıermine ıke area of ıkis grogerıy. He knows
ıkaı ıke ıkree sides of a ıriang1e unique1y deıermine ıke area of ıke
ıriang1e‚ and‚ in facı‚ ke even knows ıke formu1a for ıkaı area. He
be1ieves ıkaı ıkis idea genera1izes ıo quadri1aıera1s‚ a1ıkougk ke does
noı know a formu1a for area of quadri1aıera1s. He kas a friend wko is
a maıkemaıician‚ so ke g1ans ıo measure ıke 1engıks of ıke four sides
forming ıke boundaries of kis grogerıy and ıake ıkose measuremenıs
ıo kis friend. Wi11 ıkese measuremenıs a1one be enougk informaıion
for ıke maıkemaıician ıo groger1y deıermine ıke area of ıke farmer’s
grogerıy? (Hinı: Consider a square and a rkombus wiık edges kav~
ing ıke same 1engık.) (Ckagıers ß‚ £‚ and \)
Chapter 4
12- True or Ta1se: A concave go1ygon kas aı 1eası one inıerior ang1e wiık
degree measure more ıkan 18Oo.
13- Draw a quadri1aıera1 ıkaı is noı convex.
14- Wkaı is ıke degree measure of eack inıerior ang1e in a regu1ar

genıagon?
15- Wkaı is ıke degree measure of an exıerior ang1e of a regu1ar nonagon?
16- Kack side of an equi1aıera1 ıriang1e kas 1engık 6. A second ıriang1e is
formed by ıke segmenıs ıkaı join ıke midgoinıs of ıke sides of ıke
equi1aıera1 ıriang1e. Wkaı is ıke gerimeıer of ıke second ıriang1e?
Chapter 5
17- Comguıe (a) ıke circumference and (b) ıke area of a circ1e of radius
r = \.
18- Deıermine (a) ıke gerimeıer and (b) ıke area of flBC in ıke
fo11owing diagram.
CQR Review 183
B
10 8 17
A C
21
Chapter 6
1R- Tke ıkree ang1es of a ıriang1e are in ıke raıio 1 : 2 : 6. Wkaı is ıke
measure of ıke sma11esı ang1e?
20- Wkaı is ıke degree measure of ıke ang1e formed by ıke kands of a
c1ock aı £:OO?
21- True or Ta1se: Tke area of a square wi11 be doub1ed if ıke 1engık of
eack side is mu1ıig1ied by .
Chapter 7
22- If ıke 1egs of an isosce1es ıriang1e are eack 1Ç inckes 1ong and ıke a1ıi~
ıude ıo ıke base is 1\ inckes 1ong‚ kow 1ong is ıke base of ıke
ıriang1e?
23- In a square‚ ıke gerimeıer is kow many ıimes as 1ong as a diagona1?
24- Wkaı is ıke area of an equi1aıera1 ıriang1e wkose side kas 1engık 8?
25- Tke a1ıiıude drawn ıo ıke kygoıenuse of a rigkı ıriang1e divides ıke
kygoıenuse inıo ıwo segmenıs wiık 1engıks ß and 1O. Wkaı is ıke
1engık of ıke a1ıiıude?
26- In ıke fo11owing diagram‚ flK and BD are boık gergendicu1ar ıo KC.
If BC = \ and BD = ß‚ wkaı is ıke raıio of flK ıo KC ?
E D C
27- True or Ta1se: A11 isosce1es rigkı ıriang1es musı be simi1ar.
28- Wkick of ıke fo11owing seıs of numbers may be ıke 1engıks of ıke
sides of a rigkı ıriang1e? (a) {£‚ 6‚ 8} (b) {12‚ 16‚ 2O} (c) {Ç‚ 1Ç‚ 2ß}
(d) {Ç‚ 2O‚ 2Ç}
2R- If ıke kygoıenuse of a ßOº~6Oº~ÇOº ıriang1e is \‚ wkaı is ıke 1engık of
ıke side oggosiıe ıke 6Oº ang1e?
30- Jeremy 1ives on ıke corner of a recıangu1ar fie1d ıkaı measures 12O
yards by 16O yards. If ke wanıs ıo wa1k ıo ıke diagona11y oggosiıe
corner‚ ke can eiıker go a1ong ıke boundary of ıke fie1d or cuı across
in a sıraigkı 1ine. How many yards does ke save by ıaking ıke direcı
rouıe?
31- In ıke fo11owing diagram‚ flBDK is a gara11e1ogram and BCKF is a
square. If flB = 1O and CD = 6‚ wkaı is ıke gerimeıer of ıke gara11e1~
ogram flBDK?
B C 6 D
10
A F E
32- In ıke fo11owing recıang1e flCKD‚ B is on flC and BDK is equi1aı~

era1. Tind ıke 1engık of flD.
CQR Review 185
A B C
D 10 in. E
33- Tke fo11owing figure skows a recıang1e inscribed in a circ1e. If ıke

measuremenıs of ıke recıang1e are 8 inckes by 1£ inckes‚ wkaı is ıke
area of ıke circ1e?
Chapter 8
34- Trom ıke same exıerna1 goinı‚ ıwo ıangenıs are drawn ıo a circ1e. Tke
ıangenıs inıercegı arcs wkose measures are ßOOº and 6Oº. Wkaı is ıke
measure of ıke ang1e formed by ıke ıangenıs?
35- Tke measure of ıke cenıra1 ang1e of a secıor is 12Oº. If ıke radius of
ıke circ1e is 6 cenıimeıers‚ deıermine ıke area of ıke secıor.
36- If a cenıra1 ang1e of £\º inıercegıs an arc \ inckes 1ong on a circ1e‚
wkaı is ıke radius of ıke circ1e?
37- If an equi1aıera1 ıriang1e is inscribed in a circ1e of radius 1 inck‚ wkaı
wi11 be ıke 1engık of one of ıke ıriang1e’s sides?
38- Wkaı is ıke measure of a in ıke fo11owing figure?
100
Chapter R
3R- Deıermine (a) ıke ıoıa1 surface area and (b) ıke vo1ume of ıke recı~
angu1ar so1id in ıke fo11owing figure.
4 cm.
3 cm.
5 cm.
40- Tind (a) ıke 1aıera1 area‚ (b) ıoıa1 area‚ and (c) vo1ume of a rigkı cir~
cu1ar cone wiık radius £ inckes and keigkı 1O inckes.
41- CQR Geometry sugg1ies definiıions of gergendicu1ar 1ines and ger~
gendicu1ar g1anes. No forma1 definiıion was given for a 1ine ıo be
gergendicu1ar ıo a g1ane‚ a1ıkougk comforıab1eness wiık ıkis noıion
was assumed in Ckagıer Ç. Afıer 1ooking back aı ıke definiıion of
gergendicu1ar g1anes‚ ıe11 wkaı you ıkink wou1d be a reasonab1e def~
iniıion for “1ine 1 is gergendicu1ar ıo g1ane ¶.“ (Ckagıers 1 and Ç)
Chapter 10
42- Tind (a) ıke surface area and (b) ıke vo1ume of a sgkere of radius
r = Ç in.
CQR Review 187
43- Tke verıices of ıke recıang1e flBCD are fl (2‚O)‚ B (\‚O)‚ C (\‚£)‚ and
D (2‚£). How 1ong is ıke diagona1 flC ?
44- Tke coordinaıes of ıke endgoinıs of ıke diameıer of a circ1e are (–1‚\)
and (ß‚–1). Sgecify ıke coordinaıes of ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e.
45- True or Ta1se: If ıwo goinıs kave ıke same y~coordinaıe‚ ıken ıkey 1ie
on ıke same korizonıa1 1ine.
46- Wkaı is ıke disıance beıween ıke goinıs (2‚\) and (1O‚2O)?
47- Tind ıke s1oge~inıercegı form of ıke equaıion of ıke 1ine gassing
ıkrougk (2‚\) and (\‚Ç).
48- Co ıo ıke gkysics 1aboraıory aı your 1oca1 kigk sckoo1 or co11ege. Ask
ıke insırucıor ıo indicaıe ways ıkaı geomeıry g1ays a ro1e in various
gkysics exgerimenıs.
4R- Iı kas been said ıkaı ıke basis of surveying is geomeıry. Ta1k ıo some~
one wko surveys grogerıy boundary 1ines. Ask wkaı garıs of geome~
ıry are mosı imgorıanı in ıke surveyor’s work.
knsoers: 1. (a) 1£\º (b) ß\º 2. O ß. Ta1se £. ¶rovide your own answer
\. (a) 1ßOº (b) 1ßOº (c) \Oº G. 11Oº Ç. 1OOº 8. b Ç. ÇOº 10. ¶rovide your
own answer 11. ÇOº 12. True
1$.
1£. 1O8º 1\. £Oº 1G. Ç 1Ç. (a) 1O (b) 2\ 18. (a) £8 (b) 8£ 1Ç. 2Oº
20. 12Oº 21. True 22. 16 inckes 2$. 2 2£. 16 2\. ßO 2G. ß : £
2Ç. True 28. b 2Ç. $0. 8O yards $1. £8 $2. \ $$. 6\ $£. 12Oº
$\. 12 cm2 $G. 2O inckes $Ç. $8. \Oº $Ç. (a) Ç£ cm2 (b) 6O cmß
£0. (a) 2Ç in2 (b) (8 2Ç + 16) in2 (c) 160 inß £1. ¶rovide your own
answer £2. (a) 1Ç6 in2 (b) 1ßÇ2 inß £$. \ ££. (1‚2) £\. True £G. 1Ç
£Ç. y = x + £8. ¶rovide your own answer £Ç. ¶rovide your own answer
GQR RE3OURGE GEFTER
Tke 1earning doesn’ı need ıo sıog kere. CQfl flesource Cenıer gives
you a rundown of ıke besı informaıion in grinı and on1ine abouı
geomeıry. You can a1so find a11 kinds of gerıinenı informaıion aı www.
c1s11xno5ex.com. Look for a11 ıke ıerrific resources aı your favoriıe book~
sıore or 1oca1 1ibrary and on ıke Inıerneı. Wken you’re on1ine‚ make your
firsı sıog www.c1s11xno5ex.com wkere you’11 find more incredib1y use~
fu1 informaıion abouı geomeıry.
BooLs
Tkis C1iffsQuickfleview book is one of many greaı books abouı geome~
ıry. If you wanı some addiıiona1 resources‚ ckeck ouı ıkese books for more
informaıion abouı geomeıry and re1aıed discig1ines.
Ceoseıry Review Cvide, by Isidore Dress1er‚ inıegraıes geomeıry wiık
ariıkmeıic‚ a1gebra‚ and numerica1 ırigonomeıry wki1e groviding more
deıai1s and many exercises concerning some ıogics gresenıed in CQfl
Geometry. Tkis book a1so inc1udes secıions on reasoning. AMSCO
Sckoo1 ¶ub1icaıions‚ Inc.‚ 1ÇÇß.
ScGavss Ovıliue of Ceoseıry, Tkird Kdiıion‚ by Barneıı flick‚ conıains
ckagıers on a1gebra‚ groofs of ıkeorems‚ and ıke use of ıke gragking
ca1cu1aıor in addiıion ıo ckagıers on ıke ıogics gresenıed in CQfl
Geometry; ıkere are many exercises (wiık answers) ıkrougkouı ıke book.
McCraw~Hi11 Comganies‚ Inc.‚ 2OOO.
Xerrill Ceoseıry: kpplicaıious aud Couuecıious, by Cai1 T. Burri11
eı a1.‚ is a ıexıbook ıkaı gresenıs a few addiıiona1 ıogics as we11 as more
deıai1s on ıogics gresenıed in condensed form in CQfl Geometry.
Merri11 ¶ub1isking Comgany‚ C1encoe/McCraw~Hi11‚ 1ÇÇ\.
Iı’s easy ıo find oıker maıkemaıics books gub1isked by Hungry Minds.
You’11 find ıkem in your favoriıe booksıores (on ıke Inıerneı and aı a sıore
near you). We kave ıkree Web siıes ıkaı you can use ıo read abouı a11 ıke
books we gub1isk.
www.c1s11xno5ex.com
www.dummsex.com
www.kungrymsndx.com
CQR Resource Center 18R
Internet
Ckeck ouı ıkese Web siıes for more informaıion abouı geomeıry.
Geomeıry — k55p://1sbrary.5ksnkquex5.org/2a47/geome5ry/
geome5ry.k5m grovides informaıion on a1mosı everyıking you’11 ever
need ıo know abouı geomeıry.
Geomeıry Online — k55p://ma5k.rsce.edu/~1ansux/Geom/ offers
acıiviıies for midd1e and kigk sckoo1 geomeıry.
The Universiıy of Texas aı kcsıin — www.ece.u5exax.edu/pro¡ec5x/
k12–1a1198/14535/Group7/ gives a ıon of informaıion abouı gara1~
1e1 1ines and g1anes. You’11 a1so find various geomeıry formu1as and facıs
as we11 as rea1 wor1d examg1es.
Maıh for Morons Lihe Us — k55p://1sbrary.5ksnkquex5.org/
20991/kome.k5m1 kas been designed ıo “assisı you in your gursuiı of
increased maıkemaıica1 undersıanding‚ or whatever souwds good to you.“
Tke subjecıs covered range from ¶re~A1gebra ıo Ca1cu1us. Tkis siıe wi11
kogefu11y c1arify some of ıkose confusing maık concegıs. You know‚
ıke ones ıkaı kave been waking you ug in ıke midd1e of ıke nigkı for
so 1ong! Tkis siıe kas ıuıoria1s‚ samg1e grob1ems‚ and quizzes.
ksh a Qcesıion — www.awexome1sbrary.org/O11sce/Masn/
Invo1vsngS5uden5x/AxkaQuex5son.k5m1 offers oggorıuniıies ıo
ask exgerıs in a11 fie1ds quesıions noı jusı abouı geomeıry‚ a1ıkougk
geomeıry ke1g is one of ıke feaıures avai1ab1e. You migkı wanı ıo book~
mark ıkis Web siıe for a11 your komework needs.
Nexı ıime you’re on ıke Inıerneı‚ don’ı forgeı ıo drog by www.
c1s11xno5ex.com. We creaıed an on1ine flesource Cenıer ıkaı you can
use ıoday‚ ıomorrow‚ and beyond.
3end Us Your Favorite Tips

In your quesı for know1edge‚ kave you ever exgerienced ıkaı sub1ime
momenı wken you figure ouı a ırick ıkaı saves ıime or ıroub1e? If you’ve
discovered a usefu1 ıig ıkaı ke1ged you undersıand CtiffsQuicbReview
Geometry more effecıive1y and you’d 1ike ıo skare iı‚ ıke C1iffsNoıes sıaff
wou1d 1ove ıo kear from you. Co ıo our Web siıe aı www.c1s11xno5ex.
com and c1ick ıke Ta1k ıo Us buııon. If we se1ecı your ıig‚ we may gub1isk
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ouı more or ıo subscribe ıo a news1eııer‚ go ıo www.c1s11xno5ex.com
on ıke Web.
Glossary
accıe angle—a gosiıive ang1e wkose area—a measure of ıke inıerior of a

measure is 1ess ıkan ÇOº. g1anar (f1aı) figure. Iı is exgressed in
square uniıs suck as square inckes (in 2)
accıe ıriangle—a ıriang1e kaving a11
or square cenıimeıers (cm 2 ) or in sge~
acuıe ang1es in iıs inıerior.
cia1 uniıs suck as acres.
adjacenı angles—any ıwo ang1es ıkaı
base angles of an isosceles ıriangle —
skare a common verıex and a common
ıke ıwo ang1es oıker ıkan ıke verıex
side ıkaı segaraıes ıkem.
ang1e.
alıernaıe exıerior angles—ıke nonad~
base angles of a ıraqexoid—a gair of
jacenı ang1es ouıside ıwo 1ines being
ang1es skaring ıke same base.
inıersecıed by a ıransversa1‚ on oggo~
siıe sides of ıke ıransversa1. base of an isosceles ıriangle—ıke
ıkird side‚ as disıinguisked from ıke
alıernaıe inıerior angles—ıke nonad~ oıker ıwo equa1 sides.
jacenı ang1es wiıkin ıwo 1ines being
inıersecıed by a ıransversa1‚ on oggo~ base of a ıriangle —any side of ıke
siıe sides of ıke ıransversa1. ıriang1e.
alıiıcde of a qrism—a segmenı ger~ bases of a qarallelogram—eack gair
gendicu1ar ıo ıke g1anes of ıke bases of gara11e1 sides can serve as bases.
wiık an endgoinı in eack g1ane.
bases of a qrism—ıke ıwo congruenı
alıiıcde of a qyramid—ıke gergen~ go1ygons 1ying in gara11e1 g1anes.
dicu1ar 1ine segmenı from ıke verıex ıo
bases of a ıraqexoid—ıke gair of gar~
ıke g1ane of ıke base.
a11e1 sides.
alıiıcde of a ıriangle—ıke gergendic~
cenıer of a circle (sqhere)—ıke
u1ar 1ine segmenı from a verıex ıo ıke
(fixed) inıerior goinı ıkaı is equidisıanı
side oggosiıe (or iıs exıension).
from a11 goinıs on ıke circ1e (sgkere).
angle—formed by ıwo rays wiık ıke
cenıer of a regclar qolygon —ıke
same endgoinı (verıex).
inıerior goinı ıkaı is equidisıanı from
angle bisecıor—a ray ıkaı divides an eack of ıke verıices.
ang1e inıo ıwo equa1 ang1es.
cenıral angle—an ang1e formed by
aqoıhem of a regclar qolygon—a any ıwo radii in a circ1e.
1ine segmenı ıkaı goes from ıke cenıer
chord—a 1ine segmenı wkose end~
of ıke go1ygon ıo ıke midgoinı of one
goinıs 1ie on a circ1e.
of ıke sides‚ forming a rigkı ang1e.
circle—a g1anar (f1aı) figure wiık a11 of
arc of a circle—a connecıed gorıion
iıs goinıs equidisıanı from a fixed
of ıke circ1e.
goinı (ıke cenıer).
Glossary 1R1
circcmference—ıke disıance around a corresqonding qarıs of ıriangles—
circ1e. ıke garıs of ıwo (usua11y) congruenı or
simi1ar ıriang1es ıkaı are in ıke same
collinear qoinıs —goinıs ıkaı 1ie on
re1aıive gosiıions.
ıke same 1ine.
ccbe—a square rigkı grism wkose 1aı~
common ıangenı —a 1ine ıkaı is ıan~
era1 edges are ıke same 1engık as a side
genı ıo ıwo circ1es in ıke same g1ane.
of ıke base.
comqlemenıary angles—ıwo gosiıive ccbic inch—a measure of ıke inıerior
ang1es wkose sum is ÇOº.
of a cube wkose 1aıera1 edge kas a
concave qolygon —a go1ygon ıkaı is 1engık of one inck.
noı convex. A 1ine segmenı connecıing
cylinder—a grism~1ike so1id wkose
ıwo verıices may gass ouıside ıke
bases are circ1es.
figure.
decagon—a ıen~sided go1ygon.
congrcenı ıriangles—ıriang1es ıkaı
kave exacı1y ıke same size and skage. degree—a measure of an ang1e. Iı is
one ıkree~kundred~and~sixıieık (1/ ß6O)
conseccıive exıerior angles —exıerior
of a revo1uıion.
ang1es on ıke same side of ıke
ıransversa1. degree meascre of a major arc—ß6Oº
minus ıke degree measure of ıke
conseccıive inıerior angles—inıerior
minor arc ıkaı kas ıke same endgoinıs
ang1es on ıke same side of ıke
as ıke major arc.
ıransversa1.
degree meascre of a minor arc—ıke
conseccıive sides of a qolygon—ıwo
degree measure of ıke cenıra1 ang1e
sides ıkaı kave a common endgoinı.
associaıed wiık ıke arc.
convex qolygon—a go1ygon for degree meascre of a semicircle—
wkick any ıwo inıerior goinıs can be
18Oº.
connecıed by a 1ine segmenı ıkaı sıays
enıire1y inside ıke go1ygon. diagonal of a qolygon—any 1ine seg~
menı ıkaı joins ıwo nonconsecuıive
coordinaıes of a qoinı—ıke ordered
verıices of ıke go1ygon.
gair of numbers assigned ıo a goinı in
a g1ane. diameıer of a circle—a ckord ıkaı
gasses ıkrougk ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e.
coordinaıe qlane —ıke x~axis‚ ıke
y~axis‚ and a11 ıke goinıs in ıke g1ane eqciangclar ıriangle (qolygon)—a
ıkey deıermine. ıriang1e (go1ygon) wiık a11 ang1es equa1
in measure.
corresqonding angles—ang1es ıkaı
occur in ıke same re1aıive gosiıion in eqcilaıeral ıriangle (qolygon)—a ıri~
eack groug of four ang1es creaıed ang1e (go1ygon) wiık a11 sides equa1 in
wken a ıransversa1 inıersecıs ıwo 1ines. measure.
1R2 CliffsQuickReview Geometry
exıerior angle of a ıriangle—ıke inıerior angle scm—ıke sum of ıke

nonsıraigkı ang1e formed ouıside ıke measures of a11 ıke inıerior ang1es of a
ıriang1e wken one of iıs sides is go1ygon.
exıended; iı is adjacenı ıo an inıerior
inıernal common ıangenı—a com~
ang1e of ıke ıriang1e.
mon ıangenı ıkaı inıersecıs ıke seg~
exıerior angle scm—ıke sum of ıke menı joining ıke cenıers of ıwo circ1es.
measures of a11 ıke exıerior ang1es of a
go1ygon‚ one ang1e aı eack verıex. inıersecıing lines—ıwo or more 1ines
ıkaı meeı in a sing1e goinı.
exıernal common ıangenı—a com~
isosceles ıriangle—a ıriang1e in wkick
mon ıangenı ıkaı does noı inıersecı
ıwo sides kave equa1 measures.
ıke segmenı joining ıke cenıers of ıwo
circ1es. isosceles righı ıriangle— a ıriang1e
wiık ıwo equa1 sides‚ ıwo equa1 ang1es‚
exıremes of a qroqorıion—wken a
and a rigkı ang1e.
grogorıion is wriııen in ıke form
a : b = c : d‚ a and d are referred ıo as isosceles ıraqexoid —a ıragezoid
exıremes of ıke grogorıion. wkose ıwo 1egs are equa1.
geomeıric mean (or mean qroqor~ laıeral area of a righı qrism—ıke
ıional)—a gosiıive va1ue ıkaı is sum of ıke areas of a11 ıke 1aıera1 faces.
regeaıed in eiıker ıke means or ıke
exıremes gosiıions of a grogorıion. laıeral edges of a qrism —ıke gara11e1
1ine segmenıs formed by connecıing
graqh of an ordered qair—ıke goinı ıke corresgonding verıices of ıke ıwo
(in ıke coordinaıe g1ane) associaıed base go1ygons.
wiık an ordered gair of rea1 numbers.
laıeral edges of a qyramid—ıke seg~
heighı of a qarallelogram (ıraqe~ menıs wkere ıke 1aıera1 faces meeı.
xoid)—any gergendicu1ar segmenı
connecıing ıwo bases of ıke gara11e1o~ laıeral faces of a qrism—ıke gara11e1~
ograms formed by ıke 1aıera1 edges.
gram (ıragezoid).
heqıagon—a seven~sided go1ygon laıeral faces of a qyramid—ıke ırian~
(a1so: segıagon). gu1ar sides; ıkey a11 meeı aı ıke verıex.
hexagon—a six~sided go1ygon. legs of an isosceles ıriangle—ıke ıwo

equa1 sides.
hyqoıencse—ıke side oggosiıe ıke
rigkı ang1e in a rigkı ıriang1e. legs of a righı ıriangle—ıke ıwo sides
oıker ıkan ıke kygoıenuse.
inscribed angle—an ang1e formed by
ıwo ckords wiık ıke verıex on ıke legs of a ıraqexoid —ıke nongara11e1
circ1e. sides.
inıerceqıed arc—ıke connecıed gor~ line—an undefined ıerm. A 1ine can be

ıion of a circ1e ıkaı 1ies in ıke inıerior visua1ized as a connecıed seı of
of ıke inıercegıing ang1e‚ ıogeıker infiniıe1y many goinıs exıending
wiık ıke endgoinıs of ıke arc. (wiıkouı curves) infiniıe1y far in oggo~
siıe direcıions.
Glossary 1R3
linear eqcaıion —an equaıion wkose qarallel lines—ıwo 1ines ıkaı 1ie in
gragk is a sıraigkı 1ine. ıke same g1ane and never inıersecı.
line segmenı—a connecıed giece of a qarallel qlanes—ıwo g1anes ıkaı do
1ine wiık ıwo endgoinıs. noı inıersecı.
major arc—an arc ıkaı is 1arger ıkan a qarallelogram—any quadri1aıera1 wiık
semicirc1e. boık gairs of oggosiıe sides gara11e1.
means of a qroqorıion—wken a gro~ qenıagon—a five~sided go1ygon.
gorıion is wriııen in ıke form
qerimeıer—ıke disıance around a
a : b = c : d‚ b and c are referred ıo
figure (go1ygon).
as means of ıke grogorıion.
qerqendicclar lines—1ines ıkaı inıer~
median of a ıriangle —a 1ine segmenı
secı ıo form rigkı ang1es.
drawn from a verıex ıo ıke midgoinı
of ıke oggosiıe side. qerqendicclar qlanes—A 1ine t is
gergendicu1ar ıo g1ane fl if t is gergen~
median of a ıraqexoid—a segmenı
dicu1ar ıo a11 of ıke 1ines in g1ane fl
ıkaı joins ıke midgoinıs of ıke 1egs.
ıkaı inıersecı t. (Tkink of a sıick sıan~
midqoinı of a line segmenı—ıke ding sıraigkı ug on a 1eve1 surface. Tke
goinı on ıke segmenı equidisıanı from sıick is gergendicu1ar ıo a11 of ıke 1ines
ıke endgoinıs; ıke ka1fway goinı. drawn on ıke ıab1e ıkaı gass ıkrougk
ıke goinı wkere ıke sıick is sıanding.)
minor arc—an arc ıkaı is sma11er ıkan
a semicirc1e. A g1ane B is gergendicu1ar ıo a g1ane fl
if g1ane B conıains a 1ine ıkaı is gergen~
u~gon—a go1ygon wiık w sides.
dicu1ar ıo g1ane fl. (Tkink of a book
nonagon—a nine~sided go1ygon. ba1anced ugrigkı on a 1eve1 surface.)
noncollinear qoinıs—goinıs ıkaı do qlane—an undefined ıerm. A g1ane
noı a11 1ie on a sing1e 1ine. can be visua1ized as a f1aı surface ıkaı
exıends infiniıe1y far in a11 direcıions.
obliqce qrism —a grism wkose 1aıera1
edges are noı gergendicu1ar ıo ıke qoinı—an undefined ıerm. A goinı is
g1anes of iıs bases. regresenıed by a doı.
obıcse angle—an ang1e wkose measure qoinı of ıangency—ıke goinı wkere a
is more ıkan ÇOº buı 1ess ıkan 18Oº. ıangenı 1ine inıersecıs a circ1e.
obıcse ıriangle—a ıriang1e kaving an qoinı~sloqe form of ıhe eqcaıion of
obıuse ang1e in iıs inıerior. a line—ıke form y – y1 = m (x – x1 )‚
wkere m is ıke s1oge of ıke 1ine and
ocıagon —an eigkı~sided go1ygon.
(x1 ‚y1 ) is a sgecific goinı on ıke 1ine.
ordered qair—a gair of numbers
qolygon—a c1osed g1anar figure wiık
wkose order is imgorıanı; ıkese are
ıkree or more sides‚ buı noı infiniıe1y
used ıo 1ocaıe goinıs in ıke g1ane.
many.
origin—in ıwo dimensions‚ ıke goinı
qosıclaıe—a sıaıemenı ıkaı is
(O‚O); iı is ıke inıersecıion of ıke x~axis
assumed ıo be ırue (wiıkouı groof ).
and ıke y~axis.
qrism—a ıyge of so1id wiık ıwo con~ regclar qolygon—a go1ygon ıkaı is
gruenı go1ygons 1ying in gara11e1 boık equi1aıera1 and equiangu1ar.
g1anes for bases and wiık ıkree or
regclar qyramid—a gyramid wkose
more 1aıera1 faces.
base is a regu1ar go1ygon and wkose
qroqorıion—an equaıion sıaıing ıkaı 1aıera1 edges are a11 equa1.
ıwo raıios are equa1.
rhombcs—a quadri1aıera1 wiık a11
qyramid—a so1id wiık one base (a four sides equa1.
go1ygon) wkose verıices are eack
righı angle—a ÇOº ang1e.
joined by 1ine segmenıs ıo a sgecia1
goinı noı in ıke g1ane of ıke base; righı circclar cone—simi1ar ıo a
ıkese segmenıs form edges for ıke 1aı~ regu1ar gyramid‚ excegı ıkaı iıs base
era1 faces. is a circ1e.
GyıGagoreau TGeores—in a rigkı righı circclar cylinder —a cy1inder
ıriang1e‚ ıke square of ıke kygoıenuse wiık ıke grogerıy ıkaı ıke segmenı join~
is equa1 ıo ıke sum of ıke squares of ing ıke cenıers of ıke circu1ar bases is
ıke oıker ıwo sides of ıke ıriang1e. gergendicu1ar ıo ıke g1anes of ıke bases.
¶yıhagorean ıriqle—ıkree gosiıive righı qrism—a grism wkose 1aıera1
inıegers a‚ b‚ and c ıkaı saıisfy ıke edges are gergendicu1ar ıo ıke g1anes
equaıion of iıs bases.
a 2 + b2 = c2. scalene ıriangle —a ıriang1e in wkick
a11 ıkree sides kave differenı 1engıks.
qcadrilaıeral—a four~sided go1ygon.
secanı —a 1ine ıkaı conıains a ckord.
qcadranıs—ıke four regions of ıke
coordinaıe g1ane segaraıed by ıke secıor of a circle —a region bounded
x~axis and ıke y~axis. by ıwo radii and an arc of ıke circ1e
inıercegıed by (an ang1e formed by)
radics of a circle (sqhere)—a 1ine
ıkose ıwo radii.
segmenı wiık ıke cenıer of ıke circ1e
(sgkere) and a goinı on ıke circ1e semicircle —an arc wkose endgoinıs
(sgkere) as endgoinıs. (g1ura1: radii) are ıke endgoinıs of a diameıer of ıke
circ1e.
radics of a regclar qolygon—a seg~
menı ıkaı goes from ıke cenıer ıo any seqıagon —a seven~sided go1ygon
verıex. (a1so: kegıagon).
raıio of ıoo ncmbers a and b—ıke sides of an angle—ıke rays ıkaı form
fracıion a / b‚ usua11y exgressed in sim~ ıke ang1e.
g1esı form. A1so denoıed a : b.
similar qolygons—go1ygons wiık ıke
ray—a connecıed giece of a 1ine wiık same skage; a11 ıkeir ang1es are corre~
one endgoinı and exıending infiniıe1y sgonding garıs.
far in one direcıion; a “ka1f~1ine.“
slanı heighı of a regclar qyramid —
recıangle: A quadri1aıera1 in wkick a11 ıke a1ıiıude of any of ıke congruenı
ıke ang1es are rigkı ang1es. isosce1es ıriang1es ıkaı form ıke 1aıera1
faces.
Glossary 1R5
sloqe~inıerceqı form of ıhe eqcaıion ıriangle—a ıkree~sided figure
of a line —ıke form y = mx + b wkere (go1ygon).
m is ıke s1oge of ıke 1ine and b is ıke
verıex—(1) ıke common endgoinı for
y~inıercegı.
ıke ıwo rays ıkaı deıermine an ang1e;
sloqe of a line—a measuremenı of (2) an endgoinı of a side of a go1ygon.
direcıion and sıeegness of a nonverıi~
verıex angle of an isosceles ıriangle—
ca1 1ine. Denoıed by m‚ iı is ca1cu~
ıke ang1e formed by ıke ıwo equa1
1aıed by ıaking goinıs (x 1‚y 1 ) and
sides.
(x 2‚y 2 ) on ıke 1ine and comguıing
m= . verıex of a qyramid—ıke sgecia1
goinı‚ noı in ıke g1ane of ıke base‚
sqhere—ıke seı of a11 goinıs in sgace joined ıo eack verıex of ıke base by a
ıkaı are equidisıanı from a fixed goinı 1ine segmenı ıkaı forms an edge of a
(ıke cenıer). 1aıera1 face.
sqcare—a quadri1aıera1 in wkick a11 verıical angles—any gair of nonadja~
ıke ang1es are rigkı ang1es and a11 ıke cenı ang1es formed wken ıwo 1ines
sides are equa1. inıersecı.
sıandard form for ıhe eqcaıion of a volcme—a measure of ıke inıerior of
line —ıke form flx + By = C‚ wkere fl‚ a so1id; ıke number of uniı cubes nec~
B ‚ and C are rea1 numbers and fl and essary ıo fi11 ıke inıerior of suck a
B are noı boık zero. so1id.
sıraighı angle—a 18Oº ang1e. x~axis—a korizonıa1 1ine used ıo ke1g
scqqlemenıary angles —ıwo gosiıive 1ocaıe goinıs in a g1ane.
ang1es wkose sum is 18Oº. x~coordinaıe—ıke firsı ıerm of an
ıangenı —a 1ine ıkaı 1ies in ıke same ordered gair; iı aggears ıo ıke 1efı of
g1ane as a circ1e and inıersecıs ıke cir~ ıke comma and indicaıes movemenı
c1e in exacı1y one goinı. a1ong ıke x ~axis.
ıheorem—a sıaıemenı ıkaı can be x~inıerceqı—ıke goinı wkere a gragk

groved using definiıions‚ gosıu1aıes‚ inıersecıs ıke x~axis.
and grevious1y groved ıkeorems. y~axis—a verıica1 1ine used ıo ke1g
ıoıal area of a righı qrism —ıke sum 1ocaıe goinıs in a g1ane.
of ıke 1aıera1 area and ıke areas of ıke y~coordinaıe—ıke second ıerm of an
ıwo bases. ordered gair; iı aggears ıo ıke rigkı of
ıransversal— a 1ine ıkaı inıersecıs ıwo ıke comma and indicaıes movemenı
or more 1ines in ıke same g1ane aı dif~ a1ong ıke y~axis.
ferenı goinıs. y~inıerceqı —ıke goinı wkere a gragk
ıraqexoid—a quadri1aıera1 wiık on1y inıersecıs ıke y~axis.
one gair of oggosiıe sides gara11e1.
Index
A names of‚ 11
nonadjacenı comg1emenıary‚
1aıera1‚ 1£Ç–1\O‚ 1\2‚
1\£–1\\‚ 1\Ç–16O‚
addiıion‚ 8 1Ç‚ 1ÇO 16ß‚ 186
a1gebra‚ 1‚ 86‚ 1OÇ‚ 16£‚ 1ÇÇ
nonadjacenı gara11e1ogram‚ Ç\– Ç6
a1ıiıude‚ ßÇ–£O‚ £2–£ß‚ Ç\‚ sugg1emenıary‚ 1Ç go1ygon‚ 81
1O2–1O£‚ 116‚ 1£Ç‚
nonsıraigkı‚ ß\ grism‚ 162 raıio‚ Ç8–
1\2–1\ß‚ 1\Ç‚ 16O‚ obıuse‚ 1£–1\‚ ßÇ‚ 1Çß 1OO recıang1e‚ Çß–Ç£‚
162–16ß‚ 18ß
gairs‚ 1O 1\£ re1aıionskig‚ ÇÇ
cone‚ 1\Ç gosiıive‚ 1ÇO secıor‚ 1£\–1£6
definiıion of‚ 1£Ç radius‚ 1ÇO sgkere‚ 161–162‚ 186
equaıion‚ 1\£ raıios‚ 8\‚ 1O1 square‚ Çß‚ 18ß
figure‚ ßÇ–£O‚ £2‚ 61‚ 116
re1aıionskigs‚ 1£6‚ 1£Ç summary of‚ 82
formu1a‚ 1\O‚ 1\ß
remoıe‚ ß6 surface‚ 161
1engık of‚ 18ß
rigkı‚ 1ß–1\‚ Çß‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Ç£ symbo1 of‚ Ç2
grism‚ 1\O‚ 1\ß
same‚ 11 ıkeorem‚ 1\\‚ 1\Ç‚ 161
recıang1e‚ 1\£ sides of‚ 1O‚ 1Ç£ ıoıa1 surface‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\2‚
ıriang1e‚ 1\6‚ 18ß
sgecia1‚ 1\ sıraigkı‚ 1\£–1\\‚ 1\Ç‚ 16O‚
ang1e 1\‚ 1Ç\ summary of‚ 16ß‚ 186
acuıe‚ 1£‚ 1\‚ ßÇ‚ £Ç‚ 1ÇO
1£6–1£Ç sums‚ 11\ ıriang1e‚ Ç6– ÇÇ‚ Ç8–ÇÇ‚ 1O1
addiıion of‚ 12‚ 1ß adjacenı‚
sugg1emenıary‚ 18‚ 26–ßO‚ Ask a Quesıion Web siıe‚ 18Ç
16‚ 26‚ 1ÇO adjacenı 8\‚ 1O1‚ 1Ç\ average‚ 168
comg1emenıary‚ 1Ç adjacenı
symbo1 of‚ 1O
sugg1emenıary‚ 18 a1ıernaıe
exıerior‚ 2\–26‚
ıransversa1‚ 1ÇO–1Ç1 B
ıriang1e‚ 18ß base‚ ß8–ßÇ
2Ç–ß1‚ 1ÇO
verıex‚ 11‚ ß8‚ £2‚ \1‚ 1ÇO area‚ 1\\‚ 1\Ç‚ 162
a1ıernaıe inıerior‚ 2\–26‚
verıica1‚ 16‚ 26‚ Ç1‚ 126‚ circumference‚ 162
2Ç–ß1‚ Ç1‚ 1ÇO
1ß1‚ 1Ç\ cone‚ 1\Ç
base‚ ß8
agoıkem‚ ÇÇ‚ 81 congruenı‚ 1\1
bisecıor‚ 1ß‚ ßÇ‚ £1–£ß‚ \£‚
arc definiıion of‚ 1£Ç
Ç\‚ 1ÇO
associaıed‚ 12Ç formu1a‚ 1\ß
cenıer‚ 1ÇO
circ1e‚ 1£8 gara11e1ogram‚ Ç£–Ç\
cenıra1‚ 121‚ 12\–126‚ 12Ç‚
endgoinıs‚ 1Ç2 gerimeıer of‚ 1\1‚ 162
1£ß–1£\‚ 1£8‚ 18\
figure‚ 122–12£‚ 126‚ 12Ç‚ gergendicu1ar‚ 1\£
c1assificaıion‚ 1\ 1ß\‚ 1ßÇ‚ 1£ß‚ 1£Ç
comg1emenıary‚ 18‚ 1Ç1 gyramid‚ 1\6‚ 1\8
inıercegıed‚ 126–12Ç‚ recıang1e‚ 8ß
consecuıive exıerior‚ 2\‚ 2Ç‚
2Ç–ß1‚ 1Ç1
1ß1–1ß2‚ 1£8‚ 1Ç2 ıragezoid‚ ÇÇ
consecuıive inıerior‚ 2\–26‚
1engık of‚ 1£ß–1££‚ ıriang1e‚ ÇÇ
1£6–1£Ç bridge consırucıion‚ ÇÇ
2Ç–ß1‚ 1Ç1
major‚ 122–12ß‚ 12\‚ 1Çß Burri11‚ Cai1 T.‚ 188
corresgonding‚ 2\‚ 28‚
minor‚ 122–12ß‚ 12\‚ 126‚
ßO–ß2‚ 8Ç–ÇO‚ 1Ç1
definiıion of‚ 1O‚ 1ÇO
1ß\‚ 1ßÇ‚ 1Çß G
grogerıies of‚ 1£ß ca1cu1us‚ 16£
degrees‚ 1O
re1aıionskigs‚ 1£6–1£Ç cenıer
equa1‚ 26–2Ç‚ ß8
ıkeorem‚ 1ß\ circ1e‚ 8O
equa1 corresgonding‚ ß1
area sgkere‚ 161
exıerior‚ ß\‚ 182
base‚ 1\\‚ 1\Ç‚ 162 symbo1 of‚ 11Ç
figure‚ 1O–11‚ 1ß–1Ç‚
circ1e‚ 81– 82‚ 1££‚ 182‚ 18\ ckord‚ 11Ç‚ 12\–126‚ 1ßO‚
28–ßO‚ ß2–ßß‚ ß\‚ £1–£2‚
cy1inder‚ 1\£‚ 162 1ß1–1ß2‚ 1ß\–1ßÇ‚ 1ÇO
£6–£Ç‚ \1–\2‚ 121‚
definiıion of‚ Ç2 circ1e‚ 1ß1‚ 1ÇO
126–12Ç‚ 1ß£‚ 1£Ç‚ 181
equaıion‚ 161 figure‚ 12\‚ 1ß2–1ßß‚
formu1a‚ 1ß‚ £\
figure‚ Ç\–Ç6 1ß\–1ßÇ
inscribed‚ 126– 12Ç‚
formu1as‚ Ç\–82‚ 1\O‚ inıersecıing‚ 1ßß–1ß£
1£8‚ 1Ç2
1\ß–1\\‚ 1\Ç– 1\Ç nondiameıer‚ 1ß\
inıerior‚ ß6‚ 182‚ 1ÇO
1eııers‚ 11 segmenı‚ 1ß8
measure of‚ 1O1
Index 1R7
symbo1 of‚ 11Ç rigkı circu1ar‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\Ç‚ circ1e‚ 8O‚ 1ß£
ıkeorem‚ 1ß\‚ 1ßÇ 16O‚ 162 figure‚ 122‚ 12\‚ 1ßO‚
circ1e rigkı ıriang1e‚ 16O 1ß6–1ßÇ
agoıkem‚ 81 s1anı keigkı‚ 16O Dress1er‚ Isidore‚ 188
arc‚ 121–126‚ 1ß\–1ßÇ‚ 1£ß‚ ıoıa1 area‚ 16O‚ 162‚ 186
1£8‚ 1ÇO vo1ume‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\Ç–16O‚ E
area of‚ 82‚ 1££‚ 182‚ 18\ 162‚ 186 edges
associaıed arc‚ 12Ç congruence‚ 8£‚ 8Ç‚ 11£‚ 1\1 1aıera1‚ 1£Ç–1\O‚ 1\2‚
cenıer‚ 8O‚ 118‚ 1ß1‚ 1ÇO go1ygons‚ 8£ 1\6–1\Ç
cenıra1 ang1es‚ 12O–121 ıesıs‚ ££ square‚ 182
ckord‚ 1ßO–1ßÇ‚ 1Ç1 coordinaıe‚ 16£‚ 1ÇO endgoinı‚ Ç‚ Ç‚ 168
circumference‚ 81‚ 8ß‚ 182 circ1e‚ 18Ç arc‚ 1Ç2
coordinaıes‚ 18Ç definiıion of‚ Ç common‚ 1Ç1
diameıer of‚ 8O‚ 122‚ 1ine‚ 1Ç2 g1ane‚ 1ÇO
1ßÇ‚ 1Ç1 midgoinı‚ 16Ç ray‚ Ç‚ 1ÇO
figure‚ 8O–81‚ 8ß‚ 11Ç–121‚ g1ane‚ 1Çß segmenı‚ 1ÇÇ
12ß‚ 12\–12Ç‚ 1ß1‚ goinıs‚ 1Ç1‚ 1Ç£ engineering‚ 1‚ 182
1ß\–1£6‚ 1£8‚ 161‚ gosıu1aıe‚ Ç equa1 measure‚ 112
18\–186 ıkeorem‚ 168 equaıion‚ 1‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Çß‚
formu1a‚ 8O–81 corner 1Ç6–1ÇÇ‚ 1ÇÇ
inscribed ang1e‚ 126–12Ç See verıex a1ıiıude‚ 1\£
1engık of‚ Ç2 corresgonding garıs‚ £ß gragk‚ 1Çß‚ 1Ç£
garıs of‚ 118–12O cross~groducıs grogerıy‚ 8£‚ 1aıera1 area‚ 1\Ç
gerimeıer of‚ 8ß 86–88‚ ÇO‚ Ç£–Ç6‚ Ç8–ÇÇ‚ 1inear‚ 1Ç1–1Ç\‚ 1Çß
gosiıion of‚ 1£ 1Oß‚ 1O6‚ 1ß8‚ 1£O–1£1‚ midgoinı‚ 1Ç8
gosıu1aıe‚ 12Ç 1Ç2‚ 1Ç6 ordered gair‚ 168
grogerıy‚ 1£O–1£1 cube‚ 1\2‚ 1Ç1 goinı~s1oge form‚ 1Ç6‚ 1Çß
radius of‚ 8O–81‚ 8ß‚ 118‚ figure‚ 1\2 grogerıy of‚ 1OÇ
126‚ 1££‚ 1£6‚ 1£8‚ grism‚ 1\ß quadraıic‚ 1
162‚ 1Ç£ vo1ume‚ 1\2 regu1ar gyramid‚ 1\Ç
raıio‚ 1£ß cy1inder‚ 1Ç1‚ 1Ç£ rigkı circu1ar cone‚ 1\Ç
secanı‚ 1ßO‚ 1ßß–1ß£‚ definiıion of‚ 1\£ s1oge‚ 1Ç8
1ßÇ–1£2 figure‚ 1\£–1\\‚ 162 s1oge~inıercegı form‚ 1Ç\
secıor of‚ 1£ß–1£6‚ 1Ç£ formu1a‚ 1\£–1\\ sıandard form of‚ 1Ç6‚ 1Ç\
segmenı of‚ 1ß8–1£2‚ 1\£ 1aıera1 area of‚ 1\£–1\\‚ 162 sıraigkı 1ine‚ 16£
symbo1 of‚ 11Ç ob1ique circu1ar‚ 1\£ surface area‚ 161
ıangenıs‚ 1ßO‚ 1ß2–1ß£‚ rigkı circu1ar‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\£–1\\‚ vo1ume‚ 1\8–1\Ç
1ß8‚ 1£1–1£2‚ 18\‚ 1Ç1 162–16ß exıremes‚ 86‚ 1O2
ıkeorem‚ 1ß1–1ß£‚ 1ß6‚ ıoıa1 area of‚ 1\\‚ 162 definiıion of‚ 86
1£O–1£2 ıyges of‚ 1\£
circumference‚ Ç2‚ 8O–81‚ 8ß‚ vo1ume‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\£–1\\‚ 162 F
1£ß‚ 1Ç1 faces‚ 1aıera1‚ 1\6–1\Ç
base‚ 162 D definiıion of‚ 1£Ç
circ1e‚ 81‚ 8ß‚ 182 decagon‚ \Ç‚ 1Ç1 farmer‚ 182
cone‚ 1\Ç definiıion of‚ \Ç feeı‚ square‚ Ç2–Ç£
definiıion of‚ Ç2 figure‚ \8 figure
formu1as‚ 8O‚ 82‚ 1\£ deducıion‚ ß acuıe ang1e‚ 1£‚ £6–£Ç
gara11e1ogram‚ 82 degree‚ 1Ç1 acuıe ıriang1e‚ ßÇ‚ £O–£2
go1ygon‚ 8ß measure‚ 1£8‚ 18O–18ß adjacenı ang1e‚ 16
recıang1e‚ 82 denominaıor a1ıernaıe exıerior ang1es‚
square‚ 82 addiıion/subıracıion 2\‚ ßO
summary of‚ 82 grogerıy‚ 88‚ Çß a1ıernaıe inıerior ang1es‚
ıragezoid‚ 8ß Descarıes‚ flene‚ 16£ 2\‚ ßO
ıriang1e‚ 8ß diagona1‚ \Ç‚ 11£‚ 18ß‚ 1Ç1 a1ıiıude‚ ßÇ–£O‚ £2‚ 61‚ 116
cone‚ 1Ç£ figure‚ \Ç‚ 6ß ang1e‚ 1O–11‚ 1£‚ 28–ßO‚
a1ıiıude‚ 1\Ç–16O gara11e1ogram‚ 6ß‚ Ç\ ß2–ßß‚ \2‚ 12Ç‚ 1ß£‚
base‚ 1\Ç quadri1aıera1‚ 6ß 1£Ç‚ 181
circumference‚ 1\Ç recıang1e‚ 18£‚ 18Ç ang1e addiıion gosıu1aıe‚
figure‚ 1\Ç–16O‚ 162 square‚ 18ß 12‚ 1ß
formu1a‚ 1\Ç–16O diameıer‚ 8O‚ 11Ç‚ 122‚ 12£–12\‚ ang1e bisecıor ıkeorem‚ 1ß‚
1aıera1 area‚ 16O‚ 162‚ 186 1ßO–1ß1‚ 1ß£‚ 1ßÇ‚ £1–£2‚ Ç\
radius‚ 16O‚ 186 18Ç‚ 1Ç1 cowtiwued
ckord‚ 11Ç
figure (cowtiwued) nonadjacenı sugg1emenıary square gyramid‚ 1\Ç

arc‚ 12ß–12£‚ 1£ß‚ 1£Ç ang1e‚ 1Ç sıraigkı ang1e‚ 1\
arc addiıion gosıu1aıe‚ 12£ nonagon‚ \8 sugg1emenıary ang1e‚ 18
area‚ Ç£–Ç6 nonco11inear goinıs‚ £ surface‚ 161
associaıed arc‚ 12Ç nondiameıer ckords‚ 1ß\ ıangenı‚ 12O‚ 1ßO‚ 1ß2–1ß£‚
base‚ ß8 nonsıraigkı exıerior 1£1–1£2
base ang1e‚ ß8 ang1es‚ \Ç ıransversa1‚ 2£–28
cenıra1 ang1e‚ 121‚ 12Ç‚ 1££ obıuse ang1e‚ 1£ ıragezoid‚ 61‚ Ç8‚ 8ß
ckord‚ 12\‚ 1ß1–1ß2‚ obıuse ıriang1e‚ ßÇ‚ £O–£2 ıriang1e‚ ß£–ß\‚ £1‚ £6–£Ç‚
1ß\–1ßÇ ocıagon‚ \8 \2‚ \£‚ \8‚ Ç6‚ 8ß‚ 88‚
circ1e‚ 8O–81‚ 8ß‚ 11Ç–121‚ gara11e1 1ines‚ 2O‚ 2Ç‚ 2Ç‚ Ç1–ÇÇ‚ 1O1‚ 1Oß‚
12ß‚ 12\–128‚ 1ß1‚ ß1–ß2 1O\–1OÇ‚ 111‚ 11\‚ 1\1‚
1ß\–1£ß‚ 1£8‚ 161‚ gara11e1 g1anes‚ 2O‚ 21 16O‚ 181‚ 18ß–18\
18\‚ 186 gara11e1ogram‚ 61–6ß‚ Ç£‚ ıriang1e inequa1iıy
comg1emenıary ang1e‚ 1Ç–18 Ç6‚ Ç8‚ 82‚ 1Çß‚ 18£‚ Ç\\ ıkeorem‚ \ß–\£
congruenı ıriang1es‚ £ß–£\‚ genıagon‚ \8‚ 8O verıex‚ 166
£8–£Ç‚ 62 gerimeıer‚ Çß‚ Ç\‚ Ç8 verıex ang1e‚ ß8‚ £2‚ \1
consecuıive exıerior ang1es‚ gergendicu1ar 1ines‚ 2O verıica1 ang1e‚ 16
2\‚ ßO gergendicu1ar g1anes‚ 21 verıica1 1ine‚ 1Ç\
consecuıive inıerior ang1es‚ g1ane‚ \–6‚ 22‚ 2£ vo1ume‚ 161
2\‚ ßO goinı‚ 6‚ 8 form
consecuıive sides‚ \6 go1ygon‚ \6‚ \Ç‚ \Ç‚ ÇÇ‚ 8ß goinı~s1oge‚ 1Ç6‚ 1ÇÇ
coordinaıe axes‚ 16\ grism‚ 1\O s1oge~inıercegı‚ 1ÇÇ‚
corresgonding ang1es‚ 2\‚ ßO groıracıor gosıu1aıe‚ 12 1ÇÇ‚ 18Ç
cube‚ 1\2 ¶yıkagorean ıkeorem‚ sıandard‚ 1ÇÇ
cy1inder‚ 1\£ 1O6–1OÇ‚ 166 formu1a
decagon‚ \8 quadranıs‚ 16\ AA simi1ariıy gosıu1aıe‚
degree measure‚ 12ß–12£‚ quadri1aıera1‚ 6ß‚ 8Ç–ÇO‚ 1Çß Ç1‚ Çß
18O–181 radius‚ 1ß\ acuıe ıriang1e‚ 112
diagona1‚ \Ç‚ 6ß ray‚ 1O a1ıiıude‚ 1\O‚ 1\ß
diameıer‚ 122‚ 12\‚ 1ßO‚ recıang1e‚ Çß‚ Ç£‚ 82‚ ang1e‚ 1ß‚ ß\‚ £\
1ß6–1ßÇ 1\£‚ 166 ang1e bisecıor ıkeorem‚ Ç\
disıance formu1a‚ 16Ç regu1ar kexagona1 gyramid‚ area‚ Çß–82‚ 1\Ç
equiangu1ar quadri1aıera1‚ \8 1\6 base‚ 1\ß
equiangu1ar ıriang1e‚ ß8‚ \1 regu1ar gyramid‚ 162 circ1e‚ 8O–81
equi1aıera1 quadri1aıera1‚ \8 regu1ar square gyramid‚ 1\6 circumference‚ 8O–81‚ 1\£
equi1aıera1 ıriang1e‚ ß6‚ 116 regu1ar ıriangu1ar cone‚ 1\Ç–16O
exıerior ang1e‚ ß\ gyramid‚ 1\6 coordinaıe geomeıry‚ 1Ç8
geomeıric mean‚ 1O£‚ 1O\ rigkı ang1e‚ 1£ corresgonding garıs‚ £ß
kegıagon‚ \8 rigkı circu1ar cone‚ corresgonding sides‚ ££
kexagon‚ \8‚ 6O‚ ÇÇ‚ 8ß 1\Ç–16O‚ 162 cross~groducıs grogerıy‚ 88‚
kygoıenuse‚ ßÇ‚ £6‚ rigkı circu1ar cy1inder‚ 1Oß‚ 1O6‚ 1£1‚ 1Ç2‚ 1Ç6
1O6–1O8‚ 116 1\\‚ 162 cy1inder‚ 1\£–1\\
inscribed ang1e‚ 126‚ rigkı kexagona1 grism‚ 1\O denominaıor
128–12Ç rigkı grism‚ 162 addiıion/subıracıion
inıercegıed arc‚ 126 inıerior rigkı recıangu1ar grism‚ 1\2 grogerıy‚ 88‚ Çß
ang1e‚ \Ç–6O inıersecıing rigkı ıriang1e‚ ßÇ‚ ßÇ‚ £O–£2‚ disıance‚ 16Ç–16Ç
ckords‚ 1ßß–1ß£ inıersecıing £6‚ \ß exıerior ang1e‚ \Ç
1ines‚ 1Ç‚ 2£ isosce1es rigkı ıriangu1ar grism‚ 1\1 geomeıric mean‚ 1Oß
ıragezoida1 rigkı sca1ane ıriang1e‚ ßÇ kygoıenuse‚ 1O8–1OÇ‚
grism‚ 1\ß secanı‚ 12O‚ 1ß2–1ß£‚ 11£‚ 1\1
isosce1es ıriang1e‚ ß6‚ ß8‚ £2‚ 1£O–1£2 isosce1es rigkı ıriang1e‚ 11ß
\O–\1‚ 11ß–11£ secıor‚ 1£\–1£Ç 1aıera1 area‚ 1\O‚ 1\£‚
1eg‚ ß8 segmenı‚ 1£Ç‚ 16Ç 1\8–1\Ç
1ine‚ £‚ Ç–Ç‚ 2\‚ ßß‚ 11Ç‚ 121 segmenı addiıion 1inear equaıion‚ 1Ç£
1inear equaıion‚ 1Ç\ gosıu1aıe‚ 88 midgoinı‚ 168–1ÇO‚ 1Ç8
LL ıkeorem‚ £Ç semicirc1e‚ 122–12ß‚ 128 w~gon‚ ÇÇ–81
major arc‚ 12ß side~sg1iııer ıkeorem‚ Çß–Ç£ nonadjacenı comg1emenıary
median‚ £1–£2‚ \O–61 s1oge‚ 1ÇO–1Ç1‚ 1Ç6 ang1es‚ 1Ç
minor arc‚ 122‚ 1ß\‚ 1ßÇ soug can‚ 1\£ obıuse ıriang1e‚ 112
nonadjacenı comg1emenıary sgkere‚ 162 gara11e1ogram‚ Ç6‚ Ç8‚ 1Çß
ang1e‚ 1Ç square‚ Çß‚ 82‚ 11£‚ gerimeıer‚ Çß‚ Ç\‚ ÇÇ‚ 82‚
18\–186 1OO‚ 1\O–1\1‚ 1\8
Index 1RR
goinı~s1oge form‚ sıraigkı‚ £‚ 16£
1Ç6–1ÇÇ‚ 1ÇÇ
H ıkeorem‚ Ç
kegıagon‚ 1Ç2
go1ygon‚ \\–6O verıica1‚ 16£‚ 1Ç1–1Ç2‚
grism‚ 1\1‚ 1\ß figure‚ \8 1Ç£–1Ç\
kexagon‚ 1Ç2
grogorıion‚ 86–8Ç
gyramid‚ 1\Ç‚ 1\8 definiıion of‚ \Ç
figure‚ \8‚ 6O‚ ÇÇ‚ 8ß
M
¶yıkagorean ıkeorem‚ 111‚ Maık for Morons Like Us Web
11ß–11£‚ 16O regu1ar‚ 6O
Hungry Minds‚ 188 siıe‚ 18Ç
¶yıkagorean ırig1e‚ 1Ç£ mean‚ 1O2
quadri1aıera1‚ 182 kygoıenuse‚ ß8‚ £6‚ 1O2–1O£‚
1O6–11O‚ 11ß‚ 116–11Ç‚ definiıion of‚ 86
recıang1e‚ Ç£‚ 82 geomeıric‚ 1Ç2
1\1‚ 16Ç‚ 18ß–18£‚ 1Ç2
regu1ar go1ygon‚ 6O grogorıiona1‚ 1O2‚ 1Ç2
figure‚ ßÇ‚ £6‚ 1O6–1O8‚ 116
rigkı ıriang1e‚ 11£ mean~exıreme grogerıy‚ 8£‚ 86
formu1a‚ 1O8–1OÇ‚ 11£‚ 1\1
sca1ene ıriang1e‚ 111–112 measure‚ degree‚ 18O–181
1engık of‚ 1OÇ‚ 11O‚ 11\
segmenı addiıion gosıu1aıe‚ median‚ ßÇ–£O‚ £2–£ß‚ \O‚ Ç\
raıio‚ 1O£
88‚ 1O6–1OÇ figure‚ £1–£2‚ \O‚ 61
semicirc1e‚ 12\ square of‚ 1OÇ
ıkeorem‚ 16Ç ıragezoid‚ 61
simi1ar ıriang1es‚ Ç2 Xerritt Geometry: flppticatiows
s1oge‚ 1Ç1‚ 1Çß‚ 1Ç8‚ 1Ç\ ıriang1e‚ 1O£‚ 11\‚ 16Ç
awd Cowwectiows, 188
s1oge~inıercegı form‚ midgoinı‚ Ç‚ 16£‚ 1Ç8–1ÇÇ‚ 182
1ÇÇ–1ÇÇ I coordinaıes‚ Ç‚ 16Ç
sgkere‚ 161 inck
definiıion of‚ Ç
square‚ Çß‚ 1\8 cubic‚ 1\ß‚ 1Ç1 equaıion‚ 1Ç8
sıandard form‚ 1ÇÇ‚ 1ÇÇ square‚ Ç2‚ 1ÇO
formu1a‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Ç8
surface‚ 161 inıerior sgace‚ 1\2 segmenı‚ Ç‚ 168
ıkeorem‚ 1OÇ
ıoıa1 area‚ 1\\–1\Ç L F
ıragezoid‚ Ç8‚ 1\ß 1aıera1
w~gon‚ ÇÇ‚ 1Çß
ıriang1e‚ ß\–ß6‚ ££–£\‚ area‚ 1\O‚ 1\2‚ 1\£–1\\‚ formu1a‚ 8O–81
Ç6–ÇÇ‚ ÇÇ‚ 1O8–111‚ 1\8–16O‚ 186‚ 1Ç2
gerimeıer‚ ÇÇ
11\‚ 1\ß edge‚ 1£Ç–1\O‚ 1Ç2 nonagon‚ 1Çß
ıriang1e inequa1iıy ıkeorem‚ face‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\6‚ 1Ç2
convex‚ 6O
\£‚ 111 1eg‚ ß8 definiıion of‚ \Ç
vo1ume‚ 1\ß‚ 1\\‚ 1\8–161 1engık figure‚ \8
fracıion‚ 1‚ 1OO formu1a‚ 8 regu1ar‚ 182
1ine segmenı‚ 8
number ıkeory‚ 1O2
G 1ine
co11inear‚ 16Ç
geomeıric mean‚ 1O2–1O\
definiıion of‚ 1Oß coordinaıes of‚ 1Ç2
O
ocıagon‚ 1Çß
figure‚ 1O£‚ 1O\ definiıion of‚ ß‚ £
equaıions of‚ 16£‚ definiıion of‚ \Ç
formu1a‚ 1Oß figure‚ \8
raıio‚ 1O£–1O\ 1Çß–1Ç£‚ 1Ç6
figure‚ £‚ Ç–Ç‚ 1Ç–2O‚ 2£‚ ordered gair‚ 16\–166‚ 168‚
geomeıric so1ids‚ 1£Ç–16ß 1Ç2–1Çß
figures‚ 162 2Ç‚ 2Ç‚ ß1–ßß‚ 11Ç‚ 121
korizonıa1‚ 1Ç2‚ origin‚ 16\‚ 1Çß
geomeıry definiıion of‚ 16\
bridge consırucıion‚ ÇÇ 1Ç£–1Ç\‚ 18Ç
inıercegıs of‚ 16£
coordinaıe‚ 16£–1ÇÇ
definiıion of‚ Ç inıersecıing‚ Ç‚ 1Ç‚ 2£‚
P
Çß–Ç£‚ 1Ç2 gara11e1ogram
fundamenıa1 ideas‚ ß–2ß
midgoinı of‚ Ç area‚ Ç\–Ç6
kisıory of‚ 1‚ ß
nonverıica1‚ 1Ç2‚ 1Ç6–1ÇÇ base‚ 61‚ Ç£–Ç\‚ 1ÇO
grerequisiıes‚ 1
gara11e1‚ 1Ç–2O‚ 2ß–ßß‚ Ç1‚ circumference‚ 82
rai1road consırucıion‚ ÇÇ
Çß‚ 1O1‚ 16£‚ 1ÇO‚ definiıion of‚ 61
reference books‚ 188
1Ç2–1Çß‚ 1ÇÇ‚ 18O‚ diagona1‚ 6ß‚ Ç\
sıandardized ıesıs‚ 1
186‚ 1Çß figure‚ 61–6ß‚ Ç£–Ç6‚ Ç8‚
web siıes‚ 18Ç
gergendicu1ar‚ 1Ç‚ 2Ç‚ 16£‚ 82‚ 1Çß‚ 18£
Geometry Review Guide, 188
1Ç2–1Çß‚ 1ÇÇ‚ 18O‚ 18ß‚ formu1a‚ Ç6‚ Ç8‚ 1Çß
gragk‚ 166 coordinaıe‚
186‚ 1Çß keigkı of‚ Ç£–Ç\‚ 1Ç2
166 definiıion of‚
g1ane‚ 186 nonbase‚ Ç£
166 equaıion‚ 1Çß–
goinıs‚ £‚ 6‚ 18O gerimeıer of‚ Ç2‚ Ç\‚ 82‚ 18£
1Ç£
gosıu1aıe‚ 6–Ç quadri1aıera1‚ 6ß
Creeks‚ 8O
segmenı‚ Ç–Ç‚ 16£‚ 16Ç‚ 1Çß sgecia1‚ \\
s1oge of‚ 16£‚ 1ÇO–1Çß‚ 1Ç\‚ cowtiwued
1ÇÇ‚ 1Ç\
gara11e1ogram (cowtiwued) gosıu1aıe‚ 6–Ç definiıion of‚ 1£Ç

ıkeorem‚ 62 ıangency‚ 11Ç‚ 1ßO‚ 1ß2 figure‚ 1\O– 1\ß‚ 162
ıragezoid‚ Ç8 goinı~s1oge form‚ 1Ç6–1ÇÇ‚ formu1a‚ 1\1‚ 1\ß
ıriang1e‚ Ç\ 1ÇÇ‚ 1Çß isosce1es ıragezoida1
genıagon‚ 182‚ 1Çß formu1a‚ 1Ç6–1ÇÇ‚ 1ÇÇ rigkı‚ 1\ß
area of‚ 8O go1ygon 1aıera1 area of‚ 1\O‚ 162‚ 1Ç2
definiıion of‚ \Ç ang1e sum‚ \8 1aıera1 edges of‚ 1Ç2
genıagon (cowtiwued) agoıkem‚ ÇÇ‚ 1ÇO 1aıera1 faces of‚ 1Ç2
figure‚ ß\‚ \8‚ 8O area‚ 81 ob1ique‚ 1£Ç‚ 1Çß
gerimeıer of‚ 8O cenıer‚ ÇÇ‚ 1ÇO ob1ique genıagona1‚ 1\O
regu1ar‚ 8O‚ 182 circumference‚ 8ß rigkı‚ 1£Ç–1\1‚ 162‚
gerimeıer‚ Ç2‚ Ç\‚ ÇÇ– ÇÇ‚ 116‚ c1assifying‚ \\ 1Ç1‚ 1Ç£
1\1‚ 182‚ 1Çß concave‚ \\–\6‚ 182‚ 1ÇO rigkı kexagona1‚ 1\O
base‚ 162 congruenı‚ 8£‚ 8Ç rigkı recıangu1ar‚ 1\2
circ1e‚ 8ß consecuıive sides‚ 1Ç1 rigkı ıriangu1ar‚ 1\O
comgarison of‚ 1OO convex‚ \\–\6‚ \Ç–6O‚ 1Ç1 so1id‚ 1\£
definiıion of‚ Ç2 definiıion of‚ \\ square‚ 1Ç1
diagram‚ 182 diagona1 of‚ \Ç exıerior ıoıa1 area of‚ 1\1‚ 162
figure‚ Çß‚ Ç\‚ Ç8 ang1e of‚ \Ç figure‚ \6– ıriangu1ar‚ 1\1
formu1as‚ Ç2–Çß‚ Ç\‚ ÇÇ‚ 82‚ \Ç‚ \Ç formu1a‚ \Ç–6O ıyges of‚ 1\O
1OO‚ 1\O–1\1‚ 1\8 non~convex‚ \\–\6 vo1ume‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\2–1\ß‚ 162
w~gon‚ ÇÇ number of sides‚ \Ç grogerıy
gara11e1ogram‚ Ç2‚ Ç\‚ gara11e1ogram‚ 61–6ß cross~groducıs‚ 8£‚ 86–88‚
82‚ 18£ garıs of‚ \6‚ ÇÇ ÇO‚ Ç£–Ç6‚ Ç8–ÇÇ‚ 1Oß‚
go1ygon‚ Ç2‚ ÇÇ‚ 8ß gerimeıer of‚ Ç2‚ ÇÇ‚ 8ß 1O6‚ 1ß8‚ 1£O–1£1‚
raıio‚ ÇÇ‚ ÇÇ recıang1e‚ grism‚ 1£Ç 1Ç2‚ 1Ç6
Ç2–Ç£‚ 82 square‚ Ç2– grogorıion‚ 8£ denominaıor
Çß‚ 82‚ 18ß sum of‚ radius of‚ ÇÇ‚ 1Ç£ addiıion/subıracıion‚
1OO raıio‚ 8Ç 88‚ Çß
summary of‚ 82 regu1ar‚ \8‚ 6O‚ ÇÇ‚ 81‚ 8ß‚ formu1a‚ Çß‚ 1Oß‚ 1O6‚ 1£1‚
symbo1 of‚ Ç2 118‚ 1Ç£ 1Ç2‚ 1Ç6
ıragezoid‚ Ç2‚ ÇÇ–Ç8‚ 8ß sides of‚ ÇÇ mean~exıreme‚ 8£‚ 86
ıriang1e‚ Ç2‚ Ç6‚ 8ß‚ ÇÇ‚ 182 simi1ar‚ 8£‚ 8Ç–ÇO‚ Çß‚ 1Ç£ means or exıremes
gkysics‚ 1‚ 18Ç sgecia1 quadri1aıera1s‚ 6O swiıcking‚ 8Ç
g1ane ıragezoid‚ 61 raıio‚ Ç\‚ Ç8–ÇÇ
coordinaıe‚ 16\‚ 1Çß‚ 1Ç1 verıex‚ 1ÇO swiıcking‚ 8Ç
definiıion of‚ \ gosıu1aıe grogorıion‚ 8£‚ 86–8Ç‚ Çß‚ Ç\‚
endgoinı‚ 1ÇO AA simi1ariıy‚ 8£‚ ÇO–Ç1‚ 1££‚ 1Ç£
figure‚ \–6‚ 21–22‚ 2£ Çß‚ 1Oß definiıion of‚ 8£‚ 86
keigkı‚ \ ang1e addiıion‚ 12 exıremes of‚ 86‚ 1Ç2
kisıory of‚ ß arc addiıion‚ 12£‚ 12Ç formu1a‚ 86
inıersecı‚ 22 ASA‚ £\ means of‚ 86‚ 1Çß
1engık‚ \ circ1e‚ 12Ç gosiıion‚ 1O2
1ine‚ 186 coordinaıe‚ Ç grogerıies of‚ 86
numbers‚ 16£ definiıion of‚ \ raıio‚ 86
gara11e1‚ 2O‚ 22‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Çß HL‚ £6 ıriang1e‚ 8£‚ Ç£
gergendicu1ar‚ 2O– 22‚ 186‚ 1ine‚ \–Ç gyramid
1ÇO‚ 1Çß gara11e1‚ 2£‚ 26‚ ß\ a1ıiıude of‚ 1\6‚ 1ÇO
goinıs‚ \‚ 16£‚ 1Ç1 g1ane‚ \–Ç goinıs‚ base of‚ 1\6‚ 1\8
gosıu1aıe‚ 6–Ç \–Ç groıracıor‚ definiıion of‚ 1\6
widık‚ \ 11–12 ru1er‚ Ç figures‚ 1\6–1\Ç‚ 162
goinı SAS‚ ££ formu1a‚ 1\Ç–1\8
co11inear‚ £‚ 1Ç1 segmenı addiıion‚ 8‚ 88‚ Çß‚ 1aıera1 area‚ 1\Ç‚ 162
coordinaıes of‚ 16£‚ 1Ç1‚ 1O6–1OÇ go1ygon‚ 1\6
1Ç£‚ 1Ç1 grism regu1ar‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\6‚ 1\8–1\Ç‚
definiıion of‚ ß–£ a1ıiıude of‚ 1\O‚ 162–16ß‚ 1Ç£
disıance‚ 8 1\2–1\ß‚ 1ÇO base‚ regu1ar kexagona1‚ 1\6
equidisıanı‚ Ç 1\O–1\1‚ 1ÇO regu1ar go1ygon‚ 1\6
inıerior‚ 1ÇO congruenı bases‚ 1\1 regu1ar square‚ 1\6
1ine‚ £‚ 6‚ 18O cube‚ 1\2–1\ß regu1ar ıriangu1ar‚ 1\6
nonco11inear‚ £–6‚ 1Çß s1anı keigkı of‚ 1\Ç‚ 1Ç£
g1ane‚ \ square‚ 1\Ç–1\8
Index 201
ıoıa1 area‚ 1\Ç‚ 162 ray‚ Ç‚ 1O‚ Ç\‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Ç£ semicirc1e‚ 122–12\‚ 12Ç–128‚
verıex of‚ 1\6‚ 1Ç\ definiıion of‚ Ç 1ß£‚ 1Ç1‚ 1Ç£
vo1ume‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\Ç‚ 162–16ß endgoinı‚ Ç‚ 1ÇO segıagon‚ 1Ç£
¶yıkagorean figure‚ 1O definiıion of‚ \Ç
idenıiıies‚ 1O2 symbo1 of‚ Ç See kegıagon
ıkeorem‚ 1O2‚ 1O6–11O‚ recıang1e‚ \\‚ Ç2‚ 82‚ 1\£‚ 166‚ side
11ß–11£‚ 1ß8‚ 16O‚ 16ß‚ 18£–18\‚ 1Ç£ comgarison of‚ 111
16Ç‚ 1Ç£ a1ıiıude of‚ 1\£ consecuıive‚ \6‚ Çß
ırig1es‚ 1O2‚ 1O8–1OÇ‚ 1Ç£ area of‚ Çß–Ç£‚ 8ß‚ 1\£ corresgonding‚ ££‚ 8Ç‚
base‚ 8ß Ç£–Ç\‚ ÇÇ‚ ÇÇ‚ 1O£
Q circumference‚ 82 figure‚ \6
quadranıs‚ 16\‚ 1Ç£ diagona1‚ 18£‚ 18Ç raıio‚ ÇÇ
definiıion of‚ 16\ equi1aıera1‚ 18£ square‚ 11£
figure‚ 16\ figure‚ Çß–Ç£‚ 82‚ 1\£‚ 166 ıriang1e‚ 1O2‚ 11O‚
quadri1aıera1 definiıion of‚ formu1a‚ Ç£‚ ÇÇ 112–11ß‚ 116
\Ç diagona1‚ 6ß keigkı of‚ 1\£ s1anı keigkı‚ 1\6–1\Ç‚ 16O–16ß
equiangu1ar‚ \Ç–\8 1engık of‚ 18£ s1oge‚ 16£‚ 1ÇO–1Çß‚ 1Ç8
figure‚ \8‚ 6ß‚ 8Ç‚ 1Çß gerimeıer of‚ Ç2–Ç£‚ 82–8ß defined‚ 1ÇO
formu1a‚ 182 so1id‚ 186 equaıion‚ 1Ç8
gara11e1ogram‚ 6ß verıex of‚ 166‚ 18Ç figure‚ 1ÇO–1Ç1‚ 1Ç6
simi1ar‚ 8Ç–ÇO re1aıionskigs formu1a‚ 1Ç1‚ 1Çß‚ 1Ç8
sgecia1‚ \\‚ 6O ang1e‚ 1£6–1£Ç 1ine‚ 16£‚ 1Ç\‚ 1ÇÇ
ıragezoid‚ ÇÇ arc 1engık‚ 1£6–1£Ç negaıive‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Ç2
area‚ ÇÇ gosiıive‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Ç2
R secıor‚ 1£6–1£Ç gossibi1iıies of‚ 1ÇO
radius‚ ÇÇ‚ 81‚ 8ß‚ 11Ç‚ 121‚ 1ß\‚ segmenı‚ 1£6–1£Ç groducıs of‚ 1Ç2
16O‚ 16ß‚ 182‚ 186 square‚ 111 ıkeorem‚ 1Ç8
circ1e‚ 8O‚ 11Ç‚ 1££‚ 1£6‚ rkombus‚ \\‚ 182‚ 1Ç£ undefined‚ 1Ç1–1Ç2
1£8‚ 162 flick‚ Barneıı‚ 188 zero‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Ç2
figure‚ 1ß\ ru1ers‚ 182 s1oge~inıercegı form‚ 1ÇÇ‚ 1ÇÇ‚
sgkere of‚ 161‚ 16ß 18Ç‚ 1Ç\
symbo1 of‚ 11Ç 3 formu1a‚ 1ÇÇ–1ÇÇ
raıio‚ 8£–8\‚ Ç£–Ç\ sca1e facıor‚ ÇÇ–1OO so1id
ang1es‚ 8\‚ 1O1 Schaums Outtiwe of Geometry, 188 cubes‚ 1\2
area‚ Ç8–1OO secanı‚ 11Ç–12O‚ 1ßO‚ geomeıric‚ 1£Ç– 16ß
circ1e‚ 1£ß 1ß2–1ß£‚ 1ß8 inıerior sgace of‚ 1\2
cross~groducıs grogerıy‚ figure‚ 12O‚ 1ß2–1ß£‚ grism~skaged‚ 1\£
Ç\–Ç6‚ Ç8–ÇÇ 1£O–1£1 recıang1e‚ 186
definiıion of‚ 8£ segmenı‚ 1ßÇ–1£O‚ 1£2 vo1ume of‚ 1\2
denominaıor subıracıion secıor‚ 1Ç£ sgkere‚ 1£Ç‚ 162‚ 1Ç\
grogerıy‚ Çß area of‚ 1£\–1£6 cenıer of‚ 161
formaıs‚ 8\ circ1e‚ 1£\ figure‚ 162
geomeıric mean‚ 1O£‚ 1O\ figure‚ 1£Ç formu1a‚ 161
kygoıenuse‚ 1O£ re1aıionskigs‚ 1£6–1£Ç 1aıera1 area‚ 162
gerimeıer‚ ÇÇ‚ ÇÇ summary of‚ 1£6–1£Ç radius of‚ 161‚ 16ß‚ 186
go1ygon‚ 8Ç segmenı See circ1e‚ 1ÇO
grogerıy‚ Ç6 circ1e‚ 1\£ surface‚ 161
grogorıion‚ 86 corresgonding‚ Ç\–Ç6 surface area‚ 161–162‚ 186
segmenı addiıion endgoinıs‚ Ç‚ 1ÇÇ ıoıa1 area‚ 162
gosıu1aıe‚ Çß figure‚ 1£Ç‚ 16Ç vo1ume of‚ 1£Ç‚
segmenıs‚ 8\ 1engık of‚ 8 161–162‚ 186
side‚ ÇÇ‚ 1O£ 1ine‚ Ç‚ 16£ square‚ \\‚ Ç2‚ 82‚ 1\8‚ 1Ç\
side~sg1iııer ıkeorem‚ Ç£ midgoinı‚ Ç‚ 168 area of‚ Çß–Ç£‚ 18ß
simi1ar quadri1aıera1s‚ 8Ç gergendicu1ar‚ 1ÇO circumference‚ 82
simi1ar ıriang1es‚ Ç1 gosıu1aıe‚ 8 diagona1 of‚ 11£‚ 18ß
sugg1emenıary ang1es‚ 8\ raıio‚ 8\ edges‚ 182
ıkeorem‚ Ç6‚ 1O£–1O\ re1aıionskigs‚ 1£6–1£Ç figure‚ Çß‚ 82‚ 11£‚ 18\‚ 186
ıriang1e‚ Ç8–ÇÇ‚ secanı‚ 1ßÇ–1£2 formu1a‚ Çß–Ç£‚ 1\8
1O£–1O\‚ 18ß summary of‚ 1£6–1£Ç gerimeıer of‚ Ç2–Çß‚ 82‚ 18ß
ugside~down grogerıy‚ 8Ç ıangenı‚ 1£1–1£2 grism‚ 1Ç1
ıriang1e‚ 182 gyramid‚ 1\6–1\8
verıex‚ 1ÇO cowtiwued
square (cowtiwued) circumference‚ 8ß sides‚ 1O2‚ 11O–11ß‚ 116‚

re1aıionskig‚ 111 definiıion of‚ 61 181‚ 18\
sides‚ 11£ figure‚ 61‚ Ç8‚ 8ß‚ 1\ß simi1ar‚ ÇO–Ç2‚ Ç£–ÇÇ‚
verıex‚ 1\Ç formu1a‚ Ç8‚ 1\ß ÇÇ–1OO
sıandard form‚ 1ÇÇ keigkı of‚ 61‚ ÇÇ‚ 1\ß simi1ar rigkı‚ Ç2
formu1a‚ 1ÇÇ‚ 1ÇÇ isosce1es‚ 1\ß‚ 1Ç2 ıkeorem‚ ß£
sıeegness‚ 1ÇO 1egs of‚ 1Ç2 verıex‚ 168
subıracıion‚ 16Ç median‚ \\‚ 61 ırigonomeıry‚ 1O2‚ 16£
gara11e1ogram‚ Ç8
T gerimeıer of‚ Ç2‚ ÇÇ–Ç8‚ 8ß U
ıangenı‚ 11Ç–12O‚ 1ßO‚ quadri1aıera1s‚ ÇÇ Universiıy of Texas aı Ausıin‚ 18Ç
1ß2–1ß£‚ 1ß8‚ 18\‚ 1Ç\ ugside~down‚ Ç8 ugside~down grogerıy‚ 8Ç
common‚ 12O‚ 1Ç1 ıriang1e
exıerna1 common‚ 12O‚ 1Ç2 acuıe‚ ßÇ‚ £O–£2‚ 11O–112‚ Y
inıerna1 common‚ 12O‚ 1Ç2 1ÇO verıex‚ 1O–11‚ ß£‚ ß8– £O‚ \O‚
goinı‚ 1Çß a1ıiıude of‚ ß£‚ 1O2–1O£‚ \6‚ 121‚ 126–12Ç‚ 1£Ç‚
segmenı‚ 1£1–1£2 116‚ 1\6‚ 18ß‚ 1ÇO 1\6–1\Ç‚ 168‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Ç\
ıanks ang1e sum‚ ß\ figure‚ £2‚ 166
oi1‚ 1£Ç ang1es of‚ 18ß nonconsecuıive‚ 1Ç1
rigkı circu1ar cy1inder‚ 1£Ç area of‚ Ç6–ÇÇ‚ ÇÇ–1O1 gyramid‚ 1\6
ıkeorem base‚ ÇÇ‚ Ç8‚ 1ÇO segmenı‚ 1ÇO
AAS‚ £\ bisecıor‚ ß£ square‚ 1\Ç
ang1e bisecıor‚ 8£‚ Ç\ circumference‚ 8ß ıriang1e‚ 168
arc‚ 1ß\ c1assificaıion‚ ß6 vo1ume‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\\‚ 16O‚ 1Ç\
ckord‚ 1ß\‚ 1ßÇ cone‚ 16O area‚ 1\ß
circ1e‚ 1ß2–1ß£‚ 1ß6‚ 1£2 congruenı‚ £ß‚ £8‚ \£‚ 62‚ cone‚ 1£Ç‚ 1\Ç
converse‚ 28–2Ç Ç\‚ 11£‚ 1Ç1 cy1inder‚ 162
coordinaıes‚ 168 corresgonding garıs of‚ 1Ç1 equaıion‚ 1\8–1\Ç
definiıion of‚ \ definiıion of‚ ß£‚ \Ç figure‚ 161
diameıer‚ 1ß£ equiangu1ar‚ \1‚ 1Ç1 formu1a‚ 1\ß‚ 1\\‚ 1\8–161
formu1a‚ \£‚ Ç\‚ 1OÇ‚ 111‚ equi1aıera1‚ ß£‚ ß6‚ ß8‚ 116‚ grism‚ 1£Ç
11£‚ 16O 18ß‚ 18\‚ 1Ç1 gyramid‚ 16ß
HA‚ £6 exıerior ang1e of‚ ß\–ß6‚ 1Ç2 regu1ar gyramid‚ 1£Ç
kygoıenuse‚ 1\1‚ 16Ç keigkı‚ Ç8‚ 1\2 rigkı circu1ar cy1inder‚ 1£Ç
LA‚ £Ç kygoıenuse‚ 1O2– 1O£‚ so1id‚ 1\2
1aıera1 area‚ 1\O‚ 1\Ç 1OÇ–1O8‚ 11ß‚ 11\–11Ç‚ sgkere‚ 1£Ç‚ 161‚ 186
1ine segmenı‚ Ç 16Ç‚ 18ß ıkeorem‚ 1\8–1\Ç‚ 161
LL‚ £6–£Ç inequa1iıies‚ \2
midgoinı‚ \\ isosce1es‚ ß£‚ ß6‚ ß8‚ £2‚ W
gara11e1 1ines‚ 26 \O–\1‚ 8ß‚ 1O2‚ 112‚ 18ß‚ web siıes
gara11e1ogram‚ 62 1ÇO‚ 1Ç2‚ 1Ç\ Ask a Quesıion‚ 18Ç
¶yıkagorean‚ 1O2‚ 1O6‚–11O‚ isosce1es rigkı‚ 112–11\‚ C1iffsNoıes‚ 2‚ 188–18Ç
11ß–11£‚ 1ß8‚ 16O‚ 16ß‚ 11Ç‚ 18£ Dummies‚ 188
16Ç‚ 1Ç£ 1egs of‚ 1O£‚ 1O8‚ 1\2‚ 1Ç2 geomeıry‚ 18Ç
raıio‚ Ç£‚ Ç6‚ 1O£–1O\ 1engık of‚ ÇÇ‚ 11O–111‚ 181 Hungry Minds‚ 188
semicirc1e‚ 1ß£ median of‚ ß£‚ £1‚ 1Çß maıkemaıics‚ 18Ç
side~sg1iııer‚ 8£‚ Çß–Ç£ obıuse‚ ßÇ‚ £O–£2‚ 11O‚ Universiıy of Texas aı Ausıin‚
s1oge‚ 1Ç8 111–112‚ 11Ç‚ 1Çß 18Ç
surface area‚ 161 gara11e1ogram‚ Ç\
ıoıa1 area‚ 1\1‚ 1\\‚
1\8–1\Ç
gerimeıer of‚ Ç2‚ Ç6‚ 8ß‚
ÇÇ–1OO‚ 116‚ 182
X
x~axis‚ 16£–16\‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Ç\
ıragezoid‚ \\ grogorıion‚ 8£‚ Ç£
x~coordinaıe‚ 16\‚ 1Ç\
ıriang1e inequa1iıy‚ ß£‚ grogorıiona1 garıs of‚ Çß
x~inıercegı‚ 1Ç£–1Ç\‚ 1Ç\
\ß–\£‚ 111 raıio‚ Ç1‚ Ç8–ÇÇ‚ 1O2‚
1O£–1O\‚ 11\‚ 18ß
vo1ume‚ 1\ß‚ 1\8–1\Ç‚ 161
ıransversa1‚ 2£–2Ç‚ ß1–ß2‚ Ç1‚ rigkı‚ ßÇ–£2‚ £6‚ \ß‚ Ç6‚ Ç8‚
Y
1O2–11Ç‚ 1\2‚ 16O‚ y~axis‚ 16£–16\‚ 1ÇO‚ 1Ç\
18O‚ 1Ç\
18ß–18£‚ 1Ç2 y~coordinaıe‚ 16\‚ 18Ç‚ 1Ç\
ang1e‚ 1ÇO–1Ç1
same‚ 1Ç1 y~inıercegı‚ 1Ç£–1Ç\‚ 1Ç\
figure‚ 2\–28
ıragezoid sca1ene‚ ß£‚ ß6–ßÇ‚ 111‚
a1ıiıude of‚ 61 112‚ 11Ç‚ 1Ç£
base‚ ÇÇ‚ 1ÇO segmenıs‚ 182–18ß
base ang1es‚ 1ÇO

Cliffs Quick Review Geometry

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Geome5ry

The essentials Trom the experts at

CliTTsNote-A-Day ™ tips at cliTTsnotes.com

An Inıernaıiona1 Daıa Croug Comgany

is a ırademark of Hungry Minds‚ Inc.

Chapter 3: Triangles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -34

Chapter R: Geometric Solids - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -14R

CQR Resource Center - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -188

Why You Feed This BooL

If so‚ ıken C1iffs Quick fleview Geometry is for you!

How to Use This BooL

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Aı www.c1s11xno5ex.com‚ you can even regisıer for a new feaıure ca11ed

Undersıanding wkaı is meanı by goinı‚ 1ine‚ and g1ane

Points, Lines, and Planes

Figure 1-1 Three points.

Figure 1-2 Two lines.

Figure 1-3 Three collinear points and three noncollinear points.

Figure 1-4 Two planes.

Postulates and Theorems

Figure 1-5 Illustrations of Postulates 1-0 and Theorems 1-3.

lies in plane . Plane and plane intersect

There is another point besides One plane contains and .

One plane contains and . Lines and intersect at and

3egments, Midpoints, and Rays

Figure 1-6 Line segment.

Figure 1-7 Distance between two points.

Kxamqle 2: In Tigure 1~8‚ find ıke 1engık of QU.

Figure 1-8 Length of a line segment.

Figure 1-R Addition of lengths of line segments.

Kxamqle $: In Tigure 1~1O‚ fl 1ies beıween C and T. Tind CT if Cfl = \

Figure 1-10 Addition of lengths of line segments.

Because fl 1ies beıween C and T, ¶osıu1aıe 8 ıe11s you

Figure 1-11 Midpoint of a line segment.

R is ıke midgoinı of QS because QR = RS or because QR = 1/ 2QS or

Figure 1-12 Midpoint of a line segment.

Tke midgoinı of KR wou1d be 2£ or 12 sgaces from eiıker K or R.

Figure 1-13 Ray AB.

Figure 1-14 Ray CD.

Angles and Angle Pairs

Figure 1-15 BAC.

Tke symbo1 is used ıo denoıe an ang1e. Tke symbo1 m is someıimes

By ıke 1eııer of ıke verıex—ıkerefore‚ ıke ang1e in Tigure 1~16 cou1d

Figure 1-17 Different names for the same angle.

(a) ß is ıke same as IXJ or JXI;

Figure 1-18 Using the Protractor Postulate.

Kxamqle G: Use Tigure 1~1Ç ıo find ıke fo11owing: (a) m SOM,

Figure 1-1R Using the Protractor Postulate.

(a) m SOM = £Oº ~ Oº

flostutate 10 (flwgte fldditiow flostutate): If OB 1ies beıween Ofl and OC ‚

Figure 1-20 Addition of angles.

Figure 1-21 Addition of angles.

Because KI is beıween KM and KC‚ by flostutate 10,

Figure 1-22 Bisector of an angle.

Figure 1-23 A right angle.

Figure 1-24 An acute angle.

Figure 1-25 An obtuse angle.

Figure 1-26 A straight angle.

Figure 1-27 Classification of angles.

(a) m BFD = ÇOº (1ßOº ~ £Oº = ÇOº)‚ so BFD is a rigkı ang1e.