African College of Health

YEAR 1 SEMESTER 1 WEEK 2 of 12

Bachelor of Health Science (Naturopathy); BHSc (Nat)
Description: Naturopathy is a whole medical system combining theory (philosophy and
principles) and practice that uses an array of natural therapies to support healing and maintain
health. Its core principle, “the healing power of nature”, guides the naturopath’s use
of nutrition, dietary counselling, herbal medicine, manual therapies, flower essences,
lifestyle education, homeopathy and other modalities to treat illness and restore health.
Delivery mode: Online
Course duration: 4 years full time; 3 Semesters a year
Intakes: 15th. FEB. / JUN. / OCT.
Semester 1: 15th. JUNE to 15th.SEPTEMBER
Fee: 3500 USD p/a
Apply (proposed course number 21): Copy and paste in your browser:
http://www.123formbuilder.com/form-1840787/
SEMESTER 1 TIME-TABLE
STARTING 15th.JUN.-15th.SEP. / 15th. OCT - 15th. JAN / 15th.FEB –
15th. MAY
DAY SUBJECT OF STUDY SUBJECT TIME
CODE (S)
MONDAY Human Biological Science 1 / BIOH111 / 9AM -
Use of English OENG101 12NOON
TUESDAY Chemistry and Biochemistry BIOB111 9AM -
12NOON
WEDNESDAY History of Healing / Use of SOCH111/ 9AM -
English OENG101 12NOON
THURSDAY Foundations of Communication and SOCF111 9AM -
Counselling 12NOON
FRIDAY Naturopathic Philosophy, NATP111/ 9AM -
Principles and Practice / Use of OENG101 12NOON
English
Waleson Medical Limited; Trading as African College of Health
(A British Council Online Schools Member School. Abuja. Nigeria)
+234 9052389099 (SMS ONLY)
MONDAY
Human Biological Science (BIOH111)

Defense against Disease

The commonest types of microbes are bacteria and
viruses. Other microbes that rarely cause damage
include some microscopic parasites and fungi. Bacteria
are fairly small cells and have a variety of different
shapes. These are:
-Spheres known as 'cocci'
-Rods known as 'bacilli'
-Spirals known as 'spirilli'.

Unlike other cells, bacterial cells have no nucleus.

Their genetic material (DNA) is free within the
cytoplasm. They replicate themselves by dividing into
two. A cell wall surrounds bacterial cells but is not
made of cellulose like plant cell walls. This cell wall
gives protection to the bacterial cell membrane and
shape to the cell. Some bacteria have a small tail
called a flagellum which is thrashed about to propel
them. Others have multiple smaller versions of these
called cilia. Harmful bacteria make us ill by either
damaging our cells or producing poisonous toxins. But
we are full of nice, friendly bacteria too which help
to keep us healthy, for example in our digestive
system.

Viruses;
They are not cells; they are much tinier and cannot
replicate themselves. Like bacteria, viruses come in
all sorts of different shapes. No matter what shape
they are viruses share some common features. They have
no nucleus. Instead they have a surrounding protein
coat that gives them their unique shape. Inside this is
a string of DNA. The only way viruses can make us ill
is to get themselves into our cells. So viruses can get
into our cells in a variety of ways including landing
on our cells and injecting their DNA into them. Others
break down the cell membranes then sneak inside. Once
inside our cells they hijack them and make millions of
copies of themselves. Each of these can go off and
invade other cells.

How does the body fight back?

*Passive Protection; Passive defenses are those that

are set up to stop bacteria or viruses entering the
body.

They act as roadblocks. Invaders try to get inside us

via five main areas:
-The Skin
-The Eye
-The Respiratory System
-The Reproductive System and The Digestive System.

Microbes also use another means of access. They hitch a

ride on or inside another organism, called a vector.

Active Protection; Once the body's passive defenses are

breached there is another line of defense. The active
systems of cells go and deal with the invaders
directly. This is the immune system. The most important
of the cells in this defense system are the white blood
cells. White blood cells are obviously carried around
in the blood, but they can also crawl out of blood
vessels and get to any cell in the body.

The immune system cells act in 3 ways:

-Consume the invaders
-Produce antibodies
-Produce antitoxins.

Immunization:
Immunization is giving dead or weakened forms of the
disease causing bacteria to a person, usually as an
injection. The injection does not cause the disease but
the immune system responds and creates antibodies. Then
if the person is infected with the live bacteria
another time their immune system is ready to kill the
bacteria.

Antibiotics: Antibiotics like penicillin are chemicals

that kill bacteria. They do not hurt body cells. They
are very useful for cleaning up infections but they are
useless against viruses.
MONDAY
Use of English (OENG101)

LANGUAGE IN NON-FICTION TEXTS (1)

All texts are written for a purpose. Skillful writers
will manipulate (i.e. control) your response to a text
through the range of techniques they use. You have
already looked at some of these techniques, but the
most valuable weapon a writer has is individual words.
Look at this fairly typical advertisement for a new
house:

‘Large detached house with four double bedrooms, all

with bathrooms. Set in a charming village environment.
Convenient access to M4. Home exchange available.
£349,950’

Individual words such as ‘large’, ‘detached’,

‘charming’, ‘convenient’ and ‘superb’ are all examples
of opinions disguised as facts. There are also whole
phrases designed to influence the reader’s feelings:
’charming village environment’ is intended to evoke a
warm glow of belonging to a community with old-
fashioned values; ‘convenient access to M4’ shows that
the house isn’t too far away from the city; ‘home
exchange available’ reassures the prospective buyer
that they won’t need to sell their existing house.

LANGUAGE IN NON-FICTION TEXTS (2)

The language of non-fiction particularly that of
advertisements, often appeals to our emotions. Other
types of non-fiction texts, such as autobiography or
travel writing, often use language in a more literary
way. This is intended to engage the reader’s
imagination. As an example, Roald Dahl mentions in
Going Solo:

‘sinister vultures waiting like feathered undertakers

for death to come along and give them something to work
on’
Humor is often used in texts like these. It may be
kindly or, more often than not, pointed and condemning.
Read this extract from Notes From a Small Island by
Bill Bryson:

‘Bradford’s role in life is to make every place else in

the world look better in comparison, and it does this
very well’

When commenting on humor remember to explain the effect

it has on the reader. Is it to make a sort of bond
between the writer and reader? Or is it to make sharp
criticism of someone or something? Or is it just to
show off the author’s verbal dexterity (clever use of
words)? Verbal dexterity is often used by writers of
media texts which advertise products.

‘Catchphrases’ which become associated with chocolate

bars or soft drinks are important to the success of one
kind of nonfiction writer. The idea is to fix certain
products in our minds by coming up with memorable
phrases.

These ‘catchphrases’ rely on devices such as rhyme and

repetition ‘A Mars a day helps you work, rest and play’
or literary language that is slightly ridiculous (such
as describing an Australian lager as the ‘amber
nectar’.

Alliteration, puns, onomatopoeia and (often far-

fetched) imagery are all used by writers when
advertising products.
TUESDAY
Chemistry and Biochemistry (BIOB111)

Sources of Hydrocarbons:
Oil, coal, natural gas- from decomposition of animal/
vegetable matter. Plants build up larger molecules 6
CO2 + 6 H2O > C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Refining Petroleum;
Boiling Range Carbon Atoms Fraction Use
-164 – 20 1 – 4 gas fuel, heating
20 – 90 5 – 7 petroleum ether solvent
35 – 220 5 – 12 gasoline fuel
200 – 315 12 – 16 kerosene heating jet fuel
250 – 375 15 – 18 fuel oil Diesel Fuel, heating
350 16 – 20 oil, grease lubrication

Separation- Fractionating Tower

Conversion – Cracking oil to gasoline
WEDNESDAY
History of Healing (SOCH111)
The European Nature Cure Pioneers
Foundations of Nature Cure
Vincent Priessnitz
(1779 – 1852)
Vincent Priessnitz was born a peasant and never went to
medical school, yet he became one of the most famous
healers of the nineteenth century. Besides curing
thousands of patients of stubborn conditions, he set in
motion the forces which would lead to the establishment
of hydrotherapy as a legitimate medical entity, which
allowed the simple methods of natural healing at his
time to evolve into naturopathic medicine of today.

Priessnitz was born October 4, 1799 at Gräfenberg, a

small village in the Sudetes Mountains of southern
Silesia, now Czech Republic. He was the youngest of
five children. As a boy Priessnitz received a
rudimentary education at a Catholic school in the
neighboring village of Freiwaldau, but had to quit
school to manage the family farm after an older
brother, who was to take over the farm, died of brain
fever, and his father went blind in grief.

His village was in the same region where the early

water doctors Sigmund Hahn (1664-1742) and his son
Johann Sigmund Hahn (1696-1773) had made extensive use
of cold water in their medical practices. An old man in
the neighborhood is said to have shown the young
lad how to treat cattle with water, and the boy
Priessnitz was credited with curing his father's
hide-bound, feverish cow by cold water application.

Once Priessnitz was tending his father's cattle in a

mountain pasture. He observed a stag, wounded in the
thigh by hunters, hobble into a mountain spring and
situate itself with the injured limb submerged in the
cold flowing water. Each day the stag returned to treat
itself.
"Great was his [Priessnitz'] joy to observe the animal
improve day to day, till it finally got well" (Metcalfe
1898, 12). Interestingly, Gräfenberg mountain was part
of the Hirschbad Kamm or Stag's Bath Ridge of the
Sudetes. These pine-forested mountains abounded in
fresh water springs, one of which had carried
Priessnitz' family name for 200 years since an
ancestor was killed there trying to rescue his "lovely
daughter" from Swedish soldiers during the Thirty Years
War.

Overworked on the farm to the point of carelessness,

Priessnitz experienced a number of accidental injuries
which gave him the opportunity to practice on himself
the healing powers of cold water. At only thirteen he
sprained his wrist, and found it felt much better under
the cold stream of a water pump.

Since he couldn't keep his wrist under the pump and

attend to his chores, he wrapped it in a wet bandage
which he renewed quickly as it dried. Thus was
born the "Priessnitz compress," eventually adopted into
regular medical practice and which remains to this day
an entry in medical dictionaries.
WEDNESDAY
Use of English (OENG101)

MEDIA TEXTS (1)

Media texts include radio, film, television, magazines
and newspapers.They may contain both fiction (e.g.
realizations of a classic novel as drama script or
printed cartoon) and non-fiction materials (e.g.
advertisements). In your English exam, you are most
likely to encounter nonfiction, print-based materials.
In responding to them, you need to explain how
particular effects are achieved.You should also comment
on why texts are successful in relation to their target
audience and intended purpose.

Audience:
Many media texts are aimed at broad groups of people,
categorized by income, profession or interests.
Particular advertisements, for example, will be aimed
at different groups and will therefore be presented and
distributed differently. Rolls Royce cars are not
advertised on primetime commercial television, but
Skodas are.

This allows the authors of media texts to make certain

assumptions about the audience's beliefs, lifestyles
and aspirations. For example, an article in a magazine
for members of the National Farmers.

Union begins: British food is clearly the best, and how

to prove it beyond doubt to supermarkets, caterers and
the general public, is the aim of a new industry-wide
farm standards initiative being promoted by NFU. This
is neither a lively nor balanced presentation of views.
The writer is addressing an audience assumed to be both
interested and sympathetic.

Purpose:
In the most successful media texts, purpose is hardly
distinguishable from audience, as media authors need to
give their audiences what they want. This is why media
texts may often seem stereotypical: for example,
magazines aimed at men are full of articles about sport
and cars, and magazines aimed at women are about
fashion, food and children.

MEDIA TEXTS (2)

A tabloid newspaper shows a picture of Gianfranco Zola,
Chelsea's Italian footballer, serving a pizza under the
headline:

„Which contains the puns typical of the medium, but

also presents a stereotypical view of Italians. Even
more “up market”‟ broadsheet newspapers use similar
approaches, as in this headline from The Independent:

'FRENCH SAY NON TO LE BUSINESS SPEAK ANGLAIS.' This is

designed to capture the interest of an educated
readership. It also sustains the supposed hostility
between the French and the English.

Media language:
Media texts are often short and snappy. They are
designed to grab the reader's attention. You should
therefore look out for, and comment on, language which
tries to influence your opinion (e.g. 'clearly' in the
NFU article) sounds memorable, but has no real meaning
(e.g. 'Mr. Muscle loves the jobs you hate') is partly
truthful (e.g. 'kills all known germs') appeals to
snobbery or fear (e.g. words such as 'exclusive'), or
mentions of 'under stains' in washing powder
advertisements.

Structural and presentational devices:

Comment on how titles, subheadings, frames, color, font
styles and sizes, and illustrations are used to catch
and direct the reader's interest. Charts and diagrams
may be as important as words in conveying information.
THURSDAY
Foundations of Communication and Counselling (SOCF111)

COUNSELING AND MOTIVATION:

• Counseling is more effective than motivation as it is
initiated by the client while motivation means the
health personnel initiates the conversation.

• A motivator highlights the advantages while a

counselor talks of both advantages and disadvantages.

• The motivator often makes the decision while

counselor facilitates the client to take a decision.

Counseling and Advice;

The process of counseling differs from the act of
giving advice. Counseling is a scientific procedure
adopted by an expert whereas advice is a non-technical
procedure which may be used by a teacher, a parent, a
friend or even an acquaintance in the time of need.

COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE:

Counseling is a part of guidance, not all of it. It is
specialized or individualized part, which deals with
the individual at problems points. Thus all counseling
is guidance, but all guidance is not counseling.
FRIDAY
Naturopathic Philosophy,Principles and Practice
(NATP111)

Defining and Describing Naturopathic Medicine:

Description and Definitions;
Naturopathic medicine is a comprehensive system of
health care within the complementary and alternative
medicine world that incorporates many modalities.

Naturopathic physicians encourage the self-healing

abilities of the individual through the education and
promotion of therapeutic methods and modalities.
“Naturopathic practice blends centuries-old knowledge
of natural, nontoxic therapies with current advances in
the understanding of health and human systems.” (Bastyr
University Catalog,1999/2000)

Naturopathic physicians are typically trained in a wide

array of alternative therapies including herbology,
homeopathy, massage, hydrotherapy, physical medicine,
behavioral medicine,Traditional Chinese medicine,
Ayurvedic medicine, acupuncture, and nutrition therapy,
as well as clinical practices such as minor surgery,
pharmacology and obstetrics.

The American Association of Naturopathic Physicians

(AANP), the primary professional association
for naturopathic physicians, defines naturopathic
medicine as

“…a distinct system of primary health care — an art,

science, philosophy and practice of diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of illness. Naturopathic
medicine is distinguished by the principles upon
which its practice is based. These principles are
continually reexamined in the light of scientific
advances. The techniques of naturopathic medicine
include modern and traditional, scientific and
empirical methods.” (AANP, 1998)a decision.
The Canadian Naturopathic Association defines
naturopathic medicine as

“…a distinct system of primary health care that uses

natural methods and substances to support and stimulate
the body’s self-healing process. It provides a
complete, individualized and coordinated approach to
health care integrating modern scientific knowledge
with traditional and natural forms of medicine.

Naturopathic medicine is the art and science of disease

diagnosis, treatment and prevention using natural
therapies including:
• Botanical medicine
• Clinical nutrition
• Hydrotherapy
• Homeopathy
• Naturopathic manipulation
• Traditional Chinese medicine/Acupuncture
• Prevention and lifestyle counseling” (Canadian
Naturopathic Association, 2000)

History and tradition

Like naturopaths, naturopathic physicians trace their
history to Benedict Lust as the founding father
of the profession (Baer, 1992; Cody, 1985). In the late
19th and early 20th centuries, Lust expanded
upon European water cure and herbal therapies to
develop a comprehensive system of health care and
philosophy of health.

Members of the naturopathic medicine tradition point to

the growth of the profession in the US during the early
decades of the 20th century, citing laws recognizing
naturopathy through regulation that were enacted in
about half the states and several Canadian provinces by
the ‘30s and ‘40s. A significant decline in the
popularity of naturopathy in the United States
characterized the profession from post World War II
until the 1970s, during which time most health care
centered around the allopathic medical model.

Beginning in the 1970s, increased interest in holistic

and alternative health care brought about a resurgence
of naturopathy (Finken, 1986; Baer, 1992; Cody,
1985; Gort and Coburn, 1988; Canadian Naturopathic
Association, 1999). The past 30 years have seen
more attention by naturopathic physicians to establish
schools, standardize education and accreditation,
conduct and publish research on safety and efficacy,
seek state and provincial licensure,organize the
profession, develop professional guidelines and grow
the size of the professional workforce in the US and
Canada.

Naturopathy is also practiced in Germany, Great

Britain, Australia, and other countries, and schools in
these countries offer education and training in
naturopathy.

Philosophy and practice

The philosophy and practice of naturopathic medicine is
built on the principles listed below. These
principles were developed by naturopathic physicians
for the AANP.

• The Healing Power of Nature

Naturopathic physicians recognize an inherent ability
of the body to heal itself. It is the role of the
naturopathic physician to identify and remove obstacles
to healing and recovery, and facilitate and
enhance this self-healing process.

• Identify and Treat the Causes

Naturopathic physicians seek to remove the underlying
causes of disease rather than eliminating or
suppressing symptoms.
• First Do No Harm
Naturopathic physicians strive to: 1) use methods that
minimize harmful side effects, using the least
force necessary to diagnose and treat, 2) prevent
suppression of symptoms, and 3) respect each
individual’s self-healing process.

• Doctor as Teacher
The primary role of the naturopathic physician is to
educate and encourage individuals to take
responsibility for their own health. They also
recognize the therapeutic potential of the
doctor/patient relationship.

• Treat the Whole Person

Naturopathic physicians recognize that total health
includes physical, mental, emotional, genetic,
environmental, social, spiritual, and other factors.
They encourage patients to pursue personal spiritual
development.

• Prevention
Naturopathic physicians encourage and emphasize disease
prevention, i.e., assessing risk factors and
heredity and susceptibility to disease, and making
appropriate interventions in partnership with
patients to prevent illness. Naturopathic medicine is
committed to creating a healthy world for
humanity (American Association of Naturopathic
Physicians, 1998).
FRIDAY
Use of English (OENG101)

ORGANISING TALK (1)

When taking part in a speaking and listening activity
which is being assessed for your exam, you need to
concentrate on three things: your topic (what you are
going to say); your purpose (what you want to achieve
by saying it); your audience (who you are talking to).

Thinking about this will help you decide how formal or

informal your words should be. It will also help to
decide whether you should rely just on the power of
speech or whether you should use visual aids such as
diagrams or pictures.

Formal speech means avoiding slang and incomplete

sentences; this is particularly important – and
courteous – if you are speaking to an unknown audience.

General techniques you should use in all oral work

include:
Speaking clearly and firmly to make sure that everyone
can hear you; varying the tone, pitch and pace of your
voice to keep your audience's attention; and in group
work particularly: being polite but insistent in making
your points heard; being prepared to give way to
someone else who wishes to speak.

Individual and pair work:

On your own, or with a partner, you will probably need
to show skills such as describing or narrating. For
example, if you are talking about, or comparing,
personal experiences. You may also need to explore,
analyze or imagine. For example, if working on the
meaning of a text you have not seen before, or
preparing a role play.

Group work:
In a group discussion, your function is to be part of a
team which has a task to complete together, but make
sure your own contributions show how well you can
explain, argue and persuade.