PIP STE05121 Anchor Bolt Design Guide PDF

Job Number Design Guide Number Rev Date Sheet of
parsons
ENERGY & CHEMICALS Group
ECS-DGS-007 0 2/6/03 1 1
DESIGN GUIDE (PIP STE05121)
Project, Client, Location Design Guide Title
COMPANY STANDARD ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN GUIDE
In-House Review Client Approval Design Entire Design Guide Attached
Fabrication Construction _____________________ Revised Sheets Only Attached
Approvals
Rev Date By Ck Project Remarks
Section Client
Engineer
Initial Issue
0 2/6/03 DB DB
This sheet is a record of each issue or revision to the subject specification. Each time this specification document is changed, only the new or revised
sheets must be issued. The exact sheets changed and the nature of the change should be noted in the Remarks column; however, these remarks are not
a part of the specification. The revised sheets shall become part of the original specification and shall be complied with in their entirety.
EGE-FRM-008 (2/06/03)
January 2003
Process Industry Practices

Structural
PIP STE05121
Anchor Bolt Design Guide
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these
technical requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and
engineering costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While
this Practice is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users,
individual applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take
precedence over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and
particular matters or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering
situations should not be made solely on information contained in these materials. The
use of trade names from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of
preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the
same specifications are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All
Practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and
regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines
should conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or
regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate professional before applying or
acting on any material contained in or suggested by the Practice.
This Practice is subject to revision at any time by the responsible Function Team and
will be reviewed every 5 years. This Practice will be revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn.
Information on whether this Practice has been revised may be found at www.pip.org.
© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

University of Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin,
Texas 78759. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice
for their internal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written
authorization of PIP.
PIP will not consider requests for interpretations (inquiries) for this Practice.
Not printed with State funds

January 2003
Process Industry Practices

Structural
PIP STE05121
Anchor Bolt Design Guide
Table of Contents
1. Introduction .................................. 3 5.5 Shear Strength of Anchors in a

1.1 Purpose ............................................. 3 Circular Pattern................................ 11
1.2 Scope................................................. 3 5.6 Minimum Dimensions ...................... 11
1.3 Use of “Shall” and “Should” ............... 3
1.4 Dimensions ........................................ 3 6. Ductile Design .......................... 13
6.1 Ductile Design Philosophy ............... 13
2. References ................................... 3 6.2 Critical Areas Requiring Ductile
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................ 3 Design.............................................. 13
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards .......... 3 6.3 Requirements for Ductile Design..... 13
2.3 Government Regulations ................... 4 6.4 Means to Achieve Ductile Design .... 14
2.4 Other References .............................. 5
7. Reinforcing Design .................. 15
3. Notation ....................................... 5 7.1 General ............................................ 15
7.2 Failure Surface ................................ 15
4. Materials...................................... 7 7.3 Reinforcing Design to Transfer
4.1 Anchors.............................................. 7 Tensile Forces ................................. 16
4.2 Sleeves .............................................. 8 7.4 Reinforcing to Transfer
4.3 Washers ............................................ 8 Shear Forces ................................... 17
4.4 Corrosion ........................................... 9
8. Frictional Resistance ............... 17
5. Strength Design........................ 10 8.1 General ............................................ 17
5.1 Loading ............................................ 10 8.2 Calculating Resisting
5.2 Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet..... 10 Friction Force................................... 18
5.3 Anchor Design Considerations ........ 10
5.4 Shear Strength of Anchors in a 9. Shear Lug Design..................... 18
Rectangular Pattern......................... 11 9.1 Calculating Shear Load Applied to
Shear Lug ........................................ 19
9.2 Design Procedure for
Shear Lug Plate ............................... 19
Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 25

PIP STE05121
Anchor Bolt Design Guide January 2003
9.3 Design Procedure for Examples

Shear Lug Pipe Section....................19 1. Column Plate Connection Using
Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet . A-19
10. Pretensioning............................20 2. Column Plate Connection –
10.1 Advantages ......................................21 Supplementary Tensile
10.2 Disadvantages..................................21 Reinforcing ................................... A-24
10.3 When to Apply Pretensioning ...........21 3. Shear Lug Plate Section Design .. A-25
10.4 Concrete Failure...............................21 4. Shear Lug Pipe Section Design ... A-27
10.5 Stretching Length .............................22
10.6 Pretensioning Methods.....................22
10.7 Relaxation ........................................23
10.8 Tightening Sequence .......................23
10.9 Recommended Tightening if Anchor
Pretensioning Is Not Required .........23
Figures, Tables, and Examples.....25
Tables
1. Minimum Anchor Dimensions ........ A-1
2. Reinforcement Tensile Capacity
and Development Length .............. A-2
3. Hairpin Reinforcement Design and
Details ............................................ A-3
4. Pretension Load and Torque
Recommendations ......................... A-4
Figures
A. Anchor Details ................................ A-5
B-1. Concrete Breakout Strength of
Anchors in Shear –
Octagon “Weak” Anchors............... A-6
B-2. Concrete Breakout Strength of
Anchors in Shear –
Octagon “Strong” Anchors ............. A-7
C-1. Tensile Reinforcement –
Vertical Dowels............................... A-8
C-2 Tensile Reinforcement –
Vertical Hairpin ............................... A-9
D-1. Shear Reinforcement –
Horizontal Hairpin......................... A-10
Closed Ties .................................. A-11
Anchored Reinforcement ............. A-12
Shear Angles................................ A-13
Strut-and-Tie Model...................... A-14
E. Minimum Lateral Reinforcement –
Pedestal ....................................... A-15
F. Coefficients of Friction.................. A-16
G. Pretensioned Anchors for Turbines
and Reciprocating Compressors.. A-17
H. Anchor-Tightening Sequence....... A-18
Page 2 of 25 Process Industry Practices

PIP STE05121
January 2003 Anchor Bolt Design Guide
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides the engineer and designer with guidelines for anchor
design for use by the process industry companies and engineering/construction
firms.
1.2 Scope
This design guide defines the minimum requirements for the design of anchors in
process industry facilities at onshore U.S. sites. Included are material selection,
strength design, ductile design, reinforcing, shear lugs, and pretensioning.
1.3 Use of “Shall” and “Should”

Throughout this Practice the word “shall” is used if the item is required by code,
and the word “should” is used if the item is simply recommended or its use is a
good practice.
1.4 Dimensions
At the time of issue of this Practice, a metric version of the basic reference for
Anchor Bolt Design, ACI 318, had not been developed; therefore this Practice
was developed in English units only.
2. References
When adopted in this Practice, the latest edition of the following applicable codes,
standards, specifications, and references in effect on the date of contract award shall be
used, except as otherwise specified. Short titles will be used herein when appropriate.
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

– PIP REIE686 – Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation and
Installation Design
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
• American Concrete Institute (ACI)

– ACI 318-02 - Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and
Commentary
– ACI 349-01 - Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete
Structures, Appendix B
– ACI 355.1R-91 - State-of-the-Art Report on Anchorage to Concrete
• American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
– AISC Manual of Steel Construction - Allowable Stress Design - Ninth
Edition [Short title used herein is AISC ASD Manual.]

PIP STE05121
– AISC Manual of Steel Construction - Load and Resistance Factor Design

(LRFD) - Third Edition [Short title used herein is AISC LRFD Manual.]
– AISC Steel Design Guide Series 1- Column Base Plates, Some Practical
Aspects of Column Base Selection, David T. Ricker
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
– ASTM A36 - Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
– ASTM A53 - Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-
Coated, Welded, and Seamless
– ASTM A193 - Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting
Materials for High-Temperature Service
– ASTM A307 - Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 psi
Tensile Strength
– ASTM A354 - Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel
Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
– ASTM A449 - Specification for Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and
Studs
– ASTM A563 - Specification for Carbon Steel and Alloyed Steel Nuts
– ASTM F436 - Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
– ASTM F1554 - Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and 105 Ksi
Yield Strength
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
– Design of Anchor Bolts for Petrochemical Facilities, Task Committee on
Anchor Bolt Design, 1997 [Short title used herein is ASCE Anchor Bolt
Report.]
– ASCE 7-2002 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures
• American Welding Society
– AWS D1.1 - Structural Welding Code - Steel
• International Code Council (ICC)
– International Building Code (IBC)
2.3 Government Regulations

Federal Standards and Instructions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), including any additional requirements by state or local
agencies that have jurisdiction in the state where the project is to be constructed,
shall apply.
• U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA)
– OSHA 29 CFR 1910 - Industrial Safety and Regulatory Compliance

PIP STE05121
2.4 Other References

– Blodgett, Omar W., Design of Welded Structures, The James F. Lincoln
Arc Welding Foundation, 1966
3. Notation
Note: Force and stress units shown herein under “Notation” are lb and psi respectively.
At times, it is more convenient to show these units in the text, tables, and
examples as kips and ksi, respectively. Where this is done, the units will always
be shown.
AN = Projected concrete failure area of an anchor or group of anchors, for calculation
of strength in tension, inches2
Ase = Effective cross-sectional area of anchor, inches2
Ar = Reinforcing bar area, inches2
Arb = Required total area of reinforcing bars, inches2
Areq = Required bearing area of shear lug, inches2
AV = Projected concrete failure area of an anchor or group of anchors, for calculation
of strength in shear, inches2
AVo = Projected concrete failure area of one anchor, for calculation of strength in
shear, when not limited by corner influences, spacing, or member thickness,
inches2
AC = Anchor circle diameter (Figures B-1 and B-2), inches2
C = Clear distance from top of reinforcing bar to finished surface (concrete cover),
inches
c = Distance from the center of the anchor shaft to the edge of the concrete
(Figure A), inches
c1 = Distance from the center of anchor shaft to the edge of the concrete in one
direction, inches. Where shear force is applied to the anchor, c1 is in the
direction of the shear force.
c2 = Distance from the center of an anchor shaft to the edge of the concrete in the
direction orthogonal to c1, inches
D = Octagonal pedestal “diameter” (flat to flat), inches
D = Outside diameter of shear lug pipe section, inches
do = Anchor diameter, inches
db = Diameter of reinforcing bar, inches
ds = Anchor sleeve diameter, inches
f′′c = Compressive strength of concrete (shall not be taken as greater than 10,000 psi),
psi
fut = Anchor material minimum specified tensile strength, psi

PIP STE05121
Fy = Anchor or shear lug material yield strength, psi

fy = Reinforcing material yield strength, psi
G = Grout thickness, inches
H = Height of shear lug plate or pipe, in.
ha = Overall length of anchor under the head or above the base nut (Figure A),
inches
he’ = Length of anchor below the sleeve (Figure A), inches
hef = Effective anchor embedment depth (Figure A), inches
hs = Length of anchor sleeve (Figure A), inches
L = Length of shear lug plate or pipe, inches
la, lb = Portions of standard hook development length (Table 3), inches
ld = Development length of reinforcing bar, inches
ldh = Actual development length of standard hook in tension, inches
lhb = Basic development length of standard hook in tension, inches
Mu = Ultimate moment on shear lug plate or pipe, k-inches or k-inches/inches
Mn = Nominal flexural strength of shear lug pipe, k-inches
n = Number of anchors
Ncb = Nominal concrete breakout strength in tension of a single anchor, lb
Ncbg = Nominal concrete breakout strength in tension of a group of anchors, lb
Npn = Nominal pullout strength in tension of a single anchor, lb
Ns = Nominal strength of a single anchor in tension as governed by the steel strength,
lb
Nsb = Side-face blowout strength of a single anchor, lb
Nsbg = Side-face blowout strength of a group of anchors, lb
P = Normal compression force beneficial to resisting friction force, lb
P = Anchor projection from top of concrete (Figure A), in.
P1 = Anchor projection below bottom nut for Type 2 anchors (Figure A), inches
s = Anchor spacing, center to center, inches
S = Section modulus of shear lug pipe, inches
t = Thickness of the shear lug plate or pipe wall, inches
T = Tensile rebar capacity, lb
Vapp = Applied shear load on shear lug, kip
Vcb = Nominal concrete breakout strength in shear of a single anchor or shear lug, lb

PIP STE05121
Vcbg = Nominal concrete breakout strength in shear of a group of anchors, lb

Vcp = Nominal concrete pryout strength, lb
Vf = Resisting friction force at base plate, lb
Vn = Nominal shear strength, lb
Vs = Nominal strength in shear of a single anchor as governed by the steel strength,
lb
Vu = Factored shear load, lb
W = Width of shear lug plate perpendicular to shear force, inches
Wh = Width of anchor head or nut, inches
X = Clear distance between anchor nut and reinforcing bar, inches
φ = Concrete strength reduction factor (This value varies; refer to text for value.)
φb = Steel resistance factor for flexure
φv = Steel resistance factor for shear
ψ7 = Modification factor, for strength in shear, to account for cracking, as defined in
ACI 318-02, paragraph D.6.2.7
µ = Coefficient of friction
4. Materials
4.1 Anchors
Refer to the ASCE Anchor Bolt Report, chapter 2, for a description of and
specifications for common materials for anchors. Unless a special corrosive
environment exists, the following should be specified:
a. For low- to moderate-strength requirements: ASTM A307 headed bolts,
ASTM A36 rods, or ASTM F1554 grade 36 rods
b. For higher strength requirements: ASTM A193 grade B7, ASTM F1554
grade 55 or grade 105, or ASTM A354 grade BC or grade BD
The following table provides properties for the recommended anchor materials.
Suitable nuts by grade may be obtained from ASTM A563. If ASTM F1554
grade 55 rods are specified, add the weldability supplement.

PIP STE05121
Properties for Recommended Anchor Materials

Fy fut
Anchor Material Type ksi ksi Ductile?
A307 Not clearly 60 Yes
defined
A36 or F1554 grade 36 36 58 Yes
F1554 grade 55 55 75 Yes
F1554 grade 105 105 125 Yes
A193 grade B7 do ≤ 2.5" 105 125 Yes
Based on bolt
diameter (db) 2.5" < do 95 115 Yes
(used for high- ≤ 4"
temperature 4" < do 75 100 Yes
service) ≤ 7"
A354 grade BC 109 125 Yes
A354 grade BD 130 150 Yes
A449 1/4" < do 92 120 Yes
Based on bolt ≤ 1"
diameter (db) 1" < do 81 105 Yes
≤ 1.5"
1.5" < do 58 90 Yes
≤ 3"
4.2 Sleeves
Anchors should be installed with sleeves when small movement of the bolt is
desired after the bolt is set in concrete. The two most common examples follow:
a. When precise alignment of anchors is required during installation of
structural columns or equipment. In this situation, the sleeve should be
filled with grout after installation is complete.
b. When anchors will be pretensioned to maintain the bolt under continuous
tensile stresses during load reversal. Pretensioning requires the bolt surface
to be free; therefore, the top of these sleeves should be sealed or the sleeve
should be filled with elastomeric material to prevent grout or water from
filling the sleeve.
Two types of sleeves are commonly used with anchors. A partial sleeve is
primarily used for alignment requirements, whereas the full sleeve is used for
alignment as well as for pretensioning. Sleeves do not affect the design of a
headed anchor for tensile loading because the tension in the anchor is transferred
to the concrete through the head, not the anchor–concrete bond. Sleeved anchors
can resist shear forces only when the sleeve is filled with grout.
Refer to PIP REIE686 for use of sleeves with anchor bolts in machinery
foundations.
For concrete cover requirements, refer to section 5.6.4 of this Practice.
4.3 Washers
Washers are required for all anchor bolts. If the anchors are to be pretensioned
(refer to section 10), a hardened washer conforming to ASTM F436 is required.

PIP STE05121
The following table shows the PIP-recommended base plate hole diameter. The
hole in the washer should be equal to the bolt diameter plus 1/16 inch.
Recommended Base Plate Hole and Washer Size
Anchor Bolt PIP-Recommended Outside

Dia. Base Plate Hole Washer Dia.
(Inches) Diameter* (Inches)
1/2 13/16 1-5/8
5/8 15/16 1-3/4
3/4 1-1/16 1-7/8
7/8 1-3/16 2-1/4
1 1-1/2 2 5/8
1-1/4 1-3/4 2-7/8
1-1/2 2 3-1/8
1-3/4 2-1/4 3-3/4
2 3 4-1/2
2-1/4 3-1/4 4-3/4
2-1/2 3-1/2 5
2-3/4 3-3/4 5-1/4
-
3 1/2 4 5-1/2
* Base plate hole size recommendations are based on
AISC ASD Manual, ninth edition. Hole size
recommendations in the current AISC LRFD Manual,
third edition, have been revised and are larger.
4.4 Corrosion
Corrosion of an anchor can seriously affect the strength and design life of the
anchor. When deciding which anchor material to use or what precaution to take
against corrosion, consider the following:
a. Is the anchor encased in concrete or exposed to the elements?
b. What elements will the anchor contact?
• Chemical compounds
• Saltwater
• Ground water
• Caustic gases
c. What limitations are present, affecting anchor size, length, and material,
fabrication options, availability, and cost?
Galvanizing is a common option for ASTM A307 bolts and for ASTM A36 and
ASTM F1554 grade 36 threaded rods. Stainless steel anchors are a costly option
but may be required in some environments. Painting or coating the anchor will
protect the anchor, but more maintenance may be required.

PIP STE05121
To reduce the amount of contact with corrosive substances, pier design and
anchor arrangement should consider water collection and anchor environment.
If the engineer determines that prolonged contact with a corrosive substance is
unavoidable, a metallurgist should be consulted to determine alternate anchor
materials or protective options.
5. Strength Design
Strength design, which utilizes factored loads, shall be in accordance with Appendix D
of ACI 318-02. In this Practice, strength design will apply to headed bolts and headed
stud anchors, solidly cast in concrete. In accordance with ASCE 7-2002,
section A.9.9.1.7, the exclusion for bolts more than 2 inches in diameter or embedded
more than 25 inches (shown in ACI 318-02, D.2.2) may be ignored; however only
equation D-7 (not equation D-8) shall be used for checking the breakout strength in
cracked concrete.
ACI 318-02, D.6.2.7, states that for anchors located in a region of a concrete member
where analysis indicates no cracking at service loads, the modification factor, ψ7, shall be
equal to 1.4. The tops of pedestals are normally outside cracked regions; therefore ψ7
should be 1.4 for most pedestals. For anchors at beams and slabs, follow the guidelines
of ACI 318-02, section D.6.2.7.
5.1 Loading
Anchors shall be designed for the factored load combinations in accordance with
ACI 318-02, section 9.2 or Appendix C. Care shall be taken to assure that the
proper strength reduction factor, φ, is used. That is, if the load combinations in
section 9.2 are used, then use the φ’s from section 9.2; if the load combinations
from Appendix C are used, then use the φ’s from Appendix C.
5.2 Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet (Available to PIP Members Only)

The Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet has been developed utilizing Appendix D
of ACI 318-02 and this Practice. (The spreadsheet, which is available to PIP
Member Companies only, not to PIP Subscribers, can be accessed via
http://www.pip.org/members/irc/ under “Tools.”) The spreadsheet gives shear
and tensile capacities of an anchor or anchor group and the concrete around it.
The spreadsheet also lets the user know whether or not the anchor configuration
is ductile (refer to section 6, this Practice). The user needs to use the spreadsheet
in combination with Appendix D of ACI 318-02 and this Practice. The
spreadsheet merely saves the user time in laborious calculations but is no
substitute for the engineer’s knowledge and expertise. See Appendix Example 1
(this Practice) for an illustration of the use of the Anchor Bolt Design
Spreadsheet.
5.3 Anchor Design Considerations

To accommodate reasonable misalignment in setting the anchor bolts, base
plates are usually provided with oversized holes. If the factored shear loads

PIP STE05121
exceed the values that can be resisted by friction between the base plate and the
grout (see sections 8 and 9), a suitable means must be provided to transfer the
shear from the base plate to the foundation. This can be accomplished by the
following:
a. Either shear lugs are used, or
b. A mechanism to transfer load from the base plate to the bolt without
slippage is incorporated (such as welding washers in place).
If no tensile force is applied to the anchors, the anchors need not be designed for
tension. Where the tensile force is adequately transferred to properly designed
rebar, there is no requirement to check for concrete breakout strength of the
anchor or anchors in tension (Ncb or Ncbg). Refer to section 7.3.
5.4 Shear Strength of Anchors in a Rectangular Pattern

In accordance with ACI 318, the concrete design shear strength of a group of
anchors in a rectangular pattern shall be taken as the greater of the following:
a. The design strength of the row of anchors closest to the edge perpendicular
to the direction of force on the anchors
b. The design strength of the row of anchors furthest from the edge if the
anchors are welded to the attachment so as to distribute the force to all
anchors
c. Although not specifically accepted in ACI 318, the design strength of the
furthest row, if closed shear ties or other mechanisms transfer the load to
the row of anchors furthest from the edge. Refer to Figure D-2.
5.5 Shear Strength of Anchors in a Circular Pattern

Anchor bolts for tall, vertical vessels are frequently not required to resist shear.
The shear is resisted by friction created by the large compressive forces
attributable to overturning. However anchor bolts for shorter horizontal vessels
may be required to resist shear. Following are two alternative methods for
designing the anchors to resist shear:
5.5.1 The design shear strength of an anchor group in a circular pattern can be
determined by multiplying the strength of the weakest anchor by the
total number of anchors in the circle. Refer to Figure B-1.
5.5.2 Alternatively, where closed shear ties or other mechanisms transfer the
load from the weak to the strong anchors, the design shear strength of an
anchor group in a circular pattern can be determined by calculating the
shear capacity of the strong anchors. Refer to Figure B-2.
5.6 Minimum Dimensions

Minimum edge distance and anchor spacing shall be in accordance with ACI 318
and should be in accordance with ASCE recommendations. Minimum
embedment should be in accordance with the recommendations of the ASCE
Anchor Bolt Report. Refer to Table 1 and Figure A of this Practice. (If
supplementary reinforcement is added to control splitting or the anchor size is

PIP STE05121
larger than required to resist the load, then ACI 318 allows the following edge
distances and anchor spacing to be reduced. Refer to ACI 318-02, section D.8.
5.6.1 Edge Distance
a. ACI 318 requires cast-in headed anchors that will be torqued to
have minimum edge distances of 6do. Otherwise, the only
requirement for edge distance is that at least the same cover be
present as required for (1) reinforcement cover (normally 2 inches)
and (2) to prevent side-face blowout or concrete shear failure.
b. For constructability reasons, the ASCE Anchor Bolt Report
recommends a minimum edge distance of 4do for ASTM A307 or
ASTM A36 bolts or their equivalent and 6do for high-strength bolts.
c. According to PIP REIE686, the recommended edge distance for
anchor bolts in machinery foundations is 4do, 6 inches minimum.
5.6.2 Embedment Depth
No minimum embedment depth is specified in ACI 318 as long as the
effective embedment depth is enough to resist uplift forces. If ductility is
required, greater embedment may be necessary. The ASCE Anchor Bolt
Report recommends a minimum embedment depth of 12 diameters.
hef = 12do
5.6.3 Spacing between Anchors
ACI 318 requires the minimum spacing between anchors to be at least
4do for untorqued cast-in anchors and 6do for torqued anchors.
5.6.4 Modification for Sleeves

Where anchor sleeves are used, the preceding minimum dimensions
should be modified as follows:
a. Edge distance should be increased by an amount equal to half the
sleeve diameter minus half the anchor diameter, 0.5(ds – do).
b. Embedment length for anchors equal to or greater than 1 inch
should not be less than the larger of 12 anchor diameters (12do) or
the sleeve length plus 6 anchor diameters (sleeve length + 6do).
For anchors less than 1 inch in diameter, the embedment length
should not be less than the sleeve length plus 6 inches.
c. Spacing between anchors should be increased by an amount equal
to the difference between the sleeve diameter and the anchor
diameter: s ≥ 4do + (ds – do) for A307/A36 anchors or their
equivalent.
5.6.5 Modification for Anchor Bottom Plate
If a plate is used at the bottom of the anchor, similar to that shown in
Figure G, the edge distance should be increased by half of the plate

PIP STE05121
width or diameter minus 1/2 Wh, and the spacing should be increased by
the plate width or diameter minus Wh.
5.6.6 Anchor Projection
Anchor bolts should project a minimum of two threads above the fully
engaged nut(s).
6. Ductile Design
6.1 Ductile Design Philosophy

A ductile anchorage design can be defined as one in which the yielding of the
anchor (or the reinforcement or the attachment to which the anchor attaches)
controls the failure of the anchorage system. This will result in large deflections,
in redistribution of loads, and in absorption of energy before any sudden loss of
capacity of the system resulting from a brittle failure of the concrete (ASCE
Anchor Bolt Report).
Anchors embedded in concrete and pulled to failure fail either by pullout of the
concrete cone or by tensile failure of the anchor itself. The former is a brittle
failure and the latter is a ductile failure. A brittle failure occurs suddenly and
without warning, possibly causing catastrophic tragedies. In contrast, a ductile
failure will cause the steel to yield, elongate gradually, and absorb a significant
amount of energy, often preventing structures from collapsing. Consequently,
when the design of a structure is based upon ductility or energy absorption, one
of the following mechanisms for ductility shall be used.
6.1.1 Anchors shall be designed to be governed by tensile or shear strength of
the steel, and the steel shall be a ductile material (refer to section 4.1,
this Practice).
6.1.2 In lieu of the guideline in section 6.1.1, the attachment connected by the
anchor to the structure shall be designed so that the attachment will
undergo ductile yielding at a load level no greater than 75 percent of the
minimum anchor design strength.
This ductile design philosophy is consistent with that of ACI 318.
6.2 Critical Areas Requiring Ductile Design

Anchors designed to resist critical loads, where magnitudes cannot be precisely
quantified (e.g., where design is based upon energy absorption), shall be
designed using the requirements for ductile design. Examples are anchors in
areas of intermediate or high seismicity and anchors used for blast load
resistance.
6.3 Requirements for Ductile Design

If the mechanism described in section 6.1.1 is used, the ductile design is
achieved when the anchoring capacity of the concrete is greater than that of the
anchor in tension, in shear, or in a combination of both. This is a strength
requirement and is independent of the magnitudes of the applied loads. If it can

PIP STE05121
be shown that failure that is due to tensile loads will occur before failure that is
due to shear loads, then the anchor need only be ductile for tensile loads. (The
reverse would also be true but would not normally be applicable to design.)
The first step is to select the anchor size considering only the steel failure modes,
that is by using 0.75φ φNs and 0.75φ φVs. In addition, make sure that the steel chosen
is ductile steel as listed in section 4.1. The engineer will need to do the following
calculations manually, using Appendix D of ACI 318-02.
Comment: For PIP Member Companies, the loads and size can then be
entered into the Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet, described in
section 5.2, to check the second and third steps (next two
paragraphs).
The second step is to ensure that the concrete pullout capacities (concrete
breakout strength in tension, pullout strength of anchor in tension, and concrete
side-face blowout strength) are greater than the tensile steel capacity of the
anchor:
φNcb or φNcbg > φNs, φNpn > φNs, and φNsb or φNsbg > φNs
The third step is to ensure that the concrete shear capacities (concrete breakout
strength in shear and concrete pryout strength in shear) are greater than the steel
shear capacity of the anchor:
φVcb or φVcbg > φVs and φVcp > φVs
In lieu of the preceding requirements, the attachment to the structure that is
connected by the anchor to the foundation may be designed so that the
attachment will undergo ductile yielding at a load level no greater than
75 percent of the minimum anchor design strength.
6.4 Means to Achieve Ductile Design

If conditions as specified in section 6.3 cannot be met, the concrete capacity can
be increased to achieve a ductile design using the following:
6.4.1 Increased Concrete Tensile Capacity
Concrete tensile capacity can be increased by the following:
a. Increasing concrete strength
b. Increasing embedment depth
c. Increasing edge distance (for near edge cases)
d. Increasing anchor spacing (for closely spaced anchor group)
In situations for which space is limited, such as anchors embedded in
pedestals, the preceding methods may not be practical. For these cases,
reinforcing bars can be placed close to the anchor to transfer the load.
Refer to section 7.3.
6.4.2 Increased Concrete Shear Capacity
Concrete shear capacity can be increased by the following:

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a. Increasing concrete strength

b. Increasing edge distance (for near edge cases)
c. Increasing anchor spacing (for closely spaced anchor group)
If the preceding methods are impractical because of space limitations,
reinforcing hairpins looped around the anchors can be designed to carry
the entire shear. If this method is used, do not consider any contribution
from concrete shear strength. Refer to section 7.4.
Another alternative is the use of a shear lug. Refer to section 9. If this
alternative is chosen, either the following item a or item b must be
adhered:
a. The shear lug needs to be designed to undergo ductile yielding
before failure of the concrete.
b. The attachment that the shear lug connects to must undergo ductile
yielding at a load level no greater that 75 percent of the minimum
shear lug design strength.
7. Reinforcing Design
7.1 General
When anchor embedment or edge distances are not sufficient to prevent concrete
failure that is due to factored loads, or for a “ductile type” connection, if φNcb or
φNcbg < φ Ns or φVcb or φVcbg < φVs, then reinforcing steel may be used to
prevent concrete failure.
The reinforcing needed to develop the required anchor strength shall be designed
in accordance with ACI 318 and the following.
7.2 Failure Surface

Reinforcement shall be fully developed for the required load on both sides of the
failure surfaces resulting from tensile or shear forces. Development lengths and
reinforcement covers shall be in accordance with ACI 318.
7.2.1 The failure surface resulting from the applied tension load shall be one
of the following:
a. For a single bolt, the failure surface is that of a pyramid, with the
depth equal to the embedded depth of the anchor (hef) and the base
being a square with each side equal to three times the embedded
depth (3hef). (Refer to Figure RD.5.2.1(a) of ACI 318-02.)
b. For a group of bolts where the bolts are closer together than 3hef,
the failure surface is that of a truncated pyramid. This pyramid is
formed by a line radiating at a 1.5-to-1 slope from the bearing edge
of the anchor group, edge of nuts, toward the surface from which
the anchors protrude. (Refer to Figure RD.5.2.1(b) of ACI 318-02.)

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7.2.2 The failure surface resulting from the applied shear load is defined as a
half pyramid radiating at a 1.5-to-1 slope in all directions, originating at
the top of the concrete where the anchor protrudes and ending at the free
surface in the direction of the shear. (Refer to Figure RD.6.2.1(a) of
ACI 318-02.) For multiple anchors closer together than three times the
edge distance, c1, the failure surface is from the outermost anchors.
(Refer to Figure RD.6.2.1(b) of ACI 318-02.)
7.3 Reinforcing Design to Transfer Tensile Forces

(Refer to Figures C-1 and C-2 and Tables 2 and 3.)
7.3.1 The required area of reinforcing bars, Arb, per anchor is as follows:
Arb = (Ase * Fy)/fy
Obtain hef, the embedment depth of the anchor as follows: (Refer to
Figure C-1.)
hef = ld + C + (X + db/2)/1.5
a. Calculate ld, the development length of the reinforcing bars
resisting the load, using ACI 318. Note that the number of bars can
be increased and the size of the reinforcing bars can be decreased to
reduce the development length when required.
b. Add C, the concrete cover over the top of reinforcing bars to the
finished surface.
c. Add X, the clear distance from the anchor nut to the reinforcing
bars.
d. Add db/2, half the diameter of the reinforcing bars.
Note that the reinforcing bars were probably sized during pedestal
design. If more reinforcement is required by the pedestal design than
required by the anchor load transfer, the reinforcing bar development
length may be reduced by multiplying by the ratio of the reinforcing bar
area required to the reinforcing bar area provided:
ld required = ld x [(Arb) required / (Arb) provided]
This reduction is in accordance with ACI 318-02, section 12.2.5, and
cannot be applied in areas of moderate or high seismic risk.
7.3.2 Direct tensile loads can be transferred effectively by the use of “hairpin”
reinforcement or vertical dowels according to the following guidelines:
a. “Hairpin” legs and vertical dowels shall be located within hef/3
from the edge of the anchor head.
b. “Hairpin” legs and dowels shall extend a minimum of ld, beyond
the potential failure plane, or additional rebar area shall be
provided to reduce the required embedment length (see
section 7.3.1).

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c. Where tension reinforcement is designed, it should be designed to

carry the entire tension force, excluding any contribution from the
concrete.
d. For an example design calculation using hairpins, see Appendix
Example 2 (this Practice).
7.4 Reinforcing to Transfer Shear Forces

7.4.1 Several shear reinforcement configurations or assemblies can be
considered effective to prevent failure of the concrete. Depending on the
particular situation, one of the following types of shear reinforcement
can be used:
a. “Hairpins” wrapped around the anchors (Figure D-1)
b. “Closed ties” transferring load to the stronger anchors (Figure D-2)
c. “Anchored” reinforcing intercepting the failure plane (Figure D-3)
d. “Shear angles” welded to anchors (Figure D-4)
e. “Strut-and-tie model” (Refer to Appendix A of ACI 318-02 and
Figure D-5 of this Practice.)
7.4.2 Shear reinforcing shall extend a minimum of ld, beyond the potential
failure plane. Where excess rebar is provided, ld, may be reduced by the
ratio of the reinforcing bar area required divided by the reinforcing bar
area provided. See section 7.3.1.
7.4.3 Where shear reinforcing is designed, it should be designed to carry the
entire shear load, excluding any contribution from the concrete.
7.4.4 For pedestals, a minimum of two No. 4 ties or three No. 3 ties is required
within 5 inches of the top of each pedestal. Refer to Figure E. Use of
three ties is recommended near the top of each pedestal if shear lugs are
used or if the pedestals are located in areas of moderate or high seismic
risk.
8. Frictional Resistance
8.1 General
Where allowed by code, anchors need not be designed for shear if it can be
shown that the factored shear loads are transmitted through friction developed
between the bottom of the base plate and the top of the concrete foundation. If
there is moment on a base plate, the moment may produce a downward load that
will develop friction even when the column or vertical vessel is in uplift. This
downward load can be considered in calculating frictional resistance. Care shall
be taken to assure that the downward load that produces frictional resistance
occurs simultaneously with the shear load. In resisting horizontal loads, the
friction resistance attributable to downward force from overturning moment may
be used.

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The frictional resistance can also be used in combination with shear lugs to resist
the factored shear load. The frictional resistance should not be used in
combination with the shear resistance of anchors unless a mechanism exists to
keep the base plate from slipping before the anchors can resist the load (such as
welding the anchor nut to the base plate).
Note: Before planning to weld the anchor nut to the base plate, the engineer
should consult a welding specialist to determine whether this is
practical. Depending on the metallurgy of the nut, the welding may
require a special welding procedure.
8.2 Calculating Resisting Friction Force

The resisting friction force, Vf, may be computed as follows:
Vf = µP
P = normal compression force
µ = coefficient of friction
The materials used and the embedment depth of the base plate determine the
value of the coefficient of friction. (Refer to Figure F for a pictorial
representation.)
a. µ = 0.90 for concrete placed against as-rolled steel with the contact plane a
full plate thickness below the concrete surface.
b. µ = 0.70 for concrete or grout placed against as-rolled steel with the
contact plate coincidental with the concrete surface.
c. µ = 0.55 for grouted conditions with the contact plane between grout and
as-rolled steel above the concrete surface.
9. Shear Lug Design

Normally, friction and the shear capacity of the anchors used in a foundation adequately
resist column base shear forces. In some cases, however, the engineer may find the shear
force too great and may be required to transfer the excess shear force to the foundation
by another means. If the total factored shear loads are transmitted through shear lugs or
friction, the anchor bolts need not be designed for shear.
A shear lug (a plate or pipe stub section, welded perpendicularly to the bottom of the
base plate) allows for complete transfer of the force through the shear lug, thus taking the
shear load off of the anchors. The bearing on the shear lug is applied only on the portion
of the lug adjacent to the concrete. Therefore, the engineer should disregard the portion
of the lug immersed in the top layer of grout and uniformly distribute the bearing load
through the remaining height.
The shear lug should be designed for the applied shear portion not resisted by friction
between the base plate and concrete foundation. Grout must completely surround the lug
plate or pipe section and must entirely fill the slot created in the concrete. When using a
pipe section, a hole approximately 2 inches in diameter should be drilled through the

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base plate into the pipe section to allow grout placement and inspection to assure that
grout is filling the entire pipe section.
9.1 Calculating Shear Load Applied to Shear Lug

The applied shear load, Vapp, used to design the shear lug should be computed as
follows:
Vapp = Vu - Vf
9.2 Design Procedure for Shear Lug Plate

Design of a shear lug plate follows (for an example calculation, see Appendix
Example 3, this Practice):
a. Calculate the required bearing area for the shear lug:
Areq = Vapp / (0.85 * φ * f′′c) φ = 0.65
b. Determine the shear lug dimensions, assuming that bearing occurs only on
the portion of the lug below the grout level. Assume a value of W, the lug
width, on the basis of the known base plate size to find H, the total height
of the lug, including the grout thickness, G:
H = (Areq /W) + G
c. Calculate the factored cantilever end moment acting on a unit length of the
shear lug:
Mu = (Vapp/W) * (G + (H-G)/2)
d. With the value for the moment, the lug thickness can be found. The shear
lug should not be thicker than the base plate:
t = [(4 * Mu)/(0.9*Fy)]0.5
e. Design weld between plate section and base plate.
f. Calculate the breakout strength of the shear lug in shear. The method
shown as follows is from ACI 349-01, Appendix B, section B.11:
φ*[f’c]0.5
Vcb = AV*4*φ
where
AV = the projected area of the failure half-truncated pyramid defined
by projecting a 45-degree plane from the bearing edges of the
shear lug to the free edge. The bearing area of the shear lug
shall be excluded from the projected area.
φ = concrete strength reduction factor = 0.85
9.3 Design Procedure for Shear Lug Pipe Section

Design of a shear lug pipe section follows (for an example calculation, see
Appendix Example 4, this Practice):
a. Calculate the required bearing area for the shear lug:

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φf′′c)
Areq = Vapp /(0.85φ φ = 0.60
b. Determine the shear lug dimensions, assuming that bearing occurs only on
the portion of the lug below the grout level. Assume the D, diameter of the
pipe section, based on the known base plate size to find H, the total height
of the pipe, including the grout thickness, G:
H = (Areq/D) + G
c. Calculate the factored cantilever end moment acting on the shear lug pipe:
M = Vapp * (G + (H-G)/2)
d. Check the applied shear force and the bending moment for pipe section
failure (AISC LRFD Manual, pages 6-113, 6-116).
Shear check–
φv Vn ≥ Vapp
where φv = 0.9 and Vn = 0.6 Fy π(D2 – (D-2t)2)/4
Moment check–
φb Mn ≥ Mu
where φb = 0.9 and Mn = S * [{600/(D/t)} + Fy]
e. Design weld between pipe stub section and base plate.
f. Check the breakout shear as shown in section 9.2(f).
10. Pretensioning
Pretensioning induces preset tensile stresses to anchor bolts before actual loads are
applied. When properly performed, pretensioning can reduce deflection, avoid stress
reversal, and minimize vibration amplitude of dynamic machinery. Pretensioning may be
considered for the following:
a. Towers more than 150 feet tall

b. Towers with height-to-width ratios of more than 10
c. Dynamic machinery such as compressors (PIP REIE686)
However, pretensioning adds cost, and the stress level is difficult to maintain because of
creep and relaxation of the bolt material. AISC does not recommend pretensioning
anchors. The AISC LRFD Manual paragraph C-A3.4 states, “The designer should be
aware that pretensioning anchor bolts is not recommended due to relaxation and stress
corrosion after pretensioning.” AISC Steel Design Guide Series 1, anchor bolt section
states, “Because of long-term relaxation of concrete, prestressing of anchor bolts is
unreliable and hardly ever justified.”
In practical applications, the engineer should decide whether to pretension the anchor
bolt by considering the following advantages and disadvantages:

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10.1 Advantages
The advantages of pretensioning are as follows:
a. Can prevent stress reversals on anchors susceptible to fatigue weakening
b. May increase dampening for pulsating or vibrating equipment
c. Will decrease, to some extent, the drift for process towers under wind or
seismic load
d. Will increase the frictional shear resistance for process towers and other
equipment
10.2 Disadvantages
The disadvantages of pretensioning are as follows:
a. Can be a costly process to install accurately
b. No recognized code authority that gives guidance on the design and
installation of pretensioned anchors. There is little research in this area.
c. Questionable nature about the long-term load on the anchor from creep of
concrete under the pretension load
d. Possible stress corrosion of the anchors after pretensioning
e. Typically, no bearing resistance to shear on the anchor. This is because
during pretensioning, the sleeve around the anchor typically is not filled
with grout.
f. Little assurance that the anchor is properly installed and pretensioned in
the field
g. Possible direct damage from pretensioning. The pretensioning itself can
damage the concrete if not properly designed or if the pretension load is
not properly regulated.
10.3 When to Apply Pretensioning

Pretensioning should be considered for vertical vessels that are more than
150 feet tall or for those with height-to-width ratios of more than 10 and if
recommended by the equipment manufacturer; pretensioning is required if
required for warrantee. When not otherwise specified, anchors for turbines and
reciprocating compressors should be torqued to the values shown in Table 4.
10.4 Concrete Failure

In certain situations, the use of high-strength anchors in concrete with high
pretension forces may exceed the ultimate capacity of the concrete by
prematurely breaking out the concrete in the typical failure pyramid. Whether
this situation can occur depends on the depth of the anchor and on other factors,
such as edge conditions and arrangement of the base plate. To ensure that
premature concrete failure does not occur, pretensioned anchors shall be
designed so that the breakout strength of the anchor in tension is greater than the
maximum pretension force applied to the anchor. In the case of a stiff base plate

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covering the concrete failure pyramid, the stresses induced by external uplift on
the concrete are offset by the clamping force and the gravity loads. For this case,
the breakout strength needs only to be designed for the amount that the external
uplift exceeds the gravity plus pretensioning force loads.
10.5 Stretching Length

Prestressing should be implemented only when the stretching (spring) length of
the anchor extends down near the anchor head of the anchor. On a typical anchor
embedment, where there is no provision for a stretching length, if a prestressing
load is applied to the anchor, the anchor starts to shed its load to the concrete
through its bond on the anchor. At that time, a high bond stress exists in the first
few inches of embedment. This bond will relieve itself over time and thereby
reduce the prestress load on the anchor. Therefore it is important to prevent
bonding between the anchor and concrete for pretensioned anchors. Refer to
Figure G for a suggested detail.
10.6 Pretensioning Methods

Methods used to apply preload are as follows:
10.6.1 Hydraulic jacking: Hydraulic jacking is the most accurate method and is
recommended if the pretension load is essential to the integrity of the
design. The anchor design should accommodate any physical clearance
and anchor projections required for the hydraulic equipment.
10.6.2 Torque wrench: Torque wrench pretensioning provides only a rough
measure of actual pretension load but can be the method of choice if the
amount of pretension load is not critical. Torque values are shown in
Table 4.
10.6.3 Turn-of-nut: This method is the easiest to apply, but there are questions
as to the accuracy of the pretension load. The pretension load from
stretching the anchor can be closely determined, but accounting for the
compression of the concrete between the base plate and the nut at the
bottom of the anchor is difficult. Per the ASCE Anchor Bolt Report, the
required amount of nut rotation from the “snug tight” condition to
produce a desired tensile stress in the bolt (ft) can be determined using
the following formula.
Nut rotation in degrees = (360 l Ase ft Tlc) / (E Ad)
where:
l = bolt stretch length (the distance between the top and bottom
nuts on the bolt)
Ase = tensile stress area of bolt
ft = desired tensile stress
Tlc = bolt threads per unit length
E = elastic modulus of bolt

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Ad = nominal bolt area

If the bolt is to be retightened to compensate for any loss of pre-load,
this method requires that nuts be loosened, brought to a “snug tight”
condition, and then turned the number of degrees originally specified.
10.6.4 Load indicator washers: This method is good if the amount of pretension
desired is as much as the required load in slip-critical structural steel
connections. These loads are typically very high and not normally
required for anchors.
10.7 Relaxation
According to ACI 355.1 R, section 3.2.2, “If headed anchors are pretensioned,
the initial force induced in the anchor is reduced with time due to creep of the
highly stressed concrete under the anchor head. The final value of the tension
force in the anchor depends primarily on the value of bearing stresses under the
head, the concrete deformation, and the anchorage depth. In typical cases the
value of that final force will approach 40 to 80 percent of the initial preload
(40 percent for short anchors, 80 percent for long anchors).” Retensioning the
anchors about 1 week after the initial tensioning can reduce the loss of preload.
According to ACI 355.1R, the reduction of the initial preload can be reduced by
about 30 percent by retensioning.
10.8 Tightening Sequence

Pretensioned anchors should be tightened in two stages:
a. First stage should apply 50 percent of the full pretension load to all
anchors.
b. Second stage should apply full pretension load to all anchors.
Anchors should be tightened in a crisscross pattern. (Refer to Figure H.)
10.9 Recommended Tightening if Anchor Pretensioning Is Not Required

Anchors should be brought to a snug, tight condition. This is defined as the
tightness that exists after a few impacts from an impact wrench or the full effort
of a man using a spud wrench. At this point all surfaces should be in full contact.

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Appendix
Figures, Tables, and Examples

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TABLE 1: Minimum Anchor Dimensions

(Refer to Figure A.)
HEAVY ASCE ANCHOR BOLT REPORT MINIMUM

HEX ANCH. DIMENSIONS (Refer to Section 5.6)1
SLEEVES
HEAD/ TYPE 2 2
hef EDGE DISTANCE c SPACING
NUT
HIGH-
A307/A36 STRENGTH
P1 F1554 OR SHELL SIZE he '
ANCHOR
WIDTH Grade 36 TORQUED
DIA. 12do 4do
Wh BOLTS
do
Diameter Height
do + 1/2" 4do ≥ 4.5" 6do ≥ 4.5" 6do ≥ 6"
ds hs
(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
1/2 1.00 1.00 6.0 4.5 4.5 2.0 2 5 6
5/8 1.25 1.13 7.5 4.5 4.5 2.5 2 7 6
3/4 1.44 1.25 9.0 4.5 4.5 3.0 2 7 6
7/8 1.69 1.38 10.5 4.5 5.3 3.5 2 7 6
1 1.88 1.50 12.0 4.5 6.0 4.0 3 10 6
1-1/8 2.06 1.63 13.5 4.5 6.8 4.5 3 10 7
1-1/4 2.31 1.75 15.0 5.0 7.5 5.0 3 10 8
1-3/8 2.50 1.88 16.5 5.5 8.3 5.5 4 15 8
1-1/2 2.75 2.00 18.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 4 15 9
1-3/4 3.19 2.25 21.0 7.0 10.5 7.0 4 15 11
2 3.63 2.50 24.0 8.0 12.0 8.0 4 18 12
2-1/4 4.06 2.75 27.0 9.0 13.5 9.0 4 18 14
2-1/2 4.50 3.00 30.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 6 24 15
2-3/4 4.94 3.25 33.0 11.0 16.5 11.0 6 24 17
3 5.31 3.50 36.0 12.0 18.0 12.0 6 24 18
1
IF SLEEVES ARE USED,
EMBEDMENT SHALL BE THE LARGER OF 12do or (hs + he')
INCREASE EDGE DISTANCE BY 0.5(ds - do)
INCREASE SPACING BY (ds - do)
2
FOR MACHINERY FOUNDATIONS PIP REIE686 REQUIRES A MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE OF 6 INCHES.
Process Industry Practices Page A-1

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TABLE 2: Reinforcement Tensile Capacity and Tensile Development Length
Reinforcement Yield Strength, fy = 60 ksi

Compressive Strength of Concrete, f'c = 3,000 psi
Design Tensile Strength Reduction Factor, φ = 0.90 (ACI 318-02, Section 9.3)
Reinforcement Location Factor, α = 1.3 (Top Reinforcement), 1.0 (Other Reinforcement)
Coating Factor, β = 1.0 (Uncoated Reinforcement)
Reinforcement Size Factor, γ = 0.8 (≤ #6 bar), 1.0 (> #6 bar)
Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Factor, λ = 1.0 (Normal Weight Concrete)
Transverse Reinforcement Index, Ktr = 0 (Design Simplification)
ACI 318-02 , Section 12.2.3 - Tension Development Length:
ld = db (3/40) [fy/(f'c)1/2] (αβγλ)/[(c + Ktr)/db] [(c + Ktr)/db ≤ 2.5] (12-1)
where c is the smaller of either the distance from the center of the bar to the
nearest concrete surface or one-half the center-to-center spacing of the bars
BAR BAR BAR

SPACING ≥ 3.0 in. c = 1.5 in. SPACING ≥ 6.0 in. c = 3.0 in.
SIZE AREA CAPACITY
TENSION DEVELOPMENT TENSION DEVELOPMENT
Ar φ*Ar*(fy) REQUIRED REQUIRED
LENGTH, ld LENGTH, ld
COVER COVER
TOP OTHER TOP OTHER
(sq. in.) (Kips) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)

#3 0.11 5.94 ≥ 1:5/16 13 12 ≥ 2:13/16 13 12
#4 0.20 10.80 ≥ 1:1/4 17 13 ≥ 2:3/4 17 13
#5 0.31 16.74 ≥ 1:3/16 22 17 ≥ 2:11/16 22 17
#6 0.44 23.76 ≥ 1:1/8 32 25 ≥ 2:5/8 26 20
#7 0.60 32.40 ≥ 1:1/16 55 42 ≥ 2:9/16 38 29
#8 0.79 42.66 ≥1 71 55 ≥ 2:1/2 43 33
#9 1.00 54.00 ≥ 15/16 91 70 ≥ 2:7/16 48 37
#10 1.27 68.58 ≥ 7/8 115 89 ≥ 2:3/8 58 44
#11 1.56 84.24 ≥ 13/16 142 109 ≥ 2:5/16 71 55
SPACING ≥ 12.0 in. c = 6.0 in.
FACTORS FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF f'c #3 ≥ 5:13/16 13 12
(Note: ld shall not be less than 12 inches.) #4 ≥ 5:3/4 17 13
DEVELOPMENT #5 ≥ 5:11/16 22 17
f'c
LENGTH FACTOR #6 ≥ 5:5/8 26 20
3,000 1.00 #7 ≥ 5:9/16 38 29
4,000 0.87 #8 ≥ 5:1/2 43 33
5,000 0.77 #9 ≥ 5:7/16 48 37
6,000 0.71 #10 ≥ 5:3/8 55 42
#11 ≥ 5:5/16 61 47

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TABLE 3: Hairpin Reinforcement Design and Details
Reinforcement Yield Strength, fy = 60 ksi

Compressive Strength of Concrete, f' c = 3,000 psi
Minimum Reinforcement Cover = 2.5 in.
Minimum Reinforcing Spacing = 3.0 in.
Coating Factor, β = 1.0 (Uncoated Reinforcement)
Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Factor, λ = 1.0 (Normal Weight Concrete)
Development Length Reduction Factor (ACI 318-02 , Paragraph 12.5.3a) = 0.70
Design Tensile Strength Reduction (ACI 318-02, Paragraph 9.3.2.1), φ = 0.90
REINFORCING BAR
HAIRPIN AND HOOK VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

180 DEG HOOK DIMENSIONS HAIRPINS
REINFORCEMENT
CAPACITY
DEVELOPMENT
BAR SIZE
SEE NOTE (4)

LENGTH OTHER TOP
SEE NOTE (4)

CRSI)
ACI 12.5.1 &
(ACI/
CAPACITY
CAPACITY
ldh = Fig. R12.5.1 BARS BARS
(0.02βλfy/(f'c)0.5)db ld (a) ld (a)
(ACI 12.5.2 ) ldh la lb INSIDE (ACI (ACI
HOOK 12.2.3) 12.2.3)
f*Ar*(fy) 0.7*ldh
(in.) (kips) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (kips) (in.) (kips)
#3 8.2 5.94 6.0 2.0 4.0 2.3 12 6.91 13 6.84
#4 11.0 10.80 7.7 3.2 4.5 3.0 13 13.40 17 12.80
#5 13.7 16.74 9.6 4.6 5.0 3.8 17 21.22 22 20.19
#6 16.4 23.76 11.5 5.5 6.0 4.5 25 29.06 32 27.84
#7 19.2 32.40 13.4 6.4 7.0 5.3 42 37.36 55 36.22
#8 21.9 42.66 15.3 7.3 8.0 6.0 55 48.37 71 47.06
#9 24.7 54.00 17.3 7.1 10.2 9.5 70 59.54 91 58.26
#10 27.8 68.58 19.5 8.0 11.4 10.8 89 74.83 115 73.39
#11 30.9 84.24 21.6 8.9 12.7 12.0 109 91.15 142 89.56
(a) FACTORS FOR DIFFERENT

VALUES OF f'c:
Development
f'c Length Factor (D)
3,000 1.00
4,000 0.87
5,000 0.77
6,000 0.71
lb remains the same.
T (hairpin ) = T (hook) x (1+l a/ld) ldh = ldh*(D)
HAIRPIN CAPACITY: la = ldh-lb
(1) Standard 180 hook capacity = capacity of straight bar
(2) Capacity of la portion of hook = bar capacity X (la/ld) [ld > la]
(3) Capacity of lb portion of hook = bar capacity - capacity of la portion
(4) Hairpin capacity = bar capacity X (1 + la/ld) where ld = bar development length [ld > la]

PIP STE05121
TABLE 4: Pretension Load and Torque Recommendations*
Nominal Bolt Number of Threads Torque Pretension Load

Diameter (inches) (per inch) (foot-pounds) (pounds)
1/2 13 30 3,780
5/8 11 60 6,060
3/4 10 100 9,060
7/8 9 160 12,570
1 8 245 16,530
1-1/8 8 355 21,840
1-1/4 8 500 27,870
1-1/2 8 800 42,150
1-3/4 8 1,500 59,400
2 8 2,200 79,560
2-1/4 8 3,180 102,690
2-1/2 8 4,400 128,760
2-3/4 8 5,920 157,770
3 8 7,720 189,720
Note 1: All torque values are based on anchor bolts with threads well lubricated with oil.
Note 2: In all cases, the elongation of the bolt will indicate the load on the bolt.
Note 3: Based upon 30-ksi internal bolt stress
* From PIP REIE686, Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation and Installation Design,
Appendix A.

PIP STE05121
January 2003 Anchor Design Guide
FIGURE A: Anchor Details
P PROJECTION
C
EDGE
T.O. CONC. DIST.
hs
ha
hef
ds
do
he'
TYPE 1
PROJECTION
C
EDGE
T.O. CONC. DIST.
P
hs
ha
hef
ds
do
he'
P1
TACK
WELD
NUT
TYPE 2
NOTE: DISTANCE BETWEEN BOTTOM OF SLEEVE AND ANCHOR BEARING
SURFACE, he' , SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 6d o NOR 6-IN.
REFER TO TABLE 1 FOR MINIMUM DIMENSIONS

PIP STE05121
FIGURE B-1: Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchors in Shear -

Octagon "Weak Anchors"
Approximate solution
c1= Do /2 - AC/2 For input into PIP STE05121 Anchor Bolt
Calculate D o so that equivalent circle has same area as Design Spreadsheet, available to PIP
octagon. Members only.
2
Note: Area of octagon = 0.828D c1 =1.03D/2 - AC/2
π Do2/4 = 0.828D2 c2, c4 = [(1.03D/2)2-(AC/2)2]1/2
π Do2 = 0.828D2(4) Av = 1.5c1D
0.828D2(4) Av (max) = n 4.5c12
Do = π = 1.03D n = Total number of bolts = 12
Pythagorean theorem: Failure planes overlap each other to go clear across pedestal.
c22 + (AC/2)2 = (Do/2)2 Av = 1.5c1D (Max. Av = nAvo = n4.5c12)
c2 =[(1.03D/2)2 - (AC/2)2] 1/2

PIP STE05121
FIGURE B-2: Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchors in Shear -

Octagon "Strong" Anchors
c1 will vary with the number of anchors considred. Only anchors with
an edge distance, c1, greater than or equal to the c 1 for the chosen bolt
shall be used for resisting shear.
For the case shown above, if the dimension marked c1 is chosen, n = 6 bolts.
If the dimension marked c1 (ALT) is chosen, n = 4 bolts.
For input into PIP STE05121 Anchor Bolt Design

Alternate
Spreadsheet , available to PIP Members only.
c1 =As shown above c1 (ALT) =As shown above
c2 = (D-AC)/2 c2 (ALT) = (D-Cos(45ο)AC)/2
Av = 1.5c1 D Av = 1.5c1(ALT) D
Av (max) = n 4.5c12 Av (max) = n 4.5(c1(ALT))2
n=6 n=4

PIP STE05121
FIGURE C-1: Tensile Reinforcement - Vertical Dowels
x.)
Ma
X
ef /3
(h
c1 or c 2
VERTICAL DOWELS
EDGE
DIST.
(Centerline of Anchor Bolt to Centerline of Dowel = (W /2 + X + (d /2))
h rb
PLAN
T.O. CONC. db
C
ha
(min.)
ld
hef
ds
do 1.5
1
(min.)
Wh
ld
X DOWEL
(hef /3 max.) TO MAT
NOTE: Refer to Section 7.3
SECTION
Required Anchor Embedment, hef = l + C + (X + d /2) /1.5
d b
Refer to Table 3 for ld

PIP STE05121
FIGURE C-2: Tensile Reinforcement - Vertical Hairpin
HAIRPIN
REINFORCEMENT
X
(hef /3 max.)
PLAN
T.O. CONC.
1.5
1
h ef
(min.)
l dh
do
Wh
(min.)
ld
X
(hef /3 max.)
HAIRPIN
REINFORCEMENT
SECTION
Refer to Table 3 for ldhand ld.

PIP STE05121
FIGURE D-1: Shear Reinforcement - Horizontal Hairpin
HOOK DIMENSION
180 DEG. STD.
EDGE DISTANCE ld
5 do (min.)
FACE OF ANCHOR
CONCRETE
HAIRPIN
REINFORCEMENT
PLAN
SHEAR DIRECTION
ld
MINIMUM
EDGE DISTANCE
COVER
5 do (min.) ANCHOR
HAIRPIN
REINFORCEMENT
SECTION
Refer to Table 3 for l d .

PIP STE05121
FIGURE D-2: Shear Reinforcement - Closed Ties
DIMENSION
STD. HOOK
180 DEG.
EDGE DISTANCE
5 do (min.)
FACE OF WEAK
CONCRETE STRONG
ANCHOR ANCHOR
HAIRPIN
REINFORCEMENT
PLAN
DIMENSION
STD. HOOK
EDGE DISTANCE 180 DEG.
5 do (min.)
FACE OF WEAK
CONCRETE STRONG
ANCHOR ANCHOR
CLOSED TIE
REINFORCEMENT
PLAN
SHEAR DIRECTION
MINIMUM
EDGE DISTANCE
5 do (min.) ANCHOR ANCHOR
CLOSED TIE
REINFORCEMENT
SECTION

PIP STE05121
FIGURE D-3: Shear Reinforcement - Anchored Reinforcement
SHEAR DIRECTION SHEAR DIRECTION
ANCHOR ANCHOR
ld ld
ANCHOR
ANCHOR ANGLE
l
PLATE d
Z
1.5 1.5
ANCHORED ANCHORED
1 1 REINFORCEMENT
REINFORCEMENT
LINE AT SURFACE OF ANCHORED

HALF-PYRAMID INTERSECTING REINFORCEMENT
HAIRPIN (ALTERNATE)
LINE AT SURFACE OF
SECTION HALF-PYRAMID INTERSECTING
HAIRPIN
ANCHOR
EDGE
SECTION
DIST.
ld ld = development length of reinforcement
CONCRETE
z = vertical hairpin concrete cover + 0.5d b

FACE OF
ANCHORED
REINFORCEMENT
FAILURE HALF-PYRAMID
1.5 LINE AT SURFACE OF
1 HALF-PYRAMID INTERSECTING HAIRPIN
PLAN
Note:
1. See Table 2 for rebar capacities.
2. Anchor plate or anchor angle must be designed for load from anchor.
3. Taking ld from centerline of bolt is conservative.

PIP STE05121
FIGURE D-4: Shear Reinforcement - Shear Angles
EDGE DISTANCE
5do (min.) ANCHOR
FACE OF
CONCRETE
FAILURE
HALF-TRUNCATED
1 PYRAMID
1
PLAN
SHEAR DIRECTION
EDGE DISTANCE
5d (min.) ANCHOR
o
TACK WELD
FAILURE
HALF-TRUNCATED
PYRAMID
SECTION
NOTE: DEDUCT AREA OF THE BEARING SURFACE OF
SHEAR ANGLE IN CALCULATING A p (THE PROJECTION
OF THE FAILURE HALF-TRUNCATED PYRAMID).

PIP STE05121
FIGURE D-5: Shear Reinforcement - Strut-and-Tie Model
VERTICAL TIE
REBAR
T2
C1 ANCHOR
T1 BOLT
25°
M I N.
25°
T1 C1 M I N.
T3
NOTES:
1. C1 AND C2 ARE COMPRESSION

FORCES.
2. T1 , T2, AND T3 ARE TENSION
FORCES.
3. ACTUAL FORCES WILL VARY
WITH GEOMETRY.

PIP STE05121
FIGURE E: Minimum Lateral Reinforcement - Pedestal

1 1/2"
4"
2" (OR LESS)
PROVIDE THIS ADDITIONAL

TIE IN HIGH-SEISMIC AREAS
OR IF SHEAR LUG IS USED

PIP STE05121
FIGURE F: Coefficients of Friction
CONCRETE
SURFACE
GROUT
= 0.90
CONCRETE
SURFACE
GROUT
= 0.70
GROUT
CONCRETE
SURFACE
= 0.55

PIP STE05121
FIGURE G: Pretensioned Anchors for Turbines and Reciprocating Compressors
Notes:
T0P OF DUCT TAPE 1. Materials:
BOTTOM OF GROUT
GROUT TOP NUT Anchor plate: ASTM A36
1/2
WASHER
Anchor rod: ASTM A36 or F1554 GR 36.
Nuts: ASTM A563 Grade A heavy hex
1
DUCT TAPE
ANCHOR ROD
BOTTOM OF DUCT TAPE Washer: ASTM F436
FILL WITH ELASTOMERIC
PIPE SLEEVE MOLDABLE NON-HARDENING
Pipe sleeve: ASTM A53 SCH 40
MATERIAL
do 2. Weld shall be inaccordance with AWS D1.1 .
FDN.
3. Fabrication Sequence:
ANCHOR
NUT 1 A. Position anchor rod to obtain the specified
PLATE
4d o+ T
projection above the anchor plate.

T
NUT 2
NUT 3
B. Holding nut 1, tighten nut 2 to a snug tight
condition.
C. Hold nut 2, tighten nut 3 to a snug tight condition.
D. Position and weld the pipe sleeve.
DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
ANCHOR NOMINAL ANCHOR PLATE ANCHOR PLATE

ROD PIPE SLEEVE DIMENSIONS THICKNESS (T)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)

3/4 1-1/2 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 5/8
7/8 2 3x3 7/8
1 2 3x3 7/8
1-1/8 2-1/2 3 1/2 x 3 1/2 1
1-1/4 2-1/2 3 1/2 x 3 1/2 1
1-1/2 3 4 1/2 x 4 1/2 1 1/4
1-3/4 3-1/2 5x5 1 1/2
2 4 5 1/2 x 5 1/2 1 3/4
2-1/4 5 6 1/2 x 6 1/2 2
2-1/2 5 7x7 2 1/4
2-3/4 5 7x7 2 1/4
3 6 8x8 2 1/2

PIP STE05121
FIGURE H: Anchor-Tightening Sequence
1
12 5
8 9
4 3 EQUIPMENT
7
10
11
TIGHTENING 6
2
SEQUENCE
EQUIPMENT

PIP STE05121
EXAMPLE 1 - Column Plate Connection Using Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet
Base Plate Connection Data

W12 x 45 column
Four anchors on 6" x 16" spacing
Base plate 1 1/2" x 14" x 1'-10" with vertical stiffener plates
Factored base loads (gravity plus wind - maximum uplift condition)
Shear (V u) = 17 kips
Moment (M u) = 146 kip-feet
Tension (N u) = 17 kips
Low-seismic area (ductility not required)
f'c = 3000 psi, A36 anchor material
ΣMP = 0
Nu Mu
T = (146 k-ft x 12 + 17 k x 8.625")/(11 + 8 - 2.67)
T = 116 k for 2 bolts
ANCHOR BOLT
P = 116 - 17 = 99 kips
TOP OF PED.
Vu
Resisting friction load (Vf) = m P
8" 11"
m = 0.55 (PIP STE05121 - Figure F)
T x Vf = 0.55 x 99 = 54 kips > 17 kips
P
Therefore, anchors are not required to
resist shear.
X = 2.67
(Refer to Blodgett - Design of Welded Structures - Figure 17 [Similar].)
Note: Other theorys for determining "X" are equally valid.
By trial and error using the Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet , available to PIP Member
Companies only, the following is determined. (This takes only a few minutes.)
Nom. Anchor Diameter = 1 3/4" Anchor Embedment = 21" (12 anchor diameters)
Pedestal Size = 6' 4" x 5' 2" (c 1 = 30", c2 = 28", c3 = 46", c4 = 28", s2 = 6", s1 = 0")
(Because only two bolts resist tension, s 1 must be input as 0".)
The Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet input and output sheets are attached for this condition.
This is a very large pedestal. If a smaller pedestal is required or desired, supplementary

tensile reinforcing can be used to resist the load. See Example 2.

January 03 Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet PIP STE05121
Input
Company PIP
Project Project # PIP STE05121
Subject Example 1 - Column Plate Connection Using Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet
Name Date 12/12/2002 Sheet Number 1
Checked by Check Date Total Sheets 1
LOADING CONDITIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Note: Calculations are per ACI 318-02 Appendix D. Ductility required? Tension No Shear No
Nu and Vu were factored using factors from ACI 318-02? Section 9.2 Intermediate or high seismic risk? No
Factored tensile load (kips) = N u = 116 Specified concrete strength (psi) = f' c = 3000
Factored shear load (kips) = V u = perpendicular to edge 0 Cracking
Is there a built-up grout pad? Yes modification 1.4 - Located in region where there isn't cracking at service loads (ft < fr)
factor,Ψ 7
ANCHOR DATA, EMBEDMENT, AND THICKNESS OF MEMBER
Anchor material type = A36, Fu = 58 Adequate supplementary reinf. provided to resist tension loads in anchors? No
Nominal anchor diameter (in.) = 1 3/4 Adequate reinforcement provided to resist shear loads in anchors? No
Effective anchor embedment depth (in.) = hef 21.00 = hef ECCENTRICITY
Thickness of member in which anchor is anchored, (in.) = h 60.00 = h Eccentricity of tensile force on group of tensile anchors (in.)
Number of anchors in tension = n (tension) = 2 eN' = 0 (0=single anchor)
Number of anchors in shear = n (shear) = 4 Eccentricity of shear force on group of anchors (in.)
CONCRETE FAILURE AREAS (Note ev' must be less than s perpendicular to shear) eV'= 0
Do you want to manually input the value of An? no
No EDGE DISTANCES AND SPACING
An = 200 TENSION SHEAR
Note: Units for An and Av are sq. in.
An= 3813 Edge Distance, in. Spacing, in. Edge Distance, in. Spacing, in.
Do you want to manually input the value of Av? no
No c1 = 30.0 c3 = 46.0 s1 = 0.0 c1 = 30.0 s2 = 6.0
c1 Av = 2000 c2 = 28.0 c4 = 28.0 s2 = 6.0 c2 = 28.0
NU Av= 2790 c4 = 28.0
1.5hef 1.5hef 35 o c1 = minimum edge distance c1 = edge distance in direction of V n (perp.)
1.5c1
c2 = least edge distance perpendicular to c 1 c2 = least edge distance perpendicular to c 1

VU (perpendicular) c1
c1 s1 c3
h or 1.5c1
VU
hef
VU (parallel)
c2 s2 c4
1.5c1
35o
c2 s2 c4
VU c1
c4 s2 c2
Breakout cone for tension Breakout cone for shear
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
DUCTILITY INTERACTION OF TENSILE AND SHEAR FORCES RESULTS
φNn = 117.3 kips >= Nu = 116.0 kips
φVn = 75.6 kips >= Vu = 0.0 kips
Nu/(φNn) + Vu/(φVn) = 0.99 + 0.00 = 0.99 <=1.2 ANCHOR OK !
117.29

January 2003 PIP STE05121
Output Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet
Company PIP Sheet 1 of 1

Project Project # PIP STE05121
Subject Example 1 - Column Plate Connection Using Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet
Name Date 12/12/2002
Checked by Check Date
BOLT PARAMETERS
Grade A36, Fu = 58 fy 36 ksi hef 21.00 in.
Size 1 3/4 in. fut 58 ksi n(tension) 2
do 1.750 in. Ase 1.900 sq. in. n(shear) 4
Ab 4.144 sq. in.
LOAD CONDITIONS REINFORCEMENT

LOAD FACTORS Section 9.2 ADEQUATE REINF NOT PROVIDED TO RESIST TENSION
TENSILE LOAD, Nu 116.0 kips ADEQUATE REINF NOT PROVIDED TO RESIST SHEAR
SHEAR LOAD, Vu 0.0 kips
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DUCTILITY NOT REQD IN TENSION CONCRETE STRENGTH, f'c 3000 psi
DUCTILITY NOT REQD FOR SHEAR CRACKING MOD FACTOR, Ψ7 1.4
LOW SEISMIC RISK GROUT PAD
ECCENTRICITIES eN' = 0.00 in. eV' = 0.00 in.
DESIGN FOR TENSION DESIGN FOR SHEAR

STEEL STRENGTH Ns 220.4 kips STEEL STRENGTH Vs 211.6 kips
CONCRETE BREAKOUT CONCRETE BREAKOUT

STRENGTH OF STRENGTH OF ANCHOR,
ANCHOR(S) Perpendicular to edge
Ncb or Ncbg 167.6 kips Vcb or Vcbg 108.0 kips
PULLOUT STRENGTH CONCRETE PRYOUT

OF ANCHOR(S) nNpn 278.5 kips STRENGTH OF ANCHOR Vcp 335.1 kips
CONCRETE SIDE-FACE
BLOWOUT STRENGTH Nsb or Nsbg
OF HEADED ANCHOR(S) (governing) NA
EDGE DISTANCES, SPACINGS, SUMMARY OF RESULTS

FAILURE AREAS TENSION
Steel Capacity 165.3 kips
TENSION SHEAR Concrete Capacity 117.3 kips
c1 30.00 in. 30.00 in.
c2 28.00 in. 28.00 in. SHEAR
c3 46.00 in. Steel Capacity 137.5 kips
c4 28.00 in. 28.00 in. Concrete Capacity 75.6 kips
s1 0.00 in.
s2 6.00 in. 6.00 in. INTERACTION OF TENSILE AND SHEAR FORCES
An or Av 3813.0 sq. in. 2790.0 sq. in. 117.3 kips = φNn* >= Nu = 116.0 kips
*
Calculated Calculated 75.6 kips = φVn >= Vu = 0.0 kips
* *
Nu/(φNn ) + Vu/(φVn ) = 0.99 + 0.00 <= 1.2
OK
*Multiplied by 0.75 if intermediate or high seismic area
Process Industry Practices Page Page A-21

January 2003 Calculations PIP STE05121
Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet
Selected Bolt: 1 3/4 in. A36, Fu = 58 No. of Bolts

do = 1.750 in. Ase = 1.900 sq. in. fy = 36 ksi nt(tension) = 2
hef = 21.0 in. Abrg = 4.144 sq. in. fut = 58 ksi nv(shear) = 4
Note: Figures in parenthesis and in red refer to equations or paragraphs in ACI 318-02 , Appendix D.
Steel Strength in Tension: Ns = nAsefut (fut < 1.9fy and fut < 125 ksi) = 220.4 kips (D-3)
1. Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension:

AN(calc) = 3813.0 sq. in. Use AN = 3813.0 sq. in. ANo = 9hef2 = 3600.0 sq. in. (D-6)
hef(max) = 20.0 in. Use hef = 20.0 in. (D.5.2.3)
Ψ1 = [1/(1 + 2eN'/3hef) <= 1] = 1.00 (D-9)
cmin = 28.0 in. Ψ2 = 0.980 (D-10 or D-11)
Ψ3 = 1.25 (D.5.2.6) Nb = 129.1 kips (D-7 or D-8)
Ncb or Ncbg = (AN/ANo)Ψ1Ψ2Ψ3Nb = 167.6 kips (D-4 or D-5)
2. Pullout strength of anchor in tension:

Ψ4 = 1.4 (D.5.3.6) Np = Abrg8f'c = 99.5 kips (D-13)
For n bolts, nNpn = nΨ4Np = 278.5 kips (D-12)
3. Concrete side-face blowout strength of headed anchor in tension:

c = 30.0 in. c2 = 28.0 in. c2/c = 0.93 <=3
Side-face blowout strength does not apply.
Nsb = 160c(Abrg)0.5(f'c)0.5 = NA (D-15) Nsb (modified) = NA (D.5.4.1)
Side blowout (group effects) does not apply.
Nsbg = (1+so/6c)Nsb = NA (D-16)
Nsb or Nsbg (governing) = NA
Steel Strength of Fastener in Shear:

Vs = nAse(0.6 fut)*(0.8 if there is a grout pad) = 211.6 kips (D-18 & D.6.1.3)
1. Concrete breakout strength of anchor in shear:
Av(calc) = 2790.0 sq. in. Use Av = 2790.0 sq. in. Avo = 4.5c12 = 4050.0 sq. in. (D-22)
AV (max) = nAVo = 16200.0 sq. in. (D.6.2.1) Use min Av = 2790.0 sq. in.
l = min (8do and hef) = 14.0 in. (D.0 - Notation for l)
c1 (max) = 40.0 in. (D.6.2.4) Use c1 = 30.0 in.
Process Industry Practices Sheet 1 of 2 Page A-22

January 2003 Calculations PIP STE05121
Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet
Vb = 7(l/do)0.2(do)0.5(f'c)0.5(c1)1.5 = 126.3 kips (D-23)

Ψ5 = 1/(1 + 2eV'/3c1) <= 1 = 1 (D-25)
Ψ6 = [0.7+0.3(c2/(1.5c1) if c2 < 1.5c1, 1.0 if c2 >= 1.5c1] = 0.887 (D-26 [Errata] or D-27)
Ψ7 = 1.4 (D.6.2.7)
Vcb or Vcbg = (AV/AVo)Ψ5Ψ6Ψ7Vb = 108.0 kips (D-20 or D-21) Shear perpendicular to edge <------- Applies
243.7 kips (D-20 or D-21) Shear parallel to edge <-------- NA
2. Concrete pryout strength of anchor in shear:

kcp = 2 (D.6.3.1) Ncb = 167.6 kips (D-4)
Vcp = kcpNcb = 335.1 kips (D-28)
Summary of Results:
Tension: φ for steel = 0.75 φ for concrete = 0.70 (D.4.4)
Steel capacity = φNn[*0.75 if inter. or high seismic risk] = 165.3 kips (D.3.3)
Concrete capacity = φNn[*0.75 if inter. or high seismic risk] = 117.3 kips (D.3.3) Ductility?
Governing mode of concrete failure: Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension Tension 0
Shear: φ for steel = 0.65 φ for concrete = 0.70 (D.4.4)

Steel capacity = φVn[*0.75 if inter. or high seismic risk] = 137.5 kips (D.3.3)
Conc. capacity = φVn[*0.75 if inter. or high seismic risk] = 75.6 kips (D.3.3) Shear 0
Governing mode of concrete failure: Concrete breakout strength of anchor in shear
Interaction of tensile and shear forces: (D.7)

φNn = 117.3 kips φVn = 75.6 kips
0.2φNn = 23.5 kips 0.2φVn = 15.1 kips
Nu = 116.0 kips Vu = 0.0 kips
Nu/(φNn) = 0.99 Vu/(φVn) = 0.00
Applicable equation = (D-1) 117.29 OK
Process Industry Practices Sheet 2 of 2 Page A-23

PIP STE05121
EXAMPLE 2 - Column Plate Connection - Supplementary Tensile Reinforcing
Same data as Example 1. Use supplementary tensile reinforcing to reduce pedestal size.
Shear (Vu) = 17 kips Per Example 1:

Moment (Mu) = 146 kip-feet T = 116 k on two bolts
Tension (Nu) = 17 kips Friction will take shear load.
Nom. anchor diameter = 1-3/4"
Assume a 2'-0" x 2'-6" pedestal.
Assume anchors are resisted by three hairpins.

116k / 3 = 38.7 kips
Per Table 3 of PIP STE05122, one #8 hairpin resists 48.37 kips. OK.
ldh (min) = 15.3" per Table 3. Width of hairpin = 6.0" + #8 diam. = 7.0". See Table 3.
Space hairpins 3" away from each anchor.

2 2 0.5
Distance from anchor to leg of hairpin = [3 +(7.0/2) ] = 4.61"
Required hef = C + ldh + 4.61/1.5. See Figure C-2.
Where C = concrete cover = 2" hef = 2 + 15.3 + 4.61/1.5 = 20.4"
min. hef = 12 d0 = 12 x 1.75 = 21"
Final Design Use h ef = 21"
T
1 3/4" DIA. ANCHOR
C = 2" CLEAR
(TYP.)
ANCHOR
(TYP.)
hef = 21"
6"
2'-0"
3" 3"
HAIRPIN
(TYP.) (TYP.)
6"
1.5
1
l or ldh*
#8 HAIRPIN 1'-4"
(TYP.)
d
2'-6"
PLAN
ELEVATION
* USE l IF HOOK IS ADDED (NOTE: OTHER REINF. NOT

dh
AT BOTTOM OF HAIRPIN SHOWN FOR CLARITY)

PIP STE05121
Example 3 - Shear Lug Plate Section Design
PLAN
Vu = 40 K (ULTIMATE)
SECTION

PIP STE05121
EXAMPLE 3 - Shear Lug Plate Section Design

Design a shear lug plate for a 14-in. square base plate, subject to a factored axial dead load
of 22.5 kips, factored live load of 65 kips, and a factored shear load of 40 kips. The base
plate and shear lug have F y = 36 ksi and f' c = 3 ksi. The contact plane between the grout and
base plate is assumed to be 1 in. above the concrete. A 2-ft 0-in. square pedestal is
assumed. Ductility is not required.
Vapp = Vu – Vf = 40 – (0.55)(22.5) = 27.6 kips
Bearing area = Areq = Vapp / (0.85 f f’ c) = 27.6 kips / (0.85*0.65*3 ksi) = 16.67 in. 2
On the basis of base plate size, assume the plate width, W, will be 12 in.
2
Height of plate = H = A req / W + G = 16.67 in. /12 in. + 1 in. = 2.39 in. Use 3 in.
Ultimate moment = M u = (Vapp / W) * (G + (H – G)/2)

= (27.6 kips / 12 in.) * (1 in. + (3 in.-1 in.)/2) = 4.61 k-in. / in.
Thickness = t = [(4 * Mu)/(0.9* Fy)]½ = ((4*4.61 kip-in.)/(0.9*36 ksi))½ = 0.754 in. Use 0.75 in.
This 12-in. x 3-in. x 0.75-in. plate will be sufficient to carry the applied shear load and resulting
moment. Design of the weld between the plate section and the base plate is left to the
engineer.
Check concrete breakout strength of the shear lug in shear.
Distance from shear lug to edge of concrete = (24 - 0.75) / 2 = 11.63 in.
2
AV = 24 * (2+11.63) – (12 * 2) = 303 in.
Vcb = AV*4*f*[f’c] 0.5 = 303 * 4 * 0.85 * [3000] 0.5 = 56400 lb = 56.4 kips > 27.3 kips OK

PIP STE05121
Example 4 - Shear Lug Pipe Section Design
PLAN
Vu= 40K (ULTIMATE)
SECTION

PIP STE05121
EXAMPLE 4 - Shear Lug Pipe Section Design

Design a shear lug pipe section for a 14-in. square base plate, subject to a factored axial dead load of
22.5 kips, factored live load of 65 kips, and a factored shear load of 40 kips. The base plate and
shear lug have Fy = 36 ksi and f'c = 3 ksi. The contact plane between the grout and base plate is
assumed to be 1 in. above the concrete. A 2-ft 0-in. square pedestal is assumed. Ductility is not
required.
Vapp = Vu – Vf = 40 – (0.55)(22.5) = 27.6 kips
2
Bearing area = Areq = Vapp / (0.85 f f’c) = 27.6 kips / (0.85*0.65*3ksi) = 16.7 in.
Based on base plate size, assume the pipe diameter will be 8-in. nominal std. weight pipe.
D = 8.625 in., t = 0.322 in., S = 16.81 in.3
2
Height of pipe = H = Areq / D + G = 16.67 in. / 8.625 in. + 1 in. = 2.93 in. Use 3.5 in.
Ultimate moment = M u = Vapp * (G + (H – G)/2)

= 27.63 kips * (1 in. + (3.5 in. - 1 in.)/2) = 62.17 k-in.
Check moment:
Mn = S [600/(D/t) + Fy] = 16.81 in.3 *(600/(8.625 in./0.322 in.) + 36 ksi)
= 982 k-in.
fb = 0.9
fbMn = (0.9)*(982 k-in.) = 884 k-in. > 62.17 k-in. OK
Check
Vn = 0.6 Fy p(D2 – (D-2t)2)/4 = 0.6* 36 ksi * p* ( 8.6252 – (8.625 – 2*0.322)2 ) in.2 / 4
= 181.4 kips
fv = 0.9
fv Vn = (0.9)*(181.4 kips) = 163.2 kips > 27.6 kips OK
This 3.5-in.-long x 8-in.-diameter nominal std. weight pipe will be sufficient to carry the applied shear
load and resulting moment.
Check failure plane of pedestal:

Distance from edge of pipe to edge of concrete = (24 – 8.625) / 2 = 7.69 in.
Av = 24*(2.5 + 7.69) – 8.62*2.5 = 223 in.2
Vcb = Av*4*f*[f’c]0.5 = 223 * 4 * 0.85 * [3000]0.5 = 41500 lb = 41.5 kips > 27.3 kips OK

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Job Number Design Guide Number Rev Date Sheet of

COMPANY STANDARD ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN GUIDE

In-House Review Client Approval Design Entire Design Guide Attached

Fabrication Construction _____________________ Revised Sheets Only Attached

Process Industry Practices

© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

Not printed with State funds

Process Industry Practices

1. Introduction .................................. 3 5.5 Shear Strength of Anchors in a

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 25

9.3 Design Procedure for Examples

Figures, Tables, and Examples.....25

Page 2 of 25 Process Industry Practices

1.3 Use of “Shall” and “Should”

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

• American Concrete Institute (ACI)

Process Industry Practices Page 3 of 25

– AISC Manual of Steel Construction - Load and Resistance Factor Design

2.3 Government Regulations

• U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Page 4 of 25 Process Industry Practices

2.4 Other References

Process Industry Practices Page 5 of 25

Fy = Anchor or shear lug material yield strength, psi

Page 6 of 25 Process Industry Practices

Vcbg = Nominal concrete breakout strength in shear of a group of anchors, lb

Process Industry Practices Page 7 of 25

Properties for Recommended Anchor Materials

Page 8 of 25 Process Industry Practices

Anchor Bolt PIP-Recommended Outside

Process Industry Practices Page 9 of 25

5.2 Anchor Bolt Design Spreadsheet (Available to PIP Members Only)

5.3 Anchor Design Considerations

Page 10 of 25 Process Industry Practices

5.4 Shear Strength of Anchors in a Rectangular Pattern

5.5 Shear Strength of Anchors in a Circular Pattern

5.6 Minimum Dimensions

Process Industry Practices Page 11 of 25

5.6.4 Modification for Sleeves

Page 12 of 25 Process Industry Practices

6.1 Ductile Design Philosophy

6.2 Critical Areas Requiring Ductile Design

6.3 Requirements for Ductile Design

Process Industry Practices Page 13 of 25

6.4 Means to Achieve Ductile Design

Page 14 of 25 Process Industry Practices

a. Increasing concrete strength

7.2 Failure Surface

Process Industry Practices Page 15 of 25

7.3 Reinforcing Design to Transfer Tensile Forces

Page 16 of 25 Process Industry Practices

c. Where tension reinforcement is designed, it should be designed to

7.4 Reinforcing to Transfer Shear Forces

Process Industry Practices Page 17 of 25

8.2 Calculating Resisting Friction Force

9. Shear Lug Design

Page 18 of 25 Process Industry Practices

9.1 Calculating Shear Load Applied to Shear Lug