PREPARED FOR:

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D . C.

PREPARED BY:
WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH GROUP
DETROIT, Ml College of Engineering

OH IO UNIVERISTY
ATHENS , OH

 
 
A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  1 
 
 A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control
FHWA Contract No. DTFH61-11-H-00031

Submitted to:
United States Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
HSA Room #E71-324
1200 New Jersey Ave. SE
Washington, D.C. 20590

Contractor:
Wayne State University
Transportation Research Group
Civil & Environmental Engineering
5050 Anthony Wayne Drive
Engineering Development Center – Room #0504
Detroit, MI 48202

Subcontractor:
Ohio University
Department of Civil Engineering
114 Stocker Center
Athens, OH 47501-2979

Date:
June 2016

The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the contractor(s) and not
necessarily those of the U.S. Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This
report was prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway
Administration.

This document is a ‘Living Document’ and may be modified as needed.

 
A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  2 
 
1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient Catalog No.

4 Title and Subtitle 5 Report Date

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control June 2016
6 Performing
Organization Code

7. Author(s) 8 Performing
Tapan Datta, Peter Savolainen, Deborah McAvoy, Timothy Gates, Jonathan Kay, Organization Report
Nicholas Nicita, Sahadev Parajuli No.

9 Performing Organization Name and Address 10 Work Unit No.

Wayne State University – Transportation Research Group (TRAIS)
5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, EDC 0504
Detroit, Michigan 48202 11 Contract or Grant No.
DTFH61-H-00031
12 Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13 Type of Report and
Federal Highway Administration – United States Department of Transportation Period Covered

14 Sponsoring Agency
Code

15 Supplementary Notes

16 Abstract
This guide describes the characteristics that are specific to urban work zones and provides possible mitigation
strategies to address site-specific safety issues. Urban work zones present unique challenges that are not
addressed specifically in great detail in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. The urban roadway
environment encompasses many distinctive characteristics which need to be taken into consideration. A few
characteristics to be noted are high traffic demand and low travel speeds, frequent intersections and driveway
accesses, right of way and space limitations, on street parking and roadside access, roadway geometry, traffic
control issues, non-motorized transportation facilities, bus stops and transit access. In addition, special events
and compliance with the requirements of “Significant Projects” which require attention must be considered.
This document includes example plans and a table that highlights the important issues regarding urban work
zones and feasible mitigation strategies.

17 Key Words 18 Distribution Statement

Urban Work Zone, Temporary Traffic Control Plan, Typical No restrictions. This document is available to
Application, Significant Project, Traffic Control Strategies the public at http://workzone.eng.wayne.edu/

19 Security Classification 20 Security Classification 21 No. of pages 22 Price

(of this report) (of this page) 27

 
A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  3 
 
Table of Contents

1.0 A GUIDE TO URBAN WORK ZONE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL ................................ 1

2.0 URBAN WORK ZONE CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................. 2

3.0 TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR URBAN WORK ZONES ............................................. 6

4.0 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN DEVELOPMENT ...................................................... 9

5.0 EXAMPLE PLANS ............................................................................................................................ 16

6.0 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ........................................................................................................... 24

APPENDIX I – TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN CHECKLIST OF

WORK ZONE CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................ 25

List of Tables

Table 1 – Urban Work Zone Challenges and Mitigation Strategies .......................................................... 11

List of Figures

Figure 1 – Temporary Traffic Control Plan Development........................................................................... 9

Figure 2 – Lane Shift on Roads with Parking Lane .................................................................................... 16

Figure 3 – Closure of Right Lane on Roads with Multiple Low Volume Driveways ................................ 17

Figure 4 – Closure of Two inside Lanes near an Intersection..................................................................... 18

Figure 5 – Work on Far Right Lane near Signalized Intersection .............................................................. 19

Figure 6 – Sidewalk Closure Involving Minor Street in Urban Area ......................................................... 20

Figure 7 – Pedestrian Facility Rerouted into Traveled Lanes ..................................................................... 21

Figure 8 – Work on Far Side Right Lane Including Bicycle Lane ............................................................. 22

Figure 9 – Shoulder Closure on Urban Location with Bicycle Traffic ....................................................... 23

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  i 
 
1.0 A GUIDE TO URBAN WORK ZONE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC
CONTROL
The design and implementation of temporary traffic control (TTC) for work zones requires a careful
balance between safety, mobility, and constructability. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
(MUTCD) presents a concise summary of minimum standards for work zone TTC. This includes guidance
that creates uniformity and consistency, thereby ensuring that work zones are easily recognizable and well
understood by the traveling public. The MUTCD Part VI includes a series of Typical Applications (TAs)
which illustrate appropriate temporary traffic control plans (TTCPs) for a variety of work zone scenarios.

Given the wide range of site-specific factors that may be encountered, the MUTCD recommends the use of
engineering judgment to adjust each TA as appropriate for actual field conditions. As each work site
presents unique conditions, it is imperative that TTCPs should be developed that account for the potential
impacts of these conditions on safety and mobility. This task can be particularly challenging in urban
environments, which present a number of considerations that are not addressed in great detail in the
MUTCD. Some of the distinguishing characteristics of urban roadway environments include:

 High traffic demand and low travel speeds

 Frequent intersections and driveway accesses
 Right-of-way (ROW) and space limitations
 On-street parking and roadside access
 Roadway geometry
 Traffic control issues
 Non-motorized transportation facilities
 Bus stops and transit access
 Special events
 Significant projects

This document describes characteristics that are unique to urban work zones and provides possible
mitigation strategies to address site-specific safety issues. It also includes example plans and a list that
highlights important issues regarding urban work zones to be considered in conjunction with the mitigation
strategies.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  1 
 
2.0 URBAN WORK ZONE CHARACTERISTICS
Urban work zones present unique challenges that need to be considered in planning and design of a work
zone TTC, and may require special attention by field crews. Specifics of such urban work zone
characteristics are detailed in this section. Emphasis is placed on those aspects of urban roadways that
warrant additional consideration beyond the fundamental aspects as outlined in the MUTCD.

2.1 High Traffic Demand and Low Travel Speeds

Urban environments are often comprised of a dense street network, which require appropriately designed
signal timing plans that allow for progression, and minimize control delay. Disruption of normal flow
patterns can often require revised timing plans to mitigate potential congestion issues related to TTC.
Significant levels of congestion and queuing may occur, even under normal operations. These effects are
intensified when TTC requires a lane closure or other modifications to typical road operations that result in
reductions in travel speed. Increased congestion can also lead to other issues, such as extensive queuing
especially for turning movements. This is of particular concern where auxiliary turn lanes are provided
and queue spillback may result in upstream traffic conflicts. Work zone planners and field personnel must
be cognizant of how TTC design may create such mobility issues.

2.2 Frequent Intersections and Driveway Access

One of the principal concerns in urban work zones is how to accommodate access points, such as cross
streets (i.e., intersections), driveways, and storefronts. The introduction of TTC in these instances may
lead to potential sight distance issues or restrict the ability of drivers to execute turning movements,
particularly left-turn maneuvers, which require greater driver focus. Public agencies performing
construction work on streets with significant adjacent development have a responsibility to maintain access
to these developments, or to provide alternate accommodations where direct access cannot be provided.
The layout of TTC devices and any associated site-specific issues should be addressed at the planning stage
to minimize the need for on-site modifications.

2.3 Right-of-Way and Space Limitations

Urban environments frequently lack available ROW to affect temporary changes to traffic patterns by
utilizing wide lanes or shoulders. Additionally, urban roadsides can provide limited space for traffic
control devices, construction vehicles, and on-site material storage. These limitations influence the design
of urban work zones in terms of providing adequate lateral and longitudinal buffers and placement of traffic
control devices.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  2 
 
2.4 On-Street Parking and Roadside Access
Maintaining access to parking is a primary concern in urban
environments where the availability of parking is directly
related to maintaining normal business operations. Many
urban roadways include on-street parking, for which
coordination with the municipal parking authority must occur
before any changes to signed or metered parking is
considered as part of a TTCP. Where changes are made,
additional work items such as bagging meters, covering
regulatory parking signs, provisions for alternate parking, and
supplementary pedestrian wayfinding may be required to facilitate the temporary removal of parking
spaces. These work items should be addressed both in the planning stages and be documented in the TTC
plans and specifications.

2.5 Roadway Geometry

There is a variety of geometric issues that must also be considered in developing TTCPs in urban areas.
Most urban roadways use a “closed section” roadway, incorporating curb and gutter for roadside drainage
in lieu of a rural “open section” roadway that provides a smooth transition from travel lanes, to shoulder, to
graded roadside. Bike lanes must be treated in the same manner as vehicular travel lanes, and signed
appropriately where temporary changes are required. These features may require modification of the TAs
provided in the MUTCD.

2.6 Traffic Control Issues

Designing TTC strategies require the consideration of existing (e.g., permanent) traffic control devices,
such as signage and traffic signals. In urban areas, signs tend to be more frequent and more closely spaced.
Introducing additional signs increase visual clutter and affect the clarity of existing signs. An important
early step in TTC design is to document and inventory the existing signs. In subsequent design steps,
existing signs are marked as “to be covered”, “to be removed” or “to be relocated”, with consideration for
how these signs fit in with the temporary traffic patterns in place during construction. Existing signs that
still serve a regulatory, warning, or directional guidance function cannot be obscured or removed simply for
the convenience of the TTC designer – visibility of these signs is as much the responsibility of the designer
as the TTC. Traffic signals may also require temporary modification, which could include covering (e.g.,
deactivating) the signals on a temporary basis, such as, temporary elimination of left-turn movement and

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  3 
 
phases, or shifting the signal head to reflect lane shifts during the construction work activity. Work zones
at urban signalized intersections may also require phasing and timing changes due to:

 Closing of turn lane(s)

 Using shared through and turn lanes
 Temporary relocation of lanes

Changing the phasing design (i.e., use of a split phase) and adjusting green times for various phases can
improve traffic operations and safety during the construction phase.

2.7 Non-Motorized Transportation Facilities

The presence of houses, businesses, and transit facilities along urban roadways increase the level of
pedestrian and bicycle traffic. Bike lanes, crosswalks, and sidewalks are often impacted by TTC and it is
critical that such facilities are considered in the development of a TTCP.

Maintaining pedestrian access is an essential part of urban work zone traffic control, including:

 Providing continuity of pedestrian access where necessary (e.g., sidewalks).

 Ensuring that pedestrian traffic detours are well signed and consider natural pedestrian travel
routes.
 Separating pedestrian and vehicular traffic as necessary (i.e., using portable barriers), particularly
at locations with higher traffic volumes or speed limits.
 Maintaining Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) compliant access during the construction
period.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  4 
 
These issues and other site-specific concerns must be addressed during the TTCP development process.
 

 
2.8 Bus Stop and Transit Access
Another urban work zone concern related to non-motorized users is the need to provide access to bus stops
and transit stations. TTCPs may require the identification of appropriate alternate routes if the work zone
inhibits pedestrian or bicyclist access. The closure of sidewalks or nearby crosswalks may limit the ability
of transit users to reach bus stops or transit stations. The impact of significant bus volumes in the traffic
stream should be considered as work zone-related lane closures that reduce work zone capacity. Alternate
bus routes or stops may become necessary in some instances and require coordination with the transit
providers.

2.9 Special Events

Special events such as stadium events, theater events, or street festivals are a common occurrence in urban
areas, and create unique traffic operation related scenarios. These situations require specific traffic
control, even under normal operations, and may significantly complicate the implementation of TTC.
Work should be planned to avoid schedule overlap with special events if possible.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  5 
 
3.0 TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR URBAN WORK
ZONES
The special characteristics of urban work zones identified in the previous section require the development
of TTCPs to address them. TTCPs for urban work zones must provide: (a) access for road users; (b)
access to adjacent properties; and (c) clear, consistent traffic control that accommodates such access in a
manner that is both safe and efficient. The following list indicates a number of strategies that can be
considered in regards to access.

 Adjacent Houses and Businesses – TTCPs should be developed in regards to the impact of work
activities on adjacent access that should be maintained to the greatest extent practical, with
consideration given to the potential for traffic conflicts related to access restrictions. Driveway
closures may be acceptable for facilities that have multiple access points, and adequate information
is provided to drivers. Appropriate construction staging is essential to avoid long disruption of
facilities. Ultimately, TTCPs should ensure that the work activities allow adequate access to
adjacent houses and businesses. Projects with potential for significant impacts may consider
hosting public meetings to identify issues and mitigate concerns in advance of construction.

 Parking Facilities – Urban roadway environments often involve on-street parking facilities that
may be impacted by TTC or work activity. Efforts should be made to maintain normal operations
of these facilities when possible, since their disruption may adversely impact surrounding houses
and businesses. However, these areas may also provide key space for TTC or storage of work
vehicles and equipment, and may also be involved directly in the work to be completed. If parking
spaces must be closed, channelizing devices, signing, and other TTC devices should be utilized to
prevent vehicles from using these facilities.
 
 Intersections and Driveways – Urban work zones may also impact access to intersections and/or
driveways potentially resulting in higher traffic conflicts or queues. TTCPs should avoid the
closure of lanes that restrict turning movements. For example, a left lane with high turning
volumes would present concerns and a possible solution to restrict left turns during the construction
period, an option. The impact on sight distance should be considered when closing lanes.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  6 
 
  Pedestrians and Other Non-Motorized Users – Given the typically increased presence of
pedestrians, bicyclists, and other non-motorized traffic in urban areas, providing safe access
through the work zone is required. Due to the limited space available, pedestrian and bicycle
facilities are often located close to vehicular traffic and/or the work space. When developing a
TTCP, existing levels of accessibility for pedestrians with disabilities should be maintained and
include ADA-compliant sidewalks and crosswalks, as well as the consideration of visual or
auditory impairments. This may include the use of audio devices that describe an alternative route
message. Channelizing devices with continuous detectable edges are required to delineate the
traveled way. Pedestrians should be encouraged to cross at intersections and marked crosswalks.
Work vehicles and equipment should be positioned so that they do not interfere with sidewalks.
Work zones must maintain suitable access for non-motorized traffic and all TTC treatments must
be ADA compliant and provide the same level of accessibility as the existing facilities, per the
MUTCD.

 Public Transit – Public transit facilities such as bus stops are a common feature of the urban
environment. Maintaining access to these facilities is a necessary consideration. As part of
standard practice, transit authorities should be notified of any proposed work expected to impact
transit stops for longer than a very brief period. During planning activities, it is important to
consider whether bus access may be affected by TTC or work activity in order to avoid potential
queuing issues and blocked access. Care should also be taken to ensure that sidewalks and access
points to bus stops are available to pedestrians, including those with disabilities. In instances
where bus or rider access cannot be safely established, the stops may be relocated to an area outside
of the work zone or the route can be temporarily modified to avoid specific stops. This requires
close coordination with transit authorities as necessary.
 
 Special Events – Special events or other unique circumstances might occur during a long-term
work zone that may require modification of the TTC in the field. No uniform set of guidelines can
address these sorts of unique situations. Special events generally require a higher level planning in
order to assess the broad impacts of TTC. Typically work should be scheduled to avoid these
planned events when possible. Work crews should be aware of, and be prepared to alter TTC for
any unplanned events as they arise. Often, temporary suspension of work and restoring the
roadway to as near as normal operation as possible, may be the only effective solution.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  7 
 
  Significant Projects – The preceding
Significant Projects include: 
bullets highlighted several unique issues
Section  630.1010  of  the  Rule 
of concern for TTC in urban settings. It defines  a  significant  project  as 
should be noted that due to the Rule on one  that,  alone  or  in 
Work Zone Safety and Mobility (23 combination  with  other 
CFR 630 Subpart J) published in 2004, concurrent  projects  nearby,  is 
anticipated  to  cause  sustained 
operations which are deemed as a
work  zone  impacts  that  are 
“significant project” will require
greater  than  what  is 
additional documentation. considered  tolerable  based  on 
State  policy  and/or  engineering 
For significant projects, a transportation judgement.    All  Interstate 
management plan (TMP) is required which
system  projects  within  the 
boundaries  of  a  designated 
includes the following components:
Transportation  Management 
 TTCP Area  (TMA)  that  occupy  a 
 Public Information Strategies location  for  more  than  three 
o Related to improving public days with either intermittent or 
awareness of the project continuous  lane  closures  shall 
be  considered  as  significant 
o To inform motorists of the project
projects.   
 Transportation Operations Strategies
o To address the management of traffic demand in the work zone
o To address corridor or network level operations
o Specific to work zone safety management
o Related to incident management and enforcement

For further information on TMPs and the Work Zone Safety and Mobility Rule
(http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/resources/final_rule.htm), please refer to: “Developing and
Implementing TMPs for Work Zones, Federal Highway Administration, 2005”
(http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/resources/publications/trans_mgmt_plans/trans_mgmt_plans.pdf).

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  8 
 
4.0 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN DEVELOPMENT
Development of an efficient and effective TTC plan for urban
work zones should follow a logical process, such as the one
shown in Figure 1. The process begins with gathering site
and work characteristics that are relevant to the development
of work zone traffic control. Using this information, an
appropriate TA that closely represents the work zone under
consideration can be selected using the TTCP Software.
Urban work zone TTCP development includes identification
of the unique characteristics and traffic control strategies
outlined previously. Modifying the appropriate TA to
address the unique characteristics of urban work zone
environments will aid in the development of an effective
TTCP. The complete process of developing a TTCP is
described in detail in the following steps.

STEP 1: Collect and Identify Work and Site

Characteristics
In order to assist in the identification of geometric, traffic
control, traffic and environmental characteristics of a typical
work site, a check list is provided in Appendix I.
Figure 1 – Temporary Traffic Control Plan 
The same check list can be accessed on-line at
Development 
http://workzone.eng.wayne.edu/Software/CheckList/CheckList.html.
Among the pertinent data to collect include the following:
 Geometric characteristics (e.g., lane width, number of lanes, presence of shoulders, locations of
intersections/driveways)
 Existing traffic control characteristics (e.g., signs, signals, etc.)
 Traffic characteristics (e.g., motor vehicle, pedestrian, and bicycle demand)
 Environmental and other surrounding characteristics (e.g., land use, sight distance, etc.)
 

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  9 
 
  Proposed work activity
 Proposed work duration (lower and upper bounds)
 Necessary workers, vehicles and other equipment

STEP 2: Determine Appropriate Typical Application

Given these basic characteristics, a TA can be selected from the TTCP Selection Software
(http://workzone.eng.wayne.edu/Software/FlowChart/MainModule.html) developed by the Wayne State
University – Transportation Research Group. The TTCP Selection Software is a decision-support tool
which includes 102 example plans, in addition to the 46 MUTCD TAs, to assist in developing a TTCP for a
wide range of highway work zones. The software can also provide access to an additional 2,500 TTCPs
from various state department of transportation (DOT) standards. The user should select the TTCP that
satisfies the needs of the site and characteristics that most resembles the work activity.

STEP 3: Modify Typical Application Based on Additional Considerations

Once an appropriate TA has been selected, it must be modified to suit the actual field conditions for the
proposed work activity. The supplementary notes provided for the TA within the MUTCD should be
reviewed.

STEP 4: Develop Appropriate Temporary Traffic Control Plan

An effective TTCP can be developed by selecting an appropriate TA and modifying it, as necessary, to the
site specific factors as needed. TTCPs should include:

 A schematic of TTCP and necessary devices

 Special instructions for field personnel
 Project coordination strategies

STEP 5: Perform Field Review of Temporary Traffic Control as Appropriate

Regardless of the level of detail of initial planning efforts, actual field conditions may vary significantly
from initial expectations and should be reviewed.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  10 
 
Table 1 describes some common work site characteristics that often create challenges that may require field
adjustment. Based on the work site characteristics, possible mitigation strategies are suggested. These
strategies can be utilized to improve selected TTCPs.
Table 1 – Urban Work Zone Challenges and Mitigation Strategies

WORK SITE CHALLENGES THAT

REQUIRE FIELD POSSIBLE MITIGATION STRATEGIES
CHARACTERISTICS
ADJUSTMENT

 Use flagger when facilitating alternate traffic or

 Driveway access roadside accesses are closed for short period
 Turning movement at  Turning movement prohibition
Work on traveled way intersection  Use of alternate access where feasible
 Lane closure interfere with  Use of self-regulating traffic control devices for low
land access volume roads
 Advance warning for lane closure, turn prohibition
 Sidewalk detour
 Pedestrian facility
 ADA compliant
continuity
Work in crosswalk or on  Portable barrier
sidewalk
 Pedestrian crossing  Pedestrian detour signs
interruption  ADA compliant

 Consider advance warning signs regarding expected

congestion
 Traffic congestion and
Work on traveled way  Peak hour reopening to traffic
unacceptable level of
requiring lane closure  Plan for off-peak work
service (LOS)
 Consider staged operation
 Night work
 Move lane closure taper to top of vertical curve
 Use arrow board for visibility from longer distance
 Sight distance problem
 Extend physical limits of work zone to ensure
Presence of grade/ due to grade
adequate sight distance to warning signs, flaggers,
horizontal curve or other TTC devices
 Sight distance problem at  Provide lane closure taper and arrow board at the
horizontal curve tangent section
 Sight distance problem due  Increase taper length
to roadside fixed objects  Increase longitudinal buffer

Lane closure  Use dominant traffic control devices

 Driver distractions due to
 Traffic control devices (signs) with orange flags
existing signs and
(MUTCD 6F.62)
billboards
 Modify longitudinal buffer to avoid conflicts
 Pedestrian detour
Work space adjacent to  Separating pedestrian
 Portable barriers
sidewalk traffic from work space
 Pedestrian route wayfinding signs

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  11 
 
The possible mitigation strategies included in Table 1 when appropriately used can assist road users to
navigate through urban work zones safely and efficiently. They include common countermeasures that are
either required or are considered best practices under appropriate circumstances. The following list
provides further explanation on when common mitigation strategies can be used.

 Left-turn prohibition can be considered when a work

zone interferes with a driveway or a cross street. For
example, if there is only one lane open for travel, restricting
motorists from making a left turn onto a cross street or into
a driveway would reduce queue buildup upstream and
maintain the level of service for through traffic. Another
example would be to restrict vehicles from making a left
turn out of a driveway to avoid any sight distance issues the
driver may have or disrupting the flow of traffic. Restricting movements to and from a driveway
will require coordination with the business owner, especially if alternate access is not available.

 Portable barriers may be used when a work zone causes a sidewalk

closure. For example, if a sidewalk needs to be closed for an extended
amount of time, portable barriers can be used to direct pedestrians
temporarily into the roadway, while keeping them separated from motor
vehicles. Standard signs should supplement portable barriers.

 Increasing longitudinal buffer can be a strategy when the taper

is in conflict with a field condition. For example, if the taper
interferes with a driveway, alley, or a minor street, increasing the
longitudinal buffer space can push the taper upstream to avoid
the interference and also provide additional protection to the
workers and space for work vehicles.

 Off-peak or nighttime work can be a method used on a busy

roadway during the peak hour. For example, if the work zone is
located in a high impact urban area, work can be paused during the
peak hour and steel plates can be used to cover construction related
pavement cutouts and temporarily reopen the roadway to help
maintain the level of service during peak periods.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  12 
 
  Flaggers or self-regulating traffic control devices may be
used for a lane closure on a low volume, two-lane road. For
example, if a work zone causes one lane of a two-lane roadway
to be closed, a flagger or self-regulating traffic control device
can allow for two-way traffic to share the same travel way.
Other examples where a flagger or self-regulating traffic control
device may be used at is a haul road crossing, one-way bridge
operation, or sight distance restriction. However, they are not typically used in high traffic volume
areas or near intersections or driveways.

4.1 Use of Specific Temporary Traffic Control Devices

TTCPs should consider differences and utilize devices that provide the most effective positive guidance.
Some possible devices are detailed below:

 Channelizing Devices - Type 3 Barricades (MUTCD 6F.68) are more effective than smaller
channelizing devices in restricting vehicles and pedestrians from entering the work space. Where
space is limited, vertical panels (MUTCD 6F.66) provide effective channelization and present a
larger and more visible target, especially at night.
 Portable Changeable Message Signs (MUTCD 6F.60) are useful in urban work zones to convey
unique or special messages not easily communicated by static TTC signs, such as closures to cross
streets, information on active work times, or other atypical scenarios.
 Arrow Boards (MUTCD 6F.61) effectively provide warning and directional information to road
users concerning lane closures.
 Temporary Traffic Signals (MUTCD 6F.84) may be very effective in certain urban situations
including areas of increased traffic volumes through unsignalized intersections caused by diverted
traffic.

4.2 Layout of Temporary Traffic Control Devices

The TAs from the MUTCD may include traffic control device layouts that are impractical to implement due
to specific site conditions. This could be due to the presence of other traffic control devices (e.g., signs),
proximity to intersections or driveways, or sight distance obstructions due to fixed objects (e.g., trees,
business signs, etc.). TTC devices should be located, as necessary, to make them visible and conspicuous
to drivers.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  13 
 
4.3 Ensure Guide Signs Are Conspicuous and Well-Marked
Urban highway environments often involve complex navigational tasks, which may be further complicated
by the implementation of TTC. The visibility of existing street signs with block numbering should be
maintained where they exist, or temporary signs added where none exist. Advance signage should be
provided to notify road users of any alterations to existing traffic patterns or to closures and detours.

4.4 Modification of Existing Signal System

Traffic operations may be significantly impacted by TTC, especially in urban areas where the following
aspects of the existing signal system should be considered, in consultation with a qualified professional:

 Existing signal timing plans, including phasing, should be analyzed and altered if traffic operations
are likely to be significantly impacted. 
 Alternative phasing or cycle lengths, which may reduce the potential for queues to develop within
the work zone, should be considered.
 Traffic operations should be monitored in the field once TTC is in place.
 All signal heads and other traffic control devices should be clearly visible.
 Pedestrian walk times are an important consideration and should also be adjusted as needed.
 Work vehicles, equipment, and TTC should be located where they do not obscure existing signal
heads.
 Signal heads not in use as a part of the TTC should be covered, including pedestrian signals.

4.5 Geometric Considerations

Urban highway environments often involve roadway geometry that is restrictive to traffic movements due
to tight constraints on ROW. When developing a TTCP for an urban work zone, the following should be
considered:

 Maximize turning radii of affected intersections or driveways. This will help to improve
maneuverability through the area, but care should be taken to ensure this does not encourage higher
speeds.
 Minimize the space needed for the placement of work vehicles and equipment, allowing for
maximum utilization of the available space for road users.
 Maximize optional buffer spaces where practical to protect highway workers.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  14 
 
4.6 Impact of Working Near an Intersection
Highway work activities in urban areas often take place within or in close proximity to intersections, which
may significantly complicate TTC and require special considerations.

For work occurring BEFORE an intersection:

 Consider a closure (or an increase in the optional longitudinal buffer space included on many
TAs) in advance of an intersection to channelize the traffic stream. This may help to reduce
traffic conflicts, as well as the potential for errant vehicles to enter the work space.
 Consider separating the traffic stream (through movements and turning movements) in
advance of the work space, which may reduce traffic conflicts and mitigate queues due to
restricted turning movements.
For work occurring WITHIN an intersection:
 Use of dominant (such as arrow boards and/or vehicle mounted flashers) warning devices is
critical to provide clear warning to motorists in all directions. “Road Work Ahead” signs may
be used in advance of all intersection approaches.
 Use of flaggers should be considered for urban work zone scenarios that require alteration from
normal operations, as static TTC devices may be insufficient. For example, Note 2 from
TA-27 from the MUTCD indicates, “Depending on road user conditions, flagger(s) or
uniformed law enforcement officer(s) should be used to direct road users within the
intersection.”
 Develop closures as far in advance of the work space as reasonable in order to ensure proper
channelization. Carefully consider traffic demand, especially turning movements, as this may
make closing lanes further upstream from the intersection impractical.
 In cases where developing closures sufficiently upstream of the work zone are impractical,
ensure that work areas are well defined and protected by a traffic barrier or a shadow vehicle
with a truck mounted attenuator (TMA) in order to reduce the risk of errant vehicles intruding
in the work space.
For work occurring BEYOND an intersection:
 Consider closing affected lanes upstream of the intersection to channelize the traffic stream in
advance of the intersection. Consider traffic demand (especially turning movements) as this
may make advance lane closures impractical. For example, significant turn volumes may be
addressed by allowing turning vehicles to continue to use a lane that must be closed to through
traffic beyond the intersection.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  15 
 
5.0 EXAMPLE PLANS
In order to supplement the TAs in the MUTCD, several example plans are provided which address work
zone scenarios in urban environments.

Note: Lane tapers (L) and sign spacing (A, B, and C) are determined based on the posted work zone speed
limit as calculated in Tables 6H-3 and 6H-4 of MUTCD.

Lane Shift on Roads with Parking Lane (Figure 2)

 Parking lanes should be closed
utilizing a taper length of 1/3L
(as calculated in Table 6H-4 of the
MUTCD).
 Provide Type 3 barricades and
other channelizing devices to
divert traffic to and from parking
lanes.
 Regulatory signs showing the
prohibition and availability of
parking should be visible both at
the beginning and end of the work
zone.
 Lane shift provides an optimal
solution from a mobility
standpoint if 10 feet of traveled
way can be maintained in each
direction because it allows both
travel lanes to remain open.
 If space is limited, the end taper
can be omitted in order to increase
the number of available parking spaces. Figure 2 – Lane Shift on Roads with Parking Lane 

 If sidewalks are adjacent to the work activity, ensure that they are shielded utilizing Type 3 Barricades
and other channelizing devices which meet the MUTCD accessibility requirements.

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  16 
 
Closure of Right Lane on Roads with Multiple Low Volume Driveways (Figure 3)
 Moving the lane closure further upstream helps to channelize and stabilize traffic flow prior to the work
space.
 High right turning movements into and out of driveways may limit the practicality of moving the lane
closure upstream.
 Use Type 3 barricades as shown to keep road users from entering the closed lane. However, if these
large devices interfere with sight distance at driveways, smaller devices such as vertical panels or
Type I barricades may need to be substituted.
 The optional arrow board shown on this plan may improve positive guidance to road users.

(existing)

(existing)

Figure 3 – Closure of Right Lane on Roads with Multiple Low Volume Driveways 

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  17 
 
Closure of Two inside Lanes near an Intersection (Figure 4)
 Closure of lanes on the far side of the intersection complicates driveway access. Providing alternate
routes to driveways should be considered if driveway volumes are high, especially if alternate
approaches are not readily available.
o Provide Type 3 barricades around the work space to reduce risk of vehicle intrusion.
 Provide arrow boards at the start of lane closures, especially if traffic volumes are high.
 Prohibit left turns out of driveways throughout the closed lane and work space.
o Where space permits, full lane closure should extend a length of 2L before it is reopened as a
left turn lane.
 Consider left turn queue build-up in selecting lane closure points and length of lane closures to allow
adequate storage for left turning vehicles.

Figure 4 – Closure of Two Inside Lanes Near an Intersection 

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  18 
 
Work on Far Right Lane near Signalized Intersection (Figure 5)
 Closure of the right lane a considerable distance upstream of the intersection will be helpful in
stabilizing traffic flow and allowing reopening the closed lane as a right turn only lane.
 Provide “Road Work Ahead” signage on all four approaches.
 A “No Turn on Red” sign may be added on the right side approach to reduce the risk of right turning
vehicles intruding into the work space, especially if traffic volumes are high.
 Prohibiting left turns at the downstream driveway will help to reduce traffic conflicts due to vehicles
exiting the facility and turning left, considering the potentially reduced sight distance due to the work
activity.

Figure 5 – Work on Far Right Lane Near Signalized Intersection 

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  19 
 
Sidewalk Closure Involving Minor Street in Urban Area (Figure 6)
 Certain construction or repair activities may require closing or relocating pedestrian facilities in urban
areas.
 Accessibility features existing prior to the work activity must be maintained.
 Use portable plastic barriers or other suitable devices such as a portable concrete barrier to shield
pedestrians from adjacent active traffic streams.
 TTC for pedestrians are shown in this example, but additional devices will be required for the vehicular
traffic.

 
Figure 6 – Sidewalk Closure Involving Minor Street in Urban Area 
(85a – Minnesota MUTCD) 

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  20 
 
Pedestrian Facility Rerouted into Traveled Lanes (Figure 7)
 Construction or repair activities may require rerouting of pedestrian facilities.
 One option is to reroute these facilities into the traveled way. However, the mobility impact on the
existing traffic system must be considered and alternative solutions, such as a pedestrian detour may be
an option. The MUTCD provides a discussion of the pros and cons of pedestrian detours.
 Shielding the pedestrian facility from the traffic stream is a key consideration in this application.
Where traffic speeds and or volumes are high, a temporary traffic barrier is desirable to prevent vehicle
intrusion into the relocated sidewalk.

Figure 7 – Pedestrian Facility Rerouted Into Traveled Lanes 
(85b – Minnesota MUTCD) 
 

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  21 
 
Work on Far Side Right Lane Including Bicycle Lane (Figure 8)
 Bicycle traffic, a common characteristic of many urban roadways, must be considered when developing
a TTCP.
 In this case, the right-most lane is utilized as an exclusive right turn lane with the lane closure
implemented on the far side of the intersection.
 Additional “Share the Road” bicycle signage should be located upstream of the lane closure.

  Figure 8 – Work on Far Side Right Lane Including Bicycle Lane 
[California MUTCD Figure 6H‐104 (CA)] 

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  22 
 
Shoulder Closure on Urban Location with Bicycle Traffic (Figure 9)
 Work in urban areas may interrupt exclusive bike lanes or bicycle traffic.
 Where possible, adequate lane width should be provided for bicyclists and motorists to drive side by
side, otherwise “Bicyclists May Use Full Lane” sign is recommended.
 The temporary traffic barrier and lights are shown as optional and may be appropriate for long-term
work zone scenarios.
 All temporary signs should be placed such that the path of travel for bicyclists is not blocked, while
maintaining good visibility for drivers.

  Figure 9 – Shoulder Closure on Urban Location with Bicycle Traffic 
[California MUTCD Figure 6H‐101 (CA)] 

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  23 
 
6.0 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Refer to Wayne State University - Transportation Research Group Work Zone Safety Website
(workzone.eng.wayne.edu) for copies of this document, other products developed under FHWA Work
Zone Safety Grant, as well as the Temporary Traffic Control Plan Selection Software and Work Zone Safety
Compendium of Documents.

Further information on highway work zone safety can be found in the following resources:

 Federal Highway Administration: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/index.asp

 National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse: http://www.workzonesafety.org/
 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices:
http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009r1r2/mutcd2009r1r2edition.pdf
 23 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 630, Subpart J:
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?rgn=div5&node=23:1.0.1.7.21#sp23.1.630.j
and Subpart K:
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?rgn=div5&node=23:1.0.1.7.21#sp23.1.630.k
 Traffic Control and Work Zone Safety for High Volume Roads, Final Report:
http://www.nj.gov/transportation/refdata/research/reports/FHWA-NJ-2013-002.pdf
 Developing and Implementing Transportation Management Plans for Work Zones, Federal
Highway Administration, 2005:
http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/resources/publications/trans_mgmt_plans/trans_mgmt_plans.pdf
 American Road and Transportation Builders Association: http://www.artba.org/
 American Traffic Safety Services Association: http://www.atssa.com/
 Institute of Transportation Engineers: http://www.ite.org/
 National Highway Institute: http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/home.aspx
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration: http://www.osha.gov/
 Texas Transportation Institute: http://tti.tamu.edu
 Transportation Research Board: http://www.trb.org/

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  24 
 
 APPENDIX I – TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN
CHECKLIST OF WORK ZONE CHARACTERISTICS

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  25 
 
Work Characteristics

Duration Check Type of Work Check

< 1 hr. Road Maintenance

> 1 hr. and < 1 day Utility (including water & sewer)
Moving TCD maintenance/installation
> 1 day and < 3 days Road work mobile
Night work > 1 hr.
> 3 days

Work Space Located In: Check Area Land Use: Check

Urban Commercial
Rural Residential
Midblock Industrial/Office
Intersection Agricultural

Traffic Characteristics

Traffic Volume: Check Speed Limit: Note

High
Moderate Posted Speed Limit
Low

Geometric Characteristics and Work Location

Work Location: Check Roadway Characteristics Note

Beyond shoulder Number of lanes (total):

On shoulder
On roadway Approximate lane width:

Closure: Check Presence of:

Closure width Curb

Length of closure Shoulder

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  26 
 
Determine Typical Application

Roadway Type:   Check

Freeway  
Intersection
Two-lane                      
Multi-lane                         ________ 
          

Launch TTCP Software

http://workzone.eng.wayne.edu/ttcp.html

State-Specific Standard Plans

In the TTCP software, is an appropriate work zone traffic control plan available in
the standard plans of your state? Yes ______ No ______

If Yes, use State’s standard plan.

If No, continue.

Can selected TA be applied at the work site as shown? Yes ____ No ____

If No, why not?

No room for required taper Sight distance problem

Presence of driveway/cross street Presence of tree
Work zone warning sign location over-
crowded with other permanent signs

Perform field modification of TTCP as needed.

 

A Guide to Urban Work Zone Temporary Traffic Control  27