HW 9&10 of ETM Material sciences

1)Please explain why micro & macro segmentation happens during practice sulfidation?

melting point alloy elements have a lower solubility in the solid than in the liquid phase. During freezing the
solutes are rejected into the liquid phase leading to a continual enrichment of the liquid and lower solute
concentrations in the primary solid.

Al2Cu phase-if the distribution of copper in a sample of the is studied by microprobe analysis in a SEM it is find
that the copper content in the aluminum phase varies. In the center of dendrite arms the copper continent is low.
In the outside of the arms the copper continent increases.

The case of macro-segregation is relative movement of segregated liquid and solid and solid during solidification.
Macro-segregation is the redistribution of solute elements on large scale. this is caused by the motion of fluid
inside the casting and usually is related to feeding. I t is seen in copper-containing alloys.

2)You are given an equilibrium solidified Al-Cu alloy ---------heat treatment step?

Sol ionizing in which all solute atoms are dissolved to from a single phase solid solution.The treatment consist of
heating the alloy to a temperature with in the single phase field and waiting until the second phase. This
procedure is followed by rapid cooling or quenching to room temperature to the extent that any diffusion and the
accompanying formation of any of the second phase is prevented.

HW 5 of ETM 307
2)What is unit dislocation? What is partial dislocation? What is extendable dislocation?

It is a one dimensional lattic defect in crystal characterized by a burgers vector ,b, that is unit 1 transformation vector of the
lattice.the burgers vector has a constant magnitude and direction for a given dislocation . the line of dislocation is
characterized by a line vector ,t, that points long the local direction of the defect.

b)Partial dislocation is a decomposed form of dislocations that occur within a material.

3)The actual strength of metallic material -------appear to behave in opposite way?

It is dependent on dislocation can move or not. As a result, materials strength increases. Solid- solution strengthening leads
to a decreases in materials.ductivity. The effect of solid solution strengthening is temperature-independent.

4)please use the characteristics of chemical bonding ------strong but little?

The atom of metallic material held together through strong matellic bonds that makes them more strong and they are ductile
because the layer of atoms can slide over eachother easily when a force applied.In case of icon and covalent materials
interaction between oppositely changed ions hold the other changed or atoms in relatively fixed positions.. these are brittle
because in the materials the atom hold other atom or ion in a fixed position therefore we get brittle geometry of such kind
ionic materials.

5)Due to high stake involved ---------you make such choices?

HW 5 of ETM 307 Zaid Alkhaldi

QI)
A normal stress is a stress whose direction is perpendicular to the surface of interest. A shear stress is
a stress whose direction is parallel to the surface of interest. Extended defects of topological character,
such as dislocations, are specific among different types of crystal defects, due to their ability to move
under the action of relatively small forces. Peierls stress is the force, first discovered by Rudolf Peirerls
and Frank Nabarro, needed to move a dislocation within a plane of atoms in the unit cell. peierls-
Nabarro equation is:

Q2)
Unit Dislocation is a linear defect in a crystal characterized by a Burgers vector, b that is a unit translation
vector of the lattice. The Burgers vector has a constant magnitude and direction for a given dislocation. An
Edge dislocation has its Burgers vector normal to its line V vector.
Partial Dislocations are decomposed form of dislocations that occur within a material.
Stacking fault is created and displacement of atoms is not a lattice vector.
Extended Dislocation is a dislocation in a close-packed structure consisting of a strip of stacking fault by
two partial dislocations across which slip through a fraction of a lattice constant, into one of the
alternative stacking positions, has occurred.

Q3)
Dislocations are the primary source of material strengthening process called work hardening.
Dislocations interact with each other by generating stress fields in the materials. The interaction
between the stress fields of dislocations can impede dislocation motion by repulsive or attractive
interactions. Additionally, if two dislocations cross, dislocation line entanglement occurs, causing the
formation of a jog which opposes dislocation motion. These entanglement and jogs act as primary points,
which oppose dislocation motion. As both of these processes are more likely to occur when more
dislocations are present, there is a correlation between dislocation density and yield strength. Increasing
the dislocation density increases the yield strength which results in a higher shear stress to move
dislocations.

Q4)
Metallic bonding has its valence electrons shared by all atomic cores, and it has no directionality,
resulting in that metallic materials have closely packed crystal structures. Dislocations produced in the
closely packed crystal structures possess small Burgers vectors on close packed atomic planes and
directions. small burgers vectors make dislocations to be able to move under a stress far below the
material fracture strength. Therefore, metallic materials have high ductility. oz rx-ef Metallic elements
are characteristic of low electronegativity, which is easy to lose their valance electrons. When metallic
atoms are put together, every atom gives off its valance electron and leaves behind one positively
charged atomic core. There are dislocations in metallic crystal structure and the layers of atoms can slide
over each other when an external force, stress or shear is applied, hence these metals tend to be ductile
and flexible. In order to produce an edge dislocation in ionic materials with the simplest formula ofMX,
like CSCI, a half plane of cation atoms and a half plane of anion atoms need to be simultaneously inserted
to conserve charge neutrality. The resultant dislocation has a larger Burgers vector. Furthermore, when
the dislocation slides, it will encounter ions with a like charge, thus facing a large repulsive stress. For
ionic materials with the formulas of MX2, M2M3, M'M"X3, M'M' '2X4, etc, dislocations are more
complex with even larger Burgers vectors. As a result, dislocations in ionic materials are very difficult to
move. Ionic materials have often been fractured before dislocations even start to slide. Hence, ionic
materials are very brittle.

Q5)
Grain boundaries contain high surface energy and gains will coarsen at high temperatures, leading to the
loss of the grain boundary strengthening effect. Grain boundary strengthening is only effective at high
temperatures when grain boundaries are pinned by thermally stable dispersions. Therefore, grain
boundary strengthening will contribute to the instability of materials strength and thus is not favorable
for hightemperature application. Solid-solution strength is beneficial for stable good room and high-
temperature strength and ductility. The reason that grain boundary strengthening is not favorable in
high temperatures has been discussed above. Like grain boundary, dislocation has extra energy
associated with it. The impact of separation fortifying will be lost in high temperatures in light of the fact
that the relentless disengagement designs are unwound and the thickness of separations abatements
 due to thermally advanced nuclear dissemination. Henceforth, separation reinforcing is likewise not
great in high temperatures.

HW 8 ETM 307
1) please describe the microstructural characteristics of a cold-water material?

Austenite was originally used to describe an iron-carbon alloy, in which the iron was in the face-centred-cubic (gamma-iron)
form. It is now a term used for all iron alloys with a basis of gamma-iron. Austenite in iron-carbon alloys is generally only
evident above 723°C, and below 1500°C, depending on carbon content. However, it can be retained to room temperature by
alloy additions such as nickel or manganese. Similarly, ferrite was a term originally used for iron-carbon alloys, in which the
iron was in the body-centred cubic (alpha- or delta-iron) morphology, but is now used for the constituent in iron alloys, which
contains iron in the alpha- or delta-iron form. Alpha ferrite forms by the slow cooling of austenite, with the associated
rejection of carbon by diffusion. This can begin within a temperature range of 900°C to 723°C, and alpha-ferrite is evident to
room temperature. Delta ferrite is the high temperature form of iron, formed on cooling low carbon concentrations in iron-
carbon alloys from the liquid state before transforming to austenite. In highly alloyed steels, delta ferrite can be retained to
room temperature.

2)please describe the microstructural changes in three stages of recovery recovery, recrystallization and grain
growth during annealing treatment?

RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN GROWTH are microstructural changes that occur during annealing after cold
plastic deformation and/or during hot working. These three mechanisms are sometimes referred to as restoration processes,
because they restore the microstructural configuration to a lower energy level. All three processes involve diffusion and thus
depend on thermal activation to cause rearrangement of dislocations and grain boundaries. The mechanisms of recovery and
recrystallization also depend on the extent of plastic deformation (either during hot working or by cold work prior to
annealing). In contrast, grain growth is not in direct response to deformation, but it is a thermally driven restoration process
that results in lower surface energy of individual grains. Recovery and recrystallization can occur during hot working or during
annealing after cold plastic deformation. When a metal is cold worked by plastic deformation, a small portion of the
mechanical energy expended in deforming the metal is stored in the specimen. This stored energy resides in the crystals as
point defects (vacancies and interstitials), dislocations, and stacking faults in various forms and combinations, depending on
the metal (see the article "Plastic Deformation Structures" in this Volume). Therefore, a cold-worked specimen, being in a
state of higher energy, is thermodynamically unstable. With thermal activation, such as provided by annealing, the cold-
worked specimen tends to transform to states of lower energies through a sequence of processes with microstructural
changes, as shown schematically in Fig.. Such classification is approximate; some overlapping between the stages usually
occurs because of microstructural nonhomogeneity of the specimen. To some extent, the annealing behavior of a metal may
be different from metal to metal and for the same metal of different purity, but the basic phenomena involved in the various
annealing stages are similar. During recovery, accumulated strain is relieved to some extent by microstructural and
submicroscopic rearrangements, but the grains are not entirely strain-free. At higher temperatures, strain-free grains are
created during the restoration process of recrystallization. Along with the microstructural changes, the properties of the
specimen also change correspondingly (Fig.). Thus, deformation and annealing are important processing methods for
producing desired properties of the material by controlling its microstructures. Similar restoration process can also occur
during hot working. This is shown in Fig. for hot working with moderate amount of reduction (strain) during working (Fig.a)
and high strain (Fig.b). The regions of static recovery and recrystallization, which occur after deformation, are analogous to
restoration of worked structure by annealing. In addition, dynamic recovery can occur during deformation at high
temperature. Figure also illustrates the occurrence of either static or dynamic recrystallization at moderate or high strains,
respectively, depending on the stacking-fault energy of a metal. Stacking faults in crystalline structures are planar-type
defects that influence hardening and recrystallization

HW 2 of ETM 307
1)Among the four atomic mechanisms can assist atomic self-diffusion and what cannot?

vacancy mechanism: substitutional atom diffusion and atomic self-diffusion (random path)

-Interstitial mechanism: small interstitial atom diffusion (Random path)

-Interstitially mechanism: Relatively large interstitial atom diffusion (Random path)

-Cardio mechanism: large interstitial atom diffusion and atomic self-diffusion (linear path)

2)Why is atomic diffusion called a thermal activation process? What does the thermal activation energy represent How
does the diffusion rate depend on temperature?

Atomic diffusion is a diffusion process whereby the random thermally activated movement of atoms in a solid result in the
net transport of atoms.

3)Heat conduction is a form of exchange ------------- insulators?

Thermal conductivity of the gases and the liquids increases with increase in heat conduction. For gases and liquid, thermal
condition occurs primarily due to molecular collusions.

4)How to choose the material surface to maximize the heat loss by radiation?

Select material that either minimize the transfer of a thickness of material in a direction normal to a surface of area.