Dikutip Dari: Introduction To Biophotonics, Paras N. Prasad

Dikutip dari : Introduction to Biophotonics, Paras N.
Prasad
An optical device, called an oximeter, uses this principle to measure the oxygen content of
blood in vivo by detecting the diffusely scattered light from hemoglobin at several
wavelengths (Reynolds et al., 1976)
IN VIVO SPECTROSCOPY
In vivo spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful technique for biomedical research covering
a broad spectrum, from study of cellular and tissue structures, to biological functions, to
early detection of cancer. The spectroscopic methods used have involved study of electronic
absorption spectra by analysis of back-scattered light, Raman scattering, and fluorescence.
Fluorescence spectroscopy has been the most widely used technique because of its
sensitivity and specificity (Wagnieres et al., 1998; Brancoleon et al., 2001). For fluorescence
studies, both endogenous fluorescence (autofluorescence) and exogenous fluorescence
have been used. Earlier reports focused on the use of optical absorption properties of
tissues for clinical applications (Wilson and Jacques, 1990). An example is blood oximetry,
which is widely used clinically to monitor continuously blood oxygenation with the help of
an optical fiber probe as described in the previous section. In this method the diffuse
reflectance also collected by the fiber is analyzed based on the differences in the absorption
bands of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobins. Diffuse reflectance from the skin can be used to
monitor changes induced, for example, by the UV radiation. Endoscopic reflectance
spectroscopy from mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract has been used to determine blood
content and oxygenation (Leung et al., 1987).
Dikutip dari : The Science of Phototheraphi an Introduction, Leonard I. Grossweiner
The IL 282 CO-Oximeter® (Instrumentation Laboratories, Lexington, MA) is an automated in
vitro device for determination of total blood hemoglobin (Hb) and the percentages of oxy-
Hb, deoxy-Hb, and carboxy-Hb. This instrument measures the optical absorption of diluted
whole blood at four wavelengths. An early type of built-in computer calculates the relative
concentrations of each component by solving four linear simultaneous equations. Non-
invasive measurements of oxygen saturation in blood and tissues or oximetry have many
clinical applications. Red light and near-infrared (NIR) are used because light penetration
is deeper compared to shorter wavelengths. It turns out that oxy-Hb and deoxy-HB have
the same extinction coefficient at several wavelengths referred to the isobestic points. An
isobestic point is used for baseline measurements to correct for perturbing factors such as
blood flow and pH.
A diffuse reflection technique for measuring hemoglobin saturation in flowing blood was
developed by Reynolds in 1976. This type of oximeter consists of an arterial catheter
incorporating two sets of light delivery optical fibers and multiple receiving fibers. The
measurements at 685 nm distinguish oxy-Hb from deoxy-Hb and 925 nm is close to an
isobestic wavelength. The ratio of the diffuse reflection at 685 nm to 925 nm is scaled to
the oxy-Hb concentration based on calculations with the diffusion approximation (DA). A
pulse oximeter is a trans-illumination device that measures light absorption by oxy-Hb in
the thumb or ear lobe. Interference by steadily-flowing venous blood is canceled by locking
the measurements to arterial pulses.
Dikutip dari : http://www.frca.co.uk/article.aspx?articleid=332
Isobestic point
This is the point at which two substances absorb a certain wavelength of light to the same
extent. In oximetry, the isobestic points of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin occur at
590 nm and 805 nm. These points may be used as reference points where light absorption is
independent of the degree of saturation. Some earlier oximeters corrected for haemoglobin
concentration using the wavelength at the isobestic points.
Thus comparison of absorbencies at different wavelengths allows estimation of the relative

concentrations of HbO and Hb (i.e. saturation). Modern pulse oximeters may use two or
more wavelengths, not necessarily including an isobestic point.
Dikutip dari : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetry
A typical pulse oximeter utilizes an electronic processor and a pair of small light-emitting
diodes (LEDs) facing a photodiode through a translucent part of the patient's body, usually a
fingertip or an earlobe. One LED is red, with wavelength of 660 nm, and the other
is infrared with a wavelength of 940 nm. Absorption of light at these wavelengths differs
significantly between blood loaded with oxygen and blood lacking oxygen. Oxygenated
hemoglobin absorbs more infrared light and allows more red light to pass through.
Deoxygenated hemoglobin allows more infrared light to pass through and absorbs more red
light.
Absorption spectra of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb)
for red and infrared wavelengths.

Dikutip Dari: Introduction To Biophotonics, Paras N. Prasad

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dikutip Dari: Introduction To Biophotonics, Paras N. Prasad

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dikutip Dari: Introduction To Biophotonics, Paras N. Prasad

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dikutip dari : Introduction to Biophotonics, Paras N.

Dikutip dari : http://www.frca.co.uk/article.aspx?articleid=332

Thus comparison of absorbencies at different wavelengths allows estimation of the relative

Dikutip dari : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetry

You might also like