A Comparative Analysis of Loans and Advances in Selected Urban Co-Operative Banks

ABHINAV
NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT

www.abhinavjournal.com
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOANS AND

ADVANCES IN SELECTED URBAN CO-OPERATIVE
BANKS
Dr. K. Sudhakara Rao
Lecturer in Commerce, Sri A S N M Govt. College Palakol, Andhra Pradesh, India

Email: drksrao1@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
‘Co-operation’ was born as a peaceful reaction against the mercantile
economy and industrial revolution which had resulted in the concentration
of wealth, mass poverty and degradation. It is a fact finding study aimed at
analyzing the loans and advances and overdue of select (eight) Urban Co-
operative Banks (UCBs) in Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh over
a period of ten years (i.e. from 2002-03 to 2011-12), with the help of select
indicators like loans and advances, credit deposit ratio(C-D ratio), overdues
and ratio of overdues to loans and advances. This paper focuses on the
growth and composition of loans and advances and impact of overdues on
performance of sample UCBs in Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh.
UCBs mobilize funds by accepting different types of deposits from its
members and non-members also, but urban banks grant loans or cash credit
to their members only against mortgage of immovable property or against
the surety of one or more persons who are also members or against the
pledge of goods, gold, silver, ornaments, Government securities or on the
security of fixed deposits and insurance policies.
Keywords: Loans and Advances, C-D ratio and Overdues.
INTRODUCTION
In India, first urban credit society was started in 1889 in rest while Baroda State. However,
the urban credit movement in India picked up momentum only after the Maclagan
Committee drew attention to its potential. As a result of recommendations of Maclagan
Committee and banking crisis of 1913-17 which saw the failure of many commercial banks,
Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs) began to grow in India. They grew both in numbers and
size, and diversified their activities considerably. The utility of UCBs in financing artisans,
small traders, businessmen, factory workers and salaried people with limited fixed income in
urban or semi-urban areas middle classes was recognized by various committees and
working groups. Thus UCBs were started in India to meet the chief object of catering to the
banking and credit requirements of urban middle classes. Besides protecting the middle
classes and persons of modest means from the clutches of the money lenders, the UCBs are
also expected to inculcate the habit of thrift and savings amongst them.
VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

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In the context of rapid growth of UCBs, qualitative aspects of lending, such as adequacy of
lending to meet credit requirements of their borrowers and effective supervision and
monitoring of advances has assumed considerable importance. Earlier Registrar of
Cooperative Societies used to lay down the lending policy of the UCBs but now the lending
policy of banks is to be based on the directives of the RBI. However, consistent with the
policy of liberalisation and financial sector reforms, several indirect measures to regulate the
bank credit such as exposure norms for lending to individual/group borrowers, prudential
norms for income recognition, asset classification and provisioning for advances, capital
adequacy ratios, etc. were introduced by RBI and greater operational freedom has been
provided to banks in dispensation of credit.
UCBs are expected to lay down through their Boards, transparent policies and guidelines for
credit dispensation, in respect of each broad category of economic activity, keeping in view
the credit exposure norms and various other guidelines issued by the RBI from time to time.
UCBs provide finance mainly for trade, commerce and industry and to a limited extent for
construction and repairs to houses, for the purchase of durable consumer goods and other
consumption purposes. While making advances, the banks should satisfy about the normal
safeguards, such as, source and adequacy of the income of the borrower for prompt
repayment, the nature of security offered and the standing of the party. In the case of loans to
artisans and entrepreneurs, they should satisfy about the economic viability and technical
feasibility of the projects proposed to be financed.
UCBs are required to fix, with the approval of their Board of Directors, exposure ceiling in
relation to bank's capital funds. The exposure limit is 15% of capital funds in case of
individual borrower and 40% in case of group of borrowers. Banks may sanction loans to
nominal members for short/temporary period and for purchase of consumer durables, subject
to the following ceiling;
 For banks with deposits upto Rs. 50 crores; maximum Rs.50, 000 per borrower
 For banks with deposits above Rs.50 crores; maximum Rs. 1, 00,000 per borrower.
UCBs are prohibited from making, providing or renewing either secured or unsecured loans
and advances or extending any other financial accommodation to their directors, or their
relatives and the firms/concerns/companies in which they are interested with effect from 1
October 2003. The existing advances may be allowed to continue up to the date when they
are due.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A number of Committees and Commissions appointed by the RBI, Central and State
Governments have submitted their reports on UCBs incorporating therein several invaluable
suggestions to improve the functioning of the UCBs in India. The first and foremost study
with regard to urban co-operatives has been made by Maclagan Committee (1915) on Co-
operation. The development of urban co-operative societies did not receive much attention
until 1915 when the Maclagan Committee referred to the potentialities for the organization
of such societies as a means of training the upper and middle classes in ordinary banking
principles. The failure of local joint-stock banks in the country at that time gave an impetus
to the growth of urban co-operative credit societies. It was felt by the Committee that urban

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credit societies were eminently suitable institutional agencies for collecting local savings and
to provide relief to those who were in the clutches of money lenders by providing them with
financial accommodation.
All India Rural Credit Survey Committee (1954), while identifying the reasons for the failure
of the co-operative credit, made an attempt to discuss the role of urban banks. The
Committee pointed out that, in the matter of loans against pledge of gold and agricultural
produce, urban banks may be allowed to extend their share of operations to villages within a
radius of five miles of the area of towns in which they are located there are no primary
agricultural credit societies in the villages concerned.
The Working Group on Industrial Finance through Co-operative Banks (1968), recognizing
the key role of urban banks in providing finance to cottage and small industries,
recommended that high priority to be given to the organization of such banks in areas where
there was a sufficient concentration of cottage and small scale industries carried on by
individuals as well as by firms and joint-stock companies
Government of Andhra Pradesh appointed an Expert Committee (2002) to review the
functioning of UCBs in the state under the chairmanship of K.Narasimha Murthy. The
suggestions of the Committee including co-opting six to seven directors from among the
shareholders, three to five from among the depositors and three professionals from the
banking, finance, auditing and legal fields to the Boards of Banks, limiting the term of each
director to a maximum of eight years instead of an unlimited period, appointment of a
qualified person as a chief executive and capping establishment expenditure up to 10 per
cent. The panel also recommended that Committees be formed for dealing with the
procedure on auditing, giving loans and asset liability management and suggested that no
loans be given for real estate business, stock market operations, and film production. It also
recommended payment of a maximum dividend of 25 per cent to the shareholders and also
limiting the term of deposits to 10 years.
The RBI constituted an Expert Committee (2011) on Licensing of Urban Cooperative Banks
under the Chairmanship of Sri. Y. H, Malegam, the Committee submitted its report to the
RBI with many observations as well as very valuable recommendations. Reserve Bank
followed liberal licensing policy between May 1993 and March 1999. However, many UCBs
licensed during this period became financially weak. In the Annual Policy Statement for
2004-05, RBI announced licensing discontinuance and entered in to MOU with State
Governments for co-ordination of regulatory policies. Since then, there has been
considerable improvement in the functioning of UCBs. The signing of MOU between the
State Governments and RBI and the setting up of TAFCUBs has resulted in a significant
improvement in the health of the UCB sector.
The RBI has been conducting meetings of the Standing Advisory Committee (SAC) for
UCBs annually. The first meeting was held on 23rd May, 1983. On various aspects of the
UCBs’ functioning such as organizational matters, mobilization of resources and their
deployment in various aspects, modalities on the rehabilitation of weak banks, introduction
of professional management, training and education of personnel of the UCBs. RBI issues
from time to time instructions/guidelines regarding, operations and functioning of UCBs
which are published in the form of Compendium of Instructions/Guidelines issued by RBI.
In addition, some studies have been carried out by academicians at macro and micro level to
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evaluate the performance of co-operative credit movement in general and urban co-operative
banks in particular.
NEED FOR THE PRESENT STUDY
The foregoing review of literature indicates that several official and non-official studies have
been carried out from time to time on the working of UCBs. These studies are either macro
in nature covering the entire country or confined to a few areas or few aspects of UCBs. In a
vast country like India with varied resources base and socio-economic conditions, there is a
need for more micro level and area – specific studies to evaluate the performance of UCBs in
a particular region and to throw light on the problems faced by these banks in their
operations. Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh has been selected for the purposes of
the present study due to its geographic, demographic and economic importance. It is hoped
that the present research study on UCBs in Coastal Andhra will be a gap filling one and
useful addition to the existing literature on the subject.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This is a fact finding study dealing with the loans and advances of urban co-operative banks
in Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh. The specific objectives of the study are:
 to examine the growth of loans and advances in sample UCBs;
 to analyze the pattern of loans and advances of select UCBs;
 to examine the bank’s performance in the matter of deployment of credit;
 to study the effect of overdues on investment decisions of sample banks; and
 to suggest various measures for improving the performance of the banks.
HYPOTHESES
Based on the above objectives the following hypotheses are postulated for testing.
H01: There is no significant growth in loans and advances of sample UCBs and period.
H02: Inter-bank and inter-period variations with regard to loans and advances are not
significant.
H03: The year-wise and the bank-wise differences in the Credit-Deposit ratio under study
period are not significant.
H04: There is no significant difference among the UCBs with respect to overdues in the
selected banks.
H05: There are no significant variations between banks and years with regard to ratio of
overdues to loans and advances
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Sources of Data
The study is based on secondary data. The data relating to loans and advances of UCBs in
Coastal Andhra region are collected from the annual reports of these banks. Besides this,

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discussions and consultations have also been held with the officials of these banks after
preliminary analysis of data collected. Apart from these, data have also been collected from
the publications of various institutions like RBI, Government of India, Bureau of Economics
and Statistics and Registrar of Co-operatives of Government of Andhra Pradesh. Also
published and unpublished reports, theses and individual works on the subject have been
consulted.
Sample Frame
UCBs in Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh constitute the universe for the purpose of
the study. Coastal Andhra region comprises nine districts, viz., Nellore, Prakasam, Guntur,
Krishna, West Godavari, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam. 8
oldest UCBs, representing one from each of the eight districts of Coastal Andhra except
Srikakulam(Srikakulam Bank excluded for the sample due to the newly established bank)
have been selected as samples for detailed analysis. All these eight UCBs have been in
existence for more than 60 years. Thus, the Table 1 reveals that the sample banks for the
study.
Table 1. Sample Frame
Name of the Year of
Sr. Name of the Bank Selected
District Establishment
The Nellore Co-operative Urban Bank
1. Nellore 1917
Ltd., Nellore
The Ongole Co-operative Bank Ltd.,
2. Prakasam 1908
Ongole.
The Guntur Co-operative Urban Bank
3. Guntur 1948
Ltd., Guntur
The Durga Co-operative Urban Bank
4. Krishna 1929
Ltd., Vijayawada
The Bhimavaram Co-operative Urban
5. West Godavari 1930
Bank Ltd., Bhimavaram.
The Aryapuram Co-operative Urban
6. East Godavari 1919
Bank Ltd., Rajahmundry
The Visakhapatnam Co-operative
7. Visakhapatnam 1916
Bank Ltd., Visakhapatnam
The Vizianagaram Co-operative Urban
8. Vizianagaram 1914
Bank Ltd., Vizianagaram
Tools of Analysis
The data collected from different sources are properly classified, tabulated and analyzed
using appropriate statistical tools to draw meaningful conclusions. Simple statistical
techniques such as ratios, percentages and averages are used in the study. Besides these,
other statistical tools like linear growth rates and analysis of variance with F distribution are
used for analysis and interpretation of data at appropriate places because of the values in
each bank are normally distributed and the period of each bank should be equal.

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FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

The lending policy of an UCB is laid down by its by-laws or rules framed by the bank and
also to be followed RBI circulars/directives in this regard in giving loans to members. After
meeting the demands of the members they may give loans to non-members on the security of
their deposits. UCBs are giving loans and advances for various purposes, like for purchase
of domestic appliances, for repayment of the past loans, for social purposes, for purchase or
repair of house, for medical and educational expenses as well as commercial and
professional requirements. UCBs are primarily expected to meet credit requirements of
middle and lower income groups of urban and semi-urban areas.
The linear growth rates (in Table 3) of loans and advances are highest in Guntur Bank (29.04
per cent), and it is closely followed by Visakhapatnam Bank (27 per cent). Vizianagaram
Bank registered lowest growth rate (11.91 per cent) in loans and advances. Thus the growth
rates in advances showed a mixed trend. It is observed that trends in loans and advances of
sample banks as revealed by linear growth rates are statistically significant. Hence, the first
hypothesis that there is no significant growth in loans and advances of sample UCBs is
rejected.
Table 2. ANOVA – Loans and Advances of Select UCBs
Sources of Degree of Sum of Mean Sum of
F-Value
Variation Freedom(DF) Squares(SS) Squares(MS)
Between Banks 7 1.27 18098711 13.810
Between Years 9 1.06 11769846 8.981
Error 63 82564541 1310548 --
Total 79 3.15 -- --
Source: Compiled from Annual reports of UCBs
ANOVA results suggest that inter-bank and inter-period variations in loans and advances are
statistically significant at 1per cent level, because the calculated values are more than the
table value implying wide variations across banks in lending operations. Hence, the second
hypothesis that the inter-bank and inter-period variations with regard to loans and advances
are not significant stands rejected.
Structure of Loans and Advances Bank-wise
Urban co-operative banks grant loans, cash credit and overdrafts to a borrower may be an
individual, a group of individual, a partnership form, a Hindu undivided family, or a limited
company. The amount and types of loans and advances depend on the stage and status of the
bank. UCBs mainly provide mortgage loans, jewel loans, housing loans, deposit loans and
surety loans. It follows growth and composition of loans and advances in select UCBs are
analyzed separating for each bank.
For Nellore Bank mortgage loans constituted the major proportion of total advances
accounting for about 70 per cent of total loans. Jewel loans are the next important
component of total loans constituting about 17 per cent of total loans. The linear growth
rates for different kinds of loans, with the exception of surety loans, are significant at 1%
level. In the case of Ongole Bank mortgage, jewel and deposit loans were the most

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important components accounting for more than 90 per cent of total loans disbursed by the
bank. Mortgage loans showed highest liner growth rate of 23.68 per cent and the growth rate
was least at 5.08 per cent for surety loans. But all the growth rates are statistically
significant.
Guntur bank registered a phenomenal growth in total amount of loans and advances. This
bank also mortgage and jewel loans constitute about 77 per cent of total loans and advances.
Deposit, surety and other loans account for 23 per cent of total loans. The linear growth
rates for different types of loans are high, varying between 28.5 and 39.88 per cent and all
growth rates are significant. In Durga Bank mortgage and jewel loans are main components
of total loans accounting for 70 and 17 per cent of total loans disbursed by this bank. All
other types constitute 13 per cent of total loans. The linear growth rates for different types of
loans varied between 9.45 and 22.77 per cent and growth rates of all loans, except other
loans, are observed that statistically significant at 1 per cent level.
In the case of Bhimavaram Bank jewel, housing and mortgage loans are the main component
of total loans, accounting for 37, 19 and 18 per cent of total loans respectively. The linear
growth rates of different types of loans, ranged between (–) 1.19 and 28.86 per cent and
statistically significant, the only exception being growth rates for jewel loans which is not
significant. In Aryapuram Bank also mortgage and jewel loans formed major proportion of
total loans accounting for about 67 and 13 per cent respectively. All other loans constituted
20 per cent of total loans. The highest and lowest linear growth rates were observed 21.32
and 6.18 per cent in mortgage and jewel loans respectively. Growth rates of all types of
loans are statistically significant.
Visakhapatnam Bank also mortgage and jewel loans constituted major proportion of total
loans, and with a share of 70 per cent of total loans. The linear growth rate was highest
38.64 per cent for other loans, lowest at 5 per cent for mortgage loans. With exception of
mortgage loans, all growth rates are statistically significant. In the case of Vizianagaram
Bank about 70 per cent of total loans were mortgage loans, followed by other loans (11 per
cent), jewel loans (8 per cent), deposit loans (6 per cent) and surety loans (5 per cent).
Growth rates for all types of loans, except jewel and other loans are observed to be
statistically significant.
Table 3. Linear Growth Rates of Composition of Loans and Advances and C-D Ratios

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Note: **: Significant at 1 % level, *: Significant at 5 % level, NS: Not significant at 5 %
level
Credit-Deposit Ratio
The credit-deposit ratio (C-D ratio) has been regarded as an indicator of the bank’s
performance in the matter of deployment of credit. The ratio between credit and deposit
reveals the utilization potentiality of the available resources. The C-D ratio is an important
indicator of any financial institutions’ contribution towards the development of its
operational area.
Bank-wise analysis in Table 3 revealed mixed trend in respect of C-D ratio and it has been
declining in all sample UCBs in Coastal Andhra, except in Nellore bank. Overall ratio for
10 years period was highest in Nellore Bank (80 per cent), followed by Guntur Bank (75 per
cent), Aryapuram Bank (74 per cent) and Durga Bank (72 per cent). The ratio for all other
banks ranged between 45 per cent (Bhimavaram Bank) and 63 per cent (Ongole Bank). It
can be observed that in the recent past the growth of both advances and deposits was very
high.
Table 4. ANOVA – Credit-Deposit Ratio of Select UCBs
Sources of Degree of Sum of Mean Sum of F-Value
Between Banks 7 12944.8 1849.257 52.759
Between Years 9 4117.8 457.533 13.053
Error 63 2208.2 35.051 --
Total 79 19270.8 -- --
It is observed from the Table 5 shows that the computed values of F are greater than the table
values of F at 1 per cent level of significance, hence, it can be concluded that the difference
in the size of C-D ratios of the sample banks and the year wise difference in the ratios of all
eight UCBs in Coastal Andhra under the study are significant. Hence, the third hypothesis
the year-wise and the bank-wise differences in the Credit-Deposit ratio under study are not
significant is rejected.
Overdues
The existence of overdues in UCBs is attributed chiefly to the failure on the part of
management to observe sound business principles in the sanction of loans. Lack of proper
credit appraisal, improper assessment of borrower’s repaying capacity etc., also contribute to
mounting overdues. The sample UCBs in Coastal Andhra are taking necessary steps to
collect the loans in time like sending registered notice. Fluctuating trends in overdues were
observed in sample banks. While Visakhapatnam Bank registered highest increase
percentage in overdues and Ongole Bank witnessed lowest increase percentage in overdues
between study periods. The linear growth rates of overdues in all banks are found to be
significant.

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Table 5. ANOVA - Overdues of Select UCBs
Between Banks 7 1267273 181039.026 8.044
Between Years 9 1731832 192425.79 8.550
Error 63 1417885 22506.104 --
Total 79 4416990 -- --
Table 5 shows that there is significant difference between banks with regard to overdues.
The corresponding F-values indicate that the variations are highly significant. The
calculated values of F are more than the table values at 1 per cent level of significance.
Hence, the fourth hypothesis is rejected.
It is evident that the percentage of overdues to loans and advances for sample banks during
the study period showed an increasing trend in Nellore, Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram
banks. In the remaining sample banks the percentage showed a declining trend.
Table 6. ANOVA - Ratio of Overdues to Loans and Advances of Select UCBs
Between Banks 7 2127.805 303.972 12.456
Between Years 9 88.604 9.845 0.403
Error 63 1537.371 24.403 --
Total 79 3753.779 -- --
From the ANOVA Table 6 it is clear that significant variations exist between banks with
regard to ratio of overdues to loans and advances. But the calculated F value is less than the
table value regarding the years, so that, inter-period variations are not significant at 5 per
cent level. Hence, the fifth hypothesis that there are no significant variations between banks
and years with regard to ratio of overdues to loans and advances stands rejected between
banks and accepted between years.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
The ideas of the co-operative movement are basically the same all over the world, its form
and content varied from country to country. Co-operation took birth in different countries
among people with different economic interests and for performing different economic
functions. Everywhere, it originated as a defensive bulwark against exploitation of the weak
by those in a stronger economic position. Based on the analysis of loans and advances and
overdues the following inferences are drawn with regard to performance of sample banks.
Visakhapatnam Bank occupied the top position with regard to overall increase in loans and
advances, overdues and ratio of overdues to loans and advances, but which has recorded very
less overall C-D ratio, similar trend followed by Guntur, Bhimavaram and Durga banks. The

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performance of Nellore, Ongole and Aryapuram banks with regard to different parameters is
mediocre. Vizianagaram Bank is satisfactory progress in all respects.
The following suggestions are made to create public confidence and strengthen the urban co-
operative banking sector in Coastal Andhra as well as in Andhra Pradesh.
 Financial position of the borrower must be assessed properly and procedure for
sanctioning loans should be fool-proof.
 While making advances, an UCB should keep in view the cardinal principles of
banking such as, safety, security, liquidity and profitability of its investments.
 Proper legal and other measures have to be expedited to recover pending loans and
overdue. This will ensure public confidence and avoid scams.
 Profitability of banks depends, inter alia, on reduction of costs, recovery of overdues,
work reorganization and development of cost consciousness.
 Under liberalized regime UCBs are offering very high rates of interest on deposits
compared to commercial banks to attract deposits. As a consequence they are
charging high rates of interest on loans and advances. This is creating problem in
recovery of loans.
 Proper documentation is important in ensuring the safety of a bank’s advances.
 A medium-term nature of advances should remain within the medium-term resources
of the bank.
 Post-sanction monitoring is the primary responsibility of banks to be vigilant and
ensure proper end use of bank funds/monitor the funds flow.
 The banks should be no concentration of advances in the hands of a few borrowers
or their families or the industries in which they or their families are interested,
enabling them to corner a sizeable portion of the bank’s advances.
REFERENCES
1. Government of A.P., Department of Co-operatives (2002). Report of the expert
committee to review the functioning of urban co-operative banks in A.P. Hyderabad.
2. Government of India, Ministry of Community Development and Cooperation. (1964).
Report of the study group on credit co-operatives in the non-agricultural sector (Varde
Committee), New Delhi.
3. Hajela, T.N. (1978). Principles, problems and practice of co-operation. Agra: Shivahal
Agarwal and Company.
4. Hough, M. (1966). The co-operative movement in India. Calcutta: Oxford University
Press.
5. Howard and Uptron. (1953). Introduction to business finance. New York: McGraw Hill
Book Company.
6. Iyengar, A.S.K. (1961). A Study in the co-operative movement in India. Bombay:
Current Book House.

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7. James Jacob. (2012). “Corporate Governance in Urban Co-operative Banks – The New
Mantra for Greater Efficiency and Customer Satisfaction”. The Indian Journal of
Commerce Vol. 65, pp. 128-133.
8. Jawahar Babu, K.V.S.N and Muniraja Selkhar, B. (2012). “The Emerging Urban Co-
operative Banks (UCBs) in India: Problems and Prospects”. Journal of Business and
Management (IOSRJBM) Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 01-05
9. Madan, G.R. (1994). Co-operative movement in India. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
10. Mathur, B.S. (1995). Co-operation in India. Agra: Sahitya Bhavan.
11. Nakkiran, S. (1982). Urban co-operative banking in India. Coimbatore: Rainbow
Publications.
12. Narayana Gowd Talla, Anand Bethapudi and Reddeppa Reddy G. (2013), “An
Analytical Study on Financial Performance of Dharmavaram Urban Cooperative Bank",
A.P, India”, Abhinav National Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Commerce &
Management Volume No.2, Issue No.8. Pg. No.1-13.
13. Sami Uddin and Mahafoozur Rahaman. (1987). Co-operative sector in India. New
Delhi: Sulthan & Chand Ltd.
14. Reserve Bank of India. (1954). Report of all India rural credit survey committee,
Bombay.
15. Reserve Bank of India. (1957). Report of the committee on co-operation in India
(Maclagam Committee) 1915, Bombay.
16. Reserve Bank of India. (1968). Report of the working group on industrial finance
through co-operative banks, Bombay.
17. Reserve Bank of India. (1992). Report of the committee on licensing of new urban co-
operative banks (Marathe Committee), Bombay.
18. Reserve Bank of India. (2011). Report of the expert committee on licensing of new urban
co-operative banks, Mumbai.
19. Taiyab, Shaik. (1982). Personnel administration practice in urban co-operative banks.
Coimbatore: Rainbow Publications.
20. The Aryapuram Co-operative Urban Bank Ltd., annual reports and records,
Rajahmundry.
21. The Bhimavaram Co-operative Urban Bank Ltd., annual reports and records,
Bhimavaram.
22. The Durga Co-operative Urban Bank Ltd., annual reports ad records, Vijayawada.
23. The Guntur Co-operative Urban Bank Ltd., annual reports and records, Guntur.
24. The Nellore Co-operative Urban Bank Ltd., annual reports and records, Nellore.
25. The Ongole Co-operative Bank Ltd., annual reports and record, Ongole.
26. The Visakhapatnam Co-operative Bank Ltd., annual reports and records,
Visakhapatnam.

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27. The Vizianagaram Co-operative Urban Bank Ltd., annual reports and records,
Vizianagaram.
28. Vidya Pitre. (2013). “Urban cooperative banks: issues and prospects”, Economics and
Political Weekly, April, 2013, pp. 1505-1516.

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ABHINAV

NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOANS AND

Lecturer in Commerce, Sri A S N M Govt. College Palakol, Andhra Pradesh, India

VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

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VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

VOLUME NO.2, ISSUE NO.10 ISSN 2277-1166

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