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    Syncrotron Light

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    frankirk
    This document discusses synchrotron radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially, such as in a synchrotron. As the particle speed approaches the speed of light, the radiation pattern shrinks to a narrow cone. There are three main types of synchrotron radiation sources: bending magnets, wigglers, and undulators. Bending magnets produce radiation during orbital bending, while wigglers and undulators contain periodic arrays of magnets that cause oscillations, producing higher intensity beams. Synchrotron radiation has properties including high brilliance, tunability of photon energy, polarization, and time structure that make it useful for applications like photoelectron spectroscopy and microscopies.

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    Syncrotron Light

    Uploaded by

    frankirk
    27 views30 pages
    This document discusses synchrotron radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially, such as in a synchrotron. As the particle speed approaches the speed of light, the radiation pattern shrinks to a narrow cone. There are three main types of synchrotron radiation sources: bending magnets, wigglers, and undulators. Bending magnets produce radiation during orbital bending, while wigglers and undulators contain periodic arrays of magnets that cause oscillations, producing higher intensity beams. Synchrotron radiation has properties including high brilliance, tunability of photon energy, polarization, and time structure that make it useful for applications like photoelectron spectroscopy and microscopies.

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    This document discusses synchrotron radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially, such as in a synchrotron. As the particle speed approaches the speed of light, the radiation pattern shrinks to a narrow cone. There are three main types of synchrotron radiation sources: bending magnets, wigglers, and undulators. Bending magnets produce radiation during orbital bending, while wigglers and undulators contain periodic arrays of magnets that cause oscillations, producing higher intensity beams. Synchrotron radiation has properties including high brilliance, tunability of photon energy, polarization, and time structure that make it useful for applications like photoelectron spectroscopy and microscopies.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views30 pages

    Syncrotron Light

    Uploaded by

    frankirk
    This document discusses synchrotron radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially, such as in a synchrotron. As the particle speed approaches the speed of light, the radiation pattern shrinks to a narrow cone. There are three main types of synchrotron radiation sources: bending magnets, wigglers, and undulators. Bending magnets produce radiation during orbital bending, while wigglers and undulators contain periodic arrays of magnets that cause oscillations, producing higher intensity beams. Synchrotron radiation has properties including high brilliance, tunability of photon energy, polarization, and time structure that make it useful for applications like photoelectron spectroscopy and microscopies.

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    Synchrotron radiation:

    A charged particle constrained to move in curved path experiences a centripetal


    acceleration. Due to it, the particle radiates energy according to Maxwell
    equations. A non-relativistic particle emits radiation primarily at its frequency
    of revolution, with the characteristic pattern shown in figure 1(a). However, as
    the speed of the particle approaches the speed of light, the radiation pattern is
    distorted by relativistic effects and shrinks to a narrow cone of with angular
    spread ∆φ (see b). The latter type of radiation is called synchrotron radiation

    a b
    2
    The relativistic electron has an energy E = γ m o c
    1
    With: γ =
    v2
    1− 2
    c
    Synchrotron radiation is emitted in a cone of width θ=γ-1
    3cγ 3
    For an orbital radius Rb, emission occurs up to an energy Ec =
    2 Rb

    Dipole radiation
    of accelerated
    charge

    Frame of reference moving Laboratory frame of reference


    with the electrons
    k’ k
    Θ’ kx=k’x
    k’x
    k’z
    kz=2γk’z
    2π kx k' tan θ ' 1
    k'= θ= = x' = =
    λ' k z 2γk z 2γ 2γ
    Lay-out of Synchrotron light source
    Light is extracted bending magnet
    with insertion
    devices

    A wiggler consists of a periodic


    series of magnets, placed in a ring section
    where the electron path would otherwise
    be straight; because of its action, the electrons
    are forced to oscillate around the straight path. The undulator
    result is a very high flux of X-rays along the wiggler
    beamline. An undulator is similar to a wiggler except that it
    forces the electrons into a much weaker zig-zag, so that during the entire zig-zag
    motion synchrotron light continues to illuminate the undulator beamline. The result
    is a longer pulse of light rather than a series of short bursts. Without short pulses,
    there is no wide band of wavelengths, thus the undulator emission is not spread in
    a wide band but concentrated, producing high levels of flux and brightness. The
    technical specification of undulators and wigglers make it possible to perform
    record levels of flux and brightness.
    Three possibilities: Bending magnet, wiggler, undulator
    Synchrotron Radiation
    Emitted by a Dipole
    Bending Magnet
    Synchrotron Radiation
    Emitted by a Wiggler
    Array of Magnets
    Double
    relativistic
    effect

    Note the K2 term,


    determined by the
    magnetic field
    intensity,B0, which
    allows to tune the
    undulator frequency
    Wiggler

    Undulators and
    Wigglers

    Energy (eV)

    Light pulses Dipole Wiggler Undulator

    Continuous Light
    Monochromators
    Focussing X-rays: Mirrors
    Fresnel Zone Plate
    Focussing X-rays: Fresnel zone plates
    Brillance: definition
    Brightness is defined as radiated power per
    unit area and per unit solid angle at the source

    ∆P
    B=
    ∆A ⋅ ∆Ω
    Brightness is a conserved quantity in
    perfect optical systems, and thus is
    useful in designing beamlines and
    synchrotron radiation experiments .
    which involve focussing to small areas.

    ∆P
    B∆ω / ω =
    ∆A ⋅ ∆Ω ⋅ ∆ω / ω
    .Spectral brightness is that portion of the
    brightness ∆ω/ω lying within a relative
    spectral bandwidth
    Time evolution of achieved brightness

    Note that Avogadro’s number is 1023


    Spectral Intensity Distributions
    for a Variety of
    Standard Photon Sources and
    Synchrotron Radiation Sources
    SPring 8 Japan
    Beamlines

    High resolution beamline


    Injector Lay-out of ELETTRA
    (Trieste, Italy)
    ELETTRA is an example
    of synchrotron
    radiation source of
    third-generation, i.e.
    explicitly dedicated to
    produce light
    characterized by high
    brilliance
    Synchrotron Radiation (SR): Basic Features
    •Bending Magnets vs. Insertion Devices (Undulators, Wigglers)
    •Full Exploitation of Selection Rules
    •Photon Energy (hν ν) Tunability:
    •Surface vs. Bulk
    • hν
    ν-Dependent Cross Sections (PDOS)
    •ARPES Band Mapping
    •Resonant Photoemission
    •Cooper Minimum Photoemission
    •SR Polarization: Linear, Circular, Elliptical
    •Time Structure:
    •Pulse Width ≈ 10-50 ps
    •Bunch-to-Bunch ≈ 1-1,000 ns
    •High Brilliance:
    •High Photon Fluxes
    •Low Concentration Systems
    •Tiny Specimens
    •Fast Photoemission
    •High E-Resolution
    •Spectromicroscopy
    Focalization  spatial resolution
    Microscopy and spectromicroscopy with X Rays

    200 – 300 nm
    Ad Elettra: Lunghezza di coerenza 250 micron a E=17 keV

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