ScanlonsLatinGrammarComplete PDF

Grammar Vocabularies, and Exercises
in Preparation for the Reading of
the Missal and Breviary
Cora Carroll Scanlon A.M.
Charles L. Scanlon A.M.
G
THE AIM and ~ope of Scanlon's Latin lessons, which are connected passages
Grammar are to prepare those with no from the two liturgical sources for
previous knowledge of Latin to read which the whole book is a preparation.
the Missal and Breviary. Unlike most
First Year Latin textbooks, it is not an A valuable part of the book is the
introduction to the reading of Caesar. Latin-English vocabulary. In it and
throughout the book, the accented
Its twenty lessons embrace Latin syllable is marked in all utin words of
grammar completely, from the first more than two syllables.
declension to the various uses of the
subjunctive. Special drill in forms and The one year course of study pro
vocabulary is provided by generous vided by this textbook should enable a
exercises. After the student has made a diligent student to read the Missal and
fair start, he will encounter reading Breviary with reasonable facility.
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LATIN GRAMMA
Grammar, Vocabularies, and Exercises

in Preparation for
the Reading of the Missal and Breviary
BY
CORA CARROLL SCANLON, A.M.

Milwaukee Sfat~ T~ach~rs College
AND
CHARLES L. SCANLON, A.M.

Marqu~ffe University
EDITED BY
REV. NEWTON THOMPSON, S.T.D.
TAN BOOKS AND PUBLISHERS, INC.
Rockford, Illinois 61105
Copyright © 1976 by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc.
Originally published in 1944 by B. Herder Book Co.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 14-1973.
Fourth Printing.
Originally published in 1944 by B. Herder Book Co.
Copyright © 1976 by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-112494
ISBN: 0-89555-002-4
Reprinted by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. in 1976 and 1982.
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
P.O. Box 424
PREFACE
This Latin grammar is intended for students who are entering

seminaries or religious novitiates without previous study of Latin,
for sisters in communities that recite the breviary, and for the growing
number of lay people who use the Roman n1issal and the Roman
breviary. Its twenty lessons, divided into fifty units, cover all the
grammatical essentials for the intelligent reading of these two books.
The vocabulary comprises the 914 words that make up the Ordinary
of the Mass and the three Requiem Masses with their additional
Collects, since these are the words that a daily user of the missal \vill
encounter most frequently. However, to make the work as valuable
as possible for those who use the missal in its entirety, as well as for
those who wish to undertake the daily reading of the brev·iary, the
Latin-English vocabulary at the end of the book includes not only
all the words of the Roman missal, but also the complete vocabulary
of the Roman breviary.
Of the 914 words used throughout the twenty lessons, 476 have
been distributed as regular lesson vocabularies. The remaining 438
words have been grouped in those sections included in each lesson
that are devoted to the study of cognates, derivatives, and compounds.
Beginning with Lesson IV and continuing through Lesson XX, the
Latin text of each lesson (translation from Latin into English) has
been divided into two parts. The second part consists at first of iso
lated words and short phrases taken from the Ordinary of the Mass
and utilizes the vocabulary given up to that point. Later, as the vo
cabulary increases, these phrases are expanded into complete sentences
and finally whole paragraphs are presented. In this way the entire
Ordinary and the complete Requiem Masses have been given by the
iii
tV PREFACE
time the twentieth lesson is completed. Extra reading is provided by
nine Reading Lessons, one inserted after each lesson from XII to XX
inclusive. These are taken from the Vulgate text of the New Testa
ment and have been selected to give a short presentation of the life
of Christ from His birth to the Resurrection.
The Appendix contains irregular declensions, cardinal and ordinal
numerals, the four regular conjugations complete, and the conjuga
tions of the common irregular verbs.
PRONUNCIATION
I. Vowels. The pronunciation of the vowels is shown in the follow

ing table:
Vowel Pronunciation Example

a as in arm ad, mater
e as a in fate me, video
i as in 1nachine qUI, Ire
0 as in or porta, omnis
u as in tutor cU1n, sumus
2. Diphthongs. The diphthongs are pronounced as follows:
Diphthong Pronunciation Example

ae as a in fate prae, illae
oe as a in fate coelum, coepi
au as ou in out aut, laudo
In a few instances the individual vowels of ae and oe are pronounced

separately. In the vocabularies these instances will be shown by a
diaeresis ( .. ) over the second vowel. Alichael, poema.
3. Consonants. They are pronounced as in English, with the follow
ing exceptions:
Consonant Pronunciation Example

c (before e or i) as ch in church certus, cibus
ch as in ache Christus
g (before e or i) as in gentle gens, agit
g (before other letters) as in go gratis, gloria
gn as ny In canyon agnus, IgnIs
v
vi PRONUNCIATION
Consonant Pronunciation Example
1 (or consonant i) as y in yes Iesus, justus
s as s in sing (never
as s in raise) miser, fides
se (before a, 0, u, or a
consonant) as sc in scope scutum, Pascha
Ie (before e and i) as sh in shall ascendere, scio
th as t in ten Thomas
ti (when followed by a
vowel and preceded
by any letter except s,
t, or x) as tsee gratia, totius
x (in words beginning
ex followed by a
vowel, h, or s) as gs ~xaud;r~
x (in all other cases) as ks pax, excusar~
CONTENTS
PAGE
P~RPACE . III
PRONUNCIATION v
LESSON
I. DeclensIon. Gender. First declension. Position of adjectives

II. Second declension. Agreement of adjectIves. Conjugation of
verbs. Present indicative of esse and posse. Subject pronouns 6
III. Third declensiun. Neuter nouns and adjectives. Declension
of adjectives II
IV. Verbs. Present indicative. Active and passive VOice of the

regular conj ugations 16
V. Personal pronouns: subject, object, reflexive. Is. Cum with
pronouns. Present indicative of ire 2.3
H.eview Lesson I 29
VI. Imperfect tense, active and paSSIve voice. The imperative.
1mperfect of esse, posse, ire. Esto, estote 32
VII. Fourth declension. Future tense, active and paSSIve vOIce.
Future of esse, posse, ire 39
VIII. Fifth declension. Participles. Gerundive. Declension and
agreement of participles. Participles of esse, posse, ire 46
IX. Perfect tense, active and passive voice. Formation of other
perfect tenses. Perfect of esse, posse, ire. Verbs irregular in
the perfect. Irregular past participles. Prepositions govern
ing the accusative. Prepositions governing the ablative. In,
sub, super 53
X. Present subjunctive, active and passive voice. Present sub
j unctive of esse, posse, ire. Uses of the subj unctive: (a) hope,
wish, or command; (b) ut, uti, nee Clauses of purpose.
Other ways of expressing purpose: (a) subjunctive with
\'11
VJll CONTENTS
LESSON PAGE
relative pronoun; (b) gerundive with ad; (c) gerundive
with causa; (d) infinitive . 62
Review Lesson II 70
XI. Demonstratives: hie, HIe, iste. Intensive pronoun, ipse 74
XII. Imperfect subjunctive, active and passive voice. Imperfect
subjunctive of esse, posse, ire. Further uses of the subjunc
tive: (a) result clauses; (b) indirect question; (c) cum
meaning when, since, although; (d) conditional sentences
of doubt and conditional sentences contrary to fact 80
Reading Lesson . 87
XIII. Third conjugation verbs in -io 89
Reading Lesson 95
XIV. Deponent verbs. Selnideponents 97
Reading Lesson 103
XV. Relative pronoun, qui. Interrogative, quis. Indefinite pro
nouns and adjectives. Present indicative, active anu passive.
of ferre 106
Review Lesson III 114
Reading Lesson 117
XVI. Ablative absolute. Fieri
Reading Lesson
XVII. Indirect discourse, Infinitives 129
Reading Lesson 13)
XVIII. Inlpersonal verbs. Adjectives of special declension. Uses of

the dative: (a) indirect object; (b) verbs cornpoundcd \vith
prepositions; (c) certain intransitive verbs; (d) agent with
the passive periphrastic; (e) possession; (f) purpose 13~
Reading Lesson T46
XIX. Comparison ot adjectives and adverbs. Irregular compan
sons. Velle, nolle. Comnland with nolle. Uses of the abla
tive: (a) ablative absolute; (b) accon1panilnent; (c) COIn
parisons; (d) agent; (e) cause; (f) degree of diflerence~
(g) n1anner; (h) means or instrun1cnt; (i) place; (j) qual

ity or dcscri ption ~ (k) spccification ~ (1) separation; (In) tinlc
CONTENTS IX
LESSON PAGE
when; (n) with certain prepositions; (0) after certain de
ponent verbs . 148
Reading Lesson 158
xx. Questions, -ne, nonne, num, numquid. Double questions,
utrum . . . an, -ne . . . an, an. Etiam and non as adver
bial particles. Defective verbs. Uses of the accusative: (a)
direct object; (b) after certain prepositions; (c) subject of
infinitive in indirect discourse; (d) duration of tin1e and
extent of space 161
Review Lesson IV 169
Reading Lesson 172
ApPENDIX
Irregular declensions 175
Numerals 17)
Regular verbs 177
Irregular verbs 188
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
197
INDEX
33 1
LESSON I
UNIT ONE
Mea culpa, mea culpa, Through tny fault, through my fault,

mea maxima culpa. through 1ny most grievous fault.
Vocabulary
l
aqua, -ae, f., (vater
anima, -ae, £.,2 soul
terra, -ae, f., earth, land
tuba, -ae, f., trumpet
via, -ae, £., way, road
vita, -ae, f., life
Maria, -ae £., Mary
Lucia, -ae, f., Lucy
culpa, -ae, f., fault, guilt
et, and
a (ab) 3 (with abl.) , from, by
e (ex) 3 (with abl.) , out of, from
cum (with abl.), with
in (with abl.), in, on
in (with acc.), against, intoJunto
ad (with acc.), to, tOtvard, near
I. Declension. In English a noun changes its form only to indicate
possession (the possessive case) or to express plural number. In form
the nominative and objective cases are the same.
1 The genitive ending is given after the nominative to show the declension.
2 For the dative and ablative plural, besides the regular form in -is, the form
animabus is also used.
3 111e forms ab and ex must be used before a vowel or h; all four forms may be
used before consonan ts.
2 LATIN GRAMMAR
The man is here. I saw the man.

The man's hat. The men are here.
In Latin the noun usually changes its form for each case and
there are five of these: nominative (nom.), genitive (gen.), dative
(dat.), accusative (ace.), and ablative (ab!.). In addition, adjectives,
as \vell as nouns, in Latin change their forms to indicate their case,
gender, or number, for all adjectives must be made to agree in case,
gender, and number with the noun modified. To decline a noun or
adjective means to give its forms in the right order and all these
forms taken together constitute what is called a declension. There
are five declensions in Latin, that is, all nouns may be assembled
into five distinct classes or groups, \vhich are dislinguished from
one another by the ending of the genitive singular.
2.Gender. In English the gender of a noun depends upon the

sex to \vhich it refers. The noun prince is masculine gender because
it refers to a male; the noun lvon2en is feminine gender because it
indicates females; all sexless objects (for exanlple, chair) are said
to belong to the neuter gender. Many nouns that are classified In
English as neuters may be masculine or feminine in Latin.
3- First declension. All nouns that have the genitive singular

ending -ae belong to the first declension. Nfost of the nouns of this de
clension are of the feminine gender. The following case endings are
added to the base:
Singular Plural
Nom. -3 ..ae
Gen. -ae -arum
Dat. -ae -is
Ace. -am ..as
Abl. -3 ..is
The ablative may have various meanings: by, from, out of, with,
in, etc.
LATIN GRAMMAR 3
aqua (base, aqu-) , water
Singular Plural
Nom. aqua the water aquae the waters
Gen. aquae of the water aquarum of the waters
Dat. aquae for the water aquis for the waters
Ace. aquam the water aquas the waters
Abl. aqua in tIle water aquis in the wat~s
aqua bona, the good water

Nom. aqua bona aquae bonae
Gen. aquae bonae aquarum bonarum
Dat. aquae bonae aquis bonis
Ace. aquam bonam aquas bonas
Abl. aqua bona aquis bonis
Note the following:
a) The base is obtained by dropping the ending of the genitive
singular. The case endings are added to this base.

b) There are no articles in Latin. Aqua means water or the water.
c) The genitive case corresponds to the possessive case in English.
Aquae means of the water or the water's (color).
d) The dative case corresponds to the English indirect obj ect.
He gives an apple to the. boy.
e) The accusative case is the English obj ective case. The direct
object of a verb (or the object of certain prepositions) is put in the
accusative case.
I) The ablative case is used after most prepositions.
g) In Latin the adjective frequently follows the noun.
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Nouns ending in -ance and -ence in English end in

-antia and -entia in Latin. Pronounce and give the meaning for the
following.
4 LATIN GRAMMAR
I. indulgentia. 2. negligentia. 3. scientia. 4. sententia. 5. sequentia.
6. substantia. 7. temperantia. 8. arrogantia. 9. diligentia. 10. inno
centia. II. benevoh~ntia. 12. prudentia. 13. imprudentia. 14. con
scientia. IS. abundantia. 16. petulantia. 17. perseverantia.
B. Read the Latin and give the meaning in English.

I. Marla et Lucia. 2. Ad MarIam. 3. In terra. 4. Ex tuba. 5. Terra
Marlae. 6. In via. 7. Vita animae. 8. Ab Lucia. 9. Ad vitam. 10. Cum
tubis. II. Terrarum bonarum. 12. Vitae. 13. In anima. 14. Ad vias.
IS. A terris. 16. In aquam. 17. Ad Luciam. 18. Ad terram Marfae.
19. Ex Marla. 20. Ad vitam Luciae. 21. Ex terris. 22. A terra Marlae.
23. A terris bonis. 24. Tuba bona. 25. Tubae bonae. 26. Cum tubis
bonis. 27. Ex aquis bonis. 28. Ad vitam bonam.
UNIT Two
A. Make the adjective bona agree in case and number with each of
the following nouns.
I. terram 2. tubas 3. vitae 4. animarum .
5. terris 6. aquae 7. via...... 8. vitam 9. tu
barum. . . . .. 10. aq uas. . . . .. I I. viae...... 12. vita...... 13.
tubis 14. animabus 15. animas .
B. Decline terra and tuba. Then decline each of them \vith the ad
jective bona. (See the declension of aqua bona above.)
c. Vocabulary building.
a) Derivations. Find in sections A and B of Unit One the words
that have the same derivation as the following:
I. terrenus (earthly). 2. vlvere (to live). 3. indulgere (to pardon).
4. scire (to know). 5. prudens (prudent). 6. bene (well). 7. vivus
(living). 8. terrena (earthly things). 9. dillgere (to love). 10. sequi
(to follow). II. stare (to stand). 12. Innocens (innocent). 13. vola
(I wish). 14. temperans (temperate). 15. arroganter (arrogantly).
LATIN GRAMMAR 5
b) Note the relation between the following Latin and English
words.
Latin English
aqua aqueous
, .
anIma animation
vita vital
terra territory
via viaduct
terra terrestrial
aqua aquarium
c) Observe the relation of

thtst adjectivts to thest nouns
terrenus (earthly) terra
vitalis (vi tal) vita
, .
animosus (high-spirited) anIma
innocens (innocent) innocentia
prudens (prudent) prudentia
d ) Note the relation of

these verbs to these nouns
induJgere (to forgive) indulgentia
abundal'"e (to abound) abundantia
scire (to know) scientia
perseverare (to persevere) perseverantia
LESSON II
UNIT ONE
Gloria in excelsis Deo. Glory to God in the highest.
Vocabulary
servus, -i, m., servant, slave

Deus, -i, m., God
apostolus, -i, m., apostle
inimlcus, ..i, m., ene1n y
filius, -ii or -i, m., son
regnum, -i, n., kJngdom, reign
caelum/ -i, n., heaven, sky
principium, -i, n., beginning
gloria, -ae, f., glory
bonus, bona, bonum, good, kind
beatus, beata, beatum, blessed
sanctus, sancta, sanctum, holy, saintly (as a noun, saint)
esse, to be
posse, to be able, can
semper (adv.), always, ever
4. Second declension. All nouns that end in -i in the genitive singu
lar belong to the second declension. Those that end in -us, -er, or -ir
in the nominative singular are masculine. Those that end in -urn are
neuter. In this declension the follo\ving case endings are added to
the base:
1 The plural is usually cadi.
LATIN GRAMMAR
Singular Plural
Masculine Neuter Masculine Neuter
Nom. -us (-er, -ir) -urn -i -a
Gen. -i -i -orum -orum
Dat. -0 -0 -is -is
Acc. -urn -um -os -a
Abl. -0 -0 -is -is
Singular Plural
Nom. servus regnum servi regna
Gen. servi regni servorum regn6rum
Dat. servo regno servis regnis
Ace. servum regnum servos regna
Abl. servo regno serVIS regnis
Singular
Nom. servus bonus regnum bonum
Gen. servi boni regni boni
Dat. servo bono regno bono
Acc. servunl bonum regnum bonum
Abl. servo bono regno bono
Plural
Nom. servi boni regna bona
Gen. servorum bonorum regnorum bonorum
Dat. servis bonis regnis bonis
Acc. servos bonos regna bona
Abl. servis bonis regnis bonis
Note that the adjective has a different form for each gender: bonus
(masculine), bona (feminine), bonum (neuter). The feminine form
is declined according to the first declension; the masculine and neuter
are declined according to the second declension.
8 LATIN GRAMMAR
5. Conjugation of verbs. To conj ugate a verb means to giv~ all its

forms (persons, tenses, moods, etc.) in their proper order.
Present Indicative of
esse, to be posse, to be abl~
(ego) sum,l am possum, l am able, l can
(tu) es, thou art potes, thou art able, thou canst
(is, ea, id) est, he (she, it) is potest, he (she, it) is able, he can
(nos) sumus, we are possumus, eve are able, we can
(vos) estis, you are potestis, you are able} you can
(ei, m.} eae, I.}
ea, n.) sunt, they are possunt, they are able, they can
NOTE. Since in Latin the form of the verb changes for each person,
the subject pronouns are not necessary. They may be and usually are
omitted.
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Many Latin adjectives ending in -ius and nouns end

ing in -ium, end in -y in English. Pronounce and give the meaning of:
I. anniversarius. 2. voluntarius. 3. necessarius. 4· legionarius. s. con
trarius. 6. mysterium. 7. remedium. 8. testimonium. 9. studium. 10..
colloquium. II. subsidium. 12. augurium. 13. matrimonium. 14. semi
narium.

Servus bonus est.! 2. Filii boni esse possunt. 3. Sanctis apostolis.
I.
4. Beatae Marlae. 5. Ap6stoli sancti sunt. 6. Marla semper beata est.
7. Boni semper esse possumus. 8. Fllius Marlae est. 9. Gloriae caeli.
10. Regna terrae. I I. Ad Dei gloriam. 12. In terra apostolorum su
mus. 13. Ad terram sanctam. 14. Lucia cum servo est. IS. FIlius servis
bonus est. 16. Marla semper bona flliis est. 17. Terra beata est. 18. Servi
1 In Latin the usual order of words is: subject, object or predicate complement, verb.
LATIN GRAMMAR 9
boni esse potestis. 19. In princlpio. 20. Regnum beatum esse potest.
21. Ego sum filius servi. 22. Semper inimlcus regni est. 23. Marla et
Lucia beatae sunt. 24. Lucia semper bona est. 25. Ad terras bonas et
beatas. 26. Marla cum Lucia est. 27. Lucia bona esse potest. 28. Ap6s
toli sumus. 29. Apostoli boni esse possumus. 30. Ad gloriam apostolo
rum beatorum. 31. Princlpium caeli et terrae. 32. Princlpium gloriae
sanctorum. 33. Ad gloriam caeli. 34. Caelum regnum sanctorum est.
35. Sancti Dei servi bani sunt.
UNIT Two
A. Decline in the singular and plural.
I. regnum beatum. 2. fHius bonus. 3. sanctus ap6stolus. 4. servus
bonus.
B. Give the English meaning of:

I. ego sum. 2. potes. 3. esse possum. 4. potestis. 5. id est. 6. possunt.
7. es. 8. esse potest. 9. vos estis. 10. sumus. II. sunt. 12. possumus.
C. Make the adjective in parentheses agree with the noun.

I. (sanctus) apostoli. 2. terris (sanctus). 3. filiorum (bonus). 4.
(beatus) Marlae. 5. terrae (beatus). 6. servos (bonus). 7. fHium (bo
nus). 8. regna (beatus). 9. in terram (sanctus). 10. vita (beatus) I I.
viae (sanctus). 12. tubis (bonus). 13. aquas (bonus). 14. animae
(beatus). 15. terrarum (sanctus).
D. Vocabulary building.
a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, words that
have the same derivation as the following:
I. fHia 1 (daughter). 2. aposto1icus (apostolic). 3. dea 2 (goddess).
4. serva (woman servant). 5. caelestis (heavenly). 6. rex (king). 7.
gloriosus (glorious). 8. regina (queen). 9. principalis (perfect). 10
1 Dative and ablative plural, filiabus.
2 Dative and ablative plural. deabus.
10 LATIN GRAMMAR
glorificare (to glorify). I I. servitus (servitude, service). 12. annu~

(year). 13. legio (legion). 14. loqui (to speak). IS. regnare (to
reign). 16. servire (to serve). 17. amIcus (friend). 18. regere (to
rule, to govern). 19. bona (good things). 20. sancte (holily). 21. bene
(well). 22. beatitudo (happiness). 23. beate (happily). 24. sempiter
nus (everlasting).
b) Observe the relation between these English and Latin words.

Latin English Latin English
servus servitude beatus beatitude
posse possible inimicus inimical
fHius affiliate caelum celestial
sanctus sanctuary filius filial
Deus Deity annus annual
c) Observe the relation between

these
these verbs and these nouns and these nouns
adjectives
servire (to serve) servus gloriosus gloria
regnare (to reign) regnum (glorious)
sanctificare (to sanctify) sanctitas apostolicus apostolus
glorificare (to glorify) gloria (apostolic)
caelestis caelum
(heavenly)
anniversarius annus (year)
voluntarius vo}untas (will)
legionarius legio (legion)
LESSON III
UNIT ONE
Hosanna in excelsis. Hosanna in tbe l1ighest.
Vocabulary
homo, hominis, m., man
virgo, vIrginis, £., virgin, maiden
calix, calicis, m., cbalice
corpus, corporis, n., body
cor, cordis, n. (gen. pI., cardium), heart
auxllium, -ii, n., help
magnus, magna, magnum, big, great
acer, acris, acre, sharp, ardent, bitter
omnis (m. and £.), omne (n.), all, every, everyone; omnia,l all things
non, not
nunc, now
6. Third declension. All nouns and adjectives with the genitive sin
gular in -is belong to this declension.
homo (base, homin-), m., nlan corpus (base, corpor-), n., body
Singular Plural
,
Nom. homo corpus Nom. homines corpora
Gen. hominis corporis Gen. hominum c6rporum
Dat. homini corpori Dat. hominibus corporibus
Ace. hominem corpus Ace. homines corpora
Abl. homine corpore Abl. hominibus corporibus
1 Latin adjectives are frequently used as nouns, especiaIIy in the neuter: bonUllls
something good; bona, good things; caelestia, heal/enly tllings.
II
12 LATIN GRAMMAR
Most masculine and feminine nouns belonging to this declension

are declined like homo.
All neuter nouns and adjectives, no matter what declension they
may belong to, always have their nominative and accusative alike and
always end in ..a in the nominative and accusative plural.
7. Declension of adjectives. All adjectives fall into two main groups,

the first group belonging to the -us, ..a, ..urn type (bonus, bona,
bonum); these are declined according to the first and second declen
sions. The second group, declined according to the third declension,
contains three classes of adjectives:
those that have three forms in the nominative singular, one for each
gender:
masc., acer fern., acris neuter, acre
those that have two forms in the nominative singular, one for the
masculine and feminine, and one for the neuter:
masc. and fern., omnis neuter, omne
and those that have one form in the nominative singular for all three
genders:
masc., fern., and neuter, clemens
Almost all third declension adjectives (as well as some nouns) end
in ..i in the ablative singular, have -ium in the genitive plural, either
-is or -es in the accusative plural of the masculine and feminine, and
-ia in the nominative and accusative plural of the neuter.
Examples:
hominum omnium, of all m~n
vrrgines clementes, merciful tlirgins
corpora omnia, all bodi~s
culpas omnes, all faults
cordium clementium, of m~ciful h~arts
LATIN GRAMMAR 13
corda clementia, m~rciful hearts
in omni corpore, in every body
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Many Latin words may be turned into English by

dropping the last letter or the last two letters. Pronounce the follow
ing and give the English equivalent of each.
I. angelus. 2. baptlsma. 3. altare. 4. cath61icus. 5. christianus. 6.
consubstantialis. 7. directus. 8. holocaustum. 9. h6stia. 10. humanus.
II. hymnus. 12. hyss6pus. 13. judicialis. 14. justus. IS. signum. 16.
persona.

I. Ad altare Dei. 2. Homines clementes. 3. Calix magnus est. 4.
Calices magni in altari sunt. s. In prinCIpia et nunc et semper. 6. Ad
vitam aeternam. 7. Beatae Marlae semper virgini. 8. Gloria Fllio.
9. Culpa servi non est. 10. Homines omnes non clementes sunt. I I.
Flammis acribus. 12. Omnes sanctos. 13. Auxllium omnium sancto
fum. 14. Gloria Dei magna est. IS. Fllii hominis non sumus. 16. Ex
Marla Vlrgine. 17. In caelum. 18. Regnum caeli aeternum est. 19.
Resurrectio c6rporis. 20. Cor Marlae clemens est. 2 I. 6mnibus chris
tianis. 22. In vitam aeternam. 23. Ego sum resurrectio et vita. 24. Beatae
Mariae semper vlrginis. 25. In caelis; in terris. 26. ] ustum est. 27.
Homo servis bonus esse potest. 28. Maria et Lucia nunc cum flliis
sunt. 29. Culpa filiorum non est. 30. Elevatio calicis. 31. Virgo non
magna est. 32. Maria et Lucia magnae sunt. 33. Culpa Mariae non
est; culpa Luciae est. 34. Flammae acres et aeternae sunt. 35. Omnes
calices non semper magni sunt. 36. In prinCIpia auxllium h6minum
magnum est. 37. Aqua nunc in calice est. 38. COrpora h6minum
magna sunt. 39. Cor in corpore est. 40. Omnes h6mines bani in corde
Dei sunt. 41. Omnes vlrgines bonae et clementes esse possunt. 42. Bona
es, Marla. 43. Beata esse pates. 44. Servi bani, clementes estis. 45. Nos
sumus servi hominis. 46. Calix magnus non in flammis est. 47. Tu es
LATIN GRAMMAR
homo. 48. Deus aeternus est. 49. Homines terrae non aeterni sunt.
50. Angeli et sancti aeterni sunt.
UNIT Two
A. Give the genitive singular and the nominative plural of the
follovving:
Ramma magna homo bonus on1nis homo
bonum auxllium corpus omne sanctus angelus
vita aeterna virgo clemens corpus magnum
beata Marla calix magnus on1nis angelus
beatus sanctus sancta virgo aqua acer
Examples:
Nom. sing. Gen. sing. Nom. pI.
bonus homo boni h6minis boni homines
auxHium magnum auxHii magni auxllia magna
B. Decline in the singular and plural:

corpus bonum via magna sanctus beatus
beata virgo omnis homo cor bonum
homo magnus bona vita omnis £llius
c. Make the adjective in parentheses agree with the noun.

I. (omnis) corp6ribus. 2. (beatus) sancti. 3. Deus (clemens). 4. vlr
gines (bonus). 5. flliis (magnus). 6. (omnis) corda. 7. c6rporum
(bonus). 8. h6minum (clemens). 9. Ramma (acer). 10. vitam (aeter
nus). II. vias (magn us). 12. ex Ramma (acer). 13. calices (omnis).
14. Deum (bonus). 15. (sanctus) apostolos. 16. (sanctus) virglnibus.
17. auxllii (bonus). 18. aquas (bonus). 19. regiones (terrenus). 20.
animae (vivus). 21. homo (justus). 22. servos (inimlcus). 23. regna
( caelestis). 24. aquam (clarus). 25. regnum (gloriosus). 26. (un us)
Deum.
LATIN GRAMMAR
a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, the words
I. angelicus (angelic). 2. judex (j udge). 3. juste (j ustly). 4. hu
manitas (humanity). 5. justItia (justice). 6. judicare (to judge). 7.
dirIgere (to direct). 8. clementer (mercifully). 9. judicium (j udg
ment). 10. principalis (principal). I I. justificare (to justify). 12. con
glorificare (to glorify). 13. altus (high). 14. omnIpotens (omnip
otent). 15. clementia (clemency). 16. caelestis (heavenly). 17.
terrenus (earthly). 18. regnare (to reign). 19. corporalis (corporal).
20. magnopere (greatly). 21. corpulentus (fat). 22. signaculus (little
seal). 23. signifer (standard bearer). 24. insigrutus (signed). 25. rec
tus (right).
b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English words.
homo homicide flamma inflammation
culpa culprit corpus corporal
magnus magnitude acer acerbity
omnis omnipotent auxHium auxiliary
cor cordial virgo virginity
angelus angelic directus direction
c) Observe the relation between
these adverbs and these adjectives these adjectives and these nouns
bene (well) bonus corporalis corpus
sancte (piously) sanctus (corporal)
juste (j ustly) justus angelicus (angelic) angelus
directe (directly) directus altus (high) altare
humane (humanly) humanus humanus (human) homo
LESSON IV
UNIT ONE
Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus, Holy holy, holy,

Dominus Deus Sabaoth. J.Jord God of hosts.
Vocabulary
monere, to warn, advise, teach
habere, to have, hold, consider
dare, to give
vocare, to call
salvare, to save
intrare, to enter
laudare, to praise
ponere, to set, put
ducere, to lead
ffilttere, to send
dicere, to say, speak, tell
audire, to hear
servIre, to serve (takes its personal obj ect in the dative)
implorare, to implore
convertere, to convert
excusare, to excuse
liberare, to free
passio, passionis, f., suffering
sancta sanctorum, n. pl., holy of holies
nomen, nominis, n., name
pater, patris, m., father
gens, gentis (-ium), f., nation
tristis (m. and f.), triste (n.), sad, sorrowful
omnlpotens (m., f., n.); gen. omnipotentis, almighty
de (prep. with abl.), from, down from, about, concerning
.16
LATIN GRAMMAR 17
8. Verbs. In Latin all verbs, except a few that cannot be classified,
may be assembled into four distinct groups or conjugations that are
distinguished from each other by the ending of the infinitive. Verbs
ending in -are are said to belong to the first conjugation (laudare, to
praise). Those ending in -ere and stressed on the next to the last syl
Iable belong to the second conj ugation (monere, to warn). Those
having the infinitive ending in -ere and stressed on the third syllable
from the end belong to the third conj ugation (ducere, to lead). Those
that end in -ire are grouped together as a fourth conjugation (audire,
to hear).
The following are the forms of all four conjugations in the present
indicative:
Active Voice
I II
laudare, to praise monere, to warn
,
laudo [ praise moneo [ warn
laudas thou praisest mones thou warnest
laudat he (she, it) praises monet he (she, it) warns
laudamus we praise monemus we warn
laudatis you praise monetis you warn
laudant they praise monent they warn
III IV
dueere, to lead audire, to hear
dueo [lead audio [ hear
dueis thou leadest audis thou hearest
dueit he (she, it) leads audit he (she, it) hears
ducimus we lead audimus we hear
dueitis you lead audltis you hear
ducunt they lead audiunt they hear
18 LATIN GRAMMAR
Passive Voice
I II
laudor I am praised moneor I am warned
laudaris 1 th ou art praised moneris thou art warned
laudatur he (she, it) is praised monetur he (she, it) is warned
laudamur we are praised monemur we are warned
laudamini you are praised monemini you are warned
laudantur they are praised monentur they are warned
III IV
ducor I am led audior I am heard

duceris thou art led audlris tlzou art heard
ducitur he (she, it) is led auditur he (size, it) is heard
ducimur we are led audlmur we are heard
duclmini you are led audimini you are heard
ducuntur they are led audiuntur they are Ileard
Note the following:

a) The infinitive ending (-are, etc.) is dropped before adding the
personal endings.
b) The distinguishing vowel of the first conj ugation is -a, of the
second, -c, and of the third and fourth, -i.
c) Most verbs of the first conj ugation are regular, that is, they
will be conjugated in all moods and tenses like laudare.
d) All verbs of the third conjugation are partly irregular and this
irregularity will occur in the perfect tenses and in the past participle.
More will be said of this in later lessons.
e) There are no progressive or emphatic forms in Latin. laudo
means I praise, I do praise, I am praising.
1 In the present, imperfect, and future, the second person singular of the passive
has another form, with the ending -re. Thus: laudare, monere, ducere, audire.
LATIN GRAMMAR 19
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. (a) Many verbs ending in -are in Latin have the

ending -ate in English. Pronounce the following and give the Eng
lish equivalent.
I.
, 2. eI
separare. . , 4. supp l'lcare.
' 3. resuscitare.
evare. , 5. venerarl
, . ( pass.
in£.). 6. illuminare. 7. immolare. 8. liberare. 9. commemorare. 10. com
municare. I I. celebrare. 12. cooperare. 13. creare. 14. decorare. 15.
cremare (burn). 16. donare (give, grant). 17. expiare. 18. cogitare
( think). 19. congregare.
b) Many verbs ending in -are or -ere in Latin end in -e in English.

Pronounce the following and give the English equivalent.
I. observare. 2. praeparare. 3. excusare. 4. implorare. s. inclinare.
6. evadere. 7. intercedere. 8. praecedere. 9. praesumere. 10. abs6lvere.
II. adorare. 12. deputare (appoint). 13. salutare. 14. consotiri. IS. ad
haen~re. 16. residere.
c) Many verbs become English when the infinitive ending is

dropped. What is the English equivalent of?
I. manifestare. 2. visitare. 3. commendare. 4. confirmare. s. con
siderare. 6. expectare. 7. honorare. 8. convertere. 9. descendere. 10.
discernere. 11. ascendere. 12. comprehendere. 13. respondere. 14. for
mare. IS. reformare.
d) Verbs ending 1n -ficare in Latin have the ending -fy in English.

Pronounce and give the English for:
I. glorificare. 2. justificare. 3. pacificare. 4. sanctificare. 5. vivificare
(to bring to life).
B. Read and give the English meaning of the following:

I. Pater fllios in aquam ducit. 2. Fllius a patre non monetur. 3.
Sancti ab omnibus laudantur. 4. \Tfrginem bonam semper laudamus.
5. Nunc a flliis audlffiur. 6. Magnum calicem in altare ponit. 7. Deus
20 LATIN GRAMMAR
pater omnfpotens gentium omnium terrae est. 8. FHii in n6mine

patrum dicunt. 9. Servi auxHium inimicorum non implorant. 10.
Homines vfrgines in via praecedunt. I I. In omnes regiones terrae
ap6stoli mittuntur. 12. Homines boni et clementes inimlcos conver
tunt. 13. Angeli descendunt de caelis. 14. Virgo culpas servi excusat.
IS. Virgo tristis a magnis difficulultibus non liberatur. 16. Homo cor
pus et animam habet. 17. Lucia tubam fHio date 18. Servfmini a servis
bonis. 19. Homines in terras inimicas intrant. 20. Virgo dicit; patrern
vocat. 21. Calix a fHio habetur. 22. In principio inimici gentis non mo
nentur. 23. Omnes servi ab hominibus bonis ducuntur. 24. Pater
Mariae nunc dicit: Tu es semper virgo bona et clemens. 25. Auxiliurn
ab omnibus gentibus imploratur. 26. Calices in altari a flliis bonis
ponuntur. 27. Nomen servi a Marfa non audftur. 28. Omnes gentes
terrae ab apostolis vocantur. 29. Nomina filiorum a patre non dantur.
30. In principio servi boni et tristes ab inimlcis non liberantur. 31.
Omnes culpae servorum a vfrgine clementi excusantur.
I. In nomine Patris et Filii. 2. Ad altare Dei. 3. De gente non sancta.

4. Tristis es. S. Omnfpotens Deus. 6. Ad vitam aeternam. 7. Beata
Maria semper Virgo. 8. Ad sancta sanctorum. 9. 6mnium sanctorum.
10. Laudamus, adoramus, glorificamus. II. Deus Pater omnlpotens.
12. ?\'fagna gloria. 13. Filius Patris. 14. In gloria Dei Patris. IS. In
corde. 16. Pater omnfpotens. 17. Caeli et terrae. 18. Ex Patre. 19. Deus
de Deo. 20. Consubstantialis Patrie 21. Ex Marfa Vfrgine. 22. Cum
Patre et FHio adoratur et conglorificatur. 23. Ecclesia sancta, catholica
et apostolica. 24. In remfssionem peccatorum. 25. Expecto resurrec
tionem. 26. Divlnae majestatis. 27. Sancta Trinitas. 28. Passionis,
r~surrectionis et ascensionis. 29. Ad gloriam non1inis. 30. Laudant
angeli.
UNIT Two
A. Decline the following in the singular and plural:

1. nomen sanctun1. 2. pater omnipotens. 3. gens tristis.
LATIN GRAMMAR 21
B. Add the third person singular ending to each of these verbs

(first of the active, then of the passive voice), and give the meaning
in English.
I. mon---_ 2. separ---------___ 3. d u c - - - _
4. aud - _ . - 5. convert ----------- 6. dic-----_
7. voc 8. h a b - - - _ 9. serv-----___
c. Add the first person pIural endi ng to these verbs (first of the
active and then of the passive voice); give the meaning of each form.
I. pon 2. aud 3. observ----_
4. salv 5. mon 6. comprehendu- ____
7. mitt 8. expect 9. liber--_
D. Change the infinitive in parentheses to the correct form of the

verb (first active, then passive voice), and give the meaning of each
form.
I. ego (laudare). 2. is (implorare). 3. nos (commendare). 4. ei
(evadere). 5. vos (adorare). 6. tu (dare). 7. ea (monere). 8. ego
(habere). 9. id (salvare). 10. nos (honorare). II. eae (audire). 12. vos
(sel vIre).
E. Vocabulary building.
a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, words that
have the same derivation as the following:
I. liber (free). 2. creatura (creature). 3. excusatio (excuse). 4. sup
plex (suppliant). 5. venerabilis (venerable). 6. lumen (light). 7. me
moria (remembrance). 8. opus (work). 9. libertas (liberty). 10. inter
cessio (intercession). II. honor (honor). 12. gloria (glory). 13. vivus
(living). 14. pax (peace). IS. justitia (justice). 16. monitum (pre
cept). 17. patriarcha (patriarch). 18. serva (woman servant). 19. ser
vitus (service). 20. audltio (hearing). 21. patria (fatherland). 22.laus
(praise). 23. salvus (safe). 24. dictum (word). 25. dux (leader). 26.
22 LATIN GRAMMAR
exaudire (to hear). 27. contristare (to be sorrowful). 28. donum

(gift). 29. circumdare (to encompass). 30. declinare (to incline). 31.
inhaerere (to adhere to). 32. datum (gift). 33. aggregare (to join, to
add to).

,
monere admonish vocare vocation
salvare salvation intrare entrance
laudare laudatory ducere conductor
ponere component mittere admit
audire auditorium benedicere benediction
servlre service nomen nomination
pater paternal mittere mISSIve
laudare laudable aggregare aggregate
c) Note the relation of

these nouns to these verbs these nouns to these verbs
,
monitum (precept) monere datum (gift) dare
dictum (\vord) dIcere dux (leader) ducere
servus (servant) servire elevatio (elevation) elevare
lumen (light) illuminare creator (creator) creare
separatio (separation) separare descensus (descent) descendere
absolutio (absolution) abs6lvere justitia (j ustice) j ustificare
sanctificator sanctificare honor (honor) honorare
(sanctifier)
LESSON V
UNIT ONE
Per omnia saecula saeculorum. Warld without end.
Vocabulary
videre, to see (the passive voice also means to s~~m)
audere, to dare, to venture, to mal(e bold
clamare, to shout, to cry out
ire, to go
introire (like ire), to enter, to go within
lavare, to wash
manducare, to eat
acceptare, to receive, to accept
larnentare, to lament, to weep
venerari, to venerate
respondere, to answer, to respond
bibere, to drink
cadere, to fall
Dominus, -i, m., Lord; dominus, master, lord
oratio, orationis, £., prayer
juventus, juventutis, f., youth
pax, pacis, f., peace
do16sus, -a, ..urn, deceitful
iniquus, ..a, -urn, unjust
misericors (m., f., n.); gen., misericordis, merciful
quare? why?
pro (prep. with abl.), for, for tIle sal(e of, in behalf of
mecum, with me
vobiscum, with you
23
LATIN GRAMMAR
9. Personal pronouns.
First Person
Singular Plural
Nom. ego, I nos, W~
Gen. mei, of m~, of myself nostrum (nostri), of us, of our
selves
Dat. mihi, to m~, to myself nobis, to us, to ourselv~s
Ace. me, me, myself nos, us, ourselves
Abl. me, by, with me, myself nobis, by, with us, ours~ltl~s
Second Person
Nom. tu, thou vos, you
Gen. tui, of the~, of thyself vestrum (vestri), of you, of your
selves
Dat. tibi, to the~, to thyself vobis, to you, to yours~lv~s
Ace. te, thee, thyself vos, you, yourselves
Abl. te, by, with thee, thyself vobis, by, with you, yours~lv~s
Third Person
Nom. is 1 (ea, id), he (sh~, it) ei (eae, ea), they
Gen. ejus, of him (of her, of it) eorum (earum, eorum), of th~m
Dat. ei, to him (to her, to it) eis, to them
Ace. eum (eam, id), him eos (eas, ea), them
Abl. eo (ea, eo), by, with him eis, by, witll them
Reflexive of the Third Person

Gen. sui, of himself, of herself, of itself, of themseltles
Dat. sibi, to himself, to herself, to itself, to themselv~s
Ace. se or sese, himself, herself, itself, themselves
Abl. se or sese, by, with himself, herself, itself, themselv~s
1 This form is really the demonstrative pronoun that, but is used in Latin to IUppl~
the third person of the perS()Jil~ pE~nQun. I
I
LATIN GRAMMAR
NOTE. The preposition cum is added to the forms me, te, se, nobis,
and vobis: mecum, tecum, secum, noblscum, vobiscum (with me,
etc.).
10. Present indicative of ire, to go.

eo, I go imus, we go
is, thou goest itis, you go
it, he goes eunt, they go
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Adjectives in -bilis have the nominative and accusative

neuter in --e (sing.) and -ia (pl.). They have the ending -hie in Eng
lish. Pronounce the folloyving and give the English equivalent:
I. acceptabilis. 2. ineffabili~. 3 innumerabilis. 4. invislbilis. 5. ven..
erabilis. 6. vislbilis. 7. nobilis. 8. miserabilis. 9. terrlbilis. 10. lamentabi..
lis. II. memorabilis. 12. horrlbilis. 13. affcibilis. 14. incredlbilis. 15.
insuperabilis.
B. Read the following and translate into English:

I. FHii in aquam intrare non audent. 2. Pater nos semper laudat.
3. Mihi tubam magnam dat. 4. Quare eos de inimlcis non monetis?
s. Virgo bona et misericors patrem implorat pro servis trlstibus. 6. Eum
videmus; nos videre non potest. 7. Marla ei aquam dat et Lucia eam
hibit. 8. Quare tibi nunc dIcere non possunlus? 9. Homines inlqui et
dalosi a flammis acribus non salvantur. 10. Pax in omnibus gentibus
terrae esse potest. II. Aqua nos lavamus. 12. FHius tubam habet;
nunc mihi earn dat. 13. Omnes inimlci clamant et in aquam cadunt.
14. Pater cum flliis et virglnibus in habitationem Introit. IS. Se sal
vant; me salvare non possunt. 16. Nabis serviunt et nos manducamus.
17. Juventus hominis non semper beata est. IS. Quare me vacant?
Eas non audio. 19. Vas in aqua videtis. 20. Non nobis acceptabilis est.
21. Deus orationes juventutis audit. 22. Deus misericors est; nunc
pacem omnibus gentibus date 23. Quare inlqui et dalosi estis? 24.
Homo bonus semper pro inimlcis implorat. 25. Quare aquam fHio
LATIN GRAMMAR
non das? 26. Aquam blbere non audemus. 27. Quare non audetis in
fines inimicorum introlre? 28. Me lavo; se laudant; te vides; vos
salvatis. 29. Nunc aquam do tibi. 30. Quare mihi aquam non das?
I. Dominus vobfscum. 2. Ad sancta sanctorum. 3. Et in terra pax

homlnibus. 4. Laudamus teo 5. Adoramus teo 6. Glorificamus teo 7.
Fllius Patris. 8. In gloria Dei Patris. 9. Gloria tibi, Domine. 10. Visi
bHium omnium et invisibHium. II. Descendere de caelis. 12. Pro
nobis. 13. Ascendere in caelum. 14. Cum Patre et Fllio adonltur et
conglorificatur. 15. Pro omnibus christianis. 16. In vitam aeternam.
17. Pax Domini. 18. Tecum. 19. Sancto nomini. 20. Ascendere ad tee
21. In nobis. 22. Domine sancte, l Pater omnlpotens, aeterne Deus.
23. In nomine Domini. 24. Pro see 25. Pro redemptione animarum. 26.
Ego te absolvo. 27. Pro vobis. 28. Gloriosae ascensionis. 29. Hostia
sancta. 30. Omnis benedfctio caelestis. 31. Divlna institutio. 32. Aude
m us dicere. 33. Consecnltio corporis. 34. Pacem do vobis. 35. Ego prae
sumo. 36. Cum Deo Patre. 37. Ab inimlcis. 38. Pro me. 39. Corpus
Domini. 40. In pace.
UNIT Two
A. Translate into English.
I. Marfa nos videt. 2. Ei clamant. 3. Aquam tibi do. 4. Nos Iavamus.
5. In earn caditis. 6. Eo vobfscum. 7. Implorant pro nobis. 8. Eunt me..
cum. 9. Nos ea preparamus. 10. Mihi non acceptabilis. II. Ea me
vfsitat. 12. Id nobis dant. 13. Eas mihi das. 14. Ego tibi dico. IS. Nos ea
manducanlus. 16. Ei earn bibunt. 17. Ego eum honoro. 18. Pacem do
vobis. 19. Marla et Lucia eis eas mittunt. 20. Earn audltis. 21. In aqua
id ponit. 22. Ea non habeo. 23. Eae te vocant. 24. Pater eum laudat.
25. Nos vos monemus.
1 There are two other cases in Latin besides those already given: the vocative and
the locative. The former is used in direct address and usually has the same form as the
nominative. Adjectives and nouns of the second declension, however, usually have
the ending -e instead of -us. The locative, used in expressions of place, is like either the
genitive or the ablative.
LATIN GRAMMAR
B. Give the meaning of these forms of ire.
ego eo. 2. is it. 3. vos itis. 4. ei eunt. 5. tu is. 6. nos imus.
I. 7. eae
eunt. 8. ea it. 9. id it.
c. Give the meaning of these forms of introfre.

I. nos introlmus. 2. ei introeunt. 3. tu introis. 4. ego introeo. 5. vas
introftis. 6. is introit. 7. ea introit. 8. eae introeunt. 9. id introit.
D. Conjugate in the present tense, acti,ve and passive voice:

videre lavare
Conjugate in the present tense:

audere manducare bibere
E. Decline in the singular and plural:

oratio bona homo doI6sus
Give the accusative singular of:

Dominus sanctus omnis oratio virgo misericors
pax inlqua homo fidclis juventus beata
F. Vocabulary building.
a) Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, the words that have
the same derivation as the following:
I. acclpio (to take, to accept). 2. venerari 1 (to venerate). 3. videre
(to see). 4. miser (wretched). s. acceptus (welcome, agreeable). 6.

memorare (to remember). 7. credere (to believe). 8. super (over).
9. invisibilis (invisible). 10. clamor (shout, cry). 11. domnus (sir,
master). 12. orare (to pray). 13. pacificare (to pacify). 14. inlquitas
(iniquity). IS. misericordia (mercy). 16. miseria (wretchedness). 17.
memoria (remembrance). 18. superus (supreme). 19. domina (mis
tress). 20. misereri (to have mercy). 21. eXlre (to go out). 22. juvenis
1 Some Latin passive forms are translated by an English active verb.
LATIN GRAMMAR
(young). 23. aequus (right, just). 24. dolose (deceitfully). 25. misera..
tio (mercy).

cadere decadent ire exit
clamare exclamation videre VISIon
lavare lavatory bibere bibulous
oratio oration juventus rej uvenate
inlquus equity dominus dominate
c) Note the relation of

these adverbs to these adjectives
clementer (mercifully) clemens
innumerabHiter (inn umerably) innumerabilis
nobHiter (nobly) nobilis
miserabHiter (miserably) miserabilis
incredibHiter (incredibly) incredibilis
suppllciter (humbly) supplex
these verbs to these nouns and adjectives
pacificare (to pacify) pax
orare (to pray) oratio
dominari (to rule) Dominus
misereri (to have mercy on) misericors
accipere (to receive, to accept) acceptabilis
credere (to believe) incredibilis
REVIEW LESSON NUMBER I
A. Give the English for these phrases.

I. in caelo et in terra. 2. regnum bonum. 3. in princIpia. 4. ex Marla..
5. in via. 6. vitae sanctorum. 7. Sancta Marla. 8. sanctis apostolis.
9. regnum Dei. 10. beatae Mariae. II. ego sum. 12. vas estis. 13. cum
Lucia. 14. benedlctio aquae. IS. in gloria Dei. 16. redemptio anima
rum. 17. beatorum apostolorum. 18. gloria Dei. 19. caeli et terrae..
20. cum gloria.
B. What Latin words do the following remind you of?

gloriosus, regnare, caelestis, terrenus, servIre, vivus, apostolicuSs
sanctitas, ascendere, beatitudo.
c. Find in the list of English words the meaning of each Latin

word.
et always esse to be
ab life apostolus protection
semper man protectio majesty
homo and Deus apostle
vita from majestas God
salvatio heaven magnus help

ex salvation cor chalice
caelum servant calix great
cum out of corpus heart
servus with auxHium body
.princlpium
. ,
ffilIn1CUS
flame
all
filius
sanctus
holy
everlasting
omnis beginning nunc glory
£lamma way aeternus son
via enemy gloria now
29
30 LATIN GRAMMAR
virgo merciful culpa remedy
regnum blessed ' .
anIma to
posse vlrgLn ad fault
beatus to be able terra soul
clemens kingdom remedium land
D. Translate the following into English.

Virgo clemens est. 2. Sancti beati sunt. 3. Sancti non sumus. 4. Ego
I.
s.
non sum apostolus. Cor in corpore est. 6. Possunt esse sancti. 7. Pos
sum esse apostolus. 8. Homines possunt boni esse. 9. Potestis esse bani.
10. Fllius cum servo esse potest. I I. Nos in terra sumus. 12. Vos apos
toli potestis esse. 13. Ego non sum inimlcus Dei. 14. Tu es filius bonus.
IS. Is potest esse in via.
E. Translate these phrases in to English.

I. Salvatio h6n1inum. 17. Cum inimlcis.
2. Corpus hominis. 18. Ad caelum.
3. Fllj us servi. 19. In cael urn.
4. Fllii Dei. 20. In regno Dei.
5. Princlpium terrae. 21. Ad regnun1 cael6rum.
6. Ex corde. 22. Ab inimicis Dei.
7. In terra. 23. Cum bonis homlni
8. Ad terram. bus.
9. A terra. 24. Ad Dei clementis
10. In principio. servos.
II. Ab homlnibus. 25. Ab onlnibus apostolis.
12. In caela. 26. Cum Dei servis.
13. Cum sanctis. 27. In gloria sanctorum.
14. Ex corpore. 28. Sancti in regno Dei.
IS. Ab apostolis. 29. Ad terram bonam.
16. Ad Mariam. 30. Cum sanctis apostolis.
LATIN GRAMMAR 31
F. Give the meanings of these words.
sempef virgo audlre fegia dare
dueere nunc gens angelus de
nomen esse ab dlgnitas posse
G. Give the meaning of each of these verb forms.

I. laudaris. 2. eunt. 3. estis. 4. habet. s. elevate 6. ducit. 7. introit.
8. imus. 9. audiuntur. 10. dieo. II. pates. 12. do. 13. adoramus. 14. con
glorificatur. 15. ponunt.
LESSON VI
UNIT ONE
Credo in unum Deum. I believe in one God.
Vocabulary
laetificare, to give joy to

judicare, to judg~
amigere, to afflict
eruere, to deliver
incedere, to go} walk
sperare, to hop~
causa, -ae, f., caus~
fortitudo, fortitudinis, f., strengtn
lux, Iucis, £., light
veritas, veritatis, f., truth
mons, montis (-ium), m., hill} mountain
saeculum, i, n., time} age} world; in saecula saeculorum, per omnia
saecula saeculomm, world witllout end; a saecuIo, from the b~
gznnzng.
sicut (slcuti), adv., as, just as
per (prep. with ace.), through} by
quia, quoniam, conj., for, because} tllat
meus, -a, -urn, my, mine
tuus, -a, -urn, tlly} thine; your} yours (sing.)
suus, -a, -urn, his} her} hers} its} their} theirs
noster, l nostra, nostrum, our, ours
1 In noster the -e is retained only in the nominative singular masculine. Vester it
doclined like noster.
LATIN GRAMMAR 33
vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours (pI.)
qui, who (relative)
II. The imperfect tense. This is formed by adding the following
personal endings to the base:
Active Passive
Singular Plural Singular Plural
-bam -bamus -bar -bamur
-bas -batis -baris -bamini
-bat -bant -batur -bantur
Thus for the first conjugation we have the following:
Active
Singular Plural
lauda-bam, I praised lauda-bamus, we praised
lauda-bas, thou praisedst lauda-batis, you praised
lauda-bat, he praised lauda-bant, they praised
Passive
lauda-bar, 1 was praised lauda-bamur, we were praised
lauda-baris, thou wast praised lauda-hamini, you were praIsed
lauda-batur, he was praised lauda-bantur, they were praised
For the other conjugations the imperfect tense is formed in a similar
n1anner. Thus we have:
mone-bam, I warned monebar, I was warned
duce-bam, lied cluce-har, I was led
audie-bam, I heard audie-bar, I was heard
NOTE. Since there are no progressive tenses in Latin, laudabam
means I praised or I was praising.
12. The imperative. The common imperative forms are two in
number: a singular form corresponding to the pronoun tu, and a
plural form corresponding to vos.
34 LATIN GRAMMAR
I II
(laudare, to praise) (monere, to warn)
lauda, praise (thou) mone, warn (thou)
laudate, praise (ye, you) monete, warn (ye, you)
III IV
(dueere, to lead) (audire, to hear)
due, duee, lead (thou) audi, hear (thou)
dueite, lead (ye, you) audlte, hear (ye, you)
13. The irregular verbs esse, posse, ire.
Imperfect
(esse, to be) (posse, to be able) (ire, to go)
eram, I was poteram, I was able ibam, I went
eras, th Ott wast poteras, thou wast able ibas, tllott wentest
erat, he was poterat, he was able ibat, Ile went
eramus, we were poteramus, we were able ibamus, we went
eratis, you were poteratis, you (,(Jere able ibatis, you went
erant, they were poterant, tlley were able ibant, tlley went
Imperative
es,t be (thou) (posse has no imperative) i, go (thou)
este, 2 be (ye, you) ite, go (ye, you)
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. 11any Latin words beconle English when the last let
ter or the last t\VO letters are dropped.
I. mortalis. 2. orthodcSxus. 3. patriarcha. 4. patronus. S. pontificalis.
6. propheta. 7. sacerdotalis. 8. sacramentum. 9. spiritus. 10. strictus.
1 The form esto is more usual.
2 The form estate is sometimes used instead of este.
LATIN GRAMMAR 35
II. temporalis. 12. testamentum. 13. apost6licus. 14. archangelus. IS.
firmamentum. 16. meritum. 17. Christus. 18. electus. 19. praeceptum.
20. singularis.

I. Non est culpa mea; est culpa ejus. 2. Pater suus ei dat tubam
n18gnam. 3. Judicant inimlcos suos. 4. Merita nostra conslderat
qu6niam justus est. 5. Fllii nostri in monte incedunt. 6. In habitatione
nostra lucem non habemus. 7. Date virgfnibus auxHium vestrum. 8.
Fortitudo sua magna est, quia causa sua bona est. 9. Dic semper
veritatem. 10. Servi nostri ibant ad montes noblscum. I I. Vlrgines
miserabiles ab calamiuitibus suis eruebantur. 12. Homo do16sus et
inlquus non laetlficat nos. 13. Pater tristis erat quia ab £lliis suis
affiigebatur. 14. Duc eos ad montem. IS. Audfte, fIlii. 16. Lauda
patrem tuum quoniam bonus et clemens est. 17. Propheta genti
dicebat. 18. Calix in altare ponebatur. 19. Nomen suum Marfa erato
20. Nos videre non poterant. 21. Beatus erat quoniam bonus erato 22.
A flammis acribus eruebantur. 23. Servi lucem in monte videbant.
24. Sperabanlus in fortitudine hominum bonorum. 25. Quare non
dfcitis semper veriuitem? 26. \Tfrgines sperabant in fortitudine patrum
suorum. 27. Servi nostri manducabant et bibebant. 28. Apostoli sancti
pacem et lucem et veritatem gentibus miserabllibus ducebant. 29.
Quare servi ej us ad montes mittebantur? 30. Fortitudo mea non
rnagna est. 31. Per vias nliserabiles ad montes magnas ducebamur. 32 .
Quare sperabas in causa h6minis inlqui et dolosi? 33. Ab inimicis n05
tris judicabamur. 34. Aquam bonam in montibus non videbam. 35.
Sicut erat in terris sanctis.
I. Ad Deum qui laetfficat juventutem meam. 2. Judica me, Deus,

et discerne causam meam de gente non sancta. 3. Ab homine infquo
et dol6so erue me. 4. Quia tu es, Deus, fortitudo mea. s. Quare tristis
incedo? 6. Affifgit nle inimfcus. 7. Lucem tuam et veritatem tuam. 8.
In montem sanctum tuum. 9. Quare tristis es, anima mea? 10. Spera
LATIN GRAMMAR
in Deo. I I. Sicut erat in princIpia et nunc et semper, et in saecula
saeculorum. 12. Omnl.J?otens Deus. 13. Deo omnipotenti. 14. Beato
Michaeli Archangelo. 15. Et tibi, Pater. 16. Mea culpa. 17. Beata Marla
semper Virgo. 18. Orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum. 19.
Misericordia tua. 20. Da nobis. 21. A nobis. 22. Iniquitates nostrae.
23. Per Christum Dominum nostrum. 24. Onimus te, Domine, per
merita sanctorum tuorum. 25. Magna gloria tua. 26. Cor meum. 27.
In corde tuo. 28. In corde mea. 29. Gloria tibi, Domine. 30. 6mnia
saecula. 31. Humanitatis nostrae. 32. Dominus noster. 33. Per omnia
saecula saeculorum. 34. Divlnae majestatis tuae. 35. Per intercessionem
beati Michaelis Archangeli. 36. 6mnium electorum suorum. 37. Mi
sericordia tua. 38. Oratio mea. 39. Altare tuum. 40. Anima mea et vita
mea.
UNIT Two
A. Conjugate in the imperfect tense, active voice: dare; habere;
dicere; servire.
Conj ugate in the inlperfect tense, passive voice: salvare, monere,
mittere, audire.
B. Give two imperative forms for each of these verbs: vocare;

ducere; videre; audlre; introire; bibere; esse; judicare.
c. Change the infinitive to the correct form of the imperfect in

dicati ve tense.
I. ego (esse). 2. tu (posse). 3. ei (ire). 4. vas (ire). 5. nos (esse).
6. ea (posse). 7. id (esse). 8. ego (ire). 9. ego (posse). 10. is (ire). II.
nos (posse). 12. vas (esse).
D. Change the possessive adjective in parentheses to the correct

case, gender, and number.
I. animae (meus). 2. terris (suus). 3. via (noster). 4. regno (tuus).
5. fllii (vester). 6. lucem (meus). 7. saeculi (noster). 8. corpus (suus).
9. patribus (suus). 10. juventuti (tuus). II. (meus) culpa. 12. montes
LATIN GRAMMAR 37
(noster). 13. nominum (vester). 14. servorum (suus). 15. patris
(noster).
E. Vocabulary building.
I. exaudlre (to hear favorably). 2. benedIcere (to bless). 3. con
cedere (to grant). 4. deducere (to lead). 5. disponere (to dispose, to
order). 6. laetltia (joy). 7. judIcium (judgment). 8. exuere (to free
from). 9. spes (hope). 10. fortis (strong, valiant). II.lucere (to shine).
12. verus (true). 13. monitum (precept). 14. christianus (Christian).
IS. merere (to be worthy). 16. mori (to die). 17. patria (fatherland).
18. pontifex (pope, bishop). 19. pater (father). 20. sacerdos (priest).
21. sacer (sacred). 22. tempus (time). 23. apostolus (apostle). 24.
sacri£lcium (sacrifice). 25. sacrosanctus (most holy). 26. mors (death).
27. ellgere (to elect).
b) Observe the relation between these Latin and English
words.
LAtin English Latin English
saeculum secular veritas veritable
lux lucid fortitudo fortify
,
causa causation sperare desperation
incedere recede afHigere affliction
judicare judgment ducere reduction
c) Note these verbs with their compounds.

admIttere, to send to, to join, to admit
commlttere, to send with or together, to unite,
to commit
mlttere (to send) emlttere, to send out, to emit
permIttere, to send through, to suffer, to permit
promlttere, to send forth, to promise
dimlttere, to send away, to forgive, to dismiss
LATIN GRAMMAR
deducere, to conduct, to deduce
educere, to lead out, to bring forth, to educe
inducere, to lead in, to lead, to ind uce
ducere (to lead)
perducere, to lead to or through, to bring, to pro
long
adducere, to lead to, to bring, to adduce
LESSON VII
UNIT ONE
In nomine Patris et Filii et In the name of the Father and of the

Spiritus Sancti. Amen. Son and of the Holy G/20st. Amen.
Vocabulary
COlnu, us, n., horn
spiritus, us, m., spirit; Spiritus Sanctus, Holy Ghost
manus, us, f., /2and
domus,l us, £., 120US~
cIvitas, civitatis, f., city
ecclesia, ae, f., church
frater, fratris, m., broth~r
laus, landis, f., prais~
puer, pueri, m., boy, servant
pars, partis (-ium), f., part
crux, cnlcis, f., cross
liber, libri, m., book
lectio, lectionis, f., lesson
mater, matris, f., 11l0t/2er
fortis (m. and £.), forte (n.), strong, brave
miser, misera, mlserum, wretclzed
pauper (m., £., n.), gen., pauperis, poor
malus, -a, -urn, bad, evil, wicked
credere, to believ~
stare, to stand
venIre, to com~
movere, to mov~
1 See Appendix for irregular declensions.
39
LATIN GRAMMAR
nocere, to harm
judicare, to judge
dolosus, -a, -urn, deceitful
oratio, orationis, f., prayer
malitia, -ae, f., wickedness
sanctus, -i, m., a holy man
ergo, tllerefore
ideo, therefore
igitur, therefore
14. Fourth declension. All nouns having the genitive singular end..
ing -us belong to this declension. Most of them are masculine.
spiritus (base, spirit-), m., spirit
Singular Plural
N om. spiritus spiritus
Gen. spiritus spirituum
Dat. spirftui spiritibus
Acc. spiritum spIritus
Abl. spiritu spiritibus
15. The future tense. In the first and second conjugations this is
formed by adding the following personal endings:
Active Passive
-bo . .bimus ..bor ..bimur
-bis . .bitis -bens ..bimini
-hit . .bunt ..bitur -buntur
Active
Singular Plural
lauda-bo, I shall praise lauda-bimus, we sllall praise
lauda-his, thou wilt praise lauda-bitis, you will praise
lauda-bit, he will praise lauda-bunt, they will praise
LATIN GRAMMAR
Passive
lauda-bor, I shall be praised lauda-bimur, we .fhall be praised
lauda-beris, thou wilt be praised lauda-bimini, you will be praised
lauda-bitur, he will be praised lauda-buntur, they will be prais~d
For the second conjugation the future tense is formed in a similar

manner. Thus we have:
mone-bo, I shall warn mone-bor, I shall be warned
In the third and fourth conjugations the future tense is formed by

adding the following personal endings to the base:
Active Passive
, ,
-am -emus -ar -emur
, . , . .
-es -etis -erls -emlll1
-et -ent -etur -entur
Thus for the third conjugation we have the following:
Active
Singular Plural
due-am, I shall lead due-emus, we shall lead
due-es due-etis
due-et due-ent
Passive
due-ar, I shall be led due-emur, we shall be led
due-eris due-emini
due-etur due-entur
In the fourth conjugation the future tense is formed in a similar

manner. Thus we have:
audi-am, I shall hear audi-ar, I shall be heard
LATIN GRAMMAR
16. The future tense of esse, posse, and ire.

ero, I shall be potero, I shall be able ibo, I shall go
eris, tl20U shalt be poteris, thou sllalt be able ibis, thou shalt go
erit, he will be poterit, he u/ill be able ibit, he (viII go
erimus, we shall be poterimus, we shall be able Ibimus, we shall go
eritis, you will be poteritis, you will be able Ibitis, you will go
erunt, they will be poterunt, they will be able ibunt, they will go
EXERCISES
A. Cognates.
a) Many nouns ending in -ia in Latin end in -y in English. Pro
nounce and give the English for the following:
I. famIlia. 2. gloria. 3. memoria. 4. miseria. s. victoria. 6. ignomfnia.
7. custodia. 8. perfldia.
b) Nouns and adjectives ending in -ens in Latin end in -ent in Eng

lish. Pronounce and give the English for the following:
I. oriens. 2. clemens. 3. parens. 4. Innocens. S. omnfpotens. 6. com
petens. 7. praesens.
B. Read and give the English meaning of the following:

I. Omnes homines in civitatem introfbunt cum tubis et cornibus.
2. Non credemus in inimfcum infquum et dolosum. 3. Mater bona
et justa ab filiis suis semper laudabitur. 4. Ad ecclesiam ibit; Deum
laudabit et auxilium ejus supplicabit. 5. Puer ad domum nostram
veniet et famHiam suam expectabit. 6. Servi mei pauperes sunt, non
mali. 7. Libros non habeo; ergo lectiones meas non praeparabo. 8.
Manus pars corporis est. 9. Virgo pro fratribus mlseris suis intercedet.
10. fnvoca Dominum et tibi fortitudinem, lucem et veritatem dabit.
I I. Date servis vestris laudem et bene vobis servient. 12. Puer fortis
LATIN GRAMMAR 43
est; nos salvare poterit. 13. Clamate; nos audient. 14. Eum videbis
quoniam cum fratre meo incedet. IS. De cruce non descendet. 16.
Crux magna non movebitur. 17. Vocabor et respondebo. 18. Virgines
stabant cum matre sua. 19. Pater et mater parentes famlliae sunt.
20. Memoriae juventutis nostrae laetificabunt nos. 21. Virgines bonae
erant; ergo beatae erant. 22. In inimicorum civitates magnas introl

bunt et matres suas et omnes vlrgines eruent. 23. Matres servorum
semper miserae et pauperes erant. 24. Crux in ecclesia stabit. 25. Ho
mines mali et dalasi non in lectiones apostolorum credebant. 26. Pueri
pauperes et miseri ad nostram civitatem non venient. 27. Laudes ser..
vorum pauperum Deum laetihcabunt. 28. In principio auxllia ad
gentes non ducentur. 29. Non credimus in librosmalos. 30. Pars cru..
cis in ecclesia stat. 31. Filii bani et fortes erunt; igitur mater eorum
beata erit. 32. Quare miseri estis, servi mei? 33. Pauperes non semper
mali sunt; mali non semper pauperes sunt. 34. Fratres nostri, quare
est is n1iseri? 35. Mater bona in ecclesia erit cum omnibus £lliis suis.
I. Mater mea. 2. Lavabis me. 3. Omnes iniquitates meas. 4. Spiritus
sanctus tuus. 5. Libera me. 6. Oratione mea. 7. In manus inimici. 8. A
sanctis angelis. 9. Vobis dicin1us. 10. Descendet de caelo. 11. Semper
cum Domino erimus. 12. In memoria aeterna erit justus. 13. Lucis
aeternae. 14. Salva me. IS. Sum causa tuae viae. 16. Flan1mis dcribus.
17. Voca me. 18. Frater meus. 19. Dabit tibi Deus. 20. Frater tuus. 21.
Dicit ei ~f 1rtha. 22. In resurrectione. 23. Ego sum resurrectio et vita.
24. Omnis qui credit in me. 25. Tu es Christus Filius Dei. 26. Libera
ease 27. In lucem sanctan1. 28. Pro anirnabus. 29. Cum sanctis tuis.
30. Cum servo tuo. 31. Judicare saeculum. 32. Anima ejus.
UNIT Two
A. Decline in the singular and plural: cornu magnum; manus

fortis; domus mlsera.
B. Decline in the singular: SpIritus Sanctus; laus fua; ecc1<~sia
cath61ica.
44 LATIN GRAMMAR
c. Give the nominative, genitive, and dative plural of the follow
ing: puer innocens; mater pauper; civitas n6bilis; frater misericors;
liber malus.
a) Derivations. Find, in sections A and B of Unit One, words
auditus (hearing). 2. malum (evil). 3. dominatio (dominion).
I.
4. civis (citizen). 5. laudabilis (praiseworthy). 6. particeps (partaker).
7. crucifixus (crucified). 8. fortitudo (strength). 9. miseria (wretched
ness). 10. dominus (lord, master). II. laudare (to praise). 12. malitia
(malice). 13. adventus (coming, advent). 14. credibilis (credible). 15.
circumstare (to stand around, to be present). 16. famulus (servant).
17. glorificare (to glorify). 18. memorare (to remember). 19. victus
(conquered). 20. ignorare (to be ignorant). 21. custos (guard). 22.
clementer (mercifully). 23. innocentia (innocence). 24. custodire (to
guard). 25. male (badly). 26. competere (to be capable of, to be fit
for). 27. nocens (harmful). 28. nocere (to harm). 29. conglorificare
(to glorify).

lAtin English lAtin English
cornu cornucopia manus manipulate
domus domicile laus laudable
ecclesia ecclesiastical credere credence
,
stare station vemre circumvent
,
movere remove pauper pauperize
malus malediction fortis fortify
crux crucial puer puerile
liber library frater fraternity
cIvitas civic pars partial
mater maternity manus maniple
LATIN GRAMMAR 45
c) Observe these verbs with their compounds.
circumstare, to stand around, to be present, to sur
round
stare (to stand) praestare, to stand before, to excel, to accomplish,
to bestow
exstare, to stand out or forth
disponere, to put in different places, to order, to
, dispose
ponere (to put) . , .
{ Imponere, to put upon, to Impose
exponere, to put out, to expose
adesse, to be at or near, to be present
esse (to be) abesse, to be a wa y from, to be absent
{
prodesse,l to be for, to benefit, to avail
1 The d is omitted in all forms where it would be immediately followed by a con
sonant.
LESSON VIII
UNIT ONE
Gloria Patri et FHio Glory be to the Father and to the Son

et Spiritui Sancto. and to the Holy Ghost.
Vocabulary
dies, diei, m. and f., day; in novlssimo die, on the last day
fides, fidei, f., faith
facies, faciei, £., fac~
missa, -ae, £., Jt.;1 ass,. missa est, the Mass is finish~d
panis, panis, m., bread
disclpulus, -i, m., pupil, disciple
tectum, -i, n., roof
flOX, noctis (-ium), £., night
mums, -i, m., wall
somnus, -i, m., Jleep
gratia, -ae, f., grace, tI2anl(fuln~ss
agere, to act, to put in motion; gratias agere, to give thanks
dormire, to sleep
scribere, to writ~
docere, to teach
peccare, to sin
novus, -a, -urn, new
aequ us, -a, -urn, right
dignus, -a, -urn, meet, worthy
potens (m., f., n.), gen., potentis, pown-Iul
ecce (lnterjecL), behold
sic (adv.), so, thus
hodie (adv.), today, this day
LATIN GRAMMAR
item (adv.), also, likewise
simul (adv.), together
sed (conj.), but; sed et, as also
17. Fifth declension. It comprises nouns with the genitive SID.gular
ending -ei. 1"hey are feminine in gender. 1
dies (base, di-), day res, f., thing
Nom. dies dies Nom. res res
Gen. diei dierum Gen. rei rerum
Dat. diei diebus Dat. rei rebus
Ace. diem dies Acc. rem res
Abl. die diebus Abl. re rebus
18. Participles. The participles of the fou r conjugations are the
following:
Present (active) Past (passive)
laudans, praising laudatus, praised
monens, warning m6nitus, warned
ducens, leading ductus, led
audiens, hearing auditus, heard
Future (active) Gerundive (passive)
laudaturus, about to praise laudandus, must be prais~d
moniturus, about to warn monendus, must be warn~d
ducturus, about to lead ducendus, must be led
auditurus, about to hear audiendus, must be heard
NOTE. (a) A participle, like an adjective, agrees with the noun
modified or the noun referred to.
b) The present participle is declined according to the third de
clension: laudans (m., f., n.); gen., laudantis.
1 Exception: dies is sometimes masculine in the singular, always masculine in the
plural.
48 LATIN GRAMMAR
c) The rest are declined in the first and second declensions:
laudatus, laudata, laudatum.
d) The gerundive is used to express necessity or obligation.

Examples:
Present: Puerum fratrem Iaudan I heard th~ boy praising his
tern audiebam. brother.
Ad civitatem servos du They came to the city leading th~
centes veniebant. slaves.
Past: A matre sua vocati, filii in H avin g been called by thdr
domum introibant. mother, the sons went into the
house.
Virgines afHictas pacifica T hey will pacify the afflicted
bunt. maidens.
Future: Ad montem ituri sunt. 1 They are about to go to th~ hill.
Nos moniturus erat. He was about to warn us.
Gerundive: Domus nostrae sal Our homes must b~ saved.
vandae sunt. 2
Libri movendi erant. Th~ books had to b~ mov~d.
19. Participles of esse, posse, and ire.

(esse, to b~) (posse, to b~ able)
Future: futurus, about to b~ Present: potens (used as an ad
jective), powerful
(ire, to go)
Present: iens (euntis), going
Future: iturus, about to go
1 This form is also referred to as the active periphrastic.

2 This form is sometimes called the passive periphrastic.
LATIN GRAMMAR 49
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Many Latin adjectives ending in ..us and --osus be

come -ous in English. Pronounce and give the English for the fol..
lowing:
I. copiosus. 2. gloriosus. 3. laboriosus. 4. religiosus. S. perniciosus.
6. furiosus. 7. studiosus. 8. invidiosus. 9. injuriosus. 10. insidiosus. II.
Impius. 12. pius. 13. propftius. 14. tremendus. IS. superfluus.
B. Verbs with the prefix, a.., ab-, or abs- convey the idea of from or
away froln.
I. abesse (to be away, to be absent). 2. abducere (to lead away, to
abduct). 3. avertere (to turn away, to avert). 4. abstinere (to hold
from, to abstain). s. abstrahere (to draw from, to abstract). 6. amittere
(to send away). 7. abire (to go away). 8. amovere (to move from).
9. avocare (to call away from). 10. abrumpere (to break away from).
II. abstergere (to wipe away). 12. absolvere (to loose from, to ab
solve).
C. Read and translate into English.
I. Domus muros et tecta habent. 2. Nox pars diei est. 3. Ad muros
civitatis veniebamus. 4. Dignum est nostris matribus bonis gratias
agere. S. In somno justorum dormiunt. 6. In manus tuas libros daturi
eramus. 7. Homo patens est, sed Deus omnlpotens est. 8. Omnes
disclpuli lectiones bonas hodie habebant. 9. Facies vlrginis bona et
clemens erat. 10. Sancta Fides nomen civitatis est. II. Panis mandu
candus est. 12. Pueri domum mittendi sunt. 13. Deo gratiae agendae
sunt. 14. Vobis item scribam de ecclesia nova. IS. Mater cum pueris
simul salvatur. 16. Audi, dicturus est. 17. Vlrgines nobis serviturae
erant. 18. Frater meus in domum clamans intrat. 19. Ab domino
laudati servi beati sunt. 20. Civitatem magna luce illuminatam vide
bant. 21. Credere non possumus in fidem gentium malarum. 22. Ae
quum est pro pace intercedere. 23. Calix a flammis salvandus est.
24. Eos in monte stantes videmus. 25. Eos docebit et non peeeahunt.
5° LATIN GRAMMAR
26. Ecce homo! 27. Omnes libros salvatos a flammis habemus. 28. In
monte stans eos judicat. 29. Crucem magnam a patre suo datam videt
puer. 30. Nobis erat dicturus nomen suum. 31. Fides patrum nostr6
rum fortis erat. 32. Virgines fratres suos vocantes audiebam. 33. Nos
monituri erant quia Rammas ascendentes de tecto domus videbant.
34. Homo pauper et miser erat, sed auxHium non implorabat. 35.
AuxHium ad civitatem mittendum est.
I. Emitte lucem tuam et veritatem tuam. 2. Et introlbo ad altare
Dei, ad Deum qui laetfficat juventutem meam. 3. Tu vivificabis nos.

4. D6mine, exaudi orati6nem meam. 5. D6mine Deus, Rex caelestis,
Deus Pater omnipotens. 6. Cum Sancto Spiritu in g16ria Dei Patris.
7. Deo gratias. 8. In corde meo. 9. In nomine Patris et FIlii, et SpIritus
Sancti. 10. Gloria tibi, Domine. II. Laus tibi, Christe. 12. Credo in
unum Deum. 13. VisibHia omnia, et invisibIlia. 14. 6mnia saecula.
IS. Deus de Deo. 16. Nos h6mines. 17. Venturus est cum gloria. 18.
Qui cum Patre et Fllio simul adoratur et conglorificatur. 19. Una,
sancta, cath6lica, et apost6lica ecclesia. 20. Unum baptlsma. 21. Ex
specto vitam venturi saeculi. 22. Dominus voblscum. 23. Et cum spiritu
tuo. 24. Dominus noster. 25. In spiritu humilitatis. 26. Veni, sanctifi
cator, omnlpotens, aeterne Deus. 27. Misericordia tua. 28. Lavabo
manus meas. 29. Domus tuae. 30. Cum Impiis. 31. Anima nlea. 32. In
manibus iniquitates sunt. 33. In ecclesiis benedlcam te, D6mine.
34. In honorem beatae Marlae semper Virginis. 35. Pro nobis inter
cedere. 36. De manibus tuis. 37. Ad laudem et gloriam nominis sui.
38. Ecclesiae suae sanctae. 39. Dignum et justum est. 40. Cath6licae
et apostolicae fidei. 41. Pater noster, qui es in caelis. 42. Panem nos
trum da nobis hodie. 43. Elevatio manuum mearum. 44. Dormiunt
in sorono pacis. 45. Omni benedictione caelesti et gratia. 46. Ite, missa
est.
UNIT Two
A. Decline in the singular and plural: dies gloriosus; facies tristis.
B. Give the four participles of the following:
LATIN GRAMMAR
I. dare. 2. dIcere. 3. servire. 4. habere. 5. sperare. 6. monere. 7. audlre.

8. adducere. 9. exaudire. 10. inducere. I I. dormire. 12. lavare.

that h8 ve the same derivation as the following:
I. scriptura (writing, Scripture). 2. peccator (sinner). 3. novlssimus
(ne,vest, last). 4. indignus (unworthy). 5. iniquus (unj ust). 6. omm
potens (almighty). 7. peccatum (sin). 8. doctrina (doctrine). 9. fidelis
(faithful). 10. dormitio (sleep). I I. gratus (gracious). 12. dignari (to
vouchsafe, to grant). 13. pie (mercifully). 14. propitiatio (merciful
forgiveness). IS. pietas (piety). 16. tremere (to tremble). 17. conver
tere (to turn, to convert). 18. propitiabilis (propitious). 19. tremor
(fear). 20. tenere (to hold). 21. propitiare (to be merci ful ). 22. ad
scriptus (approved). 23. aequalitas (equality). 24. innovare (to re
new). 25. gratis (without recompense). 26. digne (worthily).
b) Observe these Latin and English words and their similarities.

disclpulus discipline nox nocturnal
dormlre dormitory somnus somnolent
mums mural facies facial
,
agere agent fides fidelity
scribere inscription docere docile
peccare in1peccable dignus dignitary
aequus equality novus renovate
potens potential servue servitude
c) Observe these verbs with their compounds.

introlre, to go wi thin, to enter
. praeire, to go before
Ire, to go re d'Ire, to:so b ac k ,to return
{
transire, to go through
LATIN GRAMMAR
advenire, to come (to)
invenire, to come upon, to find
pervenire, to come through, to attain
venIre, to come
praevenire, to come before, to prevent
provenire, to come for
subvemre, to come under, to come up to, to assist
LESSON IX
UNIT ONE
Dominus vobiscum. The Lord be with you.

Et cum spiritu tuo. And with thy spirit.
Vocabulary
repellere (repuli, repulsus), to cast from, to r~p~l
conturbare, to disturb
ostendere (ostendi, ostensus), to show
sedere (sedi, sessus), to sit
tollere (sustuli, sublatus), to take away
mundare, to cleanse
salutare, salutaris, n. (noun), health, salvation
salutaris, -e, adj., saving, salutary
vultus, vultus, m., countenance
cogitatio, cogitationis, f., thought
verbum, -i, n., uJord
opus, operis, n., deed~ work
indulgentia, -ae, £., pardon, forgitlen~ss
plebs, plebis, f., people
mens, mentis, f., mind
voluntas, voluntatis, f., will
adjutorium, adjutorii, D., help
agnus, -i, m., lamb
mundus, -i, m., world
deprecatio, deprecationis, f., pray~
spes, spei, f., hope
dexter, dextra (dextera), dextrum (dexterum), right, right hand
53
54 LATIN GRAMMAR
solus, ..a, ..urn, only, alone, sole

excelsus, ..a, ..urn, high; in excelsis, in th~ highest
hic, her~
nimis, exceedingly
dum (conj.), while, when, until
20. The perfect tense. In the active voice this tense is formed by the
following personal endings added to the perfect stem of the verb:
Singular Plural
-i -imus
-isti ..istis
-it -eront
Singular Plural
laudav-i, I have praised laudav-imus, we have praised
laudav-isti laudav-lstis
laudav-it lauda v -crun t
In the passive voice the perfect tense is formed by adding the pres
ent tense of the verb esse to the past participle. Thus we have:
Singular PI ural
laudatus sum, I have been praised laudati sumus, we have been
praised
laudatus es laudati estis
laudatus est laudati sunt
In the other can j ugations the perfect tense is formed in a similar man
ner. Thus we have:
Active Passive
monu-i, I have tvarned monitus sum, I have been warned
dux-i, I have led ductus sum, I have been led
audiv-i, I have heard auditus sum, I have been heard
LATIN GRAMMAR 55
21. Perfect tense of esse, posse, and ire.
fui, I IJave been p6tui, I have been able ivi (ii), I hav~ gone
NOTE. (a) All other perfect tenses (the pluperfect and future per
fect indicative and the perfect and pluperfect subj unctive) are formed
on the perfect stems as given above. Only the endings will differ. For
these tenses, see the Appendix.
b) Many verbs are irregular in the perfect. But, if the first person
singular of the perfect is known, all other forms of the perfect active
tenses can be formed on the sten1 of this one.
c) Past participles are frequently irregular. Hereafter, whenever
verbs are given in the vocabularies the first person singular of the per
fect and the past participle of all irregular verbs will be given also.
d) The vi of the second person singular and plural of first conjuga

tion verbs is frequently dropped: laudasti and laudastis for laudavlsti
and laudavlstis.
22. Prepositions.
a) The following prepositions govern the accusative:
ad, to, toward, near
ante, befor~
apud, to, with, in the presence 0/
circum, around
contra, against
inter, between, among
intra, within
ob, for, in consideration 0/
per, tlJrough, by
post, after
propter, for, because of
secundum, according to
LATIN GRAMMAR
snpra, over, above, upon
trans, through, across
b) The following prepositions govern the ablative:
a, ab, from
coram, in the presence of
cum, wit/~
de, from, down from
e, ex, out of
prae, before
pro, for, through, in behalf of
sine, without
c) In (in or into), sub (under), super (above), govern the accusa
tive when they indicate motion towards a place, but govern the abla
tive when they denote rest in a place.
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Many nouns ending in -io in Latin have the ending

-ion in English. They are feminine in Latin. Pronounce the follow
ing and give the English equivalent.
I. absolutio. 2. ascensio. 3. benedictio. 4. confessio. 5. congregatio.
6. consecratio. 7. contagio. 8. damnatio. 9. devotio. 10. disposltio. II.
elevatio. 12 habitatio. 13. institutio. 14. intercessio. IS. oblatio. 16. pro
tectio. 17. passio. 18. redemptio. 19. regio. 20. remlssio. 21. resurrectio.
22. salvatio. 23. supplicatio. 24. conditio. 25. conversatio.
B. Verbs having the prefix ad- convey the idea of at, toward, to, or
against.
I. adesse (to be at, to be present). 2. adducere (to lead to). 3. adver
tere (to turn toward). 4. adire (to go to). 5. adorare (to pray to, to
adore). 6. admovere (to move to). 7. adjuvare (to help toward).
8. admonere (to warn against, to admonish). 9. addlcere (to assent
to). 10. advenlre (to come to).
LATIN GRAMMAR 57
c. Translate into English.
I. Inimlcus repellendus erato 2. Disclpuli nostri ab pueris clamanti
bus conturbati sunt. 3. Verba sua nobis ostenderunt fidem suam in
causam suam. 4. Virgo ad dexteram matris sola stabat. 5. Cogitatio
verbum praecedit. 6. Fortis fuit, quoniam spem et fidem in corde
habuit. 7. Hodie in ecclesia non fuerunt; absunt. 8. Hic sedimus ad
jutorium vestrum sperantes. 9. Virgo domum mundabat, dum mater
eius dormiebat. 10. Voluntas in mente est. II. Vultus hominis con
t urbatus est, quoniam spIritus ejus miser est. 12. Non dicimus durn
manducamus. 13. Pater filio suo agnum dabit. 14. Verba sua laetifi
caverunt omnes qui audiverunt. 15. Arrogantiam inimicorum 110S
trorum observavimus. 16. Dlcitur: voluntas plebis voluntas Dei est.
17. Eum monulsti, sed non audivit. 18. Quare eos ad montem ad
duxerunt? 19. Domus nostrae ab manibus hominum malorum lib
eratae sunt. 20. Omnes servi vocati sunt, sed non responderunt. 21.
Frater meus non dormlvit hodie. 22. Mater tua indulgentiam ostendit
tibi. 23. Eos niolis laudavimus, et nobis bene serviverunt. 24. Agnum
in altari immolaverunt. 25. Opera plebis innocentis Deum laetfficant.
26. Frater tuus non hic fuit. 27. Ea ad matris domum fuit. 28. Aux
Ilium nostrum imploraverunt. 29. Mater ej us introlvit dum hic era
mus. 30. Verba indulgentiae speravit. 31. Opera sua in terra magna
fuerunt. 32. Voluntas Dei voluntas sanctorum est. 33. Cogitationes
nostrae se ostendunt in vultu. 34. Hic sederunt dum domum munda
bamus. 35. Inimlcos suos repulerunt et nunc non conturbantur.
D. I. Quare me repullsti, et quare tristis incedo, dum affHgit me

inimlcus? 2. Me deduxerunt et adduxerunt in montem sanctum tuum.
3. Quare conturbas me? 4. Salutare vultus mei. 5. Adjutorium nos
trum in nomine Domini. 6. Quia peccavi nimis cogitatione, verbo,
et opere. 7. Mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa. 8. Indulgen.
tiam, absolutionem, et remissionem peccatorum nostrorum. 9. Deus,
tu conversus vivificabis nos. 10. Ostende nobis, Domine, misericor
diam tuam. II. Et salutare tuum da nobis. 12. 6mnia peccata mea.
13. Gloria in excelsis Deo. 14. Et in terra pax homlnibus bonae vol un
LATIN GRAMMAR
tatis. IS. Benedlcimus tee 16. Gratias agimus tibi propter magnam
gloriam tuam. 17. Qui tollis peccata mundi. 18. Deprecationem nos
tram. 19. Qui sedes ad dexteram Patris. 20. Quoniam tu solus sanctus.
21. Tu solus Dominus. 22. Munda cor meum. 23. Ante omnia saecula.
24. Qui propter nos homines. 25. Sub Pontio Pilato. 26. Secundum
Scripturas. 27. Sedet ad dexteram Patris. 28. Non erit. 29. Per prophe
tas. 30. In remissionem peccat6rum. 31. Pro innumerabHibus peccatis,
et offensionibus, et negligentiis meis et pro omnibus circumstantibus,
sed et pro omnibus fidelibus christianis. 32. Tecum. 33. In unitate
Spfritus sancti. 34. Benedic hoc sacriflci urn tuo sancto nomini prae- I
paratum. 35. Per intercessionem beati Michaelis Archangeli, stantis:
a dextrls. a1tarlS.
/ . I I
UNIT Two I
A. Learn the perfect indicative and the past participle (if irregu-I
lar) of these partly irregular verbs.
Infinitive Perfect Indicative Past Participle
dare dedi datus
mfttere mlsl missus
ponere posui positus
dicere dixi dictus
videre vidi VlSUS
blbere bibi bfbitus
cadere cecidi casus
affifgere affifxi afHfctus
/ /
eruere erUI erutus
• I • • I
incedere InceSSl Incessus
credere credidi creditus
stare steti status
/
venIre venl ventus
movere mOVI motus
agere egi actus
scrfbere scrIpSI scriptus
LATIN GRAMMAR 59
docere docui doctus

evadere evasi evasus
respondere respondi responsus
convertere converti conversus
descendere descendi descensus
discernere discrevi discretus
surgere (to arise) surrexi surrectus
B. Give the perfect and the past participle
a) of these verbs which are like ponere:
disponere; imponere
b) of these verbs which are like mittere:
admIttere; commlttere; emittere; permittere; dimlttere; promlttere
c) of these verbs which are like dicere:
addlcere; benedlcere
d) of these verbs which are like ducere:
deducere; educere; inducere; perducere; adducere
t') of these verbs which are like incedere:
concedere; intercedere; praecedere; procedere; recedere (to go back) ;
secedere (to withdra w )
f) of these verbs which are like venIre:
advenIre; invenIre; pervenIre ; praevenlre; provenlre; subvenlre
g) of these verbs which are like convertere, descendere, and dare
respectivel y :
revertere (to go back), avertere; ascendere; circumdare
h) of these verbs which are like snrgere:
resurgere; consurgere (to rise up)
c. Change the word in parentheses to the right case. The forms

given are all nominative.
I. inter (ei). 2. coram (Deus). 3. secundum (Scripturae). 4. cum
60 LATIN GRAMMAR
(agnus). 5. trans (muri). 6. pro (vas). 7. ad (dexter). 8. in (ecclesiae).
9. ab (puer). 10. ex (civitas). II. contra (inimlcus). 12. sine (spes).
13. cum (laus). 14. per (intercessio). 15. de (caela). 16. pro (pax).
17. post (is). 18. cum (ego). 19. de (Deus). 20. e (domus). 21. intra
(muri). 22. a (flammae). 23. propter (veritas). 24. circum (mons).
25. ante (omnia saecula). 26. prae (miseria). 27. ob (opera). 28. sine
(ei). 29. inter (nos). 30. contra (tu).
a) Derivations. Find in sections A, B, and C of Unit One the
words that have the same derivation as the following:
I. turha (multitude, crowd). 2. sedes (seat). 3. salus (salvation). 4.
cogitart (to thInk). 5. indulgere (to forgive, to grant). 6. adjuvare (to
aid). 7. deprecari (to beseech). 8. benedictus (blessed). 9. devotus
(devoted). 10. absolvere (to absolve). II. elevare (to lift up). 12.
habitare (to dwell). 13. resurgere (to rise again). 14. ascendere (to
ascend). IS. salvare (to save). 16. salvus (safe). 17. intercedere (to
intercede). 18. redimere (to redeem). 19. supplicare (to beseech). 20.
redemptor (redeemer). 21. protegere (to protect). 22. perturbatio
(disturbance) .
voluntas volunteer mundus mundane
excelsus excellent adjutorium adj utant
mens mentality plebs plebeian
opus operatic verbum verbal
sedere sedentary ostendere ostentation
dexter dexterity solus solitary
c) Note these verbs with their compounds.
addlcere, to speak against, to assent to, to doom
dicere (to speak) to, to adj udge
{
benedfcere, to speak well, to bless
LATIN GRAMMAR 61
convertere, to turn together or toward, to con
vertere (to turn) vert
{
avertere, to turn away, to avert
d) Observe the formation of

these adverbs from these adjectives
negligenter (negligently) negligens
arroganter (arrogantly) arrogans
temperanter (temperately) temperans
diligenter (diligently) dlligens
innocenter (innocently) Innocens
prudenter (prudently) prudens
abundanter (abundantly) abundans
petulanter (petulantly) petulans
suppliciter (humbly) supplex
LESSON X
UNIT ONE
Per eumdem Christum Through the same Christ
Dominum nostrum. our Lord.
Vocabulary
s6Ivere (solvi, so]utus), to fulfill, to loos~

sumere (sumpsi, sumptus), to receive
tribuere (tribui, triblltuS), to grant
valere, to be worthy, to avail
nuntiare, to announce, to proclaim
deh~re (delevi, deletus), to blot out
dirlgere (direxi, directus), to direct
Evangelium, ii, n., GOJpel
hibium, ii, n., lip
dictum, i, no, tvord
delIctum, i, n., criTne, sin
conspectus, us, m 0' sight
os, oris, no, mouth
ostium, ii, no, door
malltia, ae, f., evil, malice
malum, i, no, evil
verus, ~a, ~um, true
vivus, ~a, -urn, living
salvus, -a, -urn, safe
sursum (adv.), upward; SUIsum corda, lift up your hearts
etiam (adv.), also
Iterum (adv.), again
ac, atque, -que (added to a word), and
61
LATIN GRAMMAR
ut (uti), that, in order that
ne, that not, lest
23. The present subjunctive. Its forms are as follows:
Active Voice
I II III IV
,
laudem moneam ducam audiarn
laudes moneas ducas audias
laudet moneat ducat audiat
laudemus moneamus ducamus audiamus
laudetis moneatis ducatis audiatis
laudent moneant ducant audiant
Passive Voice
lauder monear ducar audiar
lauderis monearis ducaris audiaris
laudetur moneatur ducatur audiatur
laudemur moneamur ducamur audiamur
laudemini moneamini ducamini audiamini
laudentur moneantnr ducantur audiantur
NOTE. In the present subjunctive the first conjugation is character
ized by the vowel e and the rest by the vowel a.
24. Present subjunctive of esse, posse, and ire.
sim possim earn
sis possis eas
sit possit ~at
simns possfmus eamus

sitis possftis eatis
sint possint eant
25. Uses of the subjunctive. (a) A common use of the subjunctive
is to express a hope, a wish, or a command in the first and third per
LATIN GRAMMAR
sons if affirmative. We have already learned that the imperative is
used to express a command in the second person singular and plural
when affirmative. If the command is negative, all persons may take
the subjunctive. Negative commands are introduced by the word ne.
Let them b~ warned. Moneantur.
May we be heard. Audiamur.
May they be happy. Beati sint.
Let us pray. Oremus.
Let us not stand her~. Ne hie stemus.
Let it not be said. Ne dieatur.
Do not disturb them. Ne eos conturbes.
b) The subjunctive is also used in subordinate clauses introduced

by the conjunction ut or uti (negative, ne) to express purpose.
I shall put tIle books here in order Libros hie ponam, ut eos
that he may hatJ~ them. habeat.
They are coming to the house in Ad domum veniunt, ut eas
order that we may see them. videamus.
H~ sends them away in order that Eos dimlttit, ne nos conturbent.
they may not (lest) disturb us.
26. Other ways of expressing purpose.
a) Subjunctive with relative pronoun.
The boys come in order to see the Pueci veniunt qui agnum
lamb. vldeant.
b) Gerundive with the preposition ad.
He shouts in order to warn the Clamat ad homines monendos.
men.
c) Gerundive with causa (abl., for the purpose of).
He comes to give thanks. Venit gratiamm agendarum causa.
LATIN GRAMMAR
d) With the infinitive.
He shall come again with glory Et Iterum venturus est cum
to judge both the living and the gloria judic are vivos et mortuos.
dead.
EXERCISES
A. Many Latin words become English if the last letter or the last
two letters are changed to -e. Pronounce and give the English for the
following:
I. Apocalypsis. 2. contrftus. 3. creatura. 4. causa. S. divInus. 6.
futurus. 7. immacuhltus. 8. incarnatus. 9. incensum. 10. ira. II. medi
cIna. 12. modus. 13. natura. 14. obscurus. IS. offensio.
B. Con (com) is the commonest of the prefixes. Compounded with

verbs it has the meaning of together (with).
I. continere (to hold together, to contain). 2. convenire (to come
together, to convene). 3. conducere (to lead together, to conduct). 4.
committere (to send together, to unite, to commit). S. convocare (to
call together, to convoke). 6. convertere (to turn together, toward,
with, to convert). 7. componere (to put together, to compose). 8. com
primere (to press together, to compress). 9. congregare (to gather
together, to congregate). 10. confidere (to trust with, to confide). I I.
conjurare (to swear together, to conjure). 12. consentire (to feel to
gether, to agree).

I. Ne intret homo Impius. 2. Dicta sua nuntiata sunt, ut audiamus.
3. Ne absint servi dum dominus in civitate est. 4. Verba deleantur, ne
mater tua vfdeat. s. Quare vlrgines non mones, ne in aquam cadant?
6. Non dico, ne judicer. 7. Vocant, ut eos expectetis. 8. Ne judicetur
suis verbis malis, sed operibus bonis. 9. Deprecationes m undi ad
~aelum ascendant, ut Deus pacem ad plebem suam mittat. 10. In
66 LATIN GRAMMAR
domum introeunt, ut manducent et dormiant. II. Aquam mihi dant
ad manus meas lavandas. 12. Venit calicis tollendi causa. 13. Sedeamus
cum matre nostra. 14. Veniant, ut nos doceant veritatem. IS. Ne
moveatur crux. 16. Disclpuli studiosi sunt, ut laudentur. 17. Homines
fortes adjutorium adducunt, ut cIvitas salvetur. 18. Introlffius in
ecch~siam ad dicta ejus alldienda. 19. Nos vocat qui ostendat nobis
libros novas. 20. Sedet cogi' 'ui6nis scribendae ca usa. 21. Dic eis verita
tern, ut credant in teo 22. Dirigat nos ad montem. 23. A peccatis suis
solvantur. 24. Labia pars oris sunt. 25. Ne stent in ostio. 26. Evangelia
homlnibus inlquis nuntiata sunt, sed non audiverunt. 27. Introeant
iterum in damum ne ab inimicis videantur. 28. Deleantur verba
nostra mala et opera nostra iniqua. 29. Salvi sint fIlii, etiam vlrgines.
30. Nos dirigamus Romam, dixerunt. 31. Hic sumus ut gentibu~
dicta sancta Evangelii nuntiemus. 32. MaHtia inimici ad gentes bonas
malum magnum adduxit. 33. V£leant opera sua. 34. Libertatem
tribuamus servis bonis et f6rtibus. 35. Credant servi pauperes in verba
domini sui.
D. 1. Perducat te ad vitam aeternam. 2. Ind1.l1gentiam, absolutionem

et remissionem peccatorum nostrorum, trlbuat nobis omnlpatens et
misericors Dominus. 3. On~mus. 4. Munda cor meum ac labia mea,
omnipotens Deus, qui labia Isaiae prophetae mundasti. S. Dt sanctum
Evangelium tuum digne valeam nuntiare. 6. Dominus sit in corde
mea et in blbiis meis, ut digne et competenter annuntiem Evangelium
suum. 7. Sequentia sancti Evangelii secundum Lucam. 8. Laus tibi,
Christe. 9. Per evangelica dicta deleantur nostra dellcta. 10. Credo in
unum Deum. II. Deum verum de Deo vero. 12. Deo mea vivo et
vero. 13. Ut in conspectu divlnae majestatis tuae ascendat. 14. Incen
sum ascendat ad teo IS. Et descendat super nos misericordia tua. 16.
Dirigatur, Domine, oratio mea, sicut incensum in conspectu tuo.
17. Pone, Domine, custodiam ori mea, et ostium circumstantiae l£biis
meis. 18. Dt non decllnet cor meum in verba malltiae, ad excusandas
excusationes in peccatis. 19. Dt audiam. 20. Gf<ltias agamus Domjno
Deo nostro. 21. Sursum corda. 22. Vere dignum et justum est, aequum
LATIN GRAMMAR
et salutare, nos tibi semper gratias agere. 23. Ac beata Seraphim. 24.
Confessione dicentes. 25. Benedlctus qui venit in nomine Domini.
26. Hosanna in excelsis. 27. Uti accepta habeas, et benedlcas. 28. Qui
nos praecesserunt. 29. Ut indulgeas. 30. Creas, sancdficas, vivlficas,
benedlcis, et praestas nobis. 31. Praeceptis salutaribus moniti. 32.
Sanctificetur nomen tuum. 33. Adveniat regnum tuum. 34. Sed Hbera
nos a malo. 35. Da propltius pacem in diebus nostris. 36. Per omnia
saecula saeculorum. 37. Pax Domini sit semper voblscum. 38. Agnus
Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona nobis pacem. 39. Domine Jesu
Christe, qui dixlsti apostolis tuis. 40. Secundum voluntatem tuam.
UNIT Two
A. Give the present active subjunctive of clamare, posse, and in

troire. Give the present passive subj unctive of audire, credere, and
habere.
B. Give the perfect active indicative of solvere, sumere, and tribuere.

Give the perfect passive indicative of delere and dirigere.
c. Give the English for:

I. Eant. 2. Intremus. 3. Ne trl'buat. 4. Ne Iaudes. S. Audiar. 6. In..
troeat. 7. Ne ponas. 8. Stet. 9. Adsint. 10. Moneatur. II. Sit. 12. Prosit.
13. Ne cadamus. 14. Manducent. IS. Bibam. 16. Audeat. 17. Ne videar.
18. Ne dicatis. 19. Lavemus. 20. Ducatur.
D. Change the infinitive in parentheses to the right form of the

present subj unctive.
I. Puerum monemus, ne (cadere). 2. Panem dat nobis, ut (mandu..
care). 3. Venit, ut domum (mundare). 4. fntroit in ecclesiam, ut
gratias (agere). 5. Abstinet, ne (peccare). 6. Ad terram novam it, ut
plebem (docere). 7. Venlmus, ut vos (videre). 8. Frater eum vocat, ne
(movere). 9. Intrant, ut nobis (servu-e). 10. Dat cornu fllio, ut bonus
(esse).
68 LATIN GRAMMAR
E. Change the infinitive in parentheses t~ the right form of the

gerundive.
I. Ad dicta (deh~re). 2. Verbi (dIcere) causa. 3. Ad veritatem (nun

tiare). 4. Tubae (dare) causa. 5. Ad fratres suos (salvare). 6. Lucis
(videre) causa. 7. Ad spIritus nostros (laetificare).
F. Vocabulary building.
a) Derivations. What words in sections A, B, C, and D of Unit One
have the same derivation as the following?
I. abs61vere (to absolve). 2. repositus (laid up). 3. annunthlre

(to announce). 4. directus (direct). 5. evangelicus (of the Gospel). 6.
dicere (to say). 7. malus (bad). 8. veritas (truth). 9. vlvere (to live).
10. salvare (to save). I I. creare (to create). 12. divlnitas (divinity). 13.
salvatio (salvation). 14. creator (creator). 15. macula (stain). 16. caro
( flesh). 17. natus (born). 18. tenere (to hold). 19. venire (to come).
20. 6delis (faithful). 21. grex (flock). 22. jusjurandum (oath). 23
amodo (from henceforth). 24. medicus (ph ysician). 25. erlgere (to
erect).
b) Observe the relation between these Latitt and English words.

s6Ivere resolve sumere presumption
tribuere contribute va1<~re value
nuntiare an nunciation delere delete
labium labial dictum dictate
os oral malitia malicious
verus veritable vivus vivid
salvus salvage natus native
grex gregarIous macula immaculate
medicus medical creare creative
tenere tenacious caro incarnate
dicere dictate ecclesia ecclesiastical
LATIN GRAMMAR
c) Note the fo/mation of
these adverbs from these adjectives
recte (rightly) rectus (right)
pure (purely) purus (pure)
aeque (equally) aequus (equal)
beDlgne (favorably) benlgnus (favorable)
digne (worthily) dignus (worthy)
pie (mercifully) pius (merciful)
juste (justly) justus (j ust)
male (badly) malus (bad)
vere (truly) verus (true)
secure (securely) securus (secure)
diviDe (divinely) divlDus (divine)
mire (wonderfully) mirus (wonderful)
alte (highly, on high) altus (high)
REVIEW LESSON NUMBER II
A. Translate these imperfect tenses into English.

I. monebam. 2. dabat. 3. vocabantur. 4· habebas. 5. ponebantur.
6. audiebatis. 7. serviebam. 8. videbat. 9. audiebant. 10. manducaba
muse I I. bibebas. 12. ibat. 13. introlbant. 14. erant. IS. poteram. 16. ju
dicabamini. 17. cadebas. 18. affiigebamini.
B. Give the meaning of each of these verb forms.
I. movebit. 2. venia. 3. stabat. 4. credis. 5. laetificabantur. 6. erue.
7. judicaris. 8. cadebat. 9. affilgit. 10. manducate. II. bibimus. 12. dic.
13. servientur. 14. mittunt. 15. ducam. 16. ite. 17. erato 18. incedo. 19.
sperabamus. 20. lavabo. 21. introit. 22. videtis. 23. clamabant. 24. servie
mini. 25. ponet.
C. Of what verbs are the following verbs compounds?
I. circumstare. 2. introlre. 3. inducere. 4. benedicere. 5. permlttere.
6. disp6nere. 7. adesse. 8. advenire.
D. Give the meaning of each of these words.
I. faciebus. domum. 3. vocaris. 4. voblscum. 5. fratrem. 6. saecula.
2.
7. filii. 8. animabus. 9. tibi. 10. sese.
II. Civitas. 12. mlserum. 13. introlbo.
14. judica. 15. acria. 16. cordi. 17. c6rporum. 18. terris. 19. visibllium.
20. majesultis. 21. discfpulos. 22. puer. 23. crucis. 24. omnipotentes. 25.
spiritui. 26. incedent. 27. videbam. 28. moniti. 29. lavabimus. 30. ab
ducam. 31. peccaris. 32 . serviens. 33· adoramus. 34· creature 35. affiigl
mini. 36. este. 37. duc. 38. docebant. 39. audile. 40 . gratias. 41. ccclesiae.
42 . pace. 43. habeo. 44· credis. 45· stabat. 46. mihi. 47. ej us. 48. nostris.
49. monebimur. 50. earn.
E. Select from column B an adjective that correctly describes a
noun in column A.
LATIN GRAMMAR 71
A b A B
regno meiS libri beatae
Deum christianas puerum tristis
spIritus meum fratris perniciosi
manibus aeterno vlrgini clementis
ecclesias sancti anima studiosum
,.
oratio justas saeculorum fortes
matrum nova homines claram
gratias nostra d6mui bonae
pars suae juventutis magna
humilitatis bonarum lucem omnium
habitationem tua ecclesiam difHcilis

famIliae nostram fratribus pauperis
disclpulo divlnae lectio suus
flammis piO h6minis cath6licam
auxHia acribus paniS nostris
F. What Latin nouns do these verbs recall?

I. pacificare. 2. servlre. 3. ascendere. 4· absolvere. s. sanctifirare. 6.
benedlcere. 7. salvare. 8. glorificare. 9. elevare.
G. Give
a) Four compounds of mittere with their meanings.
b) Three compounds of ducere with their meanings.
c) Four compounds of venIre with their meanings.
H. Like what verbs are the follo\ving verbs conjugated?

I. benedlcere. 2. disponere. 3. avertere. 4· circumdare. s.
adesse. 6.
praestare. 7. procedere. 8. ascendere. 9. transIre. 10. exaudlre.
I. Combine the following \vord groups to form complete sentences

and translate each sentence into English.
7~ LATIN GRA1-1MAR
I. Homines fortes in monte vfrginis bonae

2. Pueri pauperes mater dormiebant
3. Ego sum ad civitatem missi sunt
4. Fratres mei a nobis lavaverunt
S. Servi mali se non salvabuntur
6. Domus nostra in civitate in manus tuas
7. DisCIpuli sui non hie est
8. Libros vobis fuerunt h6die
9. Cornua bonos non habebo
10. Pono eos data sunt
II. Pater miser te moniti sumu5
12. Pax in terra bonum vocabimus et veniet
13. Non a Deo credunt
14. Puerum nos laetfficat
IS. Nos in domum introlvit
J. Give the meaning of the following:

peccabo doceo scribam d6rmiam
pecco doceam scribo dormiebam
peccem docebam scribebam dormio
peccabam docui scripsi dorm!vi
, .
peccavI docebo
moveatur creditur judicabitur serviebatur
movebitur credebatur judicabatur serv!tur
motus est creditus est judicatus est serv!tus est
movebatur credetur judicetur serviatur
movetur credatur judicatur servietur
dabamini habiti estis amittfmini audiemini
damini habebfmini amittemini aud!ti estis
demini habeamini amittamini audiamini
dabfmini habemini amlssi estis audiebamini
dati estis habebamini amittebamini audfmini
LATIN GRAMMAR 13
srabis dlrigis delebas ' .
venlas
stas dirigebas deleas veniebas
stetlsti direxlsti delevlsti venlsti
stabas dlrigas delebis venlS
stes diriges deles venies
LESSON XI
UNIT ONE
Pax Domini sit semper T he peace of the Lord be always

voblscum. with you.
Vocabulary
regnare, to reign
timere, to fear to be afraid
J
perdere (like credere), to lose, to destroy, to waste

munire, to defend, to fortify
sonus, -i, m., sound
sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood
vinum, -i, n., tuine
rex, regis, m., king
lex, legis, f., laro
anris, auris (-ium), f., ear
pes, pedis, m., foot
finis, finis (-ium), m. and £., end, border
ignis, ignis (-ium), m., fire
caritas, carita tis, £., charity, love
locus, -i, m., place
lumen, luminis, n., light
munus, muneris, n., gift
oculus, -i, m., eye
porta, -ae, f., gate
lacus, lacus, m., la!(e, pit
vir, viri, m., man
altus, -a, -urn, high
74
LATIN GRAMMAR 75
bene, well
autem, however
pridie (adv .), on tIle day before
27. Demonstratives. These are both pronouns and adjectives.
hie, this
Singul~r Plural
Nom. hie (haec, hoc) hi (hac, haec)
Gen. hujus horum (harum, homm)
D3t. huie his
Ace. hune (hane, hoc) hos (has, haec)
Abl. hoc (hac, hoc) his
ille, tllat
Nom. HIe (ilIa, iIIud) illi (ilIae, illa)
Gen. illius i1l6runl (ilhlrum, i1l6rum)
Dat. illi iBis
Ace. ilIum (illam, illud) illos (ill as, illa)
Abl. illo (illa, illo) iBis
iste, tllis, that} tllat of yours

Nom. iste (ista, istud) (The plural is regular, like that of
Gen. i~tiu.s HIe.)
Oat. isti
Ace. istum (istam, istud)
AbI. isto (ista, isto)
28. Ipse, self. This pronoun is intensive or emphatic, not reflexive.

'"[he p!.ural is regular.
Nom. ipse (ipsa, ipsum), he himself} etc.
Gen. ipslus
Dat. ipsi
Ace. ipsum (ipsam, ipsum)
AbI. ipso (ipsa, ipso)
LATIN GRAMMAR
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Many Latin words become English by changing the

last letter or the last two or three letters to -e. Pronounce and give the
English for the following:
I. paradlsus. 2. sercnus. 3. repletus. 4. securus. s. purus. 6. solus.
7. suavis (s\veet, gentle). 8. sublImis (on high). 9. thronus. 10. virtus
(also power). 11. scriptura (writing). 12. doctrlna. 13. discipllna.
14. sacrificium. IS. o.fIicium (favor, kindness).
B. The prefix de- means tram or dOlvn tram and may also indicate
the cessation or removal of the usual idea of the word with which it
is compounded.
I. deducere (to lead from, to deduce). 2. deponere (to put down or
aside, to deposit). 3. denunthlre (to denounce). 4. detinere (to hold
from, to detain). s. desperare (to be \vithout hope, to despair). 6.
desplcere (to look down upon, to despise). 7. deesse (to be lacking).
8. depenclere (to hang from, to depend). 9. clemens (lack of mind,
demented). 10. deprimere (to press down, to depress).
c. Translate into English.

I. Video dOmUlTI tnagnam in illa monte. 2. Ipse dixit. 3. Venlmus
ad finem istlus viae. 4. Vitam suam in n1alltia pcrdidit. s. Venerunt
autem pridie, ad nobis munera danda. 6. Cath61ici dederunt beatae
Marlae Vlrgini nomen: porta caeli. 7. Credis hoc? 8. Sonum tubarum
annuntianten1 vict6riam h6minum f6rtium audire potuimus. 9. Ma
nus istae supplicantes ad caelum elevatae sunt. 10. Ad hanc civitatem
veniunt qui adjutorium nostrum irnplorent. II. Dicta tua in auribus
gentium perniciosarum ne perdantur. 12. IHe vir in lacum cecidit.
13. Ipsa scribit bene. 14. \-Tita hominis in paradIso pura atgue lllnocens
erato IS. Panis et vinum qui in altari sunt, corpus et sanguis Christi
sunt. 16. Spe et caritate munlmur, et erimus salvi. 17. 6culi nostri nlala
hujus mundi viderunt. 18. Lumen ignis facies omnium circumstan
tium illuminabat. 19. Rex illfus regni bene regnavit. 20. Pedem meum
LATIN GRAMMAR 77
in ilIo loco non posui. 21. Gentes ab h~gibus regnandae sunt. 22. His
hominibus non diximus, qui in ostio expectant. 23. In nocte por
tae civitatis ab servis muniebantur. 24. In illa die omnes homines
vocabuntur, ut domus atque famHias suas salvent. 25. Ne dmeas ora
impiorum mala nuntiantia. 26. Servis beatis haec munera a suo rege
misericorde data sunt. 27. Rex ipse opera dirigit et omnes homines
civitatem illam muniunt. 28. In oculis ej us lumen caritatis poteramus
videre. 29. Portae hujus civitatis in illo igne magno perditae sunt. 30.
Rex ille leges bonas dedit nobis. 31. Regnabant bene et istas gentes
Impias non timebant. 32. Hic servus intrat ut munera regis virgini ipsi
det. 33. Pueri illi hunc calicem ponebant in altari alto. 34. PrIdie
loca ilIa a viris fortibus deleantur. 35. 6culis nostris videmus; auribus
nostris audimus.
UNIT T\vo
A. I. Ex voluntate Patris. 2. Libera me per hoc sacrosanctum
Corpus et Sanguinem tuum ab omnibus iniquitatibus meis. 3. Ego in
dIgnus sumere praesumo. 4. Non mihi proveniat in judIcium et con
demnationem. S. Don1ine, non sum dignus, ut intres sub tectum
meum. 6. Corpus Domini nostri Jesu Christi custodiat animam meam
in vitam aeternam. 7. Laudans invocabo Dominum, et ab inimicis
meis salvus ero. 8. Sanguis Domini nostri Jesu Christi custodiat ani
mam meam in vitam aeternam. 9. Ore sumpsimus. 10. Pura mente.
II. De munere temporali. 12. Pura et sancta sacramenta. 13. Deo gra
tias. 14. Et praesta, ut sacrifIcium tibi sit acceptabile. IS. BenedIcat
vos omnipotens Deus, Pater et Fllius et SpIritus Sanctus. 16. In prin
cIpio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum.
17. Hoc erat in princIpio apud Deum. 18. In ipso vita erat, et vita erat
lux hominum. 19. Fuit homo missus a Deo. 20. Hic venit in testi
monium, ut omnes crederent per ilIum. 21. Non erat ille lux. 22. In
mundo erato 23. His qui credunt in nomine ejus. 24. Et habitavit in
nobis. 25. Et vIdimus gloriam ej us. 26. In die illa tremenda. 27. Dies
illa, dies irae, calamitatis et miseriae. 28. Fidelium omniun1. 29. Lectio
libri Apocalypsis beati Joannis Apostoli. 30. Opera illorum. 31. Ab
LATIN GRAMMAR
auditione mala non timebit. 32. Absolve, DOmine, animas omnium

fidelium. 33. Ego sum panis vivus, qui de eaelo deseendi. 34. Ex hoc
pane. 35. Pro mundi vita. 36. Dixit ergo eis Jesus. 37. Amen, amen
dieo vobis. 38. Non habebitis vitam in vobis. 39. Qui bibit meum
sanguinem habet vitam aeternam, et ego resuscitabo eum in novlssilno
die. 40. Pro animabus illis.
B. Give the llleaning of these phrases.

I. hi viri. 2. horum hlcuum. 3. hujus luminis. 4. has pedes. 5. hunc
sonum. 6. hane malltiam. 7. hoc sanguine. 8. horum regum. 9. has
portas. J 0. his auribus. I I. hane finem. 12. huie igni. 13. haee munera
14. horum oculorum. IS. hoc loco.
c. Give the meaning of these phrases.

I. iUfus caritatis. 2. illae leges. 3. illud vinum. 4. ilia 6stia. 5. i116rutl'
mal6rum. 6. ilIa are. 7. illis diebus. 8. ilHus fldei. 9. illis dictis. 10. illa
labia. 1 I. ilIa conspectu. 12. illa delicta. 13. illa spes. 14. illius mundi.
IS. illum agnum.
UNIT THREE
A. Give the meaning of these phrases.

I. ista munera. 2. istos reges. 3. istae portae. 4. isti hicui. 5. istas leges.
6. ista caritas. 7. iStluS luminis. 8. istum oculum. 9. istam spem. 10. isto
loco.
B. Vocabulary building.
a) Derivations. Find, in Units One and Two, the words that
have the sanle derivation as the following:
I. regnum (kingdom). 2. timor (fear). 3. regere (to govern). 4.
andire (to hear). 5. animus (mind). 6. illuminare (to illuminate).
7. virtus (power). 8. altare (altar). 9. bonus (good). 10. dies (day).
II. pure (purely). 12. replere (to fill). 13. purgare (to purify). 14.
scribere (to write). 15. docere (to teach). 16. discipulus (disciple).
LATIN GRAMMAR 79
17. sacer (sacred). 18. sacerdos (priest). 19. dux (leader). spes
20.
(hope). 21. 19nitus (burning). 22. praesumere (to presume). 23.
deposltio (burial).

timere timidity munlre munitions
sonus resonant sanguis sanguIne
vinum vintage lex legislature
pes pedestal ignis ignition
locus location lumen illumination
porta portal vinum vineyard
VIr virile altus altitude
oculus occulist munus munificent

tJlese verbs to these nounl
adjuvare (to help) adjutorium (help)
adunare (to unite) unitas (unity)
aestimare (to esteem) aestimator (one who esteems)
aggregare (to add to) grex (flock)
amare (to love) amator (lover)
cogitare (to think) cogitatio (thought)
condere (to found) conditor (founder, creator)
connumerare (to number numerus (number)
amongst)
discutere (to disperse) discussio (dispersal)
donare (to give) donum (gift)
dormlre (to sleep) dornlitio (sleep)
LESSON XII
UNIT ONE
Sanctificetur nomen tuum. Hallowed b~ Thy name.
Vocabulary
quaerere (quaesivi, quaesitus), to s~ek, to ask

scire, to know
apparere, to app~ar
vlvere (vixi, victus), to liv~
accendere (accendi, accensus), to kindle
factor, factaris, m., maker
arnor, amaris, m., lov~
vox, vocis, f., voic~
initium, -ii, n., beginning
multus, -a, -urn, many
mirus, -a, -urn, wonderful
unigenitus, -a, -urn, only bcgotten
tertius, -a, -urn, third
defUnctus, -a, -urn, dead
vespertlnus, -a, -urn, ev~ning (adj.)
totus, -a, -urn (gen. totIus), all, the whole
si (conj.), if
tam (adv.), so (modifies adj. or adv.)
Dum (conj.), whether
quis (pron.), who
quid (pron.), what; (adv.) why?
ubi (adv. and conj.), wher~
quat (conj.), how many
ClUl1 (conj.), when, sincc, although
80
LATIN GRAMMAR 81
quantus, -a, -urn (adj.), how much, how great
tantus, -a, -urn (adj.), so much, so great; pI. so many
quando (adv. and conj.), when
29. Imperfect subjunctive. Its forms are as follows:
Active Voice
I II III IV
laudarem monerem ducerem audlrem

,
laudares moneres duceres audires
laudaret moneret duceret audiret
,
laudaremus moneremus duceremus audiremus
laudaretis moneretis duceretis audiretis
laudarent monerent ducerent audirent
Passive Voice
,
laudarer monerer ducerer audIrer
, .
laudareris monererls ducereris audireris
laudaretur moneretur duceretur audiretur
,
laudaremur moneremur duceremur audiremur
, ..
laudaremini moneremlnl duceremini audiremini
laudarentur monerentur ducerentur audirentur
30. Imperfect subj unctive of esse, posse, and ire.
essem possem irem
esses posses ires
esset posset iret
,
essemus
,
possemus
.,
rremus
essetis possetis iretis
essent possent irent
31. Further uses of the subjunctive.
a) Result is expressed by the subj unctive introduced by ut (nega.
tiye ut non).
LATIN GRAMMAR
My brothers were so good tlzat Fratres mei tam boni erant, ut a
they were praised by my father. patre meo laudarentur.
The men's strength was so great Fortitudo h6minum tanta erat,
that they were not driven from ut non ex civitate repellerentur.
the city.
b) An indirect question takes its verb in the subjunctive.
I knew (vho tuas coming. Scivi quis veniret.
He aJks whet/2er we have the Quaerit num librum habeamus.
book·
We do not knOtU tvhere she is. Nescimus ubi sit ea.
He asl(ed hotu many men you Quaerebat quot homines mitte
were sending. retis.
c) Cum meaning since (because) and alt/20ugh governs the sub

junctive.
Since they were not at home we Cum domi 1 non essent eos videre
could not see tllem. non poteramus. ( caus~l1 clause)
Alt/lough tlley are poor they will Cum pauperes sint, auxilium non
not seel( help. quaerent. (concessive clause)
d) Cum meaning wizen regularly takes the subjunctive when the

time indicated is past.
W /zen tve had given him the Cum ei pancm dedissemus (plu
bread he sat down to eat it. perfect subj.), sedit ad eum man
ducandum.
WIlen Christ was born, Herod Cum Christus natus esset, Hero..
was I(ing. des rex erat.
e) Conditional sentences of doubt and conditional sentences con

trary to fact require the subjunctive in both clauses.
If your mother should speak we Si mater tua dicat, earn audi
would hear her. amuSe (pres. subj. in both clauses
to express a future doubt)
1 Locative case of domns.
LATiN GRi\lvl:;VfAR
If he (vas praIsIng them they Si cos laudaret, bani essent. (imp.
would be good. subj. in both clauses to express
an idea contrary to fact at the
present moment)
If he had prai.red them they Si eos laudavlsset, boni fulssent.
would 12ave been good. (pluperfect subj. in both clauses
to express an idea contrary to fact
in the past)
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Nouns ending in -tas in Latin have the ending -ty in

English. They are all feminine in Latin. Pronounce the following and
give the English equivalent.
I. calamitas. 2. claritas. 3. dlgnitas. 4. divlnitas. s. humanitas. 6.
humilitas. 7. inlquitas. 8. majestas. 9. sanctitas. 10. societas. I!. Trinitas.
12. unitas. 13. dimcultas. 14. opportunitas. IS. gravitas. 16. fragilitas.
17. pietas. 18. immortalitas.
B. Verbs compounded with e- or ex- convey the idea of Ottt of or
out from.
I. eXIre (to go out of, to exit). 2. educere (to lead out of). 3. emlttere
(to send out, to emit). 4. exprimere (to press out of, to express). 5.
exclpere (to take out of, to except). 6. expellere (to drive out of, to
expel). 7. erumpere (to break out of, to erupt). 8. evocare (to call out
of, to evoke). 9. ejicere (to cast out of, to eject). 10. exponere (to put
out or forth, to expose).

I. Pridie quaerebat, quare ad civitatem veniremus. 2. Lux in caelo
tam mira erat, ut omnes de ea dlcerent. 3. Nesclmus num h6die
domi sint. 4. Si ignem in monte accendatis, flJmmas videamus. 5.
Cum rex in civitate esset, perffdiam i116rum h6minum mal6rum
exp6suit. 6. Hic liber non dicit quot portas cIvitas habeat. 7. Mater
veniebat ut pueros admoneret. 8. Inimici ej us tanti sunt, ut ab illis non
LATIN GRAMMAR
salvetur. 9. Hie panis tam bonus est, ut totum manducemus. 10. Cum
nobis munera dent, gratiae agendae sunt. I I. Si inimlcos suos time
rent, muri civitatis munin~ntur. 12. Sciebamus quid ad lacum addu
ceret. 13. Quaero quis ad domum Marrae tecum eat. 14. Mater nos
vocabat ut vultum et manus nostras lava remus. IS. Cum veritatem
dlceres, non in te credebal1t. 16. Ne repellantur quoniam opera sua
bona atgue pia fuerunt. 17. Oculos meos avertebam ne miserias pau
perum viderem. 18. Nesciunt quando tibi scribat. 19. Frater meus
quaerit ubi eamus. 20. Lux magna in ostia domus apparuit. 21. Cum
hic vlveret, semper beata erato 22. Cum vultus suus serenus esset, cor
suum conturbitum erato 23. Si me vocent, eos audiam. 24. Nescieba
mus quantae essent calamiultes eorUffi. 25. Mens vlrginis tam afBicta
est, ut clamare non possit.
UNIT Two
A. Translate the following:
I. Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem caeli
et terrae, visibllium omnium et invisiblliunl. 2. Et in unum Domi
num Jesum Christum, FHium Dei unigenitum. 3. Deum de Deo,
lunlen de lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero. 4. Et resurrexit tertia
die secundum Scripturas. 5. Da nobis per hujus aquae et vini myste
rium. 6. Qui tecum vivit et regnat in unitate Spiritus Sancti, Deus, per
omnia saecula saeculorum. 7. Dt in conspectu divlnae majestatis tuae,
pro nostra, et tOtIUS mundi salute cum odore suavitatis ascendat. 8.
Veni, sanctificator omnlpotens, aeterne Deus, et benedic hoc sacrifl
cium tuo sancto nomini praeparatum. 9. Incensum istud a te bene
dIctum, ascendat ad te, Domine; et descendat super nos misericordia
tua. 10. Dirigatur, Domine, oratio mea, sicut incensum in conspectu
tuo; elevatio manuum mearum sacriflcium vespertinum. I!. Accen
dat in nobis Dominus ignem sui amaris, et flammam aeternae cari
tatis. 12. Lavabo inter innocentes manus meas, et circumdabo altare
tuum, Domine, ut audiam vocem laudis. 13. Ne perdas cum Impiis,
Deus, animam meam, et cum viris sanguinurn vitam meam. 14. Dex
LATIN GRAMMAR
tera eorum repleta est muneribus. IS. Pes meus stetlt In directo;
in ecclesiis benedfcam te, Domine. 16. Sursum corda. Habemus ad
Dominum. 17. Gnltias agamus Domino Dea nostro. 18. Caeli, cae
lorumque virtutes, ac beata Seraphim exsultatione concelebrant. 19.
Hosanna in excclsis. 20. Uti accepta habeas, et benedlcas, haec dona,
haec munera, haec sancta sacriflcia. 21. Pro Ecclesia tua sancta catho
lica. 22. Hoc sacriflcium laudis. 23. Pacificare, custodlre, adunare, et
regere. 24. Pro spe salutis. 25. Ut in omnibus protectionis tuae mu
niamur auxllio. 26. In sanctas ac venerabiles manus suas. 27. Tibi
gratias agens. 28. Benedlxit, deditque disclpulis suis. 29. Manducate
ex hoc omnes. 30. Blbite ex eo omnes.
B. Fill the blanks with the correct ending for the imperfect sub
junctive active voice:
I. ego mitte---. 2. is veni---. 3. nos accende---. 4. tu
da---. 5. vas appare---. 6. ea sci---. 7. ei regna---. 8. ego
poss---. 9. nos i---. 10. id ess---.
C. Fill the blanks \vith the correct ending for the imperfect sub
junctive, passive voice:
I. tu muni---. 2. nos perde---. 3. ego libera---. 4. is
dirige---. S. vas tribue---. 6. ei munda--. 7. ea doce··--.
8. ego ostende---. 9. tu vide---. 10. nos muni---.
UNIT THREE
A. Learn from the Appendix how the future perfect indicative and
the perfect subj unctive are formed.
a) Derivations. Find, in Units One and Two, the words that have
I. quaesere (to beseech). 2. vivus (living). 3. facere (to make). 4.
amare (to love). 5. vocare (to call). 6. vivificare (to bring to life). 7.
amator (one who loves). 8. multitudo (multitude). 9. mirabilis (won
derful). 10. genitus (begotten). I I. quotiescumque (as often as). 12.
86 LATIN GRAMMAR
mirabHia (wonders). 13. genitrix (mother). 14. quasi (as if, like).
IS. mirabiliter (wonderfully). IG. quotquot (however m iny). 17.
factum (deed). 18. socius (together, allied). 19. unus (one). 20.
sociare (to share in). 21. clarus (clear). 22. gravis (heavy, grave). 23.
difficilis (difficult). 24. praeclarus (excellent). 25. jacere (to throw).
apparere apparition vlvere reVIve
quaerere question scire science
accendere incendiary amor amorous
vox vocal initium initiate
unigenitus generation tertius tertiary
vespertlnus vespers totus total
quantus quantity mirus admirable
factor benefactor sociare associa tion
these verbs to tlzese nouns
scire scientia (knowledge)
vlvere vita
facere (to make) factor
amare (to love) amor
vocare vox
d) Observe the force of the suffix -issimus when added to adjec
tives.
altus (high)
altIssimus (most high)
dilectus (beloved)
dilectissimus (most beloved)
purus (pure)
purlssimus (most pure)
clarus (clear)
clarIssimus (most clear)
novus (new)
novIssimus (newest, last)
justus (j ust)
justissimus (most just)
iianctus (holy)
sanctissimus (most holy)
READING LESSON
I. Cum ergo natus esset Jesus in Bethlehem Jucla in diebus Hero

dis regis, ecce magi ab Oriente venerunt ]erosolymam,
2. Dicentes: Ubi est qui natus est rex] udaeorum? Vidimus enim
stellam ejus in Oriente, et venimus adorare eum.
3. Audiens autem Herodes rex, turbatus est, et omnis Jerosolyma
cum iUo.
4. Et congregans omnes princi pes sacerdotum, et scribas populi,
sciscitabatur ab eis ubi Christus nasceretur.
s. At illi dixeruntei: In Bethlehem Judae: Sic enim scriptum est
per prophetam:
6. Et tu Bethlehem terra Juda, nequaquam minima es in principi
bus Juda: ex te enim exiet dux, qui regat populum meum Israel.
7. Tunc Herodes clam vocatis magis, dillgenter didicit (learned)
ab eis tempus steUae, quae apparuit eis.
8. Et mittens iUos in Bethlehem, dixit: Ite, et interrogate cli1igenter
de puero: et cum inveneritis, renuntiate mihi, ut et ego veniens ado
rem eum.
9. Qui cum audissent regem, abierunt. Et ecce stella, quam vide
rant in Oriente, antecedebat eos, usq ue dum veniens staret supra, ubi
erat puer.
10. Videntes autem stclIam gavisi sunt gaudio magno valde.
II. Et intrantes domum, invenerunt puerum cum Maria matre
ejus, et procidentes adoraverunt eum: et apertis thesauris suis obtu
lerunt ei munera, aurum, thus, et myrrham.
12. Et responso accepto in somnis ne redirent ad Herodem, per
aliam viam reversi sunt in regionem suam.
13. Qui cum recessissent, ecce angelus Domini apparuit in somnis
Joseph dicens: Surge, et accipe puerum, et matrem ej us, et fuge in
87
88 LATIN GRAMMAR
Aegyptum, et esto ibi usque dum dicam tibi. Futurum est enim ut
Herodes quaerat puerum ad perdendum eum.
14. Qui consurgens accepit puerum, et matrem ejus nocte, et se
cessit in Aegyptum.
IS. Et erat ibi usque ad obitum Herodis; ut adimpleretur quod
dictum est a Domino per prophetam dicentem: Ex Aegypto vocavi
filium meum.
16. Tunc Herodes videns quoniam illusus esset a magis, iratus est
valde, et mittens, occidit omnes pueros qui erant in Bethlehem et in
omnibus finibus ejus a bimatu et infra, secundum tempus quod ex
quisierat a magis.
17. Tunc adimpletum est quod dictum est per Jeremiam prophetam
dicentem:
18. Vox in Rama audita est, ploratus et ululatus multus: Rachel
plorans filios suos, et noluit consolari, quia non sunt.
19. De£uncto autem Herode, ecce angelus Domini apparuit In
somnis Joseph in Aegypto,
20. Dicens: Surge et accipe puerum et matrem ejus, et vade In
terram Israel; defuncti sunt enim qui quaerebant animam pueri.
21. Qui consurgens, accepit puerum et matrem ejus, et venit in
terram Israel.
22. Audiens autem quod Archelaus regnaret in Judaea pro Herode
patre suo, timuit illo ire; et admonitus in somnis, accessit in partes
Galilaeae.
23. Et veniens habitavit in civitate quae vocatur Nazareth; ut adim
pleretur quod dictum est per prophetas: Quoniam N azaraeus voca
bitur.
(Jesl' Christi Evangelium Secundum Matthaeum, caput II, 1-23.)
LESSON XIII
UNIT ONE
Panem nostrum quotidhinurn da Git/~ us this Jay our daily br~ad.

nobis hodie.
Vocabulary
suavitas, suavitatis, f., sw~etn~ss
servitus, servitutis, f., sert/ic~, s~rt/itude
utHitas, utilitatis, f., benefit, usefuln~ss
farnulus (f., -a), -i, m., s~rtlant
ops, opis, f., help
mors, mortis, f., death
seeIus, seeleris, n., sin, crime
cunetus, -a, -urn, all
universus, -a, -urn, all
slmilis, m. and f., SImile, n., lik~; simili modo, in lik~ manner
praeehirus, -a, -urn, excellent
inferus, -a, -urn, low; as a noun, h~ll
quotidianus, -a, -urn, daily
praeteritus, -a, -urn, past
idem, eadem, idem (decline like is, adding ~em to each form), same
plaeere, to pl~as~, to be pleasing to
frangere (fregi, fractus), to br~ak
eoenare, to ~at supper
cffundcre (effudi, effusus), to sh~d, to pour out
respleere (respexi, respectus), (an -io verb), to look, look upo"
relinquere (reHqui, reHetus), to leat/~ behind
remanere (remattsi, remansus), to remain
89
LATIN GRAMMAR
tremere, to tremble
enim (adverbial conj.), for
postquam (conj.), after
quoque, also
32. Third conjugation verbs in -io.
a) These verbs have the following peculiarities:
The indicative and subjunctive forms are like those of fourth con
jugation verbs with two exceptions, namely: the second person singu
lar of the present indicative passive and all persons of the imperfect
subjunctive; these forms are those of the third conjugation. Thus:
faceris, facerem.
The ending of the present participle is -iens; of the gerundive,
-iendus.
For the complete conjugation of third conjugation -io verbs, see
Appendix.
The imperative has the forms of the third conjugation. (But the
imperative forms of facere are fac, facite.)
b) The commonest of these -io verbs are capio, facio, jacio, and
their compounds.
capere (cepi, captus), to take
acclpere (accepi, acceptus), to receive, to accept
conclpere (concepi, conceptus), to conceive
perclpere (percepi, perceptus), to partake, to attain
reclpere (recepi, receptus), to receive
susclpere (suscepi, susceptus), to receive
praeclpere (praecepi, praeceptus), to instruct
facere (feci, factus), to make
proflcere (profeci, profectus), to avail, to benefit
reflcere (refeci, refectus), to refresh
jacere (jeci, jactus), to throw
ejfcere (ejeci, ejectus), to cast out
projfcere (projeci, projectus), to cast away
LATIN GRAMMAR 91
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Many nouns are the same in both languages.

I. benefactor. 2. chorus (also choir). 3. clamor (cry, shout). 4. honor.
s.labor. 6. martyr. 7. odor. 8. seraph (pl. seraphim). 9. furor. 10. favor.
II. vigor. 12. terror. 13. error. 14. splendor. IS. cherub (pl. cherubim).
16. drachma.
B. Verbs with the prefix in- (im-) convey the idea of in, into, on. or
toward.
I. inducere (to lead into,. to induce). 2. importare (to bring or
carry in, to inlport). 3. implorare (to weep toward, to implore). 4.
imponere (to put upon, to impose). 5. inventre (to come upon. to
find, to invent). 6. inctpere (to take on, to begin). 7. impendere (to
hang upon, to impend). 8. inscrtbere (to write in, to inscribe). 9.
insptcere (to look into, to inspect). 10. infundere (to pour into, to
infuse). II. invadere (to go into, to invade). 12. inspirare (to breathe
into, to inspire).
c. Read and give the English for the following:

I. Timemus adventum hostium qui veniunt ut civitates nostras
perdant. 2. Puer malus est quoniam novam tubam suam fregit. 3.
Quaerebant num rex servos suos rellnqueret, cum ei tam fideliter
servivlssent. 4. Manus ejus tam fortes erant ut crucem magnam ab
terra elevare posset. 5. T rmuat Deus ut opera nostra ei phiceant. 6.
Chrlstus coenabat cum discipulis suis. 7. Domi remansit ut patri suo
scribaL H. Fanlula bona et fidelis dominae suae panem facit. 9. Hac
aqua lavabunl se et rencientur. 10. IJli homines impii ex domibus suis
ejecti sunt. II. Munera misimus ad eos, sed non receperunt. 12. Capite
hunc panem ut manducetis in via. 13. Libros SUDS ad terram jecerunt.
14. Non scit num rex haec dona acclpiat. 15. Servi vias faciebant in
terra nova. 16. Calicem in manus suas cepit. 17. ~1artyres in universis
partibus mundi apparuerunt, ut plebi virtutem sacrificii ostendant.
18. Tremebant quoniam scelera sua judicabantur. 19. Omnes homines
LATIN GRAMMAR
praeclari terrae in hac civitate congregaverunt quia rex eos convocavit.
20. Deprecationes nostrae defunctis valeant. 21. Postquam ei scrfpsi
mus, venit. 22. Christus sanguinem suum pro cunctis gentibus effudit
23. Ea q uaerit q uis cum patre remaneat. 24. Splendor luminis caelestis
tantus erat, ut laetificaret omnes qui videbant. 25. Invenerunt puerum
et matrem suam dormientes.
UNIT Two
A. I. Adjutorium nostrum in nomine Domini, qui fecit caelum et
terram. 2. Qui tollis peccata mundi, suseipe deprecationem nostram.
3. Inftium sancti Evangelii secundum Lucam. 4. Suscipe, sancte Pater
omnfpotens, aeterne Deus, hanc immaculatam hostiam, ut mihi et
s.
iBis proHciat ad salutem in vitam aeternam. Pro on1nibus fidelibus
ehristianis vivis atgue defunctis. 6. Cum odore suavitatis. 7. In splritu
humilitatis, et in animo contrtto suscipiamur a te, Domine. 8. Ut
placeat tibi, Domine Deus. 9. Incensum istud a te benedictum, as
cendat ad te, Domine. 10. Suscipe, sancta Trlni~as, hanc oblationem.
I I. Ob memoriam passionis, resurrectionis et ascensionis Jesu Christi
Domini nostri. 12. Et in honorem beatae Marlae semper Vlrginis, et
beati Joannis Baptistae, et sanctorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, et
istorum, et omni urn sanctorum, ut iBis proficiat ad honorem, nobis
autem ad salutem. 13. Susclpiat Dominus sacriflcium de manibus
tuis, ad laudem, et gloriam nominis sui, ad utilitatem quoque nos..
tram, totiusque Eeelesiae suae sanetae. 14. Sacrificium laudis. 15.
Beatorum Apostolorum ac Martyrum tuorum. 16. Per eumdem Chris..
tum Dominum nostrum. 17. Hane 19itur oblationem servitutis nos..
trae, sed et eunctae famHiae tuae, quaesumus, Domine, ut placatus
acclpias. 18. Accepit panem in sanctas, ac venerabiles manus suas.
19. Hoc est enim corpus meum. 20. Slmili modo postquam coenatum
est, acclpiens et hunc praeclarum calicem in sanctas, ac venerabiles
manus suas: item tibi gratias agens, benedixit, dedttque disclpulis
suis, dicens: Aeclpite, et bfuite ex eo omnes. 21. Hic est enim calix
Sanguinis mei, novi et aeterni testamenti, mysterium fidei, qui pro
LATIN GRAMMAR 93
vobis et pro multis effundetur in remissionem peccatorum. 22. Haec
quotiescumque feceritis, in mei memoriam facietis. 23. Praeclarae
Majestati tuae. 24. Famulorum, famularumque tuarum. 25. Nobis
quoque peccatoribus famulis tuis, de multitudine miserationum tua
rum sperantibus. 26. Cum tuis sanctis Apostolis et Martyribus. 27. Per
ipsum et cum ipso et in ipso, est tibi Deo Patri omnipotenti, in unitate
SpIritus Sancti, omnis honor, et gloria, per omnia saecula saeculorum.
Amen. 28. LIbera nos, quaesumus, Domine, ab omnibus malis, prae
teritis, praesentibus et futuris. 29. Ope misericordiae tuae. 30. A pec
cato simus semper llberi, et omni perturbatione securi. 31. Pacem
rellnquo vobis. 32. Ne resplcias peccata mea. 33. Per mortem tuam
mundum vivificasti. 34. Cum eadem Deo Patre. 35. Panem caelestem
acclpiam et nomen Domini invocabo.
B. Change the infinitive to the right form of the perfect indicative.

I. ego (facere). 2. is (capere) . 3. nos (refIcere). 4. ei (ej lcere ). 5. vos
(proflcere). 6. tu (jacere). 7. ea (percIpere). 8. tu (profIcere). 9. vos
(recipere). 10. nos (proj lcere ). 1 I. ego (praecIpere). 12. eae (sus
clpere).
C. Conjugate.
a) capere in the future indicative active.
b) facere in the present ind icative active.
e) jacere in the present subjunctive active.
d) conclpere in the imperfect indicative active.
t') accipere in the perfect subj unctive passive.
UNIT THREE
A. Turn to the Appendix and learn how to form the pluperfect

indicative and the pluperfect subjunctive of all verbs.
a) Derivations. Find, in Units One and Two, the words that have
94 LATIN GRAMMAR
I. suavis (s\veet). 2. servire (to serve). 3. familia (family). 4. mor

tuus (dead). 5. placatio (propitiation). 6. fragilitas (frailty). 7. despi
c:ere (to despise). 8. reliquiae (relics). 9. tremor (fear). 10. factor
(maker). I I. clamare (to shou t). 12. honorare (to honor). 13. labori6
sus (toilsome). 14. portare (to carry). 15. plorare (to weep). 16. vadere
(to go). 17. acceptus (welcome). 18. perceptio (partaking). 19. prae
ceptum (precept). 2o.laetari (to rejoice). 21. quotidie (adv.) (daily).
22. infundere (to pour into). 23. confundere (to confound). 24. placa oo
tus (appeased). 25. testis (witness).

famulus familiar mors mortal
universus university similis resemble
placere placate frangere fraction
relinquere relinquish remanere remnant
tremere tremulous inscribere inscription
c) Observe these word families.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
suavitas suavis sUclviler
,
servitus servIre servilis servlliter
utHitas uti (to use) utilis (useful) utHiter
famulus familiaris familiariter
mors mori (to die) mOltalis mortaliter
READING LESSON
I. Videns auten1 Jesus turbas, ascendit in montem, et cum sedisset,

accesserunt ad eum discipuli ejus.
2. Et aperiens os suum docebat eos, dicens:
3. Beati pauperes spiritu: quoniam ipsorum est regnum caelorum.
4. Beati mites: quoniam ipsi possidebunt terram.
5. Beati qui lugent: quoniam ipsi consolabuntur.
6. Beati qui esuriunt et sitiunt justitiam: quoniam ipsi saturabuntur.
7. Beati misericordes: quoniam ipsi misericordiam consequentur.
8. Beati mundo corde: quoniam ipsi Deum videbunt.
9. Reati pacifici: quoniam filii Dei vocabuntur.
10. Reati qui persecutionem patiuntur propter Justitiam: quoniam
ipsorum est regnum ca~lorum.
11. Beati estis cum maledixerint vobis, et persecuti vos fuerint, et
dixerint Olnne malum adversum vos mentientes, propter me:
12. Guadete et exultate, quoniam merces vestra copiosa est in caelis:
sic enim persecuti sunt prophetas, qui fuerunt ante vos.
13. Vos estis sal terrae. Quod si sal evanuerit, in quo salietur? Ad
nihilum valet ultra nisi ut mittatur foras, et conculcetur ab haminibus.
14. Vos estis lux mundi. Non potest civitas abscondi supra mantem
posita.
IS. Neque accendunt Iucernam et ponunt earn sub madio, sed
super candelabrum ut luceat omnibus qui in domo sunt.
16. Sic luceat lux vestra coram hominibus: ut videant opera vestra
bona, et glorificent patrem vestrum, qui in caelis est.
17. Nolite putare quoniam veni solvere legem, aut prophetas: non
veni solvere, sed adimplere.
18. Amen quippe dico vobis, donee transeat caelum et terra, Jota
unum, aut unus apex non praeteribit a lege, donee omnia £lant.
9S
LATIN GRAMMAR
19. Qui ergo solverit unum de mandatis istis minimis et docuerit
sic homines, minimus vocabitur in regno caelorum: qui autem fecerit
et docuerit, his magnus vocabitur in regno caelorum.
20. Dico enim vobis, quia nisi abundaverit justitia vestra plus quam
scribarum et Pharisaeorum, non intrabitis in regnum caelorum.
21. Audistis quia dictum est antiquis: Non occides: qui autem oc
ciderit reus erit judicio.

22. Ego autem dico vobis: quia omnis qui irascitur fratri suo, reus
erit judicio. Qui autem dixerit fratri suo, raca: reus erit concilio. Qui
autem dixerit, fatue: reus erit gehennae ignis.
23. Si ergo offers munus tuum ad altare, et ibi recordatus fueris
quia frater tuus habet aliquid adversum te:
24. Relinque ibi munus tuum ante altare, et vade prius reconciliari
&atri tuo: et tunc veniens ofleres m un us tuum.
Uesu Christi Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, caput V, 1-24-)
LESSON XIV
UNIT ONE
Agnus Dei, qui toUis peccata Lamb of God, who takest away the sinJ
mundi, miserere nobis. of the world, have mercy on us.
Vocabulary
jubere (jussi, jussus), to command
confiteri (confessus sum), dep., to confess, to praise
consequi (consecutus sum), dep., to obtain, to secure
ulclsci (ultus sum), dep., to avenge
dignari, dep., to vouchsafe, to grant, to deign
precari, dep., to beseech, to pray
mori (mortuus sum) (-io verb), dep., to die
nasci (natus sum), dep., to be born
pati (passus sum) (-io verb), dep., to suDer, to permit
oblivlsci (obHtus sum), dep., to forget
perfrui (perfructus sum) (takes its dire obj. in the abl.) dep., to enjoy
mgredi (ingressus sum) (-io verb), dep., to walk
loqui (locutus sum), dep., to speak
misereri (misertus sum), dep., to have mercy
audere (ausus sum), semi-dep., to dare
fidere (fisus sum), semi-dep., to trust
gaudere (gavisus sum), semi-dep., to rejoice
solere (solitus sum), semi-dep., to be accustomed
nunquam, never
dominatio, dominationis, f., dominion
tutamentum, -i, D., safety, safeguard
mandatum, -i, D., commandment, command
caro, camis, f., flesh
97
98 LATIN GRAMMAR
rnedela, ..ae, f., healing remedy

plenus, -a, ..urn, full
socius, ..a, -urn, associated with, together with
adhuc, yet
33. Deponent verbs. These verbs have passive forms with active
meanings. They should b:~ translated by an active verb in English.
confiteri, to praise, to confess; con£iteor, I praise

consequi, to obtain; consequar, I obtain
venerari, to venerate; veneror, I venerate
clclsci, to aZ1enge; ulclscor, I avenge (past participle, ultus)
34. Semideponent verbs. These verbs have their perfect tenses in

the passive form only. The meaning, however, is active.
audere, to dare; ausus SUfi, I have dared
gaudere, to rejoice,. gavlsus SUfi, I have rejoiced
solere, to be accustomed; solitus SUfi, 1 have been accustomed
ffdere, to trust; fisus sum, I have trusted
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Many adjectives ending in -us in Latin have the end

ing -al in English. Pronounce and give the English for:
I. annuus. 2. aeternus. 3. infernus. 4. inimlcus. s. perpetuus. 6. uni
versus. 7. maternus. 8. corp6reus. 9. funereus. 10. paternus. II. fra..
ternus.
B. Prae in conlposition means before, beforehand, in advance.

I. praecedere (to go before, to precede). 2. praescrlbere (to write in
advance, to prescribe). 3. praedlcere (to say beforehand, to predict).

4. praeferre (to bring before, to prefer). s. praeparare (to get ready
in advance, to prepare). 6. praecludere (to close beforehand, to pre
clude). 7. praesidere (to sit before, to preside). 8. praelre (to go be..
LATIN GRAMMAR 99
fore). 9. praesumere (to take beforehand, to presume). 10. praesentire
(to feel in advance, to have a presentiment).

I. Timebamus quoniam fldere eis non audebamus. 2. Diebus nos..
tris afHigitur mundus dominatione hominum impiorum. 3. Nesci..
mus quis loquatur. 4. In monte ingrediebantur, cum fratrem tuum
viderent. 5. Quaeslvit quid jusslsses. 6. Si eis auxilium dedissemus, non
mortui essent. 7. Cum nimis passus sit, dimittet inimicis suis. 8. Verba
scripta in libro nunc oblitus sum. 9. Volllntas ej us tam fortis erat, ut
honorem magnum consequeretur. 10. Mandata tua non obliviscelnur.
I I. Intercessit ob filii sui tutamentum. 12. Dominus delicta contra
famulum suum ultus est. 13. Christus in stabulo natus est. 14. Gau
dere solebant, cum vocem matris suae audirent. 15. Ei fisi sumus,
sed fidel is non fuit. 16. Judicare eos non ausa est. 17. Gavisus sum,
quia munus consecutus est. 18. Precatur, ut rex fratribus ejus miserea
tur. 19. Cum opera sua bona et justa fuerint, laude hominum cuncto
rum perfructi sunt. 20. Nunquam loquentur. 21. Non obliviscebantui".
22. Jussit nos remanere hodie dorDi, ut mater nostra nobis ora
tiones doceret. 23. Ingrediebamur in via quando apparuit servus
auxllium precans. 24. Orationum vespertinarum nunquam oblivls
cor. l 25. Propter mandatum ecclesiae suae carnem non manducave..
run t hOthe.
UN:T Two
A. I. Confitehor tibi. 2. Spera in Deo, quoniam adhuc confitebor
illi, saluulre vultus mei, et Deus meus. 3. Misereatur tui omnlpotells
Deus. 4. Conflteor Deo omnipotenti, beatae ~1ariae semper Virgini,
beato ]oanni I3apdstae, sanctis apostolis Petro et Paulo, omnihus
sanctis, et tibi, Pater, quia peccavi nimis cogitati6ne, verbo, et opere,
fT'~a culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa. 5. Ideo precor beatam
Mariam semper Virginem, beatum Michaelum Archangelum, bea
1 Verbs of remembering and forgetting take their direct object either in the aceuu
ti ve or in the genitive.
100 LATIN GRAMMAR
tum Joannem Baptlstam, sanctos apostolos Petrum et PauIum, omnes
sanctos, et te, Pater, orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum. 6.
Misereatur vestri omnlpotens Deus. 7. Et plebs tua laetabitur in tee 8.
Gramus te, Domine, per merita sanctorum tuorum, ut indulgere dig
neris omnia peccata mea. 9. Qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis.
10. Qui sedes ad dexteram Patris, miserere nobis. I I. Ita me tua grata
miseratione dignare mundare, ut sanctum Evangelium tuum digne
valeam nuntiare. 12. Ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula. 13. Sub
Pontio Pilato passus. 14. Qui locutus est per Prophetas. IS. Conflteor
unum baptfsma in remissionem peccatorum, et exspecto resurrec
tionem mortuorum, et vitam venturi saeculi. 16. Per intercessionem
beati Michaelis Archangeli, stantis a dextris altaris incensi, et omnium
electorum suorum, incensum istud dignetur Dominus benedlcere et in
odorem suavitatis acclpere. 17. Dextera eorum repleta est muneribus.
18. Ego autem in innocentia mea ingressus sum. 19. Miserere mei.
20. Et illi pro nobis intercedere dignentur in caelis. 21. Laudant An
geli, adorant Dominationes. 22. Caeli, caelorumque Virtutes, ac beata
Seraphim, socia exsultatione concelebrant. 23. Deprecamur. 24. Pleni
sunt caeli et terra gloria tua. 25. Ne resplcias peccata mea, sed fidem
Ecclesiae tuae; eamque secundum voluntatem tuam pacificare et co
adunare digneris. 26. Perceptio corporis tui, Domine Jesu Christe,
quod ego indignus sumere praesumo, non mihi proveniat in judicium
et condemnationem; sed pro tua pietate prosit mihi ad tutamentum
mentis et corporis, et ad medelam percipiendam. 27. Corpus tuum,
Domine, quod sumpsi. 28. Ite, Missa est. 29. Placeat tibi, sancta Trlni
tas, obsequium servitutis meae. 30. Inltium sancti Evangelii secundum
Joannem. 31. Plenum gratiae et veritatis. 32. Sancta ergo, et salubris
est cogitatio pro defunctis exorare, ut a peccatis solvantur. 33. Des
cendi de caelo, non ut faciam voluntatem meam, sed voluntatem ejus
qui misit me. 34. Haec est autem voluntas ejus, qui misit me, Patris:
ut omne, quod dedit mihi, non perdam ex eo, sed resuscitem illud in
novlssimo die. 35. Haec est autem voluntas Patris mei, qui misit me:
ut omnis, qui videt FHium, et credit in eum habeat vitam aeternam
LATIN GRAMMAR 101
et ego resuscitabo eum in novlssimo die. 36. Exaudi orati6nem meam,

ad te omnis caro veniet.
B. Translate the following:

confitemur confitebitur confessus eram oblivlscitur
venerabimur veneratur venerabor moritur
ulti sumus ultus erat ultus sum loquebatur
consequamur consequetur consequor nascitur
patiebamur patitur patiebar audent
ausi eramus ausus est ausus sum patiemini
nati sumus nascitur nascor consequimur
Ioquamur loquitur loquar ulclscor
moriamur mortuus est moriar veneratur
obHti sumus obliviscetur obHtus sum confiteuntur
UNIT THREE
A. Give the meanings of these forms.

I. jusserunt. 2. ulcisclmini. 3. consequentur. 4. dignetur. 5. preca
bitur. 6. mortui sunt. 7. natus esset. 8. passus est. 9. oblivlscor. 10. per
fruebamur. 1I. ingressus sum. 12.locutus est. 13. ausi sumus. 14. gavlsa
erat. IS. soliti sumus. 16. miserere. 17. confheor. 18. ultus est. 19. eludeo.
20. loquentur. 21. patitur. 22. morituri sumus. 23. jubet. 24. consecutus
est. 25. digneris. 26. patior. 27. nati sunt. 28. confitebor. 29. nasceretur.
30. oblltus esset. 31. perfructi sunt. 32. jubeat. 33. fidemus. 34. miserea
tur. 35. solebant.
a) Derivations. Find in Units One and Two the words that have
I. sequi (to follow). 2. ultio (vengeance). 3. indlgnus (unworthy).
4. deprecari (to beseech). s. mortuus (dead). 6. sequentia (continua
tion). 7. passio (suffering). 8. frui (to enjoy). 9. miseratio (mercy).
102 LATIN GRAMMAR
10. fides (faith). II. fructus (fruit). 12. dominus (master). 13. tutus
(safe). 14. fidelis (faithful). 15. mandare (to command). 16. sociare
(to share in). 17. annus (year). 18. sempiternus (everlasting). 19.
inferus (below). 20. amICus (friend). 21. mater (mother). 22. corpus
(bod y). 23. pater (father). 24. frater (brother). 25. parare (to pre
pare). 26. sentire (to feel, to perceive). 27. inultus (unpunished). 28
jussus (command). 29. egredi (to come out).

Latin Eng/ish Latin Eng/ish
fldere fiduciary mandatum mandate
caro carnal socius associate
audere audacious oblivlsci oblivion
misereri commiserate nasci renascent
loqui loquacious c6nsequi conseq uenc~
mori mortuary fides fidelity
c) Observe these word families:

Noun Adjective Verb
ultor (avenger) ultrix (avenging) ulcisci (to avenge)
dignitas (worth) dignus (worth y) dignari (to considex
worthy)
preces (prayers) precarius (begged for) precari (to pray)
mors (death) mortalis (mortal) mori (to die)
nativitas (birth) naturalis (natural) nasci (to be born)
obHvio (forgetfulness) obliviosus (forgetful) oblivisci (to forget)
fructus (fruit) fructuosus (fruitful) frui (to enjoy)
miseratio ( mercy) misericors (merciful) misereri (to have
mercy)
audacia (boldness) audax (bold) audere (to dare)
fides (trust) fidus (trusty) fldere (to trust)
gaudium (joy) gaudere (to rejoice)
READING LESSON
I. Cum autem descendisset de monte, secutae sunt eum turbae

multae.
2. Et ecce leprosus veniens, adorabat eum, dicens: Domine, si vis,
potes me mundare.
3. Et extendens Jesus manum, tetigit eum, dicens: Volo. Mundare.
Et confestim mundata est lepra ejus.
4. Et ait illi Jesus: Vide, nemini dixeris: sed vade, ostende te sacer
doti, et offer munus quod praecepit Moyses, in testimonium illis.
5. Cum autem introisset Capharnaum, accessit ad eum centurio,
rogans eum.
6. Et dicens: Domine, puer meus jacet in domo paralyticus, et male
torquetur.
7. Et ait illi Jesus: Ego veniam et curabo eum.
8. Et respondens centurio, ait: Domine, non sum dignus ut intres
sub tectum meum: sed tantum dic verbo, et sanabitur puer meus.
9. Nam et ego homo sum sub potestate constitutus, habens sub me
milites, et dico huic: Vade, et vadit: et alii, Veni, et venit: et servo
meo, F ac hoc, et facit.
10. Audiens autem Jesus miratus est, et sequentibus se dixit: Amen
dico vobis, non inveni tantam fidem in Israel.
I I. Dico autem vobis, quod multi ab Oriente, et Occidente venient,
et recumbent cum Abraham et Isaac et Jacob in regno caelorum.

12. Filii autem regni ejicientur in tenebras exteriores: ibi erit Betus,
et stridor dentium.
13. Et dixit Jesus centurioni: Vade, et sicut credidisti, fiat tibi. Er
sanatus est puer in illa horae
14. Et cum venisset Jesus in domum Petri, vidit socrum ej us jacen#
tern et febricitantem.
l03
1°4 LATIN GRAMMAR
15. Et tetigit manum ejus, et dimisit earn febris et surrexit, et minis
trabat eis.
16. Vespere autem facto, obtulerunt ei multos daemonia habentes:
et ejiciebat spiritus verbo: et omnes male habentes curavit:
17. Ut adimpleretur quod dictum est per Isaiam prophetam, di..
centem: Ipse inflrmitates nostras accepit: et aegrotationes nostras por..
tavit.
18. Videns autem Jesus turbas multas circum se, jussit ire trans
fretum.
19. Et accedens unus scriba, ait illi: Magister, sequar te quocum..
que ieris.
20. Et dicit ei Jesus: Vulpes foveas habent, et volucres caeli nidos:
filius autem hominis non habet ubi caput reclinet.
21. Alius autem de discipulis ejus ait illi: Domine, permitte me
primum ire, et sepelire patrem meum.
22. Jesus autem ait illi: Sequere me, et dimitte mortuos sepelire
mortuos suos.
23. Et ascendente eo in naviculam, secuti sunt eum discipuli ejus.
24. Et ecce motus magnus factus est in mari, ita ut navicula operire
tur fluctibus, ipse vero dormiebat.
25. Et accesserunt ad eum discipuli ejus, et suscitaverunt eum, di
centes: Domine, salva nos, perimus.
26. Et dicit eis Jesus: Quid timidi estis, modicae fidei? Tunc sur..
gens imperavit ventis et mari, et facta est tranquillitas magna.
27. Porro homines mirati sunt, dicentes: Qualis est hie, quia venti
et mare obediunt ei?
28. Et cum venisset trans fretum in regionem Gerasenorum, occur
rerunt ei duo habentes daemonia, de monumentis exeuntes, saevi
nimis, ita ut nemo posset transire per viam illam.
29. Et ecce clamaverunt, dicentes: Quid nobis et tibi, Jesu £iIi Dei?
Vcnisti hue ante tempus torquere nos?
30. Erat autem non longe ab illis grex multorum porcorum pascens.
31. Daemones autem rogabant cum, dicentes: Si ejicis nos hine,
mitte nos in gregem porcorum.
LATIN GRAMMAR 1°5
32. Et ait illis: Ite. At illi exeuntes abierunt in porcos, et ecce impetu
abiit totus grex per praeceps in n1are: et mortui sunt in aquis.
33. Pastores autem fugerunt: et venientes in civitatem, nuntiaverunt
omnia, et de eis qui daemonia habuerant.
34. Et ecce tota civitas exiit obviam Jesu: et viso eo rogabant ut
transiret a finibus eOfum.
(Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, caput VIII, 1-34.)
LESSON XV
UNIT ONE
Agnus Dei, qui toUis peccata Lamb of God, who takest away the sins
mundi, dona nobis pacem. of the world, grant us peace.
Vocabulary
tempus, temporis, fl., time
tentatio, tentationis, £., temptation
debitum, -i, fl., debt, trespass
aer, aeris, m. (pl. aeres or aera), air
tabernaculum, -i, fl., tabernacle
obsequium, -ii, fl., homage
sapientia, -ae, £., wisdom
potestas, potestatis, £., power
lassus, -a, -urn, tired
primus, -a, -urn, first; in primis, in the first place
profundus, -a, -urn, deep
tradere (tradidi, traditus), to deliver up, to hand over
dillgere (dilexi, dilectus), to love
cognoscere (cognovi, cognitus), to learn 1
cessare, to cease
intendere (intendi, intentus or intensus), to be attentive
mutare, to change
petere (petivi or -ii, petitus), to beseech, to ask for
requiescere (requievi, requietus), to rest
sepeHre (sepeHvi or -ii, sepultus), to bury
tenere (tenui), to hold
sanare, to heal
ferre (tuB, latus), to bring
1 In the perfect tenses this verb means to know.
106
LATIN GRAMMAR 1°7

nemo, neminis, m. and f., nobody
nihil (nil), n., indec!., nothing
tunc, then
ublque, everywhere
35. Qui. As a relative pronoun, qui means w120, which, or that...J\s

an interrogative adjective it means what. It is declined as follows.
Singular Plural
Nom. qui (quae, quod) qui (quae, quae)
Gen. cujus quorum (quarum, quorum)
Dat. cui quibus
Ace. quem (quam, quod) quos (quas, quae)
Abl. quo (qua, quo) quibus
The man who is coming is my

Homo qui venit pater meus est.
father.
T he servants whom they were

Servae quas vocabant intraverunt.
calling have come in.
T he boy to whom you gave the

Puer cui Iibrum dedlsti studiosus
book is studious.
est.
What retvard did he send to those

Quod munus misit ad illos h6
men?
mines?
The hO!fse which you see is mine.

Damus quam vides est mea.
36. Quis. The interrogative pronouns who and what are quis and
quid in Latin.
Singular Plural
Nom. quis (n. quid) Like the relative qui
Gen. cujus
Oat. cui
Ace. quem (n. quid)
Abl. quo
Who drank the wine? Quis vinum bibit?
To whom did you write? Quibus scripslstis?
108 LATIN GRAMMAR
W hom did h~ 5e~? Quem vidit?
W hat did they have? Quid habebant?
37. Indefinite pronouns and adjectives. These are compounds of

quis and qui and are declined like them.
Pronouns
aliqUiS (n. aliquid)
some one, something alicujus
{
alicui, etc.
qu.iSqUe (n. quidque)
each one, everyone cUJusque
{ cuique, etc.
qUidam (quaedam, quiddam)
a certain one cujusdam
{ cuidam, etc.
Adjectives
aliqUi (aliqua, aliquod)
some alicujus
{ alicui, etc.
each quisque (quaeque, quodque)
certain quidam (quaedam, quoddam)
38. Ferre, to hring. This irregular verb (as also its compounds)
doubles the r in the infinitive, in the 2nd person sing. of the pres. ind.
pass., and throughout the imperfect subjunctive. Elsewhere the ..rr of
the infinitive is not retained.
Present Indicative
Active Passive
lero ferimus feror £erimur
fers fertis ferris (ferre) ferimini
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
Observe that the present tense is slightly irregular.
LATIN GRAMMAR 1°9
EXERCISES
A. Cognates. Nouns ending in -tudo in Latin end in -tude in Eng

lish. They are all feminine. Pronounce and give the English for:
I. beatitJldo. 2. fortitudo. 3. m ultitudo. 4. magnitudo. 5. lassitudo. 6.
solitudo. 7. amplitudo. 8. sollicitudo. 9. altitudo (height). 10. latitudo
(breadth). II.longitudo (length).
The genitive singular of these nouns is beatitudinis, etc.
B. Pro- as a prefix signifies forth, forward, in front of, for.

I. proponere (to put forth, to propose). 2. projlcere (to throw
forth, to project). 3. procedere (to go forth, to proceed). 4. producere
(to lead forth, to produce). S. progredi (dep., to walk forward, to
progress). 6. prosequi (dep., to follow forth, to pursue). 7. providere
(to see before or in advance, to provide). 8. promittere (to send forth,
to promise). 9. provocare (to call forth, to provoke). 10. proclamare
(to shout forth, to proclaim). II. proferre (to bring forth). 12. pro
venire (to come forth).

I. Puer agnum dHigit, quem pater suus dedit ei. 2. Vrrgines, quae
lassae nimis sunt, sederunt ut requiescant. 3. Homo praechlrus, cui
scripsi, mihi respondit. 4. Quos libros tulit? S. Tabernaculum in quo
ralicem ponit sacerdos, supra altare est. 6. Observamus obsequium,
quod hi filii boni parentibus praestiterunt. 7. Debita sua dimittenda
sunt. 8. Homo miser in manus inimicorum suorum traditus est. 9.
Mater pia, quam vidlsti cum famulis suis, Evangelia docet eis. 10. Ille
vir, cujus domus in monte est, filios suos ad civitatem misit. II. Ali
quis libros sustulit, quos rellqui hic. 12. Quisque discfpulus lectionem
suam bene paravit hodie. 13. Quidam auxHium petens venit ad do
mum patris mei. 14. AHquibus rex terrae illae munera magna donabit.
IS. Homlnibus quibusdam Dominus multum dedit, multis nihil. 16.
Quaeque mater scit Dum opera filiorum suorum bona sint. 17. Aqua
ilHus lacus, quem videtis, nimis profunda est. 18. Postquam mortuos
110 LATIN GRAMMAR
sepeliverunt, domus suas tristes redierunt. 19. Cum sanati sint, non
cessant clamare. 20. Neminem in via video. 21. Conditio mutata vita
rum suarum laetificabat eos. 22. Quid tenes tu in manu dextera?
Nihil. 23. Verba et opera ilHus sancti praechiri universis gentibus
cognita sunt. 24. Si modum vivendi ante mortem suam mutavisset,
delIcta sua indulta essent. 25. Potestas et sapientia regis nobilis nostri
terram nostram a malitia hominum impiorum salvabunt. 26. Aer in
illo monte suavis erat.
UNIT Two
A. I. Introlbo ad altare Dei; ad Deum qui laetfficat juventutem

meam. 2. Emitte lucem tuam, et veritatem tuam; ipsa me deduxerunt,
et adduxerunt in montem sanctum tuum, et in tabernacula tua. 3.
Gramus te, Domine, per merita Sanctorum tuorum, quorum reHquiae
hic sunt, et omnium Sanctorum, ut indulgere digneris omnia peccata
mea. 4. Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem caeli
et terrae, visibHium omnium, et invisibllium. Et in unum Dominum
Jesum Christum, FHium Dei unigenitum. Et ex Patre natum ante
omnia saecula. Deum de Deo, lumen de lun1ine, Deum verum de
Deo vero. Genitum, non factum, consubstantialem Patri, per quem
omnia facta sunt. 5. Qui propter nos homines et propter nostram
salutem descendit de caelis. Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex
Marla Virgine, et homo factus est. 6. Crucifixus etiam pro nobis, sub
Pontio Pihito passus, et sepultus est. 7. Et lterum venturus est cum
gloria judicare vivos et mortuos, cujus regni non erit finis. 8. Domine,
dilexi decorem domus tuae, et locum habitationis gIoriae tuae. 9. Ne
rerdas cum impiis, Deus, animam meam, et cum viris sanguinum
vitam meam; in quorum manibus iniquitates sunt, dextera eorum re
pleta est muneribus. 10. Et illi pro nobis intercedere dignentur in caelis,
quorum memoriam agimus in terris. II. Vere dignum et justum est,
aequum et salutare, nos tibi semper, et ubique gratias agere. 12. Per
quem majestatem tuam laudant Angeli, adorant Dominationes, tre
munt Potestates. 13. Cum quibus et nostras voces, ut admitti jubeas,
deprecamur, supplici confessione dicentes: sanctus, sanctus, sanctus,
LATIN GRAMMAR III
Dominus Deus Sabaoth (of hosts). 14. Communicantes, et me

moriam venerantes, in primis, gloriosae semper Virginis Mariae,
genitricis Dei et Domini nostri Jesu Christi. IS. Quorum meritis
precibusque concedas, ut in omnibus protectionis tuae muniamur
auxHio. 16. Qui pridie quam pateretur, accepit panem in sanctas,
ac venerabiles manus suas, et elevatis oculis in caelum ad te Deum
Patrem suum omnipotentem, tibi gratias agens, benedixit, fregit,
deditque discipulis suis, dicens: Accipite, et manducate ex hoc
omnes.
B. Translate the following:

I. Quis locutus est? 2. Puerum vidi cui tubam dedisti. 3. I-Iomo
cum quo ingrediebatur frater meus erat. 4. Servus cujus dominus
mortuus est, ad civitatem ibit. S. Invenit crucem quam perdlderat.
6. Famulae quas vocabant apparuerunt. 7. Verba quae dixit vera
nimis sunt. 8. Fllii qui parentibus placent ipsi beati sunt. 9. Opus
quod fecit praeclarum est. 10. Cui dabimus hos libros novos? II.
Quam lectionem doces disclpulos? 12. Aqua in qua stant non pro
funda est. 13. Abjecit cornu quod in manu tenebat. 14. Miseriae
plebis q uas videbat, conturb£bant eum. IS. Ostendit ei omnia regna
quae habiturus erat.
c. Change the indefinite pronouns to the correct form where

necessary.
I. (aliquis) introit. 2. video (quisque). 3. (quidam) dixerunt. 4.
(quisque) loquor. S. invenit (aliquis). 6. verba (quidam) vera sunt.
7. (quisque) veritatem cognoscit. 8. Scripsit (aliquis). 9. mittimus
(quidam) ad domum. 10. opera (quisque) judicabuntur. II. Ince
debat cum (aliquis). 12. (quidam) nlunus date
UNIT THREE
A. Make the indefinite adjectives agree correctly with the nouns.

I. aquam (aliqui). 2. (quisque) animae. 3. (quidam) vias. 4.
112 LATIN GRAMMAR
(aliqui) filiorum. 5. regni (quisque). 6. sancto (quidam). 7. auxlIii
(aliqui). 8. (quidam) nomine. 9. (quisque) librum. 10. (aliqui)
cornua. II. (quidam) veritatibus. 12. (quisque) cruci. 13. (aliqui)
panem. 14. (quidam) matris.
B. Give the present indicative active and passive of these com

pounds of ferre.
I. auferre (to take away). 2. conferre (to accompany, to confer).
3. offerre (to offer). 4. perferre (to bring up or through). 5. proferre
(to bring out, to bring forth).
C. Vocabulary building.
I. debitor (debtor). 2. notus (known). 3. profUndum (depth). 4.

promlssio (promise). 5. sepulcrum (sepulcher). 6. sustinere (to sus
tain). 7. quietas (quiet). 8. competere (to be capable of). 9. requies
(rest). 10. tentare (to tempt). II. posse (to be able). 12. dileCtlssi
mus (most beloved). 13. sanus (healthy). 14. beatus (happy). 15.
fortis (strong). 16. lassus (tired). 17. multus (many). 18. latus
(broad). Ig.longus (long). 20. altus (high). 21. amplius (yet more).
22. magnus (large). 23. solus (alone). 24. quiescens (resting). 25.
debere (owe, ought, must). 26. collatio (gathering).

tempus temperature potestas potentate
,
diHgere delectable cognoscere recognize
debitum debit primus primitive
,
cessare incessant mutare mutations
,
petere petition sanare sanitary
LATIN GRAMMAR 113

Noun Adjective Verb
sapientia (wisdom) sapiens (wise)
potestas (power) potens (powerful) posse (to be able)
cognitio (knowledge) cognitus (known) cognoscere (to know)
mutatio (a change) mutabilis (change mutare (to change)
able)
requies (rest) requietus (rested) requiescere (to rest)
sanitas (health) sanus (healthy) sanare (to heal)
REVIEW LESSON NUMBER III
A. Read these statements and decide whether they are right or

wrong.
I. Nomen pueri Lucia erat. 2. Christiani credunt in unum Deum.
3. Homines pauperes semper inlgui sunt. 4. Aguam atgue vinum
blbimus. 5. Apostoli inimlci Christi erant. 6. 6culi in manibus sunt.
7. Pax inter omnes gentes esse potest. 8. Scrlbimus dextera manu.
9. Agn L cornua habent. 10. Omnes libri boni sunt. 11. Matres semper
mlserae sunt. 12. Dormlmus in tecto domus. 13. Panem manduca
mUSe 14. Rex legibus regnat. IS. Cogitationes in mente creantur.
B. Translate the following.

, .
VlXlmus lavabimus muniverimus ut posslmus
vixerinlus lavamus muniamus possumus
vivamus lavemus munimus poteramus
vlvilTIUS lav3verimus munivimus potuimus
vivcmus lavavimus muniemus potuerimus
mlttitur credimtls dirigetur audltus est

mittetur credemus directus est audiebatur
missus est credidimus dirigebatur audiatur
mittebatur credi derim us dirigatur audiretur
mittatur credamus dirigitur audltur
salvabatur moveatur
salvetur movebatur
salvatus est motus est
salvabitur movebitur
salvatur movetur
c. Give the Latin word that means the opposite of each of these
words.
114
LATIN GRAMMAR 115
I. aqua. 2. anima. 3. ex. 4. cum. 5· bonus. 6. princlpium. 7. beatus.

8. virgo. 9. mlttere. 10. pater. I I. tristis. 12. de. 13. ire. 14. laetificare.
IS. terra. 16. manus. 17. dies. 18. fides. 19. dignus. 20. vislbilis. 21.
ascendere. 22. respondere. 23. bene. 24. vivus. 25. ignominia.
D. Give the English for these verb forms.
I. desplcio. 2. conducam. 3. invadebant. 4. ejecta est. 5. evocabit.

6. lava me. 7. munda me. 8. est. 9. peccavi. 10. ut j ustificeris. I I.
j ustificaris. 12. manifestasti. 13. mundabor. 14. lavabis. IS. exsulta
bunt. 16. averte. 17. dele. 18. crea. 19. ne projlcias me. 20. docebo.
21. convertentur. 22. annuntiabit. 23. dedlssem. 24. non despicies.
25. fac. 26. suscipientes. 27. suscipiat. 28. imponent. 29. acceptabis.
30. dona ei. 31. exaudi. 32. veniet. 33· speravit. 34. credidit. 35. dor
mientibus. 36. habent. 37. resurrexit. 38. dormierunt. 39. aclducet.
40. dicimus. 41. vlvimus. 42. praeveniemus. 43. descendet. 44. sunt.
45· rellnquimur. 46. erimus. 47· erit. 48. timebit. 49. absolve. So. est
futurus.
E. Give the English meaning of these active periphrastic forms

(future active participle +
esse).
I. venturus est. 2. remansuri erant. 3. dicturus sum. 4. fracturi

sunt. 5. perdituri eramus. 6. exituri eratis. 7. regnaturus fuerat. 8.
quaesitura est. 9. effusurus eras. 10. accensuri sum us. I I. coenaturi
erant. 12. nlunituri estis. 13. sumpturus est. 14. habiturae erant. IS.
staturi sunt.
F. Give the English meaning of these passive periphrastic forms

(gerundive +esse).
I. dandum est. 2. audienda sunt. 3. mittendi erant. 4. judicandae

erant. 5. vocandi eramus. 6. ponendum erato 7. dicendum est. 8.
docenda eram. 9. scribendum erato 10. dirigendi sum us. I I. moven
dus es. 12. eruendi eratis. 13. liberandae erant. 14. serviendus eras.
IC). relinquendi eramus. 16. ostendendi estis.
116 LATIN GRAMMAR
G. Fill each blank with a suitable word.
I. Manducamus - - - . 2. Blbimus - - . 3. Marla - - vir·
ginis est. 4. Labium pars - - - est. 5. Joannis nomen - - - est. 6.
Mater et pater - - famHiae sunt. 7. Pes pars - - est. 8. Cor in
- - - est. 9. Ecclesia domus - - est. 10. Tectum super -
est. II. Rex - - - regnat. 12. - - - omnibus placet.
H. Give the Latin verb that tells what each of the following does
or is intended for.
1. aqua. 2. via. 3. servus. 4· oratio. 5. lux. 6. manus. 7. domus. 8.
cIvitas. 9. crux. 10. liber. II. fides. 12. indulgentia. 13· mens. 14.
voluntas. IS. spes. 16. labia. 17. os. 18. ostium. 19. vinum. 20. rex.
21. auris. 22. pes. 23. caritas. 24. lumen. 25. oculus. 26. vox.
I. From the column of English words select the correct meaning

of the Latin words.
uIclsci same dillgere and
nunquam to deliver up accendere upward
fraternus servant mirus to enjoy
tradere never quot to enkindle
sanguis to avenge tutamentum wonderful
famulus help perfrui how many
idem brotherly atque safeguard
ops blood sursum to love
fnlngere safe
adhuc VOIce
vox to break
mors full
salvus ear
plenus death
quoque yet
auris also
READING LESSON
I. Et iterum intravit Capharnaum post dies.

2. Et auditurn est quod in domo esset, et convenerunt multi, ita
ut non caperet neque ad januam et loquebatur eis verbum.
3. Et venerunt ad eum ferentes paralyticum, qui a quattuor porta
batur.
4. Et cum 110n possent offerre eum illi prae turba, nudaverunt
tectum ubi erat: et patefacientes submiserunt grabaturn in quo pa
ralyticus jacebat.
s. Cum autem vidisset Jesus fidem illorum, ait paralytico: Fili,
dimittuntur tibi peccata tua.
6. Erant autem illic quidam de scribis sedentes, et cogitantes in
cordibus suis:
7. Quid hic sic loquitur? Blasphemat. Quis potest dimittere pec
ca ta nisi solus Deus?
8. Quo statim cognito Jesus spiritu suo quia sic cogitarent intra
se, dicit iIlis: Quid ista cogitatis in cordibus vestris?
9. Quid est facilius dicere paralytico: Dimittuntur tibi peccata:
an dicere: Surge, toIle grabatum tuum, et ambula?
10. Dt autem sciatis quia Filius hominis habet potestatem in
terra dimittendi peccata (ait paralytico):
I I. Tibi dico: Surge, toIle grabatum tuum et vade in domum
tuam.
12. Et statim surrexit ille: et, sublato grabato, abiit coram omni
bus, ita ut mirarentur omnes et honorificarent Deum, dicentes: Quia
numquam sic vidimus.
13. Et egressus est rursus ad mare: omnisque turba veniebat ad
eum, et docebat eos.
14. Et cum praeteriret, vidit Levi Alphaei sedentem ad telonium,
et ait iIli: Sequere me. Et surgens secutus est eum.
117
118 LATIN GRAMMAR
15. Et factum est, cum accumberet in domo illius, multi publicani
et peccatores simul discumbebant cun1 Jesu et discipulis ejus: erant
enim multi, qui et sequebantur eum.
16. Et scribae et Pharisaei videntes quia manducaret cum publi
canis et peccatoribus, diceban t disci pulis ej us: Quare cum publicanis
et peccatoribus manducat et bibit Magister vester?
17. Hoc audito, Jesus ait illis: Non necesse habent sani medico,
sed qui male habent: non enim veni vocare j ustos, sed peccatores.
18. Et erant discipuli Joannis, et Pharisaei jejunantes. Et veniunt,
et dicunt illi: Quare discipuli Joannis et Pharisaeorum jejunant, tui
autem discipuli non jejunant?
19. Et ait Jesus: Numquid possunt filii nuptiarum, quamdiu spon
sus cum illis est, jej unare? Quanto tempore habent sponsum, non
possunt jejunare.
20. Venient autem dies cum auferetur ab eis sponsus: et tunc
jejunabunt in illis diebus.
21. Nemo assumentunl panni rudis assuit vestimento veteri: aEo
quin aufert supplementum novum a veteri, et major scissura fit.

22. Et nemo mittit vinum novum in utres veteres: alioq uin di
rumpet vinum utres, et vinum e[fundetur, et utres peribunt. Sed
vinum novum in utres novos mini debet.
23. Et factum est iterum cum Dominus sabbJtis ambularet per
sata, et discipuli ej us coeperunt progredi, et vellere spicas.
24. Pharisaei autem dicebantei: Ecce, quid faciunt sabbatis quod
non Iicet?
25. Et ait iBis: Numquam legistis quid fecerit David, quando
necessitatem habuit, et esuriit ipse, et qui cum eo erant?
26. Quomodo introivit in domurn Dei sub Abiathar principe sa
cerdotum, et panes propositionis manducavit, quos non licebat
manducare, nisi sacerdotibus, et dedit eis, qui cum eo erant?
27. Et dicebat eis: Sabbatum propter hominem factum est, et non
homo propter sabbatum.
28. Itaque Dominus est filius hominis, etiam sabbati.
(Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Marcum, caput II, 1-28.)
LESSON XVI
UNIT ONE
Dona eis requiem sempiternam. Grant theln eternal rest.
Vocabulary
calculus, -i, m., coal, pebble, stone
orbis, orbis (gen. pI., orbium), m., tlJorld orbit
J
antlstes, antistitis, m., bishop

Papa, -ae, m., Pope
cultor, cultoris, m., tvors/zipper, one tV/I0 professes
incolumitas, incolumitatis, f., safety
votum, -i, n., tJOUJ
venia, -ae, f., pardon
commixtio, commixtionis, f., mingling, mixing
vIscera, -urn, n. pI., bowels, innernzost parts
tenebrae, -arum, f. pI., darl(ness
consors (gen. consortis), adj., parta!~ing
illibatus, -a, -urn, unblelnislzed
ratus, -a, -urn, ratified, settled
rationabilis (m. and f.), rationabile (n.), reasonable, a~ceptable
summus, -a, -urn, high, Izzg/zest
proprius, -a, -urn, one's Ollln
mereri (Jep.), to deserve, to be tvorthy
condere (condidi, conditus), to create~ to found
enarrare, to tell, to reIate
reddere (rcddidi, redditus), to restore} return, to pay
eripere (eripui, ereptus), to rescue
aestimare, to esteem
largiri (dep.), to grant
potare, to drink
119
120 LATIN GRAMMAR
lucere Ouxi), to shine
perhibere, to bring forward, to report
rogare, to beseech
vel, or
quotquot, however many, as many as, all who
39. Ablative absolute. This construction consists of a phrase in

the ablative case made up of a noun or adjective and a participle,
a noun and an adjective, or two nouns. As its name implies, it is
grammatically independent of the sentence in which it occurs, that
is, it does not refer to the same person or thing as the subj ect or
object of the main verb. It is best translated by a clause introduced
by although, when, since, or the like.
Defunctis sepultis, abierunt mill W hen the dead were buried,
tes domus suas. the soldiers went home. (Liter
ally, with the dead buried).
Multis convocatis, intraverunt After many had been called ta
in civitatem. gether, they entered the city.
Herode rege, Christus natus est. At the time that Herod was
king, Christ was born.
40. FIeri, to he made, to heconle. The verb facere, to make, is ir

regular in the simple tenses of the passive voice. The irregular tenses
(besides the passive infinitive fIeri) are as follows:
Indicative Subjunctive
Present Present
lio fimus fiam fiamus
lis litis lias fiatis
fit fiunt fiat fiant
Imperfect Imperfect
liebam, etc. flerem, etc.
LATIN GRAMMAR 121
Future
fiam
fies
net
EXERCISES
A. Suffixes. The suffix ..tor (/. ..trix) is added to verb stems to

denote the agent or doer of an action.
I. mercator, merchant (from mercari, to trade). 2. explorator,
scout (from explorare, to seek out). 3. victor, victor (from vlncere,
to conquer). 4. imperator, emperor (from imperare, to conlmand).
5. gubemator, pilot, governor (from gubernare, to steer, to govern).
6. pastor, shepherd (from pascere, to lead to pasture). 7. largitor, a
liberal giver (from largiri, to give abundantly). 8. scriptor, writer
(from scrlbere, to write). 9. genitor, father (from generare, to beget).
10. ultor, avenger (from ulcfsci, to avenge). II. inventor, inventor
(from invenfre, to find). 12. venatrix, huntress (from venari, to
hunt). 13. genetrix, mother (from generare, to beget). 14. nutrix,
nurse (from nutrirc, to nourish). 15. cultor, cultivator (from colerc,
to cultivate).
B. Re.. as a verb prefix means back or again.

I. reclpere (to take back, to receive). 2. reverti (to turn back, to
revert). 3. repellere (to drive back, to repel). 4. retinere (to hold
back, to retain, to detain). 5. redfmere (to buy back, to redeem).
6. rejfcere (to throw back, to reject). 7. remre (to go back, to re
turn). 8. reddere (to give back, to restore). 9. reprimere (to press
back, to repress). 10. recreare (to create again, to recreate). II.
revocare (to call back, to revoke). 12. renasci (to be born again).
13. renovare (to make new again, to renew). 14. remlttere (to send
back, to ren1it). IS. referre (to bring back, to refer).
122 LATIN GRAMMAR
UNIT Two
A. Read and translate into English.

I. Coram rege stabant et veniam deiictorum suo rum petebant.
2. Apostoli plebi enarrabant omnia quae Dominus dlxerat fece
ratgue. 3. Homo tam bonus erat, ut largiretur pauperibus on1ne quod
possidebat. 4. Quis reddere potest, id quod perditum est? 5. Gmne
vinum non potaverunt; aliquid reHctum est. 6. Quaero num eas
hoJie ad civitatem vel remaneas hie. 7. Cum luceret lux, tenebrae
non erant. 8. Quotquot bene serviverunt ei, pater eis munera dedit.
9. Illis diebus condiderunt civitatem, cuj us nomen Roma vocatum
est. 10. Si pueri ex agua ab homlne fortI ercpti non essent, mortui
essent. 11. Propter tenebras invenire non poterant montem quem eis
ostendi. 12. Non meremur dona et favares quos illi homines gene
rosi nobis largiti sunt. 13. Non se aestimabant dignos ad accipiendam
laud em ejus. 14. Quot pueri sciunt Papam antlstidem Romanum esse?
IS. In calice commIxtio aquae et vini est. 16. Testimonium perhlbuit
de conditi6nibus malis in quibus vivebant omnes pauperes ilHus
civitatis. 17. Dixitque Deus: Fiat lux. Et facta est lux. 18. Facio
hoc, ut flam cultor fidelis religi6nis meae. 19. Quaedam vata ab
q uog ue sacerd6te facienda sunt. 20. In illa die tremcnda totus orbis
terrae in flamnlis futurus est. 21. Agno perdito, pueri tristes erant.
22. Lotis manibus suis, virgines sedebant qui manducarent. 23. Luce
visa, homines ad montem redierunt. 24. AuxHium obLitum, accepi- I
nlUS. 25. Pane manducato, discfpuli vinum biberunt. I
I
B. I. Misereatur tui omnlpotens Deus, et dimlssis peccitis tuis,:

_1 /
peruucat te a d· ,
vItam aeternam. 2. A u fer a no b·IS, quaesumus,
, D'()-I I
mine, iniquiultes nostras, ut ad Sancta sanctorum puris merean1ur:

mentibus introlre. 3. Munda cor meum, ac labia mea, omnlpotens I
Deus, qui labia Isalae prophetae calculo mundasti ignlto, ita me:
tua grata miseratione dignare mundare, ut sanctum Evangelium:
tuum digne valeam nuntiare. 4. Suscipe, sancte Pater omnipotens,:
aeterne Deus, hanc immaculatam hostiam, quam ego ,]'u l~
L.l-\TIN GRAMMAR 123
famulus tuus 6ffero tibi, Deo mea vivo et vero, pro innumerabHibus
peccatis, et offensi6nibus, et negligentiis meis, et pro 6mnibus cir
cumstantibus, sed et pro 6mnibus fidelibus christianis vivis atq ue
defunctis, ut mihi, et iBis pro£lciat ad salutem in vitam aeternam.
5. Deus, qui humanae substantiae dignitatem mirablliter condidlsti,
et mirablli us reformasti, da nobis per huj us aquae et vini mysterium,
ejus divinitatis esse consortes, qui humanitatis nostrae Heri dignatus
est particeps, Jesus Christus, Fllius tuus, D6minus noster. 6. In
splritu humllitatis, et in animo contrllo suscipianlur ate, D6mine,
et sic fiat sacri£lcium nostrum in conspectu tuo h6die, ut placeat
tibi, Domine Deus. 7. Lavabo inter innocentes, manus meas, et
circumdabo aluire tuum, D6mine, ut audiam vocem laudis, et enar
rem universa mirabllia tua. 8. Orate fratres, ut meum ac vestrum
sacriflcium acceptabile fiat apud Deum Patrem omnipotentem. 9.
Te 19itur, clementlssime Pater, per Jesum Christum Fllium tuum
D6minum nostrum, supplices rogamus, ac petimus, uti accepta ha·
beas, et benedlcas, haec dona, haec munera, haec sancta sacriHcia
illibata. 10. In primis, quae tibi offerimus pro Ecclesia tua sancta
cath6lica, quam pacificare, custodlre, adunare, et regere digneris
toto orbe terrarum; una cum famulo tuo Papa nostro, et Antistite
nostro, et omnibus orthod6xis atque cath61icae, et apostolicae fidei
cultoribus. 11. Pro spe salutis~ et incolumitatis suae. 12. Tiblque red·
dunt vota sua aeterno Deo, vivo et vero. 13. Quam oblationem tu,
Deus, in omnibus, quaesumus, benedlctam, adscrlptam, ratam, ra
tionabilem, acceptabilemq ue ticere digneris, ut nobis Corpus, et
Sanguis fiat dilectissimi Fllii tui D6mini nostri Jesu Christi. 14. Supra
quae propltio ac sereno vultu resplcere digneris, et accepta habere,
slcuti accepta habere dignatus es munera pueri tui justi Abel, et sac
rificium Patriarchae nostri Abrahae, et quod tibi 6btulit summus
sacerdos tuus Meichisedech, sanctum sacriHcium, immacuhltam h6s
tiam. IS. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra. 16. Haec com
mIxtio, et consecratio Corporis et Sanguinis Domini nostri Jesu
Christi, fiat accipientibus nobis in vitam aeternam. 17. Corpus tuum,
D6mine, quod sumpsi, et Sanguis quem potavi, adhaereat visceribus
LATIN GRAMMAR
meis. 18. Lux in tenebris lucet, et tenebrae earn non comprehenderunt.

19. In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factus est, et mundus eum
non cognovit. 20. In propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt.
UNIT THREE
A. Translate these ablative absolutes with a clause in English.

I. oculis elevatis. 2. dimlssis peccatis vestris. 3. viso eo. 4. viris jussis.
5. plebe docta. 6. matribus conturbatis. 7. tubis audftis. 8. adjutorio
rogato. 9. servis vocatis. 10. salvato mundo. I I. aqua blbita. 12. vocatis
nomfnibus suis. 13. via ostenta. 14. sanctis justificatis. 15. muneribus
datis. 16. pacificata mente sua. 17. facie aversa.
B. Give the English for the following:

I.Fiat lux. 2. Homo factus est. 3. Sic fiat sacriffcium nostrum in
conspectu tuo hodie, ut placeat tibi. 4. Orate fratres, ut meum ac
vestrum sacrifIcium acceptabile fiat apud Deum Patrem omnipoten
s.
tern. Fiat voluntas tua. 6. Haec commIxtio et consecratio COrporis
et Sanquinis Domini nostri Jesu Christi, fiat accipientibus nobis in
vitam aeternam. 7. Fiat nobis remedium sempiternum. 8. Mundus
per ipsum factus est. 9. Faciam vos fieri piscatores h6minum. 10.
Antequam terra fieret. II. Fortes facti sunt in bello. 12. Clamor factus
est.
I. c61ere (to cultivate). 2. incolumis (unharmed). 3. tenebrosus
(dark). 4. ratio (reckoning). 5. proprietas (peculiarity, distinction).
6. aestimator (one who esteems). 7. conditor (creator). 8. consortium
(company). 9.largitor (generous giver). 10. lux (light). II. meritum
(merit). 12. rogatio (request, question). 13. suscipere (to receive).
14. tenere (to hold). 15. emere (to buy). 16. jacere (to throw). 17.
LATIN GRAMMAR
invocare (to call upon). 18. novus (new). 19. offerre (to offer). 20.
nasci (to be born).

calculus calculate cuItor culture
votum votary venia venial
commixtio mixture consors consort
rationabilis rational proprius property
mereri meritorious aestimare estimation
Iarglri largesse potare potable
lucere translucent rogare interrogatory
enarrare narrative mercator mercantile

Noun Adjective Verb
novitas (new novus (new) renovare (to re
ness) new)
uItrix (aveng inultus (unpun uIclsci (to
ing woman) ished) avenge)
genitor (father) unigenitus (only generare (to be
begotten) get)
largitor (giver) largus (abun larglri (to give
dant) abundantly)
pastor (shep pastoralis (pas pascere (to feed)
herd) toral)
victor (victor) invlctus (un vincere (to con
conquered) quer)
lux (light) lucidus (bright) lucere (to shine)
READING LESSON
I. In diebus illis iterum cum turba multa esset, nec haberent, quod
manducarent, convocatis discipulis, ait illis:
2. Misereor super turbam: quia ecce jam triduo sustinent me, nee
nabent quod manducent:
3. Et si dimisero eos jejunos in domum suam, deficient in via:
quidam enim ex eis de lange venerunt.
4. Et responderunt ei diseipuli sui: Unde iUos quis poterit hie
saturare panibus in solitudine?
s. Et interrogavit eos: Quat panes habetis? Qui dixerunt: Septem.
6. Et praeeepit turbae diseumbere super terram. Et aecipiens sep
tern panes, gratias agens fregit, et dabat discipulis suis ut apponerent,
et apposuerunt turbae.
7. Et habebant piscieulos paueos: et ipsos benedixit, et jussit apponi.
8. Et manducaverunt, et saturati sunt, et sustulerunt quod supe
raverat de fragmentis, septem sportas.
9. Erant autem qui manducaverunt, quasi quattuor rnillia: et di
misit eos.
10. Et statim ascendens navim cum discipulis suis, venit in partes
Dalmanutha.
II. Et exierunt Pharisaei, coeperunt conquirere cum eo, quaerentes
ab illa signum de caeIo, tentantes eum.
12. Et ingemiscens spiriuJ, ait: Quid generatio ista signum quaerit?
Amen dieo vobis, si dabituf generationi isti signum.
13. Et dimittens eos, ascendit iterum navim, et abiit trans fretum.
14. Et obliti sunt panes sumere: et nisi unum panem habebant
secum in navis.
IS. Et praecipiebat eis, dicens: Videte, et cavete a fermento Phari
saeorUffi, et fernlento Herodis.
126
LATIN GRAMMAR 127
16. Et cogitabant ad alterutrum, dicentes: Quia panes non habemus.

17. Quo cognito, ait illis Jesus: Quid cogitatis, quia panes non habe
tis? N ond urn cognoscitis nee intelligitis? Adh uc caecatum habetis
cor vestrum?
18. Oculos habentes non videtis? et aures habentes non auditis?
Nec recordamini.
19. Quando quinque panes fregi in quinque millia: quot cophinos
fragtnentorum pIenos sustulistis? Dicuntei: Duodecim.
20. Quando et septem panes in quattuor millia: quot sportas frag
mentorum tulistis? Et dicuntei: Septem.
21. Et dicebat eis: Quomodo nondum intelligitis?
22. Et veniunt Bcthsaidam, et adclucunt ei caecum, et rogabant
eum ut ilIum tang-eret.
23. Et apprehensa manu caeci, eduxit eum extra vicum: et expuens
in oculos ej us impositis manibus suis, interrogavit eum si quid vi
deret.
24. Et aspiciens, ait: Video homines vel ut arbores ambulantes.
25. Deinde iterum imposuit manus super oculos ej us: et coepit
videre: et restitutus est ita ut clare videret omnia.
26. Et misit illum in domum suam, dicens: Vade in domum tuam:
et si in vicum introieris, nemini dixeris.
27. Et egressus est Jesus, et discipuli ejus in castella Caesareae
Philippi: et in via interrogabat discipulos suos, dicens cis: Quem me
dicunt esse homines?
28. Qui respanderunt illi, dicentes: Joannem Baptistam, alii Eliam,
alii vero quasi un urn de prophetis.
29. Tunc dicit illis: Vos vero quem me esse dicitis? Respondens
Petrus, aitei: T u es Christus.
30. Et comminatus est eis, ne cui dicerent de illo.
31. Et coepit docere eos quoniam opartet filium hominis pati
multa, et reprobari a senioribus, et a sunlmis sacerdotibus, et Scribis,
et occidi: et post tres dies resurgere.
32. Et palam verbum loquebatur. Et apprehendens eum Petrus,
coepit increpare eum.
128 LATIN GRAMMAR
33. Qui conversus, et videns discipulos suos, comminatus est Petro,
dicens: Vade retro me satana, quoniam non sapis quae Dei sunt, sed
quae sunt hominum.
34. Et convocata turba cum discipulis suis, dixit eis: Si quis vult
me sequi, deneget semetipsum: et toHat crucem suam, et sequatur me.
35. Qui enim voluerit animam suam salvam facere, perdet earn:
qui autem perdiderit animam suam propter me, et Evangelium, sal
vam faciet eam.
36. Quid enim proderit homini, si lucretur mundum totum: et
detrimentum animae suae faciat?
37. Aut quid dabit homo commutationis pro anima sua?
38. Qui enim me confusus fuerit, et verba mea in generatione ista
adultera et peccatrice: et filius hominis confundetur eum, cum venerit
ill gloria patris sui cum angelis sanctis.
39. Et dicebat iBis: Amen dico vobis, quia sunt quidam de hie
stantibus, qui non gustabunt mortem donee videant regnum Dei
veniens in virtute.
Oesu Christi Evangelium secundum Marcum, caput VIII, 1-39.)
LESSON XVII
UNIT ONE
Ecce Agnus Dei; ecce qui Behold the Lamb of God; behold Him
tollit peccata mundi. who taketh away the sins of the world.
Vocabulary
aedificare, to build
apenre (aperui, apertus), to open
aspergere (aspersi, aspersus), to sprinkle
canere (cecini, cantus), to sing
cogere (coegi, coactus), to lead or bring togeth", to assemble
effulgere (effulsi), to shine
sentIre (sensi, sensus), to feel
deinde (adv.), then
ita (adv.), so, even
quasi (adv.), as if, like
tantum (adv.), but, only
argentum, -i, n., silver
cinis, cineris, m., ashes
episcopus, -i, m., bishop
epistola, -ae, f., epistle, letter
lingua, -ae, f., tongue
sinus, sinus, m., breast, bosom
semen, seminis, n., seed, descendant
leo, leonis, m., lion
militia, -ae, f., army
exercitus, exercitus, m., army, host
ovis,ovis (gen. pI., ovium), f., sheep
amarus, -a, -um, bitter
J2~
LATIN GRAMMAR
benignus, -a, -urn, favorable

certus, -a, -urn, certain
ceterus, -a, -urn, the otller
praeteritus, -a, -urn, past
41. Indirect discourse. ./\n indirect quotation occurring after a verb

meaning to say, to think, to I\.nolv is expressed by an infinitive with
the subject in the accusatn· case. All subordinate clauses occurring
in an indirect quotation are nut in the subjunctive.
T hey say that their sons are com Dicunt f.aios SUDS venire (pres.
Ing. inf.).
T hey say that their sons 11ave Dicunt fBios SUDS venisse (perf.
come. inf.) .
They say that their sons will Dicunt fBios SUDS venturos esse
come. (fut. inf.).
T hey said that their sons were Dixerunt f1lios SUDS venIre (pres.
comIng. in£.) .
They said that their sons had Dixerunt fBios SUDS venisse (perf.
come. in£.) .
T hey said that tlleir sons would Dixerunt fllios SUDS venturos esse
come. (fur. in£.).
She knew that he was sleeping Sciebat eum dormire quod lassus
because he tvas tired. esset.
He said tIl at tlley had asked Dixit eos quaesivisse ubi futurus
where he would be. esset.
Note the following:

I) An introductory word for that is not needed in an indirect quo
tation in Latin.
2) The present infinitive is used when the time is the same as that
of the princi pal verb.
3) The perfect infinitive is used when the time precedes that of
the main verb.
LATIN GRAMMAR 131
4) The future infinitive is used when the time follows that of the
main verb.
s) A frequent substitute for the construction given above is a sub
ordinate clause introduced by quod or quia. The verb is in the indica
tive mood.
I knotv tllat he shall ris~ again in the resurrection on th~ last day.
Scio quia resurget in resurrectione in novlssimo die.
Study in the Appendix the infinitives of the four conjugations.
EXERCISES
A. Suffixes. The suffix -or is added to verb stems to form nouns

signifying activity, condition, or ftat~.
I. dolor, pai n (from dolere, to su fIer). 2. amor, love (from amare,
to love). 3. timor, fear (from timere, to fear). 4. labor, labor (from
Iaborare, to labor). 5. clamor, cry (from clamare, to cry out). 6. error,
error (from errare, to \vander). 7. splendor, brightness (from splen
dere, to glitter). 8. decor, beauty (from dcconire, to adorn). 9. calor,
heat (from calere, to be warm). J o. sudor, sweat (from sudare, to
sweat). I I. sopor, sleep (from sopire, to put to sleep). 12. stridor,
grating, gnashi ng (from stridere, to make a harsh noise).
B. Compounded \vith verbs, sub- (sus-, sue-, sup-, suf-) means

under, up, clOJ~ to, to th~ aid 01.
I. suscipere (to take up, to receive). 2. subire (to go under or close
to). 3. sustinere (to hold up, to succeed to). 4. suceendo (to set on fire
from beneath, to kindle, to inflame). 5. subesse (to be under).
6. subjicere (to throw or put under, to subjugate). 7. submittere (to
put under, to let down or lower). 8. subvenire (to come up to, to
assist). 9. succurrere (to run under or up to, to hasten to hel p, to
succor). 10. sufferre (to carry under, to endure, to suffer). 11. sub
mergere (to plunge under, to submerge). 12. supponere (to put UD
der).
132 LATIN GRAMMAR
I. Dicit eos ecclesiam novam in civitate sua aedificavlsse. 2. Sacerdos
dixit verba epIscopi ad missas cunctas annuntiatun1 iri. 3. Pueri scie
bant se non mereri ut ab patre suo sibi indulgeretur. 4. Si leo atque
ovis in loco eadem simul ponerentur, leo ovem manducaret. s. Aquam
benedlcent et turbam ea aspergent. 6. Calicem frangere non potes,
quia argento factus est. 7. Apostoli eplstolas scribebant discIpulis suis,
ut eos docerent veritates quas ex ore Christi audlverant. 8. Dixit se
in terrarn illam iturum esse, ut magnum exercitum cogeret. 9. Scimus
hunc hominem muIta mala passum esse. 10. Cogitat patrem vestrum
jussisse hic nos remanere. II. Dixit nobis servos vidlsse lumen
in monte lucens. 12. Dixi me non recepIsse libros quos mlseris ad
me. 13. Credimus hominem primum in paradIso creatum esse. 14.
Dicit fidem scripturas apostolorum inspiravlsse. IS. Nesciebant la
cum tam profundum esse, ita ut tota cIvitas in illum submergi pos
set. 16. CuItor terram bonam colit et semina mittit in illam. 17. Dicit
omnes nomina sua in librum inscribere. 18. Dicti sumus nos non
salvatum iri, si vitas nostras in malltiis perdamus. 19. Sciunt dellcta
inimicorum suorum non inulta futura esse. 20. Dixerunt servos chris
tianos multo argento redemptos esse. 21. Ne aperiant ora sua, quoniam
verba eorum non audientur.
UNIT Two
I. Supplices te rogamus, omnlpotens Deus, jube haec perferri
per manus sancti Angeli tui in sublIme altare tuum, in conspectu di
vlnae majestatis tuae, ut quotquot, ex hac altaris participatione sacro
sanctum FHii tui, Corpus et Sanguinem sumpserimus, omni bene
dictione caelesti et gratia repleamur. 2. Nobis quoque peccatoribus
famulis tuis, de muItitudine miserationum tuarum sperantibus, par
tern £liquam, et societatem donare digneris, cum tuis sanctis Aposto
lis, et Martyribus, et omnibus Sanctis tuis, intra quorum nos consor
tium, non aestimator meriti, sed veniae, quaesumus, largitor admltte.
3. Et dimftte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimlttimus debitoribus
LATIN GRA}Y1MAR
nostris. 4. Quid retrIbuam Domino pro omnibus quae retrIbuit mihi?
S. Domine, non sum dignus ut intres sub tectum meum; sed tantum
dic verbo et sanabitur anima mea. 6. Et vIdimus gloriam ejus, gloriam
quasi Unigeniti a Patre, plenum gratiae et veritatis. 7. Asperges me
hyssopo, et mundabor. 8. LIbera me de sanguinibus, Deus, Deus salu
tis meae, et exultabit llngua mea jusdtiam tuam. 9. Domine, labia mea
aperies. 10. BenIgne fac, Domine, in bona voluntate tua Sion, ut
aedificentur muri Jerusalem. II. Exaudi orationem meam, ad te omnis
carD veniet. 12. Tuba coget omnes ante thronum. 13. Inter oves locum
praesta. 14. Scio quia resurget in resurrectione in novIssimo die. IS.
LIbera eas de ore leonis. 16. Quam Abrahae promisIsti, et semini ej us.
17. Lux aeterna luceat eis, Domine. 18. LIbera me, Domine, de morte
aeterna, in die illa tremenda, quando caeIi movendi sunt et terra.
19. Tremens factus sum ego, et timeo. 20. Dies illa, dies irae, calamita
tis et miseriae, dies magna et amara. 21. Omnis qui vivit et credit in
me, non morietur in aeternum. 22. In diebus illis: Audfvi vocem de
caelo, dicentem mihi: Scribe, Beati mortui, qui in Domino moriuntur.
23. Libera nos, quaesumus, Domine, ab omnibus malis, praeteritis,
praesentibus et futuris. 24. In quo nobis spes beatae resurrectionis ef..
fulsit, ut quos contrIstat certa moriendi condItio, eosdem consoletur
futurae immortalitatis promlssio. 25. Et ideo cum Angelis et Arch..
angelis, cum Thronis et Dominationibus, cumque omni milItia caeles..
tis exercitus, hymnum gloriae tuae canimus, sine fine dicentes: Sane..
tus, sanctus, sanctus.
UNIT THREE
A. Change each of these sentences to indirect discourse by placing

a verb of saying, thinking, or knowing before each one.
I. Cum lassae sint, non venturae sunt. 2. Ea vivet sola in domo illa
magna super montem. 3. Abierunt postquam opus fecerunt. 4. Eos vidit
dum hic erant. S. Multum pauperibus donat, quia bonus et clemens
est. 6. Liber a patre ejus scribebatur. 7. Agnus, quem mater sua dedit
ei, mortuus est. 8. Non ei ostendebant, ubi sessurus erato 9. Non crede
134 LATIN GRAMlVfAR
l-xlillus in verba ejus, qu6niam sciebamus ea vera non esse. 10. Pueri
laetantur, cum patres sui eos laudant.
the same cierivation as the following:
I. spargere (to scatter). 2. incertus (uncertain). 3. miles (soldier). 4.
benigne (favorably). 5. incertum (uncertainty). 6. aedificium (build
ing). 7. cantus (song). 8. seminare (to SO\v). 9. amator (lover). 10.
occurrere (to meet). I I. cantor (singer). 12. dolorosus (sorrowful).
13. currere (to run).

canere incantation cogere cogent
effulgere cf1ulgent sentire sentinlent
cinis incinerator episcopus episcopal
lingua linguist semen dlsserninate
leo leonine militia military
c) Note these masculine nouns with their feminine equiv~l1ents.

A~ks Femaks
pater ( father) mater (mother)
frater (brother) soror (sister)
puer (boy) virgo, puella (maiden, girl)
filius (son) filia (daughter)
servus (man serv~nt) serva (maid servant)
famulus (man servant) famuIa (maid serva nt)
sanctus (man saInt) sancta (\voman saint)
deus (god) dea (goddess)
genitor (father) genetrix (mother)
cantor (singer) cantrix (\\7001aO singer)
vcnator (hunter) venatrix (huIltress)
READING LESSON
I. Jesus autem plenus Spiritu sancto regressus est a Jordane: et age..
batur a Spiritu in desertum,

2. Diebus quadraginta, et tentabatur a diabolo. Et nihil manducavit
in dicbus illis: et consummatis illis esuriit.
3. Dixit autem illi diabolus: Si filius Dei es, die lapidi huic ut panis
fiat.
4. Et respondi t ad illurn Jesus: Scriptum est: Quia non in solo pane
vivit homo, sed in omni verbo Dei.
5. Et duxit illum diabolus in montem excelsum, et ostendit illi
omnia regna orbis terrae in momenta temporise
6. Et ait illi: 1-<ibi dabo potestatem hanc universam, et gloriam il
lorum: quia mihi tradita sunt: et cui volo do illa.
7. Tu ergo si adoraveris coram me, erunt tua omnia.
8. Et respondens Jesus, dixit illi: Scriptum est: Dominum Deum
tuum adorabis et illi soli servies.
9. Et duxit illum in Jerusalem, et statuit eum super pinnam templi
et dixit illi: Si filius Dei es, mitte te hinc deorsum.
10. Scriptum est enim quod Angelis suis mandavit de te, ut con
servent teo
I I. Et quia in manibus tollent te, ne forte ofIendas ad lapidem pe
clem tuum.
12. Et respondens Jesus, ait illi: Dictum est: Non tentabis Domi
num Deum tuum.
13. Et consummata omni tentatione, diabolus recessit ab ilIo usque
ad tempus.
14. Et regress us est Jesus in virtute Spiritus in Galilaeam, et fama
exiit per universam regionem de illo.
IS. Et ipse docebat in synagogis eorum, et magnificabatur ab om
nibus.
135
LATIN GRAMMAR
16. Et venit Nazareth, ubi erat nutritus, et intravit secundum COD
suetudinem suam die sabbati in synagogam, et surrexit legere.
17. Et traditus est illi Liber Isaiae prophetae. Et ut revolvit librum,
invenit locum ubi scriptum erat:
18. Spiritus Domini super me: propter quod unxit me, evangelizare
pauperibus misit me, sanare contritos corde.
19. Praedicare captivis remissionem, et caecis visum, dimittere con
fractos in remissionem, praedicare annum Domini acceptum, et diem
retributionis.
20. Et cum plicuisset librum, reddidit ministro, et sedit. Et omnium
in synagoga oculi erant intendentes in eum.
21. Coepit autem dicere ad illos: Quia hodie impleta est haec scrip
tura in auribus vestris.
22. Et omnes testimonium illi dabant: et mirabantur in verbis gra
tiae, quae procedebant de ore ipsius, et dicebant: Nonne hic est filius
Joseph?
23. Et ait illis: Utique dicetis mihi hanc similitudinem: Medice,
cura teipsum: quanta audivimus facta in Capharnaum fac et hic in
patria tua.
24. Ait autem: Amen dico vobis, quia nemo propheta acceptus est
in patria sua.
25. In veritate dico vobis, multae viduae erant in diebus Eliae in
Israel, quando clausum est caelum annis tribus, et mensibus sex; cum
facta esset fames magna in omni terra.
26. Et ad nullam illarum missus est Elias, nisi in Sarepta Sidoniae,
ad mulierem viduam.
27. Et multi leprosi erant in Israel, sub Elisaeo propheta: et nemo
eorum mundatus est nisi Naaman Syrus.
28. Et repleti sunt omnes in synagoga ira, haec audientes.
29. Et surrexerunt, et ejecerunt inurn extra civitatem: et duxerunt
ilIum usque ad supercilium montis, super quem civitas illorum erat
aedificata, ut praecipitarent eum.
30. Ipse autem transiens per medium illorum, ibat.
LATIN GRAMMAR 137
31. Et descendit in Capharnaum civitatem Galilaeae, ibique dace
bat ilIos sabbatis.
32. Et stupebant in doctrina ejus, quia in potestate erat sermo ip
SIUS.
33. Et in synagoga erat homo habens daemonium immundum, et
exclamavit voce magna,
34. Dicens: Sine, quid nobis, et tibi Jesu Nazarene? venisti perdere
nos? scio te q uis sis, Sanctus Dei.
35. Et increpavit ilIum Jesus, dicens: Obmutesce, et exi ab eo. Et
cum projecisset illum daemonium in medium, exiit ab illa, nihilque
illurn nocuit.
36. Et factus est pavor in omnibus, et colloquebantur ad invicem,
dicentes: Quod est hoc verbum, quia in potestate et virtute imperat
immundis spiritibus, et exeunt?
37. Et divulgabatur fama de ilIo in omnem locum regionis.
(Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Lucam, caput IV, 1-37.)
LESSON XVIII
UNIT ONE
Corpus Domini nostri Jesu May the body of our Lord !esuJ
Christi custodiat animam Christ preserve thy soul to life
tuam in vitam aeternam. everlasting.
Vocabulary
vinculum, -i, n., bond, chain
Judaei, Judaeorum, m., /ellJS
poena, -ae, f., pain, punishnzent, penalty
tartarus, -i, rn., hell
praemium, -ii, n., gift, reward
ros, roris, m., dew
os, ossis, n., bone
umbra, -ae, f., shadow
vicis (gen.) (nom. missing), f., punishment} change
turma, -ae, f., squadron, troop, throng
tumulus, -i, fi., mound, grave
vanus, -a, -urn, elnpty, vain
perennis (m. and f.), perenne (n.), eternal
optare, to desire
litigare, to quarrel, to dispute, to strive
absorbere, to absorb, to SUJallOlU
repraesentare, to lead; to shofu, to represent
purgare, to cleanse
jurare, to swear
jungere (junxi, junctus), to join, to bind, to unz"te
parcere (peperci, parcitus), to spare
13 8
LATIN GRAMMAR 139
migrare, to depart
expedire, to delIver from
jam (adv.), now, already
invicem, one another, each other
ad invicen1, an20ng t/zemJelves, reciprocally
quomodo (interr. adv.), how
olim (adv.), formerly, once
foras (adv.), out of doors, outsid~
pariter (adv.), at the same time
illic (adv.), there
quondam (adv.), formerly, onc~
nisi, ni (conj.), if not, unless, except
42. Impersonal verbs. An impersonal verb is one that is used in the

third person singular only, its subject being the impersonal pro
noun it.
licere, to be permitted, to b~ tatttful
I am permitted to do this. I-Ioc mihi facere licet (It is per
mitted to me).
T hey [{Jere pern2itted to enter the Intrare in aedificium eis licebat
building. (It was permitted to them).
decen\ /fJ .fit, SUit, to be becoming
It is stutable to offer gifts to tile Munera regi offerre decet.
king.
Verbs not ordinarily impersonal are frequently used impersonally
in the passive voice.
He (tIley, etc.) came. Ventum est (It \vas come).
They ate. Coenatum est (It was eaten).
It happened, it came to pass. Factum est (It was made).
43. Adjectives of special declension. The follo\ving adjectives have

-ius in the genitive singular and -i in the dative singular of all genders.
Other\vise they are declined like bonus.
LATIN GRAMMAR
alius (fl. aIiud), other neuter (neutrlus) neither (of
alter, the other (of two) two)
ullus, any solus, alone
nullus, no, not any totus, whole
uter (utrius), which (0£ two) unus, one
of th~ oth~r man altUS h6minis

to any mot/let" ulli matri
to which boy utri puero
of n~ither book neutnus libri
of th~ whol~ u10rld totius mundi
44. Uses of the dative.

a) As indirect object.
H~ gatl~ m~ th~ trump~t. Tubam mihi dedit.
b) With verbs compounded with ab, ad, ante, circum, COD, in, inter,
post, prae, pro, sub, super.
H~ was in command of th~ army. Exerettui praeerat.
Sh~ laidthe bread before us. Panem nobis anteposuit.
We promised him a reward. Munus ei proffiisimus.
They will help the boy. Puero subvenient.
e) With intransitive verbs meaning benefit or injure} pleas~ or dis..

pleas~}
c01111nand or obey} serve or resist} believe or distrust} persuad~,
pardon, spar~, envy, threaten, be angry, and the like.
She has served )IOU.
Ea tibi servlvit.
This book will pleas~ them.

Hie liber eis plaeebit.
Th~y do not believ~ m~.

Mihi non eredunt.
H~ p~suaded th~ servants.

Servis persuasit.
d) To express the agent with the passive periphrastic.

You must op~n the gat~. Porta tibi aperienda est. (The
gate must be opened by you.)
LATIN GRAMMAR
e) To express possession with esse, the possessor being in the dative

case.
T he boy Ilas a book. Puero liber est. (The book is to
the boy.)
f) To denote purpose.
T hey will send some men as an Homines aliquos civitati aux1lio
aid to the city. mittent. (Auxilio is dative of
purpose.)
EXERCISES
A. Suffixes. The endings -io, -tio, and -tus are added to verb stems
to form verbal nouns which denote an act or the result of an act.
I. conjuratio, conspiracy (from conjurare, to conspire). 2. oratio,
prayer (from orare, to pray). 3. suspicio, sllspicion (from suspicere,
to suspect). 4. dubitatio, doubt (from dubitare, to doubt). 5. offensio,
offense (from offendere, to offend). 6. deditio, surrender (from de..
clerc, to surrender). 7. conspectus, sight (from conspicere, to look at).
8. fructus, fruit (from frui, to enjoy). 9. luctus, mourning (from lu
gere, to mourn). 10. £Ictus, weeping (from Here, to ,veep). 1 I. cantus,
song (from canere, to sing). 12. conatus, an attempt (from conari, to
attempt).
B. Trans- as a prefix means through or across.

I. transire (to go through). 2. tradere (to give or hand across). 3.
tr3ducere (to lead across). 4. transfigere (to pierce through, to trans
fix). s.transportare (to carry across, to transport). 6. transferre (to
bring through, to transfer). 7. transmittere (to send across, to trans
mit). 8. tranare (to swim across).
c. Read the Latin and translate into English.

Litigabant ad Invicem, qu6niam non credebant quod eis dlxerat
I.
dominus eorum. 2. Si nos jllngimus turmis inimicorum, nobis non
LATIN GRAM~1AR
parcetur. 3. Quomodo tumulos mortuis olIm faciebant? 4. Jurave

runt, nisi migrarent ex civitate, ipsos ens ejecturos esse foras. 5. Pueri
non in domo erant, dum ego illic eram. 6. Ossa multorum sanctorum
et martyrum in iUis tumulis inventa sunt. 7. Virum alium non vidi,
quia in umbra stabat. 8. Dicta hujus honlinis vera sunt, sed dicta alius
vana et dolosa sunt. 9. NuUus homo per ignem transire potest incolu
mise 10. Decebat praemia of1crre eis qui multum sacrificaverant pro
patria sua. 11. Quondam eos convertere ab malltiis SUlS conat us erat,
sed conatus sui vani erant. 12. Vita ullius hominis sine macula esse
debet, ut alios in vias rectas adducat. 13. Libras neutri puero dabo.
14. Nobis non licebat ren13nere in civitate ilIa die. IS. Nlultae eccle
siae discipulis in terris navis aedihcandae erant. 16. Cum fanluli sui
ei bene servivlssent, servitutis fidclis eorum oblltus est. 17. ()pera
bona vestra vobis proficient, diebus q uibus adj utorium aliorum
necesSariUITI erit. 18. Factum est, cum ad invicem conjuravlssent, rex
per illam Viam ibat. 19. Virginibus auxilio veniebant. 20. lIla domus
mea fratri est.
'UNIT Two
A. I. Tibi soli peccavi, et malum coram te feci. 2. Domine Jesu

Christi, Rex gl6riae, llbera animas omnium fidelium defunctorum de
poenis inferni et de profunda Iacu. 3. Libera eos de are leonis, ne
absorbeat eas tartar us, ne cadant in obscurum, sed signifer sanctus
Michael repraesentet eas in lucem sanctam, quam olim Abrahae
promisLti, et semini ejus. 4. Fac eas, Domine, de nlorte transire ad
vitam. 5. Praesta, quaesumus, omnipotens Deus, ut anima famuli tui,
quae hodie de hoc saeculo migravit, his sacriHciis purgata, et a pec
catis expedita, indulgentiam pariter et requiem capiat senlpiternam.
6. Non intres in judicium cum servo tuo, Donline, quia nullus apud
te justificabitur homo, nisi per te olnnium peccatorunl ei tribuatur
remissio. 7. Deus, cui proprium est misereri semper et rarcere, te
supplices eXOralTIUS pro anima tinlulae tuae, quam hoJie de hoc
LATIN GRAMMAR 143
saeculo migrare jusslsti, ut non tradas earn in manus inimlci, negue
obliviscaris in finem, sed jubeas earn a sanctis Angelis suscipi, et ad
patriam paradisi perduci; ut, quia in te speravit et credidit, non poe
nas inferni sustlneat, sed gaudia aeterna possldeat. 8. In illo tempore,
dixi t Jesus turbis Judaeorum: Omne, quod dat mihi Pater, ad me
veniet: et, eum, qui venit ad me, non ejlciam foras, quia descendi de
caeIo, non ut faciam voluntatem meanl, sed voluntatem ejus, qui misit
me. 9. Fidclium, Deus, omnium Conditor et Redemptor, anim£bus
famulorum, famularumque tuarum remissionem cunctorum tribue
peccatorunl; ut induigentiam quanl semper optaverunt, piis suppli
cationibus consequantur. 10. Litigabant ergo Judaei ad fnvicem, di
centes: Quomodo potest hic nobis carnem suam dare ad manducan
dum? I I. Illuminare his, qui in tenebris et in umbra mortis sedent;
ad dirigendos pedes nostros in viam pacis. 12. Fac, quaesumus, D6·
mine, hanc cum servo tuo defuncto misericordiam, ut factorum
suorum, in poenis non reclpiat vicem, qui tuam in votis tenuit vol un
tatem; ut sicut hic eum vera fides junxit fidelium turmis ita illic eum
tua miseratio societ angelicis choris.
B. Form as many sentences as possible with the following combina..

tions and translate each into English.
aqua in Iacu profunda nimis erat.
Decet veritatem omnes homines docere.
Licebat nobis, opera Dei judicare.
Decebat plebi in trare in ecciesias suas.
Liccbit laudare eos qui nobis serviunt bene.
Licet peccata dimlttere eorum qui confessi sunt.
Factum est: terra nimis tremebat.
Decuit repellere inimfcos qui nos affilgunt.
Non licebat honorare viros fmpios et dolosos.
Non decet sonum tubarum et cornuun1 in nocte audiebant.
Non licet viris in ilIa regione vinum bfbere.
pauperibus munera donare.
LATIN GRAMMAR
C. Change the adjective in parentheses to the right form to agree
with the noun.
I. (alius) vlnculi. 2. (nullus) poenae. 3. (totus) mundi. 4. (solus)
praemio.5. (un us) Dei. 6. (ullus) ossibus.7. (alter) tumuli. 8. (uter)
virum. 9. (neuter) leonis. 10. (ullus) roris. II. (totus) tartaro. 12.
(unus) exercltui. 13. (alius) Judaeos. 14. (alter) ovi. IS. (solus) lin
guae. 16. (ullus) eplscopo. 17. (nullus) clneris. 18. (uter) antlstiti. 19.
(alius) ealculo. 20. (neuter) diei.
UNIT THREE
A. Explain the use of the dative in each of these sentences.

I. Nobis panem dederunt. 2. Adhaereat visceribus meis. 3. Tectum
domui superponunt. 4. Prosit mihi ad tutamentum mentis et cor
poris. 5. Nemo tibi nocebit. 6. CIvitas plebi condenda est. 7. Pueri
virglnibus antelbunt. 8. Pauperibus succurrit. 9. Praemia eis non
plaeebant. 10. Domus illa fratri meo est. II. Dona nobis pacem. 12.
Muros eivitati circumdabant. 13. Fac me tuis semper inhaerere man
datis. 14. Non mihi proveniat in judIcium et condemnationem. IS.
Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat Joannes. 16. Placeat tibi.
17. Miserere nobis. 18. Carthago Romanis delenda est. 19. Confheor
Deo omnipotenti. 20. Ei mandavit, ut nemini id dlceret. 21. Famuia
domino servit. 22. Venerunt auxHio patri suo. 23. Offerimus praeclarae
majestati tuae. 24. Matribus et fHiis pepercerunt. 25. Gratias agimus
tibi.
I.jusjurandum (oath). 2. parce (sparingly). 3. vinetre (to bind).
4. umbrosus (shady). 5. expedltio (expedition). 6. par (equal). 7.
annus (year). 8. vanitas (en1ptiness). 9. sorbere (to suck). 10. purus
(pure). II. jurare (to swear). 12. pedrui (to enjoy). 13. ire (to go). 14.
porcire (to carry). 15. ferre (to bring). 16. nare (to swim).
LATIN GRAMMAR
vicis vicissitude perennis perennial
absorbere absorbent vanus vanity
litigare litigant purgare purgatory
jungere conjunction migrare immigrant
expedire expeditious os ossify
jurare jury opcire optional
tranare natatorium

th~s~ adj~ctives to th~s~ verbs
dubius (doubtful) dubitare (to doubt)

calidus (warm) calere (to be warm)
ttmidus (timid) timere (to fear)
purus (pure) purgare (to cleanse)
fidelis (faithful) £idere (to trust)
amabilis (loveable) amare (to love)
dolorosus (sorrowful) dolere (to suffer)
sanus (healthy) sanare (to heal)
mutabilis (changeable) mutare (to change)
salvus (safe) salvare (to save)
vivus (living) vivere (to live)
misericors (merciful) misereri (to have mercy)
READING LESSON
I. Et factum est cUIn esset in quodam loco orans, ut cessavit, dixit

un us ex disci pulis ej us ad eum: Domine, doce nos orare, sicut docuit
et Joannes disci pulos suos.
2. Et ait illis: Cum oratis, dicite: Pater, sanctificetur nomen tuum.
Adveniat regnum tuum.
3. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodic.
4. Et dimitte nobis peccata nostra, siquidem et ipsi dimittimus
omni debenti nobis. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem.
s. Et ait ad iUos: Quis vestrum habebit an1icun1, et ibit ad ilIum
media nocta, et dicet iUi: Amice, commoda mihi tres panes.
6. Quoniam amicus meus venit de via ad me, et non habeo quod
ponam ante ilIum,
7. Et iUe deintus respondens dicat: Noli mihi molestus esse, lam
osti urn clausum est, et pueri mei mecum sunt in cubili: non possum
surgere, et dare tibi.
8. Et si ilIe perseveraverit pulsans, dico vobis: et si non cIabit illi
surgens eo quod amicus ejus sit, propter in1probitatem tamen ejus
surget, et dabit illi quorquot habet necessarios.
9. Et ego dico vobis: Petite, et dabitur vobis: quaerite, et invenietis:
pulsate, et aperietur vobis.
10. Omnis enim qui petit, accipit: et qui quaerit, invenit: et pul
santi aperietur.
II. Quis autem ex vobis patrem petit panem, numquid lapidem
dabit illi? Aut piscem: numquid pro pisce serpenrem dabit illi?
12. Aut si petierit ovum: numquid porriget illi scorpionem?
13. Si ergo vos cum sitis mali, nostis bona data dare filiis vestris:
quanto magis Pater vester de caelo dabit spiritum bonum petentibus
se?
LATIN C;RA?Y1MAR
14. Et erat ejiciens claemonium, et illucl erat mutum. Et cum ejecis
set daemonium, Jucutus est mutus, et admiratae sunt turbae.
15. CJuidarn au rem ex eis dixerunt: In Beelzebub principe dae
tTIoniorum ejicit daemonia.
16..Et aLi tentantes, signum de caeIo quaerebant ab eo.
17, I nse autem ut videt cogitationes eorum, dixit eis: Omne reg
nurn s~-'ipsum divisum desolabitur, et domus supra domum cadet.
18. Si autenl et Satanas in seipsum divisus est, quomodo stabit
regnum ejus? quia dicitis in Beelzebub me ejicere daemonia.
19. Si autem ego in Beelzebub ejicio daemonia: filii vestri in quo
ejicient? Ideo ipsi judices vestri erunt.
20. Porro si in digito Dei ejicio daemonia: profecto pervenit in vos
regnUJTI Dei.
21. Cum fortis armatus custodit atrium suum, in pace sunt ea quae
possidet.
22. Si autem fortior eo superveniens vicerit eum, universa arma
ejus auferet, in quibus confidebat, et spolia ejus distribuet.
23. Qui non est mecum, contra me est: et qui non colligit mecum,
dispergit.
24. Cum immundus spiritus exierit de homine, ambulat per Ioea
inaquosa, quaerens requiem: et non inveniens dicit: Revertar in do
mum meam uncle exivi.
25. Et cum venerit, invenit earn scopis mundatam et ornatam.
26. Tunc vadit, et assumit septem alios spiritus secum, nequiores
se, et ingressi habitant ibi. Et fiunt novissima hominis illius pejora
prioribus.
(Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Lucam, caput XI, 1-26.)
LESSON XIX
UNIT ONE
Ite, Missa est. Go, th~ Mass is finish~d.
Vocabulary
relax are, to loos~n
annuere (annui), to assent, to nod to, to hear
constituere (constltui, constitutus), to constitut~1 to decr~~
contrahere (contraxi, contractus), to contract
coronare, to crown
dealbare, to make whit~
delectare, to be delighted
discutere (-io verb) (discussi, discussus), to disp~rs~1 to iudg~
gerere (gessi, gestus), to carry, to manag~
ignorare, to b~ ignorant of, not to know
sequestrare, to separat~
latere, to li~ hidden
utique, indeed, c~rtainly
certarnen, certarninis, D., .ttrif~
cithara, -ae, f., harp
cura, -ae, f.~ car~
favHla, -ae, f., ash~s
haedus, -i, m., goat
nix, Divis, £., snow
reus, rei, m., criminal, sinner; as adj., guilty
incolatus, incolatus, m., sojourn, residence
cassus, -a, -urn, vain, worthless
contribulatus, -a, -urn, troubled
148
LATIN GRAMMAR
horrendus, -a, -urn, dreadful
lacrimosus, -a, -um, tearful
quisquis (decline both parts like quis), who~tI~
45. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs. The comparative of ad

jectives is formed by adding -ior (neuter, -ius) to the base of the
positive, the comparative of adverbs being, for the most part, the
same as the neuter comparative of the adjective. The superlative is
usually formed by adding to the base of the positive -issimus for
adjectives ending in -s or -x (adverbs -issime), -rirnus for adjectives
ending in -r (adverbs -rime), and -limus for adjectives ending in
-iIis (adverbs -lime).
Positive Comparative Superlative
altus, high altior, higher altissimus, highest
fortis, strong fortior, stronger fOrtlssimus, strongest
velox, swift velocior, swifter veiocissimus, swiftest
miser, wretched
., .
mlserlor, more miserrimus, most
wretched wretched
acer, sharp acrior, sharper acerrimus, sharpest
facilis, easy facHior, easier facHlimus, easiest
difficilis, difficult difficHlimus, most
difficHior, more diffi
cult difficult
humiIis, humble humilior, humbler humHlimus, hum
blest
f6rtiter, bravely fortius, more bravely forussime, most
bravely
mlsere, wretchedly
., .
mISerlUS, more miserrime, most
wretchedly wretchedly
facile, easily facilius, more easily facHlime, most easily
acriter, sharply acrius, more sharply acerrime, most
sharply
46. Irregular comparisons. Some common adjectives and adverbs

are compared irregularly.
LATIN GRAMMAR

bonus, good melior, better optimus, best
malus, bad pejor, worse pessimus, worst
magnus, great major, greater maximus, greatest
parvus, small minor, smaller m.inimus, smallest
bene, well melius, better optime, best

male, badly pejus, worse pessime, worst
magnopere, greatly magis, more maxime, most
multum, much plus, more plurimum, most
parum, little minus, less minime, least
47. Velle, to wish, to be tvilling; nolle, to be untvilling. These
partly irregular verbs double the 1 only in the infinitive and in the
imperfect subj unctive. Elsewhere they have but one 1. The present
indica tive only presents special difficulty.
Present Indicative
(velIe, to wish to be wi/lin g)
1 (nolle, to be un willin g)
volo v6lumus nolo nolumus
vis vultis non vis non vultis
vult volunt non vult nolunt
The imperative of nolle is often used \vith an infinitive to express
a command: Noli dicere, Do not say.
See Appendix for the remaining tenses.
48. Uses of the ablative.
a) Ablative absolute.
W hen they had received the Mandatis regis acceptis, ad civi
king's com1nands they returned tatem rediverunt.
to the city.
b) Accompaniment with cum.
T he boys went to church with Pueri cum patre suo ad eccle
their father. siam ierunt.
LATIN GRAMMAR
c) After a comparative when quam (than) is omitted.
Th e boy IS" ta II er t han h"tS f at here {FHiUS

u. major
" est quam pater.
F IUS major patre est.
d) To express the agent or doer of an action with the pas~ive
voice and the preposition ab (a).
The kingdom was saved by its Regnum ab hominibus suis fide-
faithful lnen. libus salvabatur.
e) To express cause without a preposition.
They all sl20uted with joy. Omnes gaudio clamabant.
f) To express degree of difference in a sentence involving a
comparIson.
This 120use is ten feet higher Haec domus decem pedibus
tl2an that one. altior est quam illa.
g) To express manner with or \vithout the preposition cum.
T /1 ey entered the city with loud Magnis clamoribus introibant in
shouts. civitatem.
h) To express means or instrument without a preposition.
T hey have been saved by the Gratia Dei salvati sunt.
grace of God.
i) To express place in, on, or from wl21"ch with the prepositions
in, ab, de, and ex.
T 12ey are standing in the shade.
Stant in umbra.
We live on the earth.

In terra vlvimus.
T hey come from Rome.

Roma veniunt.
He descended /r01n heaven.

Descendit de caelis.
1~!ley went out of tIle house.

Ex domo ierunt.
j) To express quality or description without a preposition, the

noun being modified by an adjective.
1Ie (vas akin g of great potver. Rex magna potestate erato
LATIN GRAMMAR
k) To express specification without a preposition.
H~ was eva- diligent in the caus~ Causa pacis semper dlligens erat.
of peac~.
I) To express separation with or without a preposition.

T hey (viii b~ delivered from their Miseriis suis eruentur.
mzserzes.
From all ~vil, 0 Lord, deliv~r us. Ab omni malo, libera nos, DO.
mine.
m) To express time when, with or without a preposition.

In one day many buildings were Una die multa aediflcia cremata
burn~d. sunL
M~rcifully grant peace in our Da propltius pacem in diebus
days. nostris.
n) Certain prepositions, ab, de, cum, ex, sine, pro, and prae regu
larly govern the ablative.
U' ~ cannot do this without help. Non possumus hoc facere sine
auxHio.
T hey will speak in our behalf. Loquentur pro nobis.
T he men walked ah~ad of the Viri prae pueris ingressi sunt.
boys.
0) The deponent verbs uti (to use), frui (to en joy), fungi (to
perform), potlri (to take possession of), vesci (to ~at) and their com
pounds take their direct objective in the ablative case.
He will us~ our books. Nostris libris utetur.
Th~y ar~ enjoying their new free- Nova libertate sua frunntur.
dome
He has performed his tasks well. Operibus suis bene functus est.
The army got possession of all MilItia potfta est omnibus monti
the hills around the city. bus circum civitatem.
T hey eat meat and br~ad. Carne atque pane vescunt.
LATIN GRAMMAR 153

EXERCISES
A. Suffixes. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -bulum, -cuiurn, -crum,

-trum are added to verb stems to denote means or instrument.
I. nomen, name (from noscere, to know; that is, a means of know
ing). 2. vInculum, bond (from vincIre, to bind; that is, a means of

binding). 3. £lumen, river (from £luere, to Bow). 4. certamen, strife
(from certare, to contend). 5. semen, seed (from serere, to sow). 6.
lumen, light (from lucere, to shine). 7. testamentum, testament (from
testari, to bear witness). 8. firmamentum, firmament, prop (from
firmare, to make firm). 9. sepulcrum, sepulcher (from sepellre, to
bury). 10. tutamentum, safeguard (from tutare, to protect). II. mon
strum, portent (from monere, to warn). 12. stabulum, stable (from
stare, to stand).
B. The prefix in- with adjectives has a negative force.
I. inimlcus, enemy (in + amIcus == not friendly). 2. incredibilis,
incredible (in + credibilis == not credible). 3. immortalis, immortal
(in (im) + mortaIis == not mortal). 4. incognitus, unknown (in +
cognitus == not known). 5. insciens, unaware (in + sciens == not
knowing). 6. iniquus, uneven, unjust (in + aequus == not even). 7.
inutilis, useless (in+ utilis == not useful). 8. indignus, unworthy
(in + dignus == not worthy). 9. inultus, unavenged (in + ultus ==
not avenged). 10. incertus, uncertain (in + certus == not certain).
II. immundus, unclean (in + mundus == not clean). 12. immacula
tus, immaculate (in + maculatus == not stained). 13. fnnocens, in
nocent (in + nocens == not harmful). 14. informis, shapeless (in +
forma == not having a form).
UNIT Two
I. In nomine Patris, et Fflii et Spiritus Sancti. 2. Discerne causam
meam de gente non sancta. 3. Ab homine iniquo et doloso erue me.
4. Confitebor tibi in cithara, Deus, Deus meus. 5. Sicut erat in prln
LATIN GRAMMAR
ClpiO et nunc et semper. 6. Dimlssis peccatis mise 7. Quia peccavi

nimis cogitatione, verba, et opere. 8. Mea culpa, mea culpa, mea
maxima culpa. 9. Dominus vobiscum. Et cum spiritu tuo. 10. Aufer
a nobis iniquiuites nostras, ut ad Sancta sanctorum puris mereamur
mentibus introlre. 11. Gloria in excelsis Deo, et in terra pax homlni
bus bonae volunuitis. 12. Munda cor meum, ac Libia mea, onlnlpotens
Deus, qui labia Isalae prophetae calculo n1undasti ignlto. 13. Dominus
sit in corde tuo. 14. Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, Deum verum
de Deo vera. IS. Cruciflxus etiam pro nobis, sub Pontio Pitito passus,
et sepultus est. 16. Et iterum venturus est cum gloria. 17. Qui cum
Patre, et Fllio simul adoratur. 18. OfIerimus tibi, Domine, calicem
salutaris, tuam deprecantes clementiam, ut in conspcctu divln:te majes
tatis tuae, pro nostra, et totius mundi salute cum adore suavitatis
ascendat. 19. In splritu humilitatis, et in animo contrlto suscipia
mur a te, Domine. 20. Ne perdas cum lmpiis, Deus, animam meam,
et cum viris sanguinum vitam meam. 21. In quorum manibus ini
quitates sunt, dextera eorum repleta est muneribus. 22. In ecclesiis
benedlcam te, Domine. 23. Pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua. 24.
Elevatis oculis. 25. Simili modo. 26. Supra quae propltio ac sereno
vultu resplcere digneris. 27. Omni benedictione caelesti et gratia
repleamur. 28. Qui nos praecesserunt cum signa fidei et d6rmiunt in
somno pacis. 29. Praeceptis salutaribus moniti, et divlna institutione
formati, audemus dIcere. 30. Sed llbera nos a malo. 31. Libera nos,
quaesumus, Domine, ab omnibus malis, praeteritis, praescntibus et
futuris, et intercedente beata, et gloriosa semper Virgine Dei Geni
trIce Marla, cum beatis Apostolis Petro et Paulo, atgue Andrea, et
omnibus Sanctis, da propitius pacem in dicbus nostris; ut ope miseri
cardiae tuae adjuti, et a peccato simus semper lIberi, et ab omni per
turbatione securi. 32. Sed tantum dic verba. 33. Quod are SUDlpsimus,
Domine, pura mente capiamus. 34. Requiescant in pace. 35. Sine ipso
factum est nihil, quod factum est. 36. Lux in tenebris lucet. 37. Asper
ges me hyssopo, et mundabor; lavabis me, et super nivem dealbabor.
38. Holocaustis non delectaberis. 39. Sacriflcium Deo spiritus contri
LATIN GRAMMAR 155
buLltus. 40. Fratres: Nolumus vos ignorare de dormientibus, ut non
contristemini, sicut et ceteri qui spem non habent. 41. Dies irae, dies
illa, solvet saeclum (saeculum) in favilla. 42. Tantus labor non sit
cassus. 43. Quantus tremor est futurus, quando judex est venturus,
cuncta stricte discussurus. 44. Quidquid latet, apparebit. 45. Inter oves
locum praesta, et ab haedis me seq uestra. 46. Oro supplex et accHnis,
cor contrltulTI quasi cinis, gere curam mei finis. 47. Annue nobis,
quaesumus, Domine, ut ani mae Limuli tui haec prosit oblatio, quam
immotindo totlus mundi tribulsti relaxari dellcta. 48. Quoniam, si
vol ulsses sacri flci u m, ded lssem u tiq ue; holoca ustis non delectaberis.
49. Lacrimosa dies ilIa, qua resurget ex favilla judicandus homo reus;
huic ergo parce Deus. 50. Tuis enim fidelibus, Domine, vita mutatur,
non tollitur, et dissolLlta hujus incolatus domo, aeterna in caelis habi
tatio comparatur. 51. Da nobis, Domine, ut animam famuli tui Epls
copi, quam de hujus saeculi eduxlsti laborioso certamine, sanctorum
tuorum trlbuas esse consortem. 52. Caelestis participatio sacramenti,
quaesumus, Domine, animabus patris et matris meae requiem et lu
cern obtineat perpetuam; meque cum illis gratia tua coronet aeterna.
53. Pro animabus famulorum, famularumque tuarum, et omnium
catholicorum hic et ubique in Christo dormientium, hostiam, Domine,
suscipe benignus oblatam; ut hoc sacriflcio singuLiri, vinculis horren
dae mortis exuti, vitam mereantur aeternam. 54. Supplices, Domine,
pro animabus fan1ulorum, fan1uLlrumque tuarun1 preces effundimus;
obsecrantes, ut quidquid conversatione contraxerunt humana, et cle
menter inuulgeas, et in tuorum seue laetantium constltuas redemp
torum.
B. Give the comparative and superlative forms of each of these ad

jectives and adverbs.
1. potens. 2. altus. 3. dilectus. 4. magnopere.s·
fortis. 6. nova. 7. sancti.
8. beatum. 9. clemens. 10. ticile. 11. velox. 12. bene. 13. fortiter. 14.
mlsera. IS. acris. 16. malus. 17. bonus. 18. male. 19. multum. 20. mag
nus. 21. parva. 22. par urn. 23. excelsus. 24. nobilis. 25. certus.
LATIN GRAMMAR
UNIT THREE
A. Give the forms of velIe and nolle as indicated.

velle
present indicative future perfect indicative
imperfect subjunctive present indicative
ego future vos perfect subj unctive
pluperfect subj unctive imperfect subj unctive
imperfect indicative pluperfect indicative
nolle
present subjunctive imperfect indicative
future future perfect indicative
nos imperfect indicative ei present indicative
perfect subj unctive present subj unctive
present indicative imperfect subj unctive
B. Write ten short sentences in Latin, each one to illustrate a dif..

ferent use of the ablative.
I. corona (wreath). 2. albus (white). 3. discussio (dispersal). 4.
certare (to contend). 5. latro (robber). 6. nivosus (snowy). 7. reatus
(criminal condition). 8. lacrima (tear). 9. curare (to care for). 10.
testis (witness). I I. laetari (to rejoice). 12. monstruosus (monstrous).

LAtin English Latin English
,
relaxare relaxation coronare coronet
delectare delectable latc:~re latent
cura curate contribulatus tribulation
nomen nominate lumen luminous
LA'llN liKAMMAK 157

Noun Adjective V"b
ignorantia (ig ignotus (un ignorare (to be
norance) known) ignorant of)
nix (snow) nivosus nfngere (to
(snowy) snow)
horror (horror) horrendus horrere (of
(dreadful) hair, to stand
on end)
lacrima (tear) lacrimosus lacrimare (to
(tearful) weep)
cura (care) curiosus (care curare (to care
ful) for)
READING LESSON
I. Haec cum dixisset Jesus, egressus est cum discipulis suis trans
Torrentem Cedron, ubi erat hortus in quem introivit ipse, et discipuli
ejus.
2. Sciebat autem et Judas, qui tradebat eum, locum: quia frequenter
Jesus convenerat iUuc cunl discipulis suis.
3. Judas ergo cum accepisset cohortem, et a pontificibus et pharisaeis
ministros, venit illuc cum laternis et facibus, et armis.
4. Jesus itaque sciens omnia quae ventura erant super eum, pro
cessit, et dixit eis: Quem quaeritis?
S. Responderuntei: Jesum Nazarenum. Dicit eis Jesus: Ego sum.
Stabat autem et Judas qui tradebat eum, cum ipsis.
6. Ut ergo dixit eis, Ego sum, abierunt retrorsum et ceciderunt in
terram.
7. Iterum ergo interrogavit eos: Quem quaeritis? lUi autem di
xerunt: Jesum Nazarenum.
8. Respondit Jesus: Dixi vobis quia ego sum: si ergo me quaeritis,
sinite hos abire.
9. Ut impleretur sermo quem dixit: Quia quos dedisti mihi, non
perdidi ex eis quemquam.
10. Simon ergo Petrus habens glaJium eduxit eum: et percussit
pontificis servum: et abscidit auriculam ejus dexteram. Erat autem
nomen servo Malchus.
II. Dixit ergo Jesus Petro: Mitte gladium tuum in vaginam. Cali
cern quem dedit mihi Pater, non bibam illum?
12. Cohors ergo, et tribunus, et ministri Judaeorum comprehen
derunt Jesum, et ligaverunt eum:
13. Et adduxerunt eum ad Annam primum; erat enim socer Cai
phae, qui erat pontifex anni illius.
158
LATIN GRAMMAR 159
14. Erat autem Caiphas, qui consilium dederat Judaeis: Quia ex
pedit, unum hominem mori pro populo.
IS. Sequebatur autem Jesum Simon Petrus, et alius discipulus.
Discipulus auteln ille erat notus pontifici, et introivit cum Jesu in
atri urn pontificis.
16. Petrus autem stabat ad ostium foris. Exivit ergo discipulus alius
qui erat notus pontifici, et dixit ostiariae: et introduxit Petrum.
17. Dicit ergo Petro ancilla ostiaria: Numquid et tu ex discipulis
es hominis istius? Dicit ille: Non sum.
18. Stabant autem servi et ministri ad prunas, quia frigus erat, et
calefaciebant se: erat autem cum eis et Petrus stans, et calefaciens see
19. Pontifex ergo interrogavit Jesum de discipulis suis, et de doc
trina ejus.
20. Respondit ei Jesus: Ego palam locutus sum mundo: ego semper
docui in synagoga, et in templo, quo omnes Judaei conveniunt: et in
occulto locutus sum nihil.
21. Quid me interrogas? Interroga eos qui audierunt quid locutus
sinl ipsis: ecce hi sciunt quae dixerim ego.

22. Haec autem cum dixisset, unus assistens ministrorum dedit
alapam Jesu, dicens: Sic respondens pontifici?
23. Respondit ei Jesus: Si male locutus sum, testimonium perhibe
de malo: si autem bene, quid me caedis?
24. Et misit eum Annas ligatum ad Caipham pontificem.
25. Erat autem Simon Petrus stans, et calefaciens see Dixerunt ergo
ei: Numquid et tu ex discipulis ejus es? Negavit ille, et dixit: Non
sum.
26. Dicit ei unus ex servis pontificis, cognatus ejus, cujus abscidit
Petrus auriculam: Nonne ego te vidi in horto cunl ilIo?
27. Irerum ergo negavit Petrus: et statim gallus cantavit.
28. Adducunt ergo Jesum a Caipha in praetorium. Erat autem
mane: et ipsi non introierunt in praetoriurn, ut non contaminarentur
sed ut mand ucaren t pascha.
29- Exivit ergo Pilatus ad eos foras, et dixit: Quam accusationem
aiIertis adversus hominem hunc?
160 LATIN GRAMMAR
30. Responderunt, et dixeruntei: Si non esset hie malefactor, non
tibi tradidissemus eum.
31. Dixit ergo eis Pilatus: Accipite eum vos, et secundum legem
vestram judicate eum. Dixerunt ergo ei Judaei: Nobis non licet inter
ficere quemquam.
32. Ut sermo Jesu impleretur, quem dixit, significans qua morte
esset moriturus.
33. Introivit ergo iterum in praetorium Pilatus, et vocavit Jesum,
et dixitei: Tu es rex Judaeorum?
34. Respondit Jesus: A temetipso hoc dicis, an alii dixerunt tibi
de me?
35. Respondit Pilatus: Numquid ergo Judaeus sum? Gens tua et
pontifices tradiderunt te mihi: quid fecisti?
36. Respondit Jesus: Regnum meum non est de hoc mundo: si ex
hoc mundo esset regnum meum, ministri mei utique decertarent ut
non traderer Judaeis; nunc autem regnum meum non est hinc.
37. Dixit itaque ei Pilatus: ergo rex es tu? Respondit Jesus: Tu
dicis quia rex sum ego. Ego in hoc natus sum, et ad hoc veni in
mundum, ut testimonium perhibeam veritati: omnis qui est ex veri
tate, audit vocem meam.
38. Dicit ei Pilatus: Quid est veritas? Et cum hoc dixisset, iterum
exivit ad Judaeos, et dicit eis: Ego nullam invenio in eo causam.
39. Est autem consuetudo vobis, ut unum dimittam vobis in pascha:
vultis ego dimittam vobis regem Judaeorum?
40. Clamaverunt ergo rursum omnes dicentes: Non hunc, sed Ba..
rabbam. Erat autem Barabbas latro.
(Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Joannem, caput XVIII, 1-40.)
LESSON XX
UNIT ONE
Benedlcat vos ommpotens Deus, May almighty God bl~ss you, th~
Pater et Filius et Spiritus Sanctus. Father, th~ Son, and th~ Holy
Ghost.
Vocabulary
exsultare, to ~xult
vigere, to thriv~, to b~ activ~
ingemiscere (ingemui), to sigh, to groan
obsecrare, to implore
possidere (possedi, possessus), to poss~ss
premere (pressi, pressus), to press (upon)
rapere (rapui, raptus) (-io verb), to snatch, to s~;%e
recordari, dep., to rememb~
respirare, to br~athe
revelare, to rev~al, to unv~il
rubere, to be r~d, to blush
stupCre, to b~ amaz~d
pOscere (poposci), to d~mand
unde (adv.), thaefor~, thence, whence
usque (adv.), all th~ way; ad usque, even until
valde (adv.), ~xc~~dingly
vix (adv.), scarcely, with difficulty
neque (adv. and conj.), and not, neither, nor
nee non (adv.), and also, nor less
obviam (adv.), on th~ way
tamquam (adv.), like
161
LATIN GRAMMAR
fons, fontis, m., fountain, sourc~

vitulus, -i, m., calf
nubes, nubis (g. pI., trubium), f., cloud
refrigerium, -ii, n., rc!rt'shment
serrno, serrnonis, m., t(/ord , discours~
occultus, -a, -urn, hidden
propinquus, -a, -urn, near: 'is a noun, a near relatitJ~
singularis, m. and f., singL' Ln··e, n., remarkable, excellent
memor, m., f., and n.; gen. l..l(~moris, mindful
49- Questions.
a) A question that may be answered by ((yes" or Uno" may merely
be a matter of vocal inflection.
Y ou believe tIl is. Credis hoc.
Do you belIeve this? Credis hoc?
Or the syllable -ne mJ.y be attached to the most emphatic word,

usually the first.
Was he carrytng the cross? Portabatne crucem?
b) When the answer "yes" is expected, the question is introduced

by nonne.
Do tlley not please you? Nonne tibi placent?
c) When the ans,ver "no" is expected, the question is introduced

by num or, frequently, numquid.
Can we all be saints? Numquid omnes possumus esse
sancti?
d) Double questions are introduced by utrum .•. an; -ne •••

an, or just an before the alternati ve part of the question.
Utrum amicus est an inimlcus?
Is he a friend or an enemy? Amlcusne est an inimicus?
{
AmIcus cst an inimfcus?
LATIN GRAMMAR
e) Latin has no single word that is equivalent to our word " yes,"
although various adverbs, such as etiam, even so, are used as a substi
tute or the important part of the question is repeated as a statement.
Do you belzeve tlzis? Yes. Credis hoc? Credo or Etiam.
liN 0" may be expressed by the simple word non or the verb of the
question may be repeated with non.
Can you do these things? No. Potestisne haec facere ? Non or

Non possumus.
50. Defective verbs. These are verbs that have lost certain of their
tenses.
a) coeplsse, to have begun; odisse, to hate,. meminisse, to relneln
ber. These verbs occur anI y in the perfect tenses.
PERFECT INFINITIVE: coeplsse, to have begun; odisse, to hate; memi
nisse, to renlenlber.
PERFECT INDICATIVE: coepi, I began; odi, I Izate;l memini, I remenlber.
PAST PARTICIPLE: coeptus, begun; osus, hated.
OBSERVE. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect of odisse and

meminisse have the meanings of a present, imperfect and future re
specti vel y.
odi, I hate; 6deram, I hated; 6dcro, I slzall hat~.
memini, I relnember; memlneram, I remembered; meminero, I shalJ

remelnber.
b) Other verbs have lost their perfect tenses and are partly defec
ti ve in other tenses.
aio, I say. The commonest forms of this verb are the third person
singular and plural of the present indicative: ait, h~ says (saith), aiunt,
they say.
1 Also, sometimes, T hat~d.
LATIN GRAMMAR
51. Uses of the accusative.
a) As the direct obj ect of a verb.
We saw your brother. Vidimus fratrem tuum.
b) After certain prepositions, the commonest being ad, ante, apud,

circum, contra, inter, per, and trans.
They sent aid to the city. Adjutorium ad civitatem mise-
runt.
He stood in the presence of the Stabat apud regem.
king.
We built a wall around our house. Aedificavimus murum circum
domum nostram.
c) As subject of the infinitive in indirect discourse.
He said that his mother had Dixit matrem suam vemsse.
come.
d) To express duration of time and extent of space.
They tvill stay here for one day. Unam diem 1 hic remanebunt.
T he wall extended for many feet. MUlus multos pedes extendit.
EXERCISES
A. Suffixes. The suffix ..ax is added to verb stems to form ad

jectives denoting a tendency, usually an extreme tendency.
I. audax, bold (from audere, to dare). 2. ferax, fertile (from ferre,
to bear). 3. sagax, clever (from sagire, to perceive q uickl y). 4. men
dax, lying (from mentrri, to lie). s. edax, greedy (from edere, to eat).
6. tenax, tenacious (from tenere, to hold).
B. The suffix -idus is added to verb stems to form adjectives de

noting a state or settled condition.
I. tlmidus, timid (from timere, to fear). 2. cupidus, desirous (from
1 The ablative may also be used.
LATIN GRAMMAR
cupere, to desire). 3. Ianguidus, weak (from Ianguere, to be weak). 4
frfgidus, cold (from frigere, to be cold). 5. aridus, dry (from arere,
to be dry). 6. rapidus, rapid (from rapere, to snatch). 7. validus,
strong, well (from valere, to be strong, to be well). 8. nftidus, bright
(from nitere, to shine). 9. candidus, shining white (from candere, to
glitter). 10. pallidus, pale (from palere, to be pale).
UNIT Two

I. Te Igitur, clementlssime Pater, per Jesum Christum Fllium tuum
Dominum nostrum, supplices rogamus, ac petimus, uti accepta
habeas, et benedlcas, haec dona, haec munera, haec sancta sacrificia
illibata. 2. In primis, quae tibi ofIerimus pro Ecclesia tua sancta cath6
lica; quam pacificare, custodire, adunare, et regere digneris toto orbe
terrarum; una cum famulo tuo Papa nostro Pio, et Antfstite nostro
Paulo, et omnibus orthodoxis atque catholicae, et apostolicae fidei
cult6ribus. 3. Memento (imperative), Domine, famulorum famula
rumque N. et N. et omnium circumstantium, quorum tibi fides cog
nita est, et nota devotio, pro quibus tibi offerimus; vel qui tibi
6fferunt hoc sacriflcium laudis, pro se, suisque omnibus; pro redemp
tione animarum suarum, pro spe salutis, et incolumitatis suae; tiblque
reddunt vota sua aeterno Deo, vivo et vero. 4. Uncle et memores, Do
mine, nos servi tui, sed et plebs tua sancta, ej usdem Christi Filii tui
Domini nostri tam beatae Passionis, nec non et ab Inferis Resurrec
tionis, sed et in caelos gloriosae Ascensionis; of1erimus praeclarae
Majestati tuae, de tuis donis, ac datis, hostiam puram, hostiam sanc
tam, hostiam immaculatam, Panem sanctum vitae aeternae et C£li
cern salutis perpetuae. 5. Memento, etiam, D6mine, famulorum,
famularumque tuarum N. et N. qui nos praecesserunt cum signo fidei
et dormiunt in somno pacis. 6. Ipsis, Domine, et omnibus in Christo
quiescentibus, locum refrigerii, lucis et pacis, ut indulgeas, depreca
mur. 7. Quotquot autem receperunt eum, dedit eis potestatem fllios
Dei fieri, his, qui credunt in nomine ejus; qui non ex sangwnibus,
166 LATIN GRAMMAR
neque ex volunulte carnis, neque ex voluntate viri, sed ex Deo nati
sunt. 8. Tibi soli peccavi, et malum coram te feci; ut justificeris in
sermonibus tuis, et vincas cum judicaris. 9. Ecce enim veriuitem di
lexlsti; incerta et occulta sapientiae tuae manifestasti mihi. 10. Delnde
nos, qui vlvimus, qui relinquimur, simul rapicmur cum illis in nubi
bus obviam Christo in aera et sic semper cum Domino erimus. II.
Mors stupcbit et natura, cum resllrget creatura, judicanti responsura.
12. Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, cum
vix justus si t securus? 13. Rex tremendae Majestatis, qui sal vandos
salvas gratis, salva me, fons pietatis. [4. Recordare, Jesu pie, quod sum
causa tuae viae; ne me perdas illa die. IS. Ingenl1sco, tamquam reus;
culpa rubet vultus meus; supplicanti parce, Deus. 16. Dixit Martha
ad Jesum: Domine, si fufsses hic, frater meus non fUlsset mortuus;
sed et nunc scio, quia quaecumque poposceris a Deo, dabit tibi Deus.
17. Ait illi: Otique, Domine, ego credidi, quia tu es Christus Filius
Dei vivi, qui in hunc mundum venIsti. 18. Non ergo eum, quaesumus,
tua judicialis sententia prenlat, quem tibi vera supplicatio ffdei Chris
tianae commendat; sed gratia tua illi succurrente mereatur evadere
judIcium ultionis, qui dum viveret, insignitus est signaculo sanctae
Trinitatis. [9. Dies illa, dies irae, calamitatis et miseriae, dIes magna et
amara valde. 20. Salus ex inimIcis nostris, et de manu nnlnium
qui oderunt nos. 21. Absolve, quaesumus, Domine, animam famuli
tui ab omni vinculo delictorum; ut in resurrectionis gloria inter sanc
tos et electos tuos resuscitatus respiret. 22. Deus, veniae largitor, et
humanae salutis amator; quaesumus clementiam tuam; ut nostrae
congregationis frat res, propfnq uos, et benefactores, qui ex hoc saeculo
transierunt, beata Marla semper Vfrgine intercedente cum omnibus
sanctis tuis, ad perpetuae beatitudinis consorti urn pervenfre concedas.
23. Pro animabus famulorum, famularumque tuarum, et omnium
catholicorum hic et ubique in Christo dormientium, hostiam, Domine,
suscipe benfgnus obhitam; ut hoc sacriGcio singuLiri, vinculis hor
rendae mortis exuti, vitam mereantur aeternam. 24. Supplices,
Domine pro animabus famulorum, famularumque tuarum preces e£..
fundimus; obsecrantes, ut quidquid conversatione contraxerunt hu
LATIN GRl\MivIAR
mana, et clementer indulgeas, et in tuorum sede laetantium constltuas

redemptorum. 25. Tunc accepLlbis sacrificium justItiae, oblationes
et holocausta; tunc imponent super altare tuum vltulos. 26. Deus, cui
propri urn est misereri semper et parcere, te su pplices exoram us pro
anima famuli lui N., quam hodie de hoc saeculo migrare jussisti; ut
non tradas earn in manus inimlci; neque oblivisclris in finem, sed
jubcas earn a sanctis Angelis suscipi, et ad patriam paradisi perduci;
ut, quia in te speravit et credidit, non poenas inferni sustineat, sed
gaudia aeterna possldeat. 27. Vere dignum et justum est, aequum et
salutare, nos tibi semper, et ubique gratias agere; Domine sancte,
Pater omnlpotens aeterne Deus; qui cum unigenito Fllio tuo, et
Splritu Sancto, unus es Deus, unus es Dominus; non in unius singu
laritate personae, sed in unius Trinitate substantiae. 28. Quod enim
de tua gloria, revelante te, credinlus, hoc de Filio tuo, hoc de Splritu
Sancto, sine diiIerentia discretionis sentimus. 29. Quaesumus, Domine,
ut animae famuli tui N., cujus depositionis diem tertium commemo
ramus, sanctorum atgue electorum tuorum larglri digneris cons6r
tiunl; et rorem misericordiae tuae perennem infundas. 30. Deus, qui
inter apostolicos Sacerdotes, famul urn tuunl N. pontiflcali fecisti dig
nitate vigere; praesta, quaesumus, ut eorum quogue perpetuo aggre
getur consortia.
UNIT THREE.
A. a) Explain the use of ~ne, nonne, num, numquid In asking

questions.
b) How are double questions expressed?
B. a) Name four defective verbs.

b) Which ones are conjugated only in the perfect tenses?
c) Which one has no perfect ten.<\es?
d) What is unusual about the meaning of the perfect forms of
odlsse and meminlsse?
168 LATIN GRAMMAR
c.
Give four uses of the accusative case and illustrate each with a
short sentence in Latin.
I. occultum (hidden thing). 2. singularitas (oneness). 3. velum
(curtain, veil). 4. ruber (red). s.
stupidus (stupid). 6. via (road). 7.
nubilus (cloudy). 8. £rigidus (cold). 9. occulte (secretly). 10. prope
(near). II. memorari (to remember). 12. horribilis (horrible).

ra~re rapture recordari recorder
respirare respiratory revehlre revelation
rubere rubrics stupere stupefy
Ions font refrigerium refrigerator
propinquus propinquity memor memorable
sagax sagacious mendax mendacious
c) Diminutives. Endings such as ..Ius, ..ulus, -culus, -ellus in any

gender are frequently added to nouns or adjectives to give the word
a special significance, such as endearment, pity or contempt, or merely
smallness.
navicula, a little ship, a skiff (from navis, ship). 2. castellum,
I.
castle, fortress (from castrum, fort). 3. tabernaculum, tent, a small hut
(fron1 taberna, a hut). 4. lectulus, a small bed (from lectus, a bed).
s. osculum, a little mouth, a kiss (from os, mouth). 6. muliercula, a
disgraceful woman (from mulier, woman). 7. parvulus, very small
(from parvus, small). 8. libellus, note-book (from liber, book). 9.
flagellum, a small whip (from Hagrum, a scourge, a whip). 10. circu
lus, a small circle (from circus, circle). II. malleolus, a little hammer
(from malleus, a hammer, a mallet). 12. tabella, a tablet (from tabula,
a board).
REVIEW LESSON NUMBER IV
A. Give a noun in Latin suggested by each of the following adjec

tives.
I. glori6sus. 2. beatus. 3. sanctus. 4. humanus. 5. corp6reus. 6. mag
nus. 7. aeternus. 8. clemens. 9. inlquus. 10. misericors. II. fortis. 12.
fraternus. 13. maternus. 14. miser. IS. fidelis. 16. dignus. 17. potens.
18. evangelicus. 19. temporalis. 20. apostolicus. 21. sacerdotalis. 22. ter
rlbilis. 23. memof(lbilis. 24. pius. 25. laboriosus. 26. Innocens. 27.
prudens. 28. verus. 29. vivus. 30. salvus. 31. altus. 32 • multus. 33. uni
genitus. 34. suavis. 35· socius. 36. lassus. 37· largus. 38. propius. 39.
divlnus. 40. voluntarius.
B. Write six short sentences in Latin involving indirect discourse,

two after a verb of saying, two after a verb of knowing, and two after
a verb of thinking.
C. Give a noun in Latin suggested by each of the following verbs.

I. posse. 2. vocare. 3. salvare. 4. laudare. S· ducere. 6. dIcere. 7. ser
vIreo 8. clamare. 9. orare. 10. judicare. II. spenlre. 12. dormire. 13.
scrlbere. 14. docere. IS. peccare. 16. conturbare. 17. salutare. 18. cogi
tare. 19. deprecari. 20. sequi. 21. diHgere. 22. ascendere. 23. offerre.
24. redlmere. 25· timere. 26. scire. 27. vlvere. 28. facert. 29. mori. 30.
£Idere.
D. Give an adjective that describes correctly each of the following

nouns.
I. vultus. 2. 6vibus. 3. voluntatis. 4. die.s.
spem. 6. somno. 7. pace.
8. panes. 9. corporum. 10. cordis. II. verbis. 12. muri. 13. puerum.
14. monti. IS. labia.
r6~
LATIN GRAMi\1AR
E. Compose four Latin questions and ans\vers illustrating the use

of -ne, nonne, num, and numquid.
F. Indicate whether these statements are right or \vrong.

I. Pius nomen Papae est. 2. Non videmus quod invislbile est. 3.
Pes pars vultus est. 4. Homo patens, sed Deus olnnipotens est. s.
Ec
clcsia catholica semper crucem habet. 6. FIlii boni non credunt id
quod dicunt patres sui. 7. Opera sanctorUl1l olirabllia erant. 8. Quando
ego sum cum fratre mea, non salus surn. 9. Pueri diligentes laboren1
dlligunt. ro. In patria nostra multae civitates sunt. 11. Oves pastorem
sequuntur. 12. Nacte mundus in tenebris est. 13. Quando lassi sumus,
dormimus. 14. Honlo qui multum pauperibus dat, laud is dignus est.
IS. Inimici nostri semper repelli possunt. 16. In novIssima die inno
centes recIpient munus suum in regno caelorum. 17. Multae veritates
tam difTlciles sunt, ut non comprehendantur ab ornnibus. 18. f\1iquae
nationes magnos excrcitus sustinent. 19. Omnes pueri canunt bene.
20. Per ostium in domum introlmus.
G. Give the meaning of each of these \vords.

1. principium. 2. posse. 3. culpa. 4. cor. 5. acer. 6. nunc. 7. p6nere.
8. nomen. 9. gens. 10. audere. II. j uventus. 12. quare. 13. eruere. 14.
sicut. IS. pars. 16. Igitur. 17. facies. IS. sOlnnus. J9. ecce. 20. item. 21.
vultus. 22. spes. 23. dexter. 24. valere. 25. labium. 26. anlarus. 27. ccte
ruse 28. foras. 29. ostium. 30 . atgue. .31. sanguis. 32. auris. 33· pes. 34.
ignis. 35. lunlen. 3 6. auteOl. 37· pridie. 38. acccnJere. 39. vox. 40. ter
tius. 41. vespertinus. 42 . num. 43· quat. 44. scelus. 45. quotidian us.
46. frangere. 47. dignari. 48. IngreJi. 49. petere. 50. tencorae.
H. W rite ten short sentences in Latin, each one to illustrate a dif

ferent use of the ablati vee
I. \Vrite complete Latin sentences using the follo\ving words or

expressions.
I. lumen. 2. illuminare. 3. salvatio. 4. fmpius. 5. non movere. 6. de
precatio. 7. vultus. 8. m undare. 9. non beatus. 10. tenere. II. loqui.
LATIN GRAMMAR
12. vir. 13. dare laudem. 14. vocare alta voce. IS. avis luvenis. 16. mill
tia. 17. non certus. 18. servus. 19. spem habere. 20. condItlo. 21. sc)lvere.
22. ejlcere foras. 23. dimlttere. 24. inc1ulgentia. 25. quondam. 26. be
nignus. 27. praemium. 28. saeculum. 29. parens familiae. 30. aeternus.
3 1 . donl us Dei. 32. blbere. 33. mand ucare. 34· valere. 35. fidern habere.
36. spIritus. 37. omnis. 38. quia. 39· liberare. 40. magnus nimis. 4I.
anlare multum. 42. quod offertur. 43. intrare. 44. dlsclpulus Christi.
45. partes c(>rporis quibus ingrcdlmur. 46. requiescere in somno. 47.
non ablre. 48. non vivus. 49. non dignus. 50. petere.
J. Use each of the following in a question and compose a suitable

answer to each question.
I. quisquis. poscere. 3. nubes. 4. certamen. 5. gcrere. 6. utique.
2.
7. quondam. 8. ad lnvicem. 9. parcere. 10. tllmulus. I I. ceterus. 12.
amarus. 13. avis. 14. exercitus. IS. conspectus. 16. didgere. 17. nimis.
18. dexter. 19. spes. 20. adjut6rium. 21. vultus. 22. verbum. 23. opus.
24. ostendere. 25· novus. 26. docere. 27. somnus. 28. tectum. 29. panis.
30. missa. 31. fides. 32 • ergo. 33. credere. 34· pauper. 35· misereri. 36.
gaudcre. 37. tutamentum. 38. caro. 39. apedre. 40. lngredi. 41. loqui.
42. lassus. 43. q uaerere. 44· cinis. 45· argentum. 46. ef1ulgere. 47. tene..
brae. 48. mereri. 49. antlstes. 50. diligere.
READING LESSON
I. Una autem sabbati, Maria Magdalene venit mane, cum adhuc

tenebrae essent, ad monumentum et vidit lapidem sublatum a monu
mento.
2. Cucurrit ergo, et venit ad Simonem Petrum, et ad alium discipu
lum quem amabat Jesus, et dicit iUis: Tulerunt Dorninum de monu
mento, et nescinlUS ubi posuerunt eum.
3. Exiit ergo Petrus, et ille alius discipulus, et venerunt ad monu
mentum.
4. Currebant autem duo simul, et ilIe alius discipulus praecucurrit
citius Petro, et venit primus ad monumentum.
s. Et cum se inclinasset, vidit posita linteamina, non tamen introivit.
6. Venit ergo Simon Petrus sequens eum, et introivit in monu
mentum, et vidit linteamina posita.
7. Et sudarium quod fuerat super caput ejus, non cum Iinteamini..·
bus positum, sed separatim involutum in unum locum.
8. Tunc ergo introivit et ille discipulus qui venerat primus ad
monumentum, et vidit, et credidit:
9. Nondum enim sciebant Scripturam, quia oportebat eum a mor
tuis resurgere.
10. Abierunt ergo iterum discipuli ad semetipsos.
II. Maria autem stabat ad monumentum foris, plorans. Dum ergo
£Ieret, inclinavit se, et prospexit in monumentum:
12. Et vidit duos angelos in albis, sedentes, unum ad caput, et unum
ad pedes, ubi posturn fuera t corpus Jesu.
13. Dicunt ei illi: Mulier, quid ploras? Dicit eis: Quia tulerunt
Dominum meum; et nescio ubi posuerunt eum.
14. Haec cum dixisset, conversa est retrorsum, et vidit Jesum stan
tenl: et non sciebat quia Jesus est.
IS. Dicit ei Jesus: Mulier, quid ploras? quem quaeris? IlIa existi
172
LATIN GRAMMAR 173
mans quia hortulanus esset, dicitei: Domine, si ttl sustulisti eum,
dicito mihi ubi posuisti eum; et ego eum tollam.
16. Dicit ei Jesus: Maria. Conversa illa, dicitei: Rabboni (quod
dicitur magister).
17. Dicit ei Jesus: Noli me tangere, nundum enim ascendi ad
Patrem meum: vade autem ad fratres meos, et die eis: Ascendo ad
Patrem meum, et Patrem vestrum, Deum meum, et Deum vestrum.
18. Venit Maria Magdalene annuntians discipulis: Quia vidi Do
minum, et haec dixit mihi.
19. Cum ergo sero esset die illo, una sabbatorum, et fores essent
clausae, ubi erant discipuli congregati propter metum Judaeorum;
venit Jesus, et stetit in medio, et dixit eis: Pax vobis.
20. Et cum hoc dixisset, ostendit eis manus et latus. Gavisi sunt ergo
discipuli, visa Domino.
21. Dixit ergo eis iterum: Pax vobis. Sicut misit me Pater, et ego
mitto vos.
22. Haec cum dixisset, insuffiavit, et dixit eis: Accipite Spiritum
Sanctum.
23. Quorum remiseritis peccata, remittuntur eis: et quorum retinu
eritis, retenta sunt.
24. Thomas autem unus ex duodecim, qui dicitur Didymus, non
erat cum eis quando venit Jesus.
25. Dixerunt ergo ei alii discipuli: Vidimus Dominum. Ille autem
dixit eis: Nisi videro in manibus ejus fixuram clavorum, et mittam
digitum meum in locum clavorum, et mittam manum meam in latus
ej us, non credam.
26. Et post dies octo, iterum erant discipuli ejus intus: et Thomas
cum eis. Venit Jesus, januis clausis, et stetit in medio, et dixit: Pax
vobis.
27. Deinde dicit Thomae: Infer digitum tuum huc, et affer manum
tuam, et mitte in latus meum: et noli esse incredulus, sed fidelis.
28. Respondit Thomas, et dixitei: Dominus meus et Deus meus.
29. Dixit ei Jesus: Quia vidisti me, Thoma, credidisti: beati qui
non viderunt et crediderunt.
174 LATIN GRAMMAR
30. Multa quidem et alia signa fecit Jesus in conspectu discipulorum
suorum, quae non sunt scripta in libro hoc.
31. Haec autem scripta sunt ut credatis quia Jesus est Christus
Filius Dei: et ut credentes, vitam habeatis in nomine ej us.
(Jesu Christi Evangelium secundum Joannem, caput XX, 1-31.)
APPENDIX
52. Irregular declensions.

deus, m., dea, £., domus, f., vis, £.,
God goddeu house force, strength
Singular
Nom. deus dea domus vis
Gen. dei deae domus, -i
Dat. deo deae domui, -0
Ace. deum deam domum vim
Abl. deo dea domu, -0 VI
Plural
Nom. dei, dii, di deae domus vires
Gen. deorum, deum dearum domuum, -orum virium
Dat. deis, diis, dis deabus domibus viribus
Ace. deos deas domus, -os vms, -es
r\bl. deis, diis, dis deabus domibus vuibus
53. Numerals.
Cardinal Ordinal
I. nnus, -a, -urn primus, -a, -um
2. duo, duae, duo secundus
3. tres, tria tertius
4. quattuor quartus
5. quinque quintus
6. sex sextus
7. septem septimus
8. octo octavus
175
1']6 LATIN GRAMMAR
9. novem nonus
10. decem decimus
II. undecim undecimus
12. du6decim duodecimus
13. tredecim tertius decimus
14. quattu6rdecim quartus decimus
15. qUlndecim quintus decimus
16. sedecim sextus decimus
17. septendecim septimus decimus
18. duodeviglnti duodevicesimus
19. undeviglnti undevicesimus
20. viglnti
.,.
VlceSlmus
21. viglnti unus vicesimus primus
(unus et viglnti)
29. undetriglnta undetricesimus
30. triglnta tricesimus
40. quadragfnta quadragesimus
50. quinquaglnta quinquagesimus
60. sexaglnta sexagesimus
70. septuaginta septuagesimus
80. octoglnta
octogesimus
go. nonagmta
nonagesimu5
100. centum centesimus
200. ducenti, ..ae, -a ducentesimus
300. trecenti trecentesimus
400. quadringenti quadringentesimUi
500. quingenti quingentesimus
600. sescenti sescentesimus
700. septingenti septingentesimus
800. octingenti octingentesimus
900. nongenti nongentesimus
1000. mille millesimus
2000. duo nulia his millesimus
LATIN GRAMMAR
VERBS
llEGULAR VERBS
5+ First conjugation
laudare, to praise
Indicative
Present
Active Voice Passive Voice
lando laudamus laudor laudamur
laudas laudatis laudaris 1 laudamini
Iaudat laudant laudatur laudantur
Imperfect
laudabam laudabamus laudabar laudabamur
laudabas laudabatis laudabaris laudabamini
laudabat laudabant laudabatur laudabantur
Future
laudabo laudabimus laudabor laudabimur
laudabis laud£bitis laudaberis laudabimini
laudabit laud£bunt laudabitur laudabUntur
Perfect
laudavi laudavimus laudatus sum laudati sumus
laudavlsti laudavlstis laudatus es laudati estis
Iaudavit laudaverunt laudatus est laudati sunt
(laudavere)
Pluperfect
laudaveram laudaveramus laudatus eram laudati eramus
laudaveris laudaveratis laudatus eras laudati eratis
laudaverat laudaverant laudatus erat laudati erant
1 In the present, imperfect, and future of the passive voice, the second person singular
has also a form in -re. Thus laudarc, laudabare, lauwbere.
178 LATIN GRAMMAR
Future Perfect
laudavero laudaverimus laudatus ero laudati erimus
laudaveris laudaveritis laudatus eris laudati critis
laudaverit laudaverint laudatus erit laudati erunt
Subjunctive
Present
laudem laudemus lauder

laudemur
laudes laudetis lauderis
laudemini
laudet laudent laudetur
laudentur
Imperfect
laudarem laudaremus laudarer laudaremur
laudares laudaretis laudareris laudaremini
laudaret laudarent laudaretur laudarentur
Perfect
laudaverim laudaverimus laudatus sim laudati simus
laudaveris laudaveritis laudatus sis laudati sitis
laudaverit laudaverint laudatus sit laudati sint
Pluperfect
laudavlssem laudavissemus laudatus essem laudati essemus
laudavlsses lauclavissetis laudatus esses laudati essetis
laudavlsset laudavlssent laudatus esset laudati essent
Imperative
Sing., lauda Plur., laudate Sing.,laudare Plur., Iaudamini
Infinitive
Pres. laudare, to prais~ laudari, to be praised
Perf. laudavlsse, to have praised laudatus esse, to hav~ be~n
praised
Fut. laudaturus esse, to be about Iaudatum iri, to be about to be
to prais~ praised
LATIN GRAMMAR 179
Participles
Pres. laudans, -antis, praising Perf. laudatus, -a, -urn, having
Fut. laudaturus, -a, -urn, about been praised
to praise
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. :~audandi, of praising laudandus, -a, -urn, to be praised,
Dat. laudando, for praising elC.
Acc. laudandum, praising
Abl. laudando, by praising
Supine
Ace. laudatum, to p,·aise
Abl. laudatu, to praise
55. Second conjugation.
monere, to advise, warn
Indicative
Present
moneo monemus moneor monemur

manes monetis moneris monemini
monet monent monetur monentur
Imperfect
nlonebam monebamus monebar monebamur
monebas monebatis monebaris monebamini
monebat monebant monebatur monebantur
Future
monebo monebimus monebor monebimur
monebis monebitis moneberis monebimini
monebit monebunt monebitur monebUntur
180 LATIN GRAMMAR
Perfect
, .
monUl
,.
monUlmus monitus sum moniti sumus

monulsti monuistis monitus es moniti estis
monnit monuerunt monitus est moniti sunt
(monuere)
Pluperfect
,
monueram monueramus monitus eram moniti ecimus
monueras monueratis monitus eras moniti eratis
monuerat monuerant monitus erat moniti erant
Future Perfect
,
monuero
,
monuerlmus
. monitus ero moniti crimm
monueris monueritis monitus eris moniti eritis
monuerit monuerint monitus erit moniti erunt
Subjunctive
, , ,
moneam moneamus monear moneamur
moneas moneatis
,
monearls
. , ..
mOneamlnI
moneat moneant moneatur moneantur
Imperfect
, , , ,
monerem moneremus monerer moneremur
, , . .
moneres moneretis monereris monereffilnl
moneret monerent moneretur monerentur
Perfect
.
,
monuerlm
.
,
monuerlmus monitus sim moniti simus
monueris monueritis monitus sis moniti sitis
monuerit monuerint monitus sit moniti sint
Pluperfect
monUlssem
, .,
monulssemus monitus essem moniti essemus
monwsses monuissetis monitus esses moniti essetis
monufsset monulssent monitus esset moniti essent
LATIN GRAMMAR lSI
Imperative
Present
Sing. mone Plur. monete Sing. monere Plur. monemini

Infinitive
Pres. monere, to advis~ moneri, to b~ advis~d
Perf. monuisse, to have advis~d monitus esse, to have b~~n ad
vised
Fut. moniturus esse, to b~ about monitum iri, to b~ about to be
to advise advised
Participles
Pres. monens, -entis, advising Perf. monitus, .a, -urn, having
Fut. moniturus, -a, -urn, about to be~n advised
advis~
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. monendi, of advising monendus, -a, -urn, to be advised
Dat. monendo, for advising
Acc. monendum, advising
Abl. monendo, by advising
Supine
Acc. monitum, to advise
Abl. monitu, to advise
56. Third conjugation.
ducere, to lead
Indicative
Present
duco ducimus ducor ducimur
ducis ducitis duceris duclmini
ducit ducunt ducitur ducuntur
182 LATIN GRAMMAR
Imperfect
ducebam ducebamus ducebar ducebamur
ducebas ducebatis ducebaris ducebamini
ducebat ducebant ducebatur ducebantur
Future
ducam ducemus ducar ducemur
duces ducetis duceris ducemini
ducet ducent ducetur ducentur
Perfect
duxi duximus ductus sum ducti sumus

duxisti duxlstis ductus es ducti estis
duxit duxerunt ductus est ducti sunt
(duxere)
Pluperfect
duxeram duxeramus ductus eram ducti eramus
duxeras duxeratis ductus eras dueti cratis
duxerat duxerant ductus erat ducti erant
Future Perfect
duxero duxerimus ductus ero ducti erimus
duxeris duxeritis ductus eris ducti eritis
duxerit dtixerint ductus erit ducti erunt
Subjunctive
Present
ducam ducamus ducar ducamur

ducas ducatis ducaris ducamini
ducat ducant ducatur ducantur
LATIN GRAMMAR 183
Imperfect
ducerem duceremus ducerer duceremur
duceres duceretis ducereris duceremini
duceret dllcerent duceretur ducerentur
Perfect
duxerim duxerimus ductus sim ducti simus
duxeris duxeritis ductus sis ducti sitis
duxerit duxerint ductus sit ducti sint
Pluperfect
duxIssem duxissemus ductus essem ducti essemu~
duxlsses duxissetis ductus esses ducti essetis
duxlsset duxlssent ductus esset ducti essent
Imperative
Present
Sing. duc(e) Plur. ducite Sing. ducere Plur. duclmini
Infinitive
Pres. ducere, to lead duci, to be led
Perf. duxlsse, to have led ductus esse, to hav~ be~n led
Fut. ducturus esse, to be about ductum iri, to be about to be led
to lead
Participles
Pres. ducens, -entis, leadin g Perf. ductus, -a, -urn, having
Fu~. ducturus, -a, -urn, about to been led
lead
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. ducendi, of leading ducendus, -a, -urn, to be led
Dar. ducendo, for leading
l\CC. ducendum, leading
Abl. ducendo, by leading
LATIN GRAMMAR
Supine
Acc. ductum, to l~ad
Abl. ductu, to l~ad
57. Fourth conjugation.

audIre, to h~ar
Indicative
Present
audio audImus audior audlmur
audis audltis audfris audfmini
audit audiunt audltur audiuntur
Imperfect
audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamnr
audiebas audiebatis audiebaris audiebamini
audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebantur
Future
audiam audiemus audiar audiemur
audies audietis audieris audiemini
audiet audient audietur audientur
Perfect
aumvi audfvimus audftus sum audfti sumus
audivlsti audivlstis audftus es audfti estis
aumvit audiverunt auwtus est audlti sunt
Pluperfect
audlveram audiveramus audftus eram auwti eramus
audiveras audiveratis audltus eras audfti eratis
audlverat audlverant audftus erat audlti erant
LATIN GRAMMAR ISs
Future Perfect
audivero audiverimus auditus era auditi crimm
audiveris audiveritis auditus eris audlti eritis
audiverit audlverint audltus erit auditi aunt
Subjunctive
Present
audiam audiamus audiar audi3mur
audias audiatis audiaris audiamini
audiat audiant audiatur audiantur
Imperfect
audIrem audiremus audirer audiremur
audIres audiretis audireris audiremini
audiret audirent audiretur audirentur
Perfect
audiverim audiverimus auditus sim auditi simus
audiveris audiveritis auditus sis auditi sitis
audiverit audlverint audltus sit audlti sint
Pluperfect
audivlssem audivissemus auditus essem auditi essemus
audivisses audivissetis auditus esses audlti essetis
audivisset audivlssent auditus esset audlti essent
Imperative
Present
Sing. audi Plur. audite Sing. audire Plur. audlmini
Infinitive
Pres. audire, to h~ar audlri, to b~ h~ard
Perf. audivisse, to hatl~ h~ard auditus esse, to hatl~ b~~n h~ard
Fut. auditurus esse, to b~ about auditum iri, to be about to be
to h~ar h~ard
186 LATIN GRAMMAR
Participles
Pres. 3udiens, -cntis, hearing auditus, -a, -urn, heard having
J
Fut. auditurus, -a, -urn, about to been heard

hear
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. audiendi, of hearing audiendus, -a, -urn, to be h~ard
Dat. audiendo, for hearing
Ace. audiendum, hearing
Abl. audiendo, by hearing
Supine
Ace. auditum, to hear
Abl. auditu, to hear
sS- Third conjugation verbs in -io.

capere, to take
Indicative
Present
Active Voice Passi ve Voice
capio capimus capior capimur
capis capitis caperis caplrnini
capit capiunt capitur capiuntur
Imperfect
capiebam, etc. capiebar, etc.
Future
cipiam capiemus capiar capiemuf
capies capietis capieris capiemini
capiet capient capietur capientur
Perfect
cepi, etc. captus sum, etc.
LATIN GRAMMAR 187
Pluperfect
ceperam, etc. captns eram, etc.
Future Perfect
cepero, etc. captus ero, etc.
Subjunctive
Present
, .
caplam caphimns capiar capiamur
capias capiatis capiaris capiamini
capiat capiant capiatur capiantur
Imperfect
caperem, etc. caperer, etc.
Perfect
ceperim, etc. captus sim, etc.
Pluperfect
cepfssem, etc. captus essem, etc.
Imperative
Present
Sing. cape Plur. capite Sing. capere Plur. capfmini
Infinitive
Pres. capere, to take capi, to be tak~n
Perf. cepisse, to have tak~n captus esse, to have been taken
Fut. captuTUs esse, to be about to captum iri, to be about to be
take taken
Participles
Pres. capiens, -ientis, taking I)erf. captus, -a, -urn, taken, hal!-
Fut. capturus, -a, -urn, about to ing been taken
take
188 LATIN GRAMMAR
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. capiendi, of taking capiendus, -a, -urn, to be taken
Dat. capiendo, for taking
Acc. capiendum, taking
Abl. capiendo, by taking
Supine
Ace. captum, to take
Abl. captu, to take
IRREGULAR VERBS
59- esse, to be posse, to be able
Indicative
Present
sum ,umu! possum possumus
es estis potes potestis
est ,unt potest possunt
Imperfect
,
eram eramus p6teram poteramus
eras eratis p6teras poteratis
erat erant poterat pOterant
Future
ero
,.
erlmus potero poterimus
eris eritis p6teris poteritis
erit erunt poterit p6terunt
Perfect
fui fUimus potui potuimus
fulsti fuistis potuisti potulstis
fuit fuerunt p6tuit potuerunt
LATIN GRAMMAR J89
Pluperfect
roeram fueramus potueram potueclmus
meras fuecitis potueras potueratis
fuerat merant potuerat potuerant
Future Perfect
roero fuerimus potuero potuerimus
meris fueritis potueris potueritis
merit merint potuerit potuerint
Subjunctive
Present
,
sim simns possim posstmUJ
sis sitis possis possftis
sit sint possit possint
Imperfect
, ,
essem essemus possem possemus
esses essetis posses possetis
esset csscnt posset possent
Perfect
fUerim fuerimus potuerim potuerimus
meris fueritis potueris potueritis
merit merint potuerit potuerint
Pluperfect
fulssem fuissemus potufssem potuissemns
fulsses fuissetis potufsses potuissetis
fulsset fulssent potufsset potufssent
Imperative
Sing. es Plur. este
LATIN GRAMMAR
Infinitive
Pres. esse, to be posse, to be able

Perf. fulsse, to have been potulsse, to have been able
Fut. futurus esse,} to be ab out
or
to be
f ore
Participles
Future Present
futurus, -a, ..um, about to b~ potens, -entis (used as an adjec

tive), powerful
60. velIe, to wish nolle, to be untvilling malle, to prefer
Indicative
Present
volo volumus nolo n6lumus malo malumus

vis vultis non vis non vultis mavis mavultis
vult volunt non vult nolunt mavult malunt
Imperfect
volebam nolebam malebam
Future
volam nolam malam
Perfect
v61ui no lui malui
Pluperfect
volueram nolueram maIueram
Future Perfect
voluero noluero maIuero
LATIN GRAMMAR
Subj unctive
Present
veIim vel1rnus noJ.im nollmus malim mallrnus
yetis veHtis nolis nolltis malis rna11tis
velit velint nolit nolint malit malint
Imperfect
vellem noll em mallem
Perfect
voluerim noluerinl maluerim
Pluperfect
volulssem nolulssem malufssem
Imperative
Present
Sing. noli Plur. noIlte
Infini tive
Pres. velIe nolle malle
Perf. voluisse nolulsse malufs5e
Participles
Pres. volens nolens
61. ferre, to bear, carry

Present
fero fcrimus feror ferimur
fers fertis ferris ferlmini
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
192 LATIN GRAMMAR
Imperfect
fcrebam ferebar
Future
feram ferar
Perfect
tuli latus sum
Pluperfect
tUleram latus cram
Future Perfect
twero latus ero
Subjunctive
Present
feram fcrar
Imperfect
ferrem ferrer
Perfect
tUlerim latussim
Pluperfect
tulissem latus essem
Imperative
Sing. fez Plur. ferte Sing. ferre Plar. ferlmini

Infinitive
Pres. ferre fern
Perf. tulisse latus esse
Fut. latUms ~ latum iri
LATIN GRAMMAR 193
Participles
Pres. ferena
Perf. - latlU
Fut. latUrus
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. ferendi ferendus
Dat. ferendo
Acc. ferendum
Abl. ferendo
Supine
Ace. latum
Abl. lam
62. ire, to go
Indicative
Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect
eo irons ibam ibo ii ieram
is itis
it cunt
Future Perfect
iero
Subj unctive
Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
cam irem ierim issem
Imperative
Present
Sing. i Plur. ite
LATIN GRAMMAR
Infinitive
Pres. ire
Perf. isse (iisse)
Fut. itums esse
Partici pIes
"_'s. iens, euntis
I·'LL iturus
Gerund
Gen. eundi
J1at. eundo
Acc. eundum
Abl. eundo
Supine
Acc. itum
Abl. itu
63- fieri, to be made, becotne

Indicative
Present Imperfect Future

60 fimus fiebam fiam
fis fit is
fit fiunt
Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

factus sum factus eram factus ero
Subjunctive
Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
fiam nerem factus sim factus essem
LATIN GRAMMAR 195
Inlperative
Sing. fi Plur. fite
Infinitive
Pres. fieri
Perf. factus esse
Fut. factum iri
Participles
Pres. -
Perf. factus
Gerundive
faciendus
EXPLANATION
I. ....t\ll proper nouns that are the same in both languages have been omitted
from this vocabulary.
2. Numbers following verbs refer to conjugations.
3. After SaIne verbs, eo is added to indicate that the verb is a compound
of ire.
4. A.fter some verbs, io is added to indicate that the verb is an -io verb
of the third conjugation.
5. The following abbreviations are used:
c., common gender
defect., defective
I., feminine
impers., impersonal
m., masculine
n., neuter
VOC., vocative
VOCABULARY
Abias, -ae, m., Abia
A
abiegnus, -a, -urn, of fir, of the fir tree
a, by, from abies, -etis, t., fir tree
a (interj.), ah abigere, -egi, -actus, to rid, banish,
ab, by, frum drive away
abalienari, dep., to be estranged, go abire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go
away away
abba, abba, Father abjectio, -onis, t.} outcast
abbas, -atis, m ... abbot abjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to cast off or
abbatia, -ae, f., abbacy, abbey a\vay, refuse
abbreviare, to shorten abjuratio, -onis, t.} abjuration
cibdere, -didi, -ditus, to secrete, hide ablactare, to wean
abdicare, to abandon, give up abluere, -lui, -lutus, to wash away
cibditum, -i, n.} hidden place, secret ablutio, -onis, t.} a washing away
abernire, to go astray abnegare, to den y
abesse, abfui or afui, afutUrus, to be abolere, -evi, -itus, to abolish, destroy
away; absit, God forbid! Far from abominabilis, -e, hateful
it I abominari, dep., to abhor
abhorrere, to shrink a wa y from abominatio, -onis, t.} abomination
199
200 LATIN GRAMMAR
abortivus, -2, -urn, born prematurely abundare, to abound
abra, -ae, f., maid abunde, abundantly
Abraharnus, -i, m., Abraham abusio, -oms, t., scorn, contempt
abrenunticire, to renounce abuti, -usus sum, d~p. 3, to destroy
abripere, -ripui, -reptus, to drag away abyssus, -i, f., the deep, depths, abyss
abs, prep., from, by ac, and
Absalomus, -i, m., Absalom academia, -ae, f., academy
abscedere, -cessi, -cessus, to depart Accaronitae, -arum, Tn., Accaronites;
abscindere, -scidi, -scissus, to cut off, people of Accaron or Ekron
take away accedere, -cessi, -cessus, to come, ap
abscondere, -condi, -conditus, to hide, proach
shield accelerare, to hasten
abscondite, secretly acceleratio, -onis, t., hastening
absconditurn, -i, n., hidden thing; in accendere, -cendi, -census, to kindle
abscondito, in secret, in the secret acceptabilis, -e, acceptable
part acceptare, to accept, receive with
absconsio, -onis, f., shelter pleasure
absconsus, -a, -urn, hidden, secret acceptio, -onis, '., respect
absis, -idis, t., apse acceptus, -a, -urn, agreeable, welcom~
absistere, -stiti, -stitus, to be banished, worthy
cease accersere, -ivi, -itus, to send for, sum
absolute, absolutely, completely, alone mon
absolutio, -onis, t., absolution accessus, -us, m., 2ccess
absolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to absolve, accidentia, -orum, n., accidents, a~
conlplete pearances
absorbere, to swallow up accidere, -cidi, to happen
absque, without, except, besides accingere, -cinxi, -cinctus, to gird about
abstemius, -a, -urn, tern pera te accipere, -cepi, -ceptus, to take, re
abstergere, -tersi, -tersus, to wipe ceive, accept
away, blot out acclinis, -e, leaning, bowing
abstinentia, -ae, f., abstinence accola, -ae, c., sojourner
abstinere, -tinui, -tentus, to refrain, accomodare, to adjust, incline
abstain accrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to grow
abstrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to draw accubare, to lie down
away, bring forth accubitus, -us, m., repose; seat
absUmere, -sumpsi, -surnptus, to COD accumbere, -cubui, -cubitus, to sit at
sun1e, take away table
absurde, absurdly accurate, accurately
absynthiurn, -ii, n., wormwood accuratus, -a, -urn, careful, accurate
AbuJa, -ae, f., Avila accw-rere, -curri and -cucw-ri, -cursus,
abundanter, abundantly, fully to run to
abundantia, -ae, f., abundance, pros accusare, to accuse
perity accusatio, -onis, f., accusation
abundantius, more frequently accusator, -oris, m., accuser
LATIN GRAMMAR 201
acer, acris, acre, sharp, bitter, ardent adducere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring,
acerbitas, -atis, '., bitterness, evil, wick provoke
edness adeo, even, so much, to that point
acerbus, -a, -urn, sour adeps, -ipis, m. and '., fat, marrow, the
acerra, -ae, ,., casket for incense best, finest
acervus, -i, m., heap adesse, affui (adfui), to attend, be
acetum, -i, n., vinegar present, relieve, be mindful of
Achillas, -ae, nl., Achilles adhaerere, -haesi, -haesus, to adhere
acies, ~i, ,., edge, keenness; line of to, cleave to
battle; pupil of the eye or the eye adhihere, to add to, apply, take
itself adhuc, yet, still, now, as
acinus, -i, m., berry, grape adimplere, -p!evi, -pletus, to fill
acolythus, -i, mo, acolyte adinvenire, -veni, -ventus, to find
acquiescere, -quievi, -quietus, to fol adinventio, -onis, I., plan, device, deed,
low, agree work
acquirere, -quisivi, -quisitus, to ac adipisd, adeptus sum, d~p. 3, to gain,
quire, procure obtain
acquisitio, -onis, ,., purchase, acquisi adire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to ap
tion proach
actio, -onis, 10' action, deed; gratiarum aditus, -us, mo, approach, gate
actio, thanksgiving adjicere, -jed, -jectus, (io), to add,
actor, -oris, n2 governor
o , grant, to direct one's thoughts
actuosus, -a, -urn, active toward
actus, -us, n1., act, office, work, celebra adjudicare, to give sentence
tion, deed adjumentum, -i, n., hel p
acuere, -ui, -utus, to sharpen adjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to join
aculeus, -i, m., sting, sharp point, adjurare, to adjure
prick adjutor, -oris, n1., helper, coadjutor
acus, -us, I., pin adjutorium, -ii, no, help
acutus, -a, -urn, sharp; his acutus, two adjutrix, -ids, /., helper
edged adjuvare, -juvi, jutus, to help
ad, to, toward, unto, at, against, near adlaborare, to toil
adamantinus, -a, -urn, adaman tine, un adlectus, -i, lno, nlember elected into a
conquered collegium
adamare, to love adminiculum, -i, n., support, prop
adamas, -antis, m., adamant administer, -tri, mo, assistant
Adamiti, -orum, nl., Auamites administrare, to minister, auminster
Adarnus, -i, nl., Adarn administratorius, -a, -urn, ministering
adCiperire, -pcrui, -pertus, to open admirabilis, -e, vvonderful, adrnirable
adaquare, to water, to give to drink admirari, depo, to wonder, be in ad
adaugere, -auxi, -auctus, to increase miration
addere, -didi, -ditus, to give, to add adrnittere, -misi, -missus, to join, ad
addicere, -dixi, -dictus, to doom, ad rnit
judge, condernn admixtio, -onis, I.~ mixture
202 LATIN GRAMMAR
admoner~, to warn
adversa, -orum, no, adverse things, ad
adni~ -nisus or -nixus sum, d~p. 3,
versity
to strive adversari, dep.} to oppose, resist
adnotare, to note adversarius, -ii, m., aJversary, foe
adoh~re, to burn, smell advcrsitas, -atis,t., adversity, harm
adolescens, -entis, m., young man adversum, -i, 11., harm
adolesccntia, -ae, t..youth adversum, against; ex adverso, oppo
adolescentior, -oris, younger; as a site, over against, in the front
nOUN, young nlan adversus, against, in cOIl1parison with
adolescentula, -ae, t.,young nlaiden advertere, -verti, -versus, to perceive,
adolescentulus, -i, m., young man remark
adoptio, -onis, t., adoption advespcrascit, -3vit, imperson. 3, to
ador~indus, -a, -urn, adorable be toward evening
adorare, to adore, worship advocare, to call to
adorator, -oris, m., adorer, worshiper advocltus, -i, n2., advocate
adoriri, -ortus sum, dep. 4J to under advolare, to fly, hasten
take advolvere, -volvi, -volutus, to roll
adornare, to adorn aedes, -is, tOJ tern pIe
adsc1scere, -scivi, -scitus, to admit, re aedieula, -ae, I., little house or build-
ceIve Ing
adscrlptus, -a, -urn, approved aedificans, -antis, m builder
O}
adspieere, -spexi, -spectus, to look on aedificare, to build

adspirare, to inspire, to breathe upon aedificatio, -onis,t., building, edifying
adstare, -stiti, to stand by aedificitor, -oris, m., repairer
adstipulari, dep., to assen t to, strength aedituus, -i, nl., keeper or warden of
en a tcrnple
adsum; sre adcsse Aegea, -ae, t., Aegae
adulatio, -onis, t., flattery aeger, -gra, -grum, sick
adulter, -i, m., adulterer At'gidius, -ii, m., Giles
adultera, -ae, I., adulteress aegre, badly, ill
adulterare, to comnlit adultery aegritudo, -inis, j., sickness
adulterinus, -3, -urn, not genuine, aegrotare, to be sick, fa 11 sick
bastard aegrotatio, -onis, f., illness
adulteriun:., -ii, n., adultery aegrotus, -a, -urn, sick
adlilterus, -3, -um, adulterous Aegyptiacus, -a, -urn, Egyptian
adtiltus, ""'d, -urn, adult, grown Aegyptii, -orum, m., Egyptians
adunare, to unite Aegyptius, -a, -urn, Egyptian
adurere, -ussi, -ustus, to kindle, set fire Aegyptus, -i, f., Egypt
to, burn Aelamitae, -arum, rn., Elarnites
advena, -ae, c,} stranger Aemilia, -ae, t., Enlilia
advenire, -veni, -ventus, to com~ Aemilianus, -i, m., Aemilian
adventare, to come aemula, -ae, I., rival
adventus, -us, m., coming, arrival, ad aemulari, dep., to envy
vent aemulatio, -onis, I.} emulation, envy
LATIN GRAM~1AR 203
a~muh1tor, -oris, m., zealous imitator Aethiops, -opis, m., Ethiopian

aeneus, -a, -urn, brazen aevurn, -i, n., eternity
aerugma, -atis, n., riddle, hard ques Afer, -fra, -frum, African
tion, obscurity; in aerugmate, in a affari, dep., to speak, say
dark manner ciffatim, sufficiently, earnestly
a~qualis, -e, eq ual affectus, -us, m., devotion, love, affec
aequalitas, -atis, f., equality tion; sense
aequanimiter, calmly afIerre, attuli, allatus, to bring forth,
aequare, to equal give; bring to
aequipanlre, to compare afficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to affect,
aequitas, -atis, f., justice, righteousness cause a change in; to treat
aequor, -oris, n., sea affirmare, to affirm
aequus, equal, right; aequo animo, affixio, -onis, f., fastening, nailing
cheerful in mind affiare, to inspire, teach
aer, aeris (pl., aeres, aera), m., air afflatus, -us, m., a blowing upon;
aerariurn, -ii, n., treasury breath, inspiration, spirit
aereus, -a, -unl, airy, windy, raging affiictatio, -onis, f., suffering, misery,
aereus, -a, -urn, of brass, bronze, or chastisement
copper afHictio, -onis, f., affliction
aerugo, -inis, f., rust, blight, mildew affiigere, -flixi, -Rictus, to afHict, mor
aerlimna, -ae, f., hardship, affliction tify' punish
aenunnosus, -a, -urn, sorrOWIng affiuere, -£luxi, -£luxus, to abound,
aes, aeris, n., brass, copper, money; aes flow to
alienum, debt Africus, -i, m., south, south wind
aestas, -atis, f., summer Agareni, -orum, m., Agarites
aestimare, to esteem, consider, suppose, Agatha Gothorurn, -ae, f., Aga ta dei
account Goti (church)
aestinlatio, -onis, f.! evaluation, ap ager, -gri, m., field; county, country,
praisernent ~ count district
aestimato~, -(~ris, 1(2., one who esteems agere, egi, actus, to do, drive, put in
aestivus, -a, -lilll, of the sumrner motion, deal, practice; gratias
aestuare, to be hot; scorch; kindle agere, to give thanks
aestus, -us, m., heat Aggaeus, -i, m., Aggeus
aetas, -atis, f., age; aetatem habere, to agger, aggeris, m., mound
be of age aggravare, to be heavy
aeternalis, -e, eternal aggredi, -gressus sum, (io), dep. 3, to
aeternitas, -atis, f., eternity approach
aeternus, -a, -urn, eternal, everlasting; aggregare, to add to, to join with
in aeternum, forever agitare, to shake
aether, -eris (acc., aethera), m., upper agmen, -inis, n., throng, host
air, sky agnellus, -i, m., little lamb
aethereus, -a, -urn, airy, ethereal; of agnitio, -onis, t., knowledge
~~~v~n Agnoitae, -arum, m. pl., Agnoites
Aethiopia, -ae, t., Ethiopia agnomen, -inis, n., surname
2°4 LATIN GRAMMAR
Agnonus, -i, t., Agnone
alias, e1sewhere
agnoscere, -novi, -notus, to know, un
alibi, elsewhere
derstand, acknowledge, recognize alienare, to estrange
agnus, -i, m., lamb alienatus, -a, -urn, stra nge
agon, -onis, m., a contest in the public alienigena, -ae, m., foreigner, stranger
games; agony; in agone, for the alienus, -a, -urn, stra nge
tnastery alimentum, -i, n., food, refreshment
~gonia, -ae, f., agony alimonium, -ii, n., nourishment
agonizare, to die alioquin, otherv'ise
agrestis, -e, wi ld aliquamdiu, [or a while
agricola, -ae, m., farmer, husbandman aliquando, at any tinle, heretofore, at
agricultura, -ae, /., farnling last
ait.. de/. verb, he says aliquantlsper, for a while
aiunt, they say aliquantulum, a liule. somewhat
ajebat = aiebat, he said aliquatenus, to a certain degree
ajunt = aiunt aliqui, -quae, -quod, some
ala, -ae, /., wing aliquis, -qua, -quid, someone, some
alabastrum, -i, n., alabaster box thing, anyone, anything
alacer (alacris), -cris, -ere, quick, ac aliquot, some, several
tive, cheerful aliqu6ties, several tirnes
alacritas, -atis, t., eagerness ~iliter, otherwise
alacriter, eager I y aliunde, another way
alapa, -ae, t., blow, box on the ear, slap alius, -a, -ud, other, another; alius
alatus, -a, -urn, winged . . . alius, one another; alii •••
Alba, -ae, t., Alva alii, sonle . . . others
Albanensis, -e, of Albano allaborare, to labor
Albertus, -i, m., Albert allegoria, -ae, /., allegory, figure
albescere, to grow white or bright alleluia, alleluia (Hebrew, praIse ye
Albigenses, -ium, nl., Albigensians the Lord)
album, -i, n., tablet; list allevare, to lift up
albus, -a, -urn, white alleviare, to ra ise up
aleph, the first letter of the Hebrew allicere, -lexi, -lectus, (io), to allure,
alphahet charm, attract
~llere, alui, altus and aIitus, to feed, allidere, -lisi, -lisus, to strike against,
nourish cast down
Ales, Hales alligare, to bind
ales, -itis, winged allocutio, -onis, t., add ress, speech; en
Alexandria, -ae, t., Alexandria; Ales couragement, comfort
sandria alloqui, -locutus sum, 3, dep., to con
Alexandrini, -orurn, m., Alexandrians verse with
Alexandrinus, -a, -urn, of Alexandria alloquiurn, -ii, n., conversation, ex
Alexius.. -ii, m., Alexius, Alexis hortation
alga, -ae, f., sea weed almus, -a, -urn, gracious, kind;
algid us, -a, -urn, cold Spiritus, Holy Ghost
LATIN GRAMMAR 2°5
aloe, -es, t., aloe amatrix, -icis, t., lover
Aloisius, -ii, m., Aloysius Ambianum, -i, n., Amieos
alpha, alpha (the first letter of the ambigere, to doubt, hesitate
Greek alphabet) alnbire, to strive for
Alphaeus, -i, nl.} Alpheus ambitiosus, -a, -urn, ambitious
altare, -is, n., altar ambitus, -us, n1., circle; cope
alter, -tera, -terum, the other of two; ambo, -ae, -0, both
alter . . . alter, the one . . . the Ambrosianus, -a, -urn, Ambrosian, of
other; alter . . . ab altero, one from St. Anlbrose
the other; - alterius, of one an Ambrosius, -ii, m., Ambrose
other; in altero . . . in ~iltero, on ambulare, to wa Ik
the one hand ..• on the other amen, amen (Hebrew, so be it)
hand anlentia, -ae, /., madness, insanity
altercari, to dispute amethystus, -i, /., amethyst
alternare, to change amidtia, -ae, I., friendship, friends;
alternatim, aIterll3tely league
alternus, -a, -urn, one after the other, amictus, -a, -urn, clothed
by turns, alternate amictus, -us, m., vesture
alteruter, -tra, -trurn, one of two, one amicus, -i, nl., friend
toward another; ad alterutrum, one Amideus de Amideis, -i, m., Amadeo
to another de' Amidei
altilis, .e, fatted; altl1ia, fatlings amittere, -misi, -missus, to disperse, to
altiu.ido, -inis, ,., height, high place; send away
depth Ammonites, -is, m., Ammonite
altum, -i, n., the deep Ammonitidae, -arum, I., women of
altus, -a, -urn, high; deep; exalted Ammon
alUmnus, -i, nl., student amodo, henceforth, hereafter
alveolus, -i, In., bow I amoenus, -a, -urn, pleasant
Alvernia, -ae, ,., Alverno; Mons Al amor, -oris, n1., love
verniae, Mount Alverno Amorrhaeus, -a, -urn, Amorrhite
Alvernus, -a, -urn, AIverno amovere, -movi, -motus, to put aside,
alveus, -i, 111., channel, bed (of a turn away, remove
river) amphiteatrum, ·i, n., amphithe;tter
alvus, -i, /., womb amphora, -ae, /., bottle, pitcher
Amalphis, -is, f., Amalfi amplecti, -plexus sum, dt:p. ), to em..
amanter, lovingly hrace
amare, to love amplificare, to increase
amare (adv.), bitterly arnplificator, -oris, m., one who ex..
amarescere, to become bitter tends or increases
Amarias, -ae, In., Anlarias amplior, ampIius, greater
amariuido, -inis, /., bitterness, anguish amplius (adv.), yet more, any more
amarus, -a, -urn, bitler; amara, n. pl., ampulla, -ae, /., bottle, phial
bitterness amputare, to cut off, remove, take
amator, -oris, m., lover away
206 LATIN GRAMMAR
an, conj., or Annesiurn, -ii, no, Annecy
anachoreticus, -a, -urn, eremitical anniculus, -a, -urn, of one year, one
anachorita, -ae, m., hermit, anchorite year old
anathema, anathema anniversarius, -a, -urn, anniversary
anathematizare, to curse annona, -ae, to, crop, grain; means of
anceps, -cipitis, two-edged subsistence, rations
anchora, -ae, t., anchor annuere, -nui, to nod, beckon, wink;
ancHIa, -ae, t., handmaid, maidservant, assent, grant
bondwoman annulus, -i, mo, ring
anfractus, -us, m 0' bending, winding annurnerare, to number
Andreas, -ae, m 0' Andrew annunture, to announce, declare,
Angela Mericia, -ae, to, Angela Merici show forth, rela te
Angelicae, -arum, t., Angelicals annuntiatio, -onis, to, declaration, an
angelicus, -a, -urn, angelic nunciation
angelus, -i, mo, angel annunthitor, -oris, mo, announcer,
angere, to trouble herald
Angli, -orum, mo, English ann us, -i, mo, year
AngIia, -ae, to, England annuus, -3, -urn, annual, yearly, by the
anglice (advo), into English year
Anglicus, -i, tn., Englishman ansa, -ae, to, handle; opportunity
angor, -oris, m., distress Anselmus, -i, mo, Anseln1
angoriare, to force ante, before; (before an expression of
angu is, -is, C., snake time), ago
angularis, ~, angular, corner antea, before, formerly
angulus, -i, m., corner; bastion, stay anteactus, -3, -urn, past
angustia, -ae, f., straitness; want antecedere, -cessi, -cessus, to go be
angustiae, -arunl, to, distresses, neces fore, to surpass
sities, tribulations antecellere, to excel
angustiatus, -a, -urn, distressed antecessor, -oris, m., predecessor
angustus, -a, -urn, narrow anteire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go
Anianus, -i, mo, Annianus before
Anicium, -ii, no, Le Puy antelucanum, -i, no, dawn
anima, -ae, t., soul, life antelucanus, -a, -urn, before daybreak
anirnadversio, -onis, to, punishment antemurale, -is, n., bulwark
animadvertere, verti, -versus, to mark, antequarn, before
take notice of anterior, -oris, previous, before
animal, -is, n., animal, living creature, antevertere, -verti, -versus, to come be
beast fore, precede
animans, -antis, living; aJ a noun, liv anticipare, to prevent, to anticipate
ing creature Antiocheni, -0 rum, mo, Antiochians
animatus, -a, -urn, living Antiochensis, -e, of Antioch
animositas, -atis, t., high spirits Antiochenus, -a, -urn, of Antioch
animus, -i, mo, heart, mind, spirit; ex Antiochia, -ae, to, Antioch
animo, from the heart antiphona, -ae, to, antiphon
LATIN GRAMMAR
antiquarius, -ii, m., antiquary, old appellere, -puli, -pulsus, to bring or
scribe drive to
antiquus, -a, -urn, former, of old appendere, -pendi, -pensus, to weigh,
Antissiodorensis, -e, of Auxerre weigh out, balance
antlstes, -stitis, m., bishop appetere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to hunger
Antonius, -ii, m., Anthony after, reach to, pursue, seize on
antrum, -i, n., cave, den appetitor, -oris, m., coveter
Antverpia, -ae, t., Antwerp appetttus, -us, m., hunger, appetite,
anus, -us, t.} old woman passion
anxiari, dep., to be in anguish Appius, -a, -urn, Appian
anxletas, -atis, t., anxiety applicare, -avi, -atus and -ui, -itus, to
aper, apri, 112., boar bring, add to; to set to shore
aperire, -perui, -pertus, to open apponere, -posui, -pOsitus, to add to,
aperttio, -onis, f., opening pu t to, <.10 un to, proceed
apernari, dep., to scorn appositus, -a, -urn, placed near; appro
aperte, openly, clearly, plainly priate
apex, -icis, m., top or sUInnlit, point apprehendere, -prehendi, -prehensus,
apis, apis, /., bee to take hold of, lay hands 00, seize,
Apocalypsis, -is, f., revelation, Apoca embrace, apprehend
lypse appretiare, to prize, value, put a price
apocrypha, -orum, n., apocryphal gos on
pels apprime, exceedingly, above all
ap6c~r"phus, -a, -urn, apocryphal approbatio, -onis, t., sanction, appro
apologia, -ae, t., defense, justiflcation bation
apoplecticus, -a, -urn, apoplectic appropiare, to come near
apoplexia, -ae, t., apoplexy appropinquare, to approach, be at
aporiari, dep., to be in need, be strait hand
ened, be perplexed approximare, to approach
apostasia, -ae, I., apostasy Aprilis, -is, m., April
apostata, -ae, 171 " aposrate Aprutius, -ii, n1., the Abruzzi
apostatare, to fall off or a way from aptare, to fit to, adapt to, prepare
apostaticus, -a, -urn, rebel, apostate aptus, -a, urn, fitting
apostatrix, -icis, rebellious, apostate apud, to, with, near, in the presence of,
apostolatus, -us, m" apostleship at the house of
~postolicus, -3, -urn, apostolic aqua, -ae, t., water
aposto]us, -i, m., apostle aquaductus, -us, m., water course,
apotheca, -ae, t., storeroom conduit, aqueduct
apparere, to appear, show oneself, Aquae Tarbellae, -arum, t., Dax
shine forth Aquensis, -e, of Aix
apparhio, -onis, t., rnanifestation, ap aquila, -ae, t., eagle
parition Aq uilanus, -a, -urn, of Aquila
apparitor, -oris, m., servant Aquilejensis, -e, of Aquileia
appellare, to call aquilo, -onis, m " north
appellatio~ -oni!), t., appellation Aquinas, -atis, of Aquin
208 LATIN GRAMMAR
Aqwnns, -i, m., Aquinas arcus, -us, m., bow; rainbow
Aquisgranensis, -e, of Aachen Ardeatinus, -a, -urn, of Ardea, Ardea
Aquitania, -ae, f., Aquitaine tine
Aquitanus, -a, -urn,' of Aquitaine ardens, -entis, flaming, burning
ara, -ae, f., altar ardenter, ardently
Arabellae, -arum, f., Arabella (Ar ardere, arsi, arsus, to burn
bella, Arbela) Ardfertensis, -e, of Ardfert
Arabes, -urn, m., Arabs, Arabians ardor, -oris, m., burning
Aragonia, -ae, f., Aragon arduus, -a, -urn, steadfast
Aragonius, -a, -urn, Aragonian area, -ae, f., floor, threshing floor
aranea, -ae, f., spider arefacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to parch
arare, to plow; devise Arelate, 11., and Arelas, -atis, f., Aries
arator, -oris, m., plowman Arelatcnsis, -e, of Aries
aratrurn, -i, n., plow arena, -ae, f., sand
arbiter, -tri, m., judge areruiria, -ae, f., sand pit
arbitrari, dep., to think areola, -ae, f., small plot, garden-bed
arbitratus, -us, m., choice, will Areopagita, -ae, m., Areopagite
arbitriurn, -ii, n., free choice, free will arere, ami, to wi ther, dry up
arbor, -oris, f., tree arescere, arui, to become dry, wither
arbustu~ -i, n., orchard; arbtista, n. away; to pine away
pl., branches Argentarius: Mons - , Mount Ar
area, -ae, f., ark gentaro
Arcadius, -a, -urn, Arcadian argenteus, -a, -urn, of silver
arcanum, -i, n., secret place argenteus, -i, m., piece of silver
arcanus, -a, -urn, secret; arcana, n., Argentoraturn, -i, n., Strasbourg
hidden or secret things argentum, -i, n., silver; money
arcere, -ui, to prevent arguere, -ui, -utus, to rebuke, reprove,
arcessere, -ivi, -itus, to summon, call accuse, convince
archangelus, -i, m., archangel argurnentatio, -onis, f., argument, de
archibasilica, -ae, f., basilica, cathedral bate
church argurnentosus, -a, -urn, busy
archiconfraternitas, -atis, f., archcon argumenturn, -i, m., proof
fraternity Ari, vocative of Arius
archiepiscopatus, -us, m., archbish Arhini, -0 rum, m., Arians
opric Ariarusrnus, -i, m., Arianism
archimandrita, -ae, m., archimandrite cirida, -ae, f., dryness, dry land
archipraesul, -is, m., archbishop aridus, -a, -urn, dry, withered
archiso<hilitas, -atis, f., archsodality aries, -etis, m., ram
archisynagogus, -i, m., ruler of the Arimathaea, -ae, f., Arimathea
synagogue Ariminensis, -e, of Rimini
architectus, -us, m., architect ariolus, -i, m., cunning man, sooth.
architric1lnus, -i, m., chief steward sayer
Mctius, more closely, more firmly arma, -arum, n., arms, weapons, ar
aretus, 4, -urn, narrow, tight mor
LATIN GRAMMAR
Annachana, -ae, t., Armagh Asculurn, -i, n., Ascoli
arm.atu.ra, -ae, I., armor asellus, -i, m., a young ass, donkey
artrUtus, -a, -urn, armed Asianus, -a, -urn, of Asia, Asian
Armeni, -orum, m., Armenians asina, -ae, I., a she-ass
armentum, -i, n., cattle; a herd asinarius, -a, -urn, pertaining to an
armiger, -gera, -gerum, bearing arms ass; mola asinaria, millstone
or armor asinus, -i, m., ass
armilla, -ae, I., bracelet Asmodaeus, -i, tn., Asmodeus
armus, -i, m., shoulder aspectus, -us, m., vision; sightliness;
aroma, -atis, n., spice; perfume, aroma countenance
aromatizans, -antis, aromatic asper, -3, -urn, sharp, rough, difficult
Arretiurn, -ii, n., Arezzo asperare, to make rough
arridere, -risi, -risus, to smile, laugh aspergere, -spersi, -spersus, to sprinkle
arripere, ripui, reptus, (io), to lay aspernari, dep., to despise
hold on, seize, take aspernator, -oris, n2., contemner
aI'S, artis, I., art, artifice, scheme, aspersio, -onis, I., sprinkling
knowledge; trade aspersus, -a, -urn, sprinkled, spattered
arthritis, -idis, /., gout aspicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to re
articulus, -i, nl., finger; moment; in gard, behold
articulo diei illlus, in the same day aspirare, to assist, be favorable to
artifex, -icis, nl., artificer aspis, -idis, I., asp, adJer
artificium, -ii, n., hanu ieraft, art, skill asportare, to bring
artus, -us, n2., joint, lirnb assecla, -ae, m., follower
arundinetum, -i, n., reeds; a growth of assentiri, -sensus sum, dep. 4, to agree
reeds assequi, -secutus sum, dep. 3, to fol
arundo, -inis, I., reed low
aruspex, -icis, m., soothsayer asser, -eris, m., board, plank, lath
arvum, -i, n., field asserere, -serui, -sertus, to declare, jus
arx, arcis, I., fortress, castle; throne tify, assert; relnark
as, assis, nl. (a small bronze coin), far assertor, -oris, m., champion, defender
thing asseveninter, absolutely, en1phatically
ascendere, -scendi, -scensus, to ascend, Assidaei, -orum, m., Assideans
grow up, cl iI11b up assiduitas, -atis, I., custom
ascensio, -onis, I., Ascension; ascent, assiduus, -a, -um, continual
going up assignare, to assign, designate
ascensor, -oris, m., rider assimihire, to nlake like to, compare
ascensus, -us, tn., ascent, means of as assimilari, dep., to become like, be
cent; chariot compared
asceta, -ae, nl., ascetic, hermit Assisinas, -atis, of Assisi
asceterium, -ii, n., monastery Assisium, -ii, n., Assisi
ascia, -ae, I., hatcl:et assistere, astiti, to be present, stand
ascire, to take, get around; to have come
asciscere, -scivi, -scitus, to receive assistrix, -icis, I., helper
Asculanus, -a, -urn, of Ascoli assolere, to be accustomed, be usual
210 LATIN G RAMJ\1AR
asslimere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to take, attingere, -tigi, -tactus, to manage
rffeive, take up, take unto oneself attollere, to su pport, lift up
assunlptio, -onis, j.. Assurnption; pro attonitus, -a, -urn, astonished
tection attrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to draw to
Assur, Assyria attrectare, to feel, touch, lay hands on
assus, -a, -urn, roasted, broiled attributio, -onis, f., gi ving
Assyrii, -orum, m., Assyrians attrhus, -a, -urn, hard
ast (at), but auctor, -oris, m., author, creator,
astare (adstare), astiti, to stand by or founder
near auctoritas, -atis, f., authority
asteriscus, -i, m., asterisk auctrix, -icis, f., authoress, mother,
astringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to bind, forebear
fetter; draw closer; se - , to be audacter, boldly
guilty of audere, ausus sum, semidep, 2, to dare
astrl1(:re, -struxi, -strl1ctus, to est~blish, audirc, to hear
ado, fornl, build; teach auditio, -onis~ f., bearing, report
asfrum, -i, 1'1., star auditor, -oris, m' he:lrcr, listener
J
astus, ·,us, 11'1., cunning, cleverness auditus, -us, m., hearing

astutia, -ae, f., craftiness, subtlety auferre, abstuli, abhitus, to take away
at, but aufugere, -fugi (io), to flee
ater, atra, atrum, dark, black augere, auxi, auctns, to increase
Athanasianus, -a, -urn, of Athanasius augescere, auxi, to increase
Athenae, -arum, f., Athens augmentum~ -i, n., increase, advance
A.theniensis, -e, of A thens, A then ian ment
athleta, -ae, n1., wrestler, athlete, augur, -uris, c., soothsayer
chanipion Augusta Praetoria, -at", -ae, l., Aosta
AtLinticus. -a, -urn, Atlantic Augustinus, -i, nl., Augustine
atque, and Augustodunensis, -e, of Autun
atramentum, -i, n., ink Augustodunum, -i, 11., Autun
Atrebas, -!Jatis, m., Arras Augustus, -i, m.] Augustus; August
atriUJTl~ -ii. n., court, hall aula, -ae, f., dwelling, tenlple; court;
atrox, -cis, terrible, fierce, horrible - transversa, transept
attamen. nevertheless aura, -ae, f., ctir, breath. breeze
attendere, -tendi, -tentus, attend, take Aurea, -ae, f., Aurea, Aure
heed, hearken, to be\\'are Aurelianus, -i, m., Aurelian
attente, attentively Aurelius, -a, -urn, Aurelian
attentius, nlore attentively aureus, -a, -urn, of gold, golden
attenuare, to \veaken aureus, -i, rn., piece of gold
atterere, -trivi, -tritus, to bruise; de aurichalcum, -i, n., fine brass
stroy auricula, -ae, f., ear
attestatio, -onis, f., act of attesting; auriga, -ae, c., charioteer
proof, evidence auris, -is, f'J ear
attexere, -texui, -tectus, to add aurora, -ae,t., nlorning
attinere, -tinui, -tentus, to pertain to aurum, -i, n., gold
LATIN GRAMMAR 211
auscultare, to listen to Azarias, -ae, mo, Azarias

auspicari, dep., to begin Azotii, -orum, mo, Azotians
auspicatus, -a, --urn, h~ppy, auspIcIOUS azynla, -orum, no, unleavened bread;
auspiciurn~ -ii~ n., divination, omen azyme
auster, -tri, n1., sou t h; south ,vinci azymus, -a, -urn, unleavened
austeritas~ -atis, t., rigor
austexus, -.1, -urn, austere
B
australis. -e, SOLI th
Austri;J;,u~~, °a, -urn, of Austria Babyl6nii, -orum, mo, Babylonians
aut . ~)r bacca, -ae, t. (berry), fruit of the olive
autem, but, however; and, and also; bacillum, -i, n., staff
whereupon Bactri, -orum, 1n 0' Bactrians
autumnal is, -e, autumn, autumnal; baculus, -i, nz., staff
withered bajulare, to bear, carry
autumn us, -i, m., autumn balare, ta bleat
auxiliari, dep., to help balbutire, to bJbble
auxiliator, -oris~ 1]2., helper Baleares, -ium, f., Balearic Islands
auxili:hrix, icis, f., hel per Balearis Major, -is, f" Majorca
auxilium, -ii, n., help, aid Balneoregium, -ii, n., Bagnarea
Auximanus, -i, 12., of Ossimo balneum, -i, 11., bath
Auximum, -i, n., Ossimo balsamum, -i, n., balm
avaritia, -ae, f., covetousness balteus, -i, n1., belt
avarus, -a, -urn, covetous Baltitnorensis, -e, of Baltimore
avarus, -i, 111., n1ise~ Bamberga,-ae~ f., Barnberg
ave, hail Bambergensis, -e, af Banlberg
Avellanensis, -e, of A vellano baptisma, -atis, no, baptisln
Avellanitae, -anlm, m., inhabitants or baptismus, -i, m., baptism
inmates of Font-Avellano Baptista, -ae~ n1o, Baptist
avellere, -veIli and -vulsi, -vulsus, to baptisterium, -ii, n " baptistery
\vithdraw, tear away, separate baptizare, ta baptize
Avenio, -onis, f., Avignon barathrum, -i, n., bottan1less pit, the
avernus, -i, In., the infernal regions lower world
aversare, to turn away from barba, -ae, I., beard
aversio, -onis, f., apostasy Barbari, -orum, m., natives of Barbary
avertere, -verti, -versus, to turn away; barbarus, -a, -urn, of Barbary; foreign,
pervert strJnge
avia, -ae, f., grandmother Barbatianus, -i, m., Barbatian
avide, eagerly Bardno, -onis, f., Barcelona
avidius, n10re eagerly Barcinonensis, -e, of Barcelona
avis, avis, f., bird Barensis, -e, of Bari
avitus, -a, -urn, ancestral Barium, -ii, n. Bari
J
avoclre, to withdraw oneself Bartholomaeus, -i, m., Bartholomew

aVllnculus, -i, m., uncle basilica, -ae,to, church
avus, -i, nl., grandfather basiliscus, -i, m.} basilisk
212 LATIN GRAMMAR
Basilius, -ii, m., Basil benignus, -a, -urn, merciful, favorable,
basis, -is, I., base, foundation, pedes good, benign, loving
tal; bases, feet Benitii, -orurn, n1., Benizzi
Bavaricus, -a, -urn, of Bavaria Berengaria, -ae, t., Berengue1a
beare, to bless Berengarius, -ii, m., Berenger
beatitudo, -inis, t., happiness Bergornensis, -e, of I3erganlo
Beatrix, -icis, I., Beatrice Bergornurn, -i, n., Bergan10
beatus, -a, -urn, happy, blessed Bernardinus, -i, m., Bernardine
Beccensis, -e, of Bec Bernardus, -i, m., Bernard
Beda, -ae, nl., Bede Berothita, -ae, m., Berolhite
Belgae, -arum, m., Belg1ans Bertholdus, -i, nl., Berthold
bellare, to fight against, nlake war berylIus, -i, c., beryl
bellator, -oris, nl., warrior bestia, -ae, t., beast
bel!icosus, -a, urn, of war, warlike beth, second letter of the Hebrew al
bellicus, -a, -urn, warlike; vasa belJica, phabet corresponding to English b
arnlS Bethlehemitis, -is, nl., Beth lehemite
beIligerare, to war, \vage war Bethsarnitae, -arum, 1n., Bethsamites
bellua, -ae, I., monster, savage beast bibere, bibi, bibitus, to d ri n k
bellum, -i, n., \var, battle biceps, -cipitis, two-headed, two-edged
Benacus (Lacus), -i, m., Lake Garda bicolor, -oris, of two colors
bene, well bidens, -entis, t., animal for sacrifice,
benedicerc, -dbd, -dictus, to bless sheep
benedictio, -onis, t., blessing, benedic biduum, -i, n., space of two days
tion biennium, -ii, n., space of two years
Bcnedictus, -i, m., Benedict bil1nguis, -e, double-tongued, treach
bene£;:icere, -feci, -factus, (io), to do erous
good, do \vell bilocatio, -on is, t., tht ability to be in
ben~factor, -oris, rn., benefactor more than one place at the same
benefactum, -i, n., good deed; benefit, tilne
favor bimatus, -us, m., the age of two years
beneficentia, -ae, t., liberality bini, -ae, -3, two, two apiece, two of a
beneficium, -ii, 11., benefit sort
benencus, -a, -urn, beneficent bipertltUs, -a, -urn, having two parts,
benepLicens, -entis, acceptable double
beneplacitum, -i, n., good pleasure, fa Eirgitta, -ae, t., Bridget
vor; pleasure, lust bis, twice
benep1£citus, -a, -urn, acceptable Biscopius, -ii, m., Biscop
benesonans, -antis, loud; sweet-sound Biterrensis, -e, of Bez iers
ing bitUmen, -inis, n., pitch, slime, cement
Beneventum, -i, n., Benevento Blancha, -ae, t., Blanche
benevolus, -a, -urn, kind blandimenturn, -i, n., allurement
benigne, favorably blandiri, dep. 4, to caress
benignitas, -atis, t., goodness, benig blanditia, -ae, f., flattery
nity, favor blandus, -a, -urn, soft, soothing
LATIN GRAMMAR 21 3
Blasius, .ii, m., Blaise Britanni, -orum, m., Britons

blasphemia, ·ae, /., blasphemy Britannia, ·ae, t., Engla nd ~ Brittany
blasphernus, ·i, nl., blasphemer Brithualdus, -i, m., Brithwald
Elesium, ·ii, n., Blois Britones, ·um, m., Britons
Boeticus, ·a, ·um, Andalusian Brixia, -ae, I., Brescia
Boetis, ·is, t., Andalusia Brixianus, -a, -urn, of Brescia
Bogotensis, .-<:, of Bogota bruchus, -i, m., bruchus, locust
Bohemi, ·orU1TI, nJ., Bohemians bruma, ·ae, I., winter
Boleslaus, .i, m., Boleslav brumalis, .-<:, of win ter, win try
Boleslavia, ·ae, t., Mlaua Boleslav buhalus, ·i, n1., bufTa 10
Bonajuncta Manettus, -ae, -i, m., buccella, -ae, f., morsel, sop, fragment
BonaJuncta Manetti buccina, -ae, '., trumpet
Bonaventura, -ae, nJ., Bonaventure buccinare, to sou ncl a l ru m pet
Bonfilius Monaldius, ·i, -i, m., Bonfig Bucclanicum, -i, n., Bacchianico
lio Monaldi Bulgari, -0 rum, m., Rulgarians
Bonifatius, .ii, m., Bon iface Burdigala, -ae, I., Bordeaux
bonitas, ·atis, t., good ness Burdigalensis, .-<:, of Bordeaux
Bononia, -ae, /., Bologna Burgensis, .-<:, of Burgos
bonus, -a, -urn, good; in bonum, for Burgundia, -ae, t., Burgundy
good butyrum, -i, n., butter
bonum, .i, n., good, advantage; bona, byssinus, -a, -urn, of silk or fine linen
n., goods, possessions byssus, -i, m., fine linen
borealis, .-<:, northern; borealia, n.• Bytenius, -ii, m., By ten
northern parts Byzanunus, -a, -urn, Byzantine
borith (indecl.) , borith; possibly the
soapwort used formerly for cleaning
c
Borna, -ae, t., Born
Borromaei, -orum, m., the Borromeos cabus, -i, m., a corn measure, cabe
bos, hovis, m. and t., ox cacabus, -i, m., earthen pot
Boschum, -i, n., Bosco cacumen, .inis, n., top, summit, high
botms, -i, nl., bunch, cluster of grapes est point
bracca, -ae, t., coat cadaver, .-<:ris, n., corpse, carcass
brachium, -ii, n., arm cadere, cecidi, cassus, to fa 11, fa 11 down
branchia, -ae, I., gill caducitas, -atis, /., frailty, perishable-
Braulius, -ii, m., Braulio ness
braviurn, -ii, n., prize caducus, -a, -urn, perishable, transitory
breve, -is, n., brief cadus, -i, m., a large vessel, a jug
brevhire, to shorten caecatus, -a, -urn, blinded
breviarium, -ii, breviary Caecilia, -ae, t., Cecilia
brev1culus, -a, -urn, somewhat short; caecitas, -atis, '., bI indness, darkness
in brev1culo, after a little while caecus, -a, -urn, blind
brevis, .-<:, short; in brevi, in a short caecus, -i, m., blind man
space caedere, cecidi, caesus, to strike, beat;
Brigida, -ae, '., Brigid cut, hew
LATIN GRAMMAR
caedes, -is, f., slaughter caliginosus, -a, -urn, misty, dark
caeles, -itis, heavenly ciligo, -inis, t., mist, cloud, dark cloud;
Caelestmus, -i, m., Celestine darkness
caelestis, -e, heavenly, divine; caelestia, cilipha, -ae, m., caliph
n., heavenly things, high places calix, -icis, m., chalice, cup
caellcola, -ae, nz., inhabitant of heaven callide, craftily
caelicus, -a, -urn, heavenly, angelic calliditas, -atis, t., craftiness
caelitus, divinely, by heavenly direc callidus, -a, -urn, subtle
tion callis, -is, In. and f., footpath
Caelius, -a, -urn, Caelian callus, -i, m., hard skin
caelum, -i, n., heaven calor, -oris, m., heat
caementum, -i, n., mort~r callimnia, -ae, t., false accusation; op
caeperis = coeperis (coepi, etc.), began pression
caenileus, -a, -urn, blue calumniare (-ari) , to calumniate; op
caesar, -aris, m., emperor press
Caesaraea, -ae, t., Caesarea calumniator, -oris, m., oppressor
Caesaraugusta, -ae, t., Saragossa Calvaria, -ae, f., Calvary
Caesariensis (Cacsareensis), -e, of Caes calvaria, -ae, t., skull
area Calvinianus, -a, -urn, Calvinist, of
caesaries, -ei, t., head of hair Calvin
caetus (coetus), -us, m., assemblage Calvinista, -ae, m., Calvinist
Cainus, -i, n1., Cai n calx, -cis, f., heel; lin1e; viva calee, in
Cajetanus, -i, m., Cajetan quick lime
Calamina, -ac, t., Coromandel Coast Camaldulensis, -e, of Camaldoli, Ca
calamitas, -atis, t., calamity, distress maldolese
calamus, -i, In., reed; fishing rod; pen Camaldulensis, -is, m., Camaldolese
Calaroga, -ae, t.,
Calaruega herrnit
calcabilis, -e, that can be trod upon camelus~ -i) m. and t., can1el
calcaneum, -i, n., heel camera, -ae, /., vault
calcar, -aris, n., spur Canlt~racensis, -e, of Cam brai
calcare, to tread upon, trample Camerinllm, -i, 11., Camerino
calcator, -oris, nl., treader Camicnsis, -e, of CaInien
calceamentum, -i, 11., shoe CamiJianunl, -i, n., Camiliano
calceare, to put on (shoes) caminus, -i, nl., furnace
calceatus, -a, -urn, shod, with shoes on Campania, -ae, f., Champagne, Cam
calcitrare, to kick pagna
calculus, -i, m., pebble, stone Campanus, -a, -urn, of Campagna
caldaria, -ae, f., ca ulJron caInpester, -tris, -tre, pertaining to a
calefacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to warm plain, fIat
calefieri, -factus SUIn, to grow warm campus, -i, nl., field, plain
calendae, -arum, f. pl., the first day of camus, -i, m., bit, curb
the month Canadensis, -e, of Canada
ciliga, -ae, t., sandal Canariae insulae, -arum, -arum, f.,
caligare, to be misty, be in darkness Canary Islands
LATIN GRAM!v1AR 21 5
cancellatus, -{l, -urn, crossed
(.~pessere, -ivi and -ii, -it us, to seize;
cancellus, -i, 112., lattice, enclosure;
gain
grating caph, the eleventh letter of the He
candela, -ae, f., candle brew alphabet corresponding to
candehibrum, -i, n., candlestick English k
Candacensis, -e, of Cande capillus, -i, m., hair
candens, -entis, glowing hot Capistranum, -i, n., Capistrano
candidatio, -onis, I., glistening white capitalis, -e, ca pi tal
ness Capitollnus, -a, -urn, Capitoline
candidatus, -a, -urn, w hite robed capitulum, -i, n., little chapter
candor, -oris, m.} brightness Cappadox, -ocis, Ca ppadocian
canere, cecini, cantus, to sing; blow; caprea, -ae, I.) roe
prophesy caprmus, -a, -urn, relating to a goat
canis, -is, nl. and I., dog capsella, -ae, I., coffer, little box
canistrum, -i, n.} basket captare, to strive after; desire; seize,
canities (-em, -e; other cases are lack \VIn
ing), f., gray, old age captio, -onis, I., prey; net, trap
canon, -onis, 171., canon captivitas, -atis, f., captivity
canonicatus, -us, m., office of a canon, captivus, -a, -urn, captive
canonry captura, -ae, f., catch (of fish)
canonicus, -i, m., canon captus, -us, m., catching, capture
canonizatio, -onis, I., canonization Capucdni, -orum, 112., Capuchins
canor, -oris, nl., song Capucdnus, -a, -urn, Capuchin
canorus, -a, -urn, nlelodious caput, -itis, n.} head; chapter
cantabilis, -e, wort hy of song carbasinus, -a, -urn, green
Cantabrigia, -ae, I., Cambridge carbo, -onis, m., coal
cant~lre, to sing; cro\v carbunculus, -i, m., carbuncle
cantatio, -onis, I., song Carcasona, -ae, I., Carcassonne
canticum, -i, n., canticle, song carcer, -eris, tn., prison
cantio, -onis, I., song cardinahitus, -us, 112., office of cardi
Cantium, -ii, n., Kent nal
Gntius, -ii, m., Kenty or Kanty (St. cardinalis, -is, m., cardinal
John), Cantius cardo, -in is, m., pole of the earth;
Cantuaria, -ae, t., Canterbury hinge; door
Cantuariensis, -c, of Canterbury carduus, -i, n1., thistle
cantus, -us, m., crowing caritas, -atis, I., charity, love
Canutus, -i, 112., Canute Carmelltae, -arwn, m. and I., Carmel
capax, -acis, capable, fit for ites
capella, -ae, I., chapel; sancta - , Sainte Carmelus, -i, m., Carmel
Chapelle carmen, -mis, n., song, lay, canticle
capellanus, -i, 112., chaplain carnalis, -c, bodily, carnal
capere, cepi, captus, (io), to receive, carnalitas, -atis, I., carnality, sensuality
take, obtain; to hold, contain; to un carnaliter, carnally
derstand carneus, -a, -urn, of flesh, fleshly
216 LATIN GRAMMAR
clrnifex, -icis, m., executioner Castrum noVutn, -i, n., Castelnuovo
carnHicus, -a, -urn, of the flesh, COf castus, -a, -urn, chaste
poral cisula, -ae, t., cottage
caro, carnis, t., flesh, meat casus, -us, m., case; peril, misfortune
Carolus Borromaeus, -i, -i, m., Charles cacibulum, -i, n., menagerie
Borron1eo catacUmba, -ae, t., catacomb
Carolus, -i, m., Charles Catahiunia, -ae, f., Catalonia
Carolus Martellus, -i, -i, m., Charles catalogus, -i, m., list, catalogue
~1artel C~itana, -ae, f., Catania
carpere, -psi, -ptus, to pluck, seize Catanensis, -e, of Catania; Catanenses,
cartallus, -i, m., basket people of Catania
Carthaginiensis, -e, of Carthage cataracta, -ae, f., cataract, floodgate
Carthago, -inis, t., Carthage; Nova catasta, -ae, f., block, scaffold, rack
- , Cartagena t.,
catastrophe, -es, disaster, catastrophe
Carthusiani, -0 rum, m., Carthusians, catechesis, -is, t., catachesis; oral in.
charterhouse monks struction to catachumens
carns, -a, -urn, dear, beloved; carissimi, catechisrnus, -i, m., catechism
dearly beloved catechizare, to instruct, teach
caseum, -i, n., cheese catechUmena, -ae, f., catechumen
cisia, -ae, f., cassia catechUmenus, -i, Tn., catechumen
Casimirus, -i, m., Casimir catellus, -i, m., whelp
Cassia, -ae, t., Cascia catena, -ae, f., chain
Cassianus, -i, m., Cassian catenula, -ae, t., chain
Cassinas, -atis, of Monte Cassino caterva, -ae, t., crowd, congregation
Cassinensis, ~, of Monte Cassino catervatim, adv., in troops
Cassinurn, -i, n., Cassino Catharina, -ae, f. (Senensis), Catharine
cassis, -idis, t., helmet (of Siena)
cassus, -a, -urn, vain, useless Catharina Flisca, -ae, -ae, t., Caterina
Castella, -ae, t., Castile; - Nova, New Fieschi
Castile cathedra, -ae, f., chair; professorship
Castellatiurn, -ii, n., Castellazzo cathedralis, -e, cathedral
Castellio, -onis, t., Chatillon Catholicus, -a, -urn, Catholic
Castellio Stivorurn, -onis, t., Castig catinum, -i, n., and catinus, -i, m., dish
lione delle Sliviere catulus, -i, m., cub, whelp
castellum, -i, n., town, village cauda, -ae, t., tail
castigare, to chastise, punish, chasten caula, -ae, t., fold, sheepfold
castigatio, -onis, f., chastisement causa, -ae, t., cause; means; matter;
castimonia, -ae, /., chastity sine - , in vain
castitas, -atis, t., chastity caute, carefully, circumspectly
castrarnentari, dep., to pitch camp, en cautio, -onis, t., caution, warning;
camp guilt; bill
castrare, to castrate cavea, -ae, t., cage
castrum, -i, n., fortress, castle; castra, cavere, cavi, cautus, to take heed, be
n. pl., camp, army ware
LATIN GRAMMAR 21 7
caverna, -ae, f., hollow place, cave ceterus, -3, -urn, the other; de cetero,
cedere, cessi, cessus, to yield finally
cedrinus, -a, -urn, of cedar Cethaetus, -3, ..urn, Cethite
cedrus, -i, f., cedar cetus, ..i, m. (pl., cete, n.), whale
cehire, to hide ceu, as, like, as when
celeber, -bris, -bre, solemn Chaballicensis, -e, of Chablais
celebrare, to celebrate Chalcedonensis, -e, of Chalcedon
celebritas, -atis, f., celebration, feast chalcedonius, ..ii, f., chalcedony
cella, -ae, f., cellar Chaldaei, ..orum, m., Chaldees
cellarium, ..ii, n., chamber Chaldaeus, ..a, -urn, Chaldean
cellula, ..ae, f., hut Chaldaicus, -a, -urn, Chaldaic
celsitudo, ..inis, f., height, exaltation chameunia, -ae, f., sleeping on the
celsus, ..a, ..wn, high, sublime floor or ground
celtis, ..is, m., instrument, tool, chisel Chananaeus, ..a, -urn, Canaanite
cenodoxia, -ae, f., vainglory chaos, n., chaos, the lower world
censere, -sui, -sum, to call; approve character, -eris, m., character
census, -us, m., tribute; cost, expense charisma, -ae, m., spiritual gift
centenarius, -a, ..urn, hundredfold charta, -ae, f., paper
centesimus, -a, ..urn, hundredth chartula, -ae, f., a small piece of paper
centrum, ..i, n., center Chazari, -orum, m., Khazars
centwn, one hundred Chersona, -ae, f., Cherson, Gallipoli
Centum Cellae, ..arum, f'l Civita Vec cherub (indecl.) , pl.1 cherubim, m.,
chia cherub
centuplum, a hundredfold Chieagiensis, -e, of Chicago
centurio, -onis, m., captain over a hun chirographurn, -i, n., handwriting
dred men, centurion chlamys, -ydis, f., cloak
cera, -ae, f., wax Chloes, Chloe
cerebrum, ..i, n., brain chorda, -ae, f., string, stringed instru
ceremonia, -ae, f., ceremony ment
cereus, -i, m., wax taper, candle chorea, -ae, f.1 choir
cernere, crevi, cretus, to see, discern chorus, ..i, m., choir; dancing
cernuus, -3, -urn, falling down, pros chrisma, -atis, n., chrisnl
trate Christiades, -urn, m., Christians
certamen, -inis, n., strife, fight Christiadum, -i, n., Christendom
certare, to fight Christianitas, -atis, f., Christianity
cercitim, eagerly Christianus, -a, -urn, Christian
certe, surely Christifer, -fera, -ferum, Christ-bearing
certus, -3, -urn, certain, fixed, deter Christifidelis, -e, faithful to Christ,
mined; certior fieri, to be informed Christian
cervix, -icis, f., neck Christophorus, -i, m., Christopher
cervus, -i, m., deer, stag, hart Christus, -i, m., Christ
Cervus Frigidus, -i, -i, m., Cerfroid christus, -3, -urn, anointed
cespes, ..itis, m., turf, grassy sward chrysolithus, -i, m. and f., chrysolite,
cessare, to cease topaz
218 LATIN GRAMMAR
chrysoprasus, -i, t., chrysoprasus circumferre, -tuli, -latus, to carry about
Chrysostomus, -i, m., Chrysostom circumfodere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to
cibare, to feed, to give to eat dig a ditch around
cibaria, -orunl, 11. pl., food, victuals circumfulgere, -fulsi, -fnisus, to shine
cibus, -i, 1n., food, Il1eat; fuel round about
cicatrix, -icis, I., scar, wound circumligare, to bind up
ciconia, -ae, f., stork, crane circumornatus, -a, -urn, adorned
cicuta, -ae, I., hern lock round about
clere, civi, citus, to call by name, in circumplecti, -plexus sum, dep. 3, to
voke compass about
cilicium, -ii, 11., sackcloth, haircloth, circumponere, -posui, -positus, to put
hair shirt upon
cimeliufil, -ii, 111., treasure circumquaque, adv., all around
Cinaeus, -i, m., Cinite circumseptus, -a, -urn, covered on all
Cincinnatensis, -e, of Cincinnati sides
cinctorium, -ii, n., girdle circumspector, -oris, m.} one who sees
cinctus, -us, 111., girding, girdle all
cingulum, .i, n., girdle circumspieere, -spexi, -spectus, to look
cingulus, -i, m., girdle about
cinifes, -urn, tn.} gnats circumstantia, -ae, f., fortification; de
cinis, -eris, 112., ashes, embers; Feria IV tails, circunlstances
Cinerum, Ash Wednesday circumstare, -steti, to stand around, to
cinnamomum, -i, n., cinnarnon be present
cinyrum, -i, n., lute circumtectus, -a, -unI, covered about
circa, adv., about; prep.} with circumvenire, -veni, -ventus, to cir
cuciter, adv., about cunlvent, overreach
circuire, -ivi and -ii, -hus, (eo), to go circunlventio, -onis, I., a surrounding
about; compass circumvoLire, to fly about
circuitus, -us, m., circuit; in circwtu, Cisterciensis, -e, of Citeaux, Cistercian
round about cisterna, -ae, t., pit
circulus, -i, m., circle citatus, -a, -urn, swift
circumamictus, -~, -urn, clothed about cherior, -ius, hither
circumddere, -cidi, -cisus, to circunl- cithara, -ae, t., harp
Clze citharaedus, -i, m.} harper
circumcingere, -cinxi, -cinctus, to gird citharizare, to play on a harp
about cito, adv., speedily, easily
circurnclsio, -onis, t., circumcision citra, prep., beyond
circumcursatio, -onis, I., attention dtrinus, ·a, -urn, citrous; malum cltri
circumdare, -dedi, -datus, to encom· num, lime
pass clvicus, -a, -urn, civic
circumdohire, to hew about with an civis, -is, m. and I., citizen
axe t.,
civitas, -atis, city
circumducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead clades, -is, I., disaster, defeat
about clam, privately
LATIN GRAMMAR 21 9
clamare, to cry out, proclaim coadjutor, -oris, m., coadjutor
clamitare, to shout loudly coadunare, to unite
clamor, -oris, m., cry coaedificare, to build together
clangor, -oris, m., sound coaequalis, -e, coequal
Clara, -ae, f., Clare coaequare, to rank with, make equal;
Claravallt~nsis, -e, of Clairvaux fill up
clarescere, chirui, to shine forth coaetaneus, -a, -urn, equal
clarificare, to glorify coaeternus, -a, -urn, coeternal
clarificatio, -onis, f., glorification coaevus, -i, 1n., one equal in age
claritas, -atis, f., light, clarity, bright coagitare, to shake together
ness; renown, glory coagmentare, to join together
clarus, -a, -urn, clear; well-known coagulare, to curdle
classis, -is, f., class; navy, fleet coagulatus, -a, -urn, curdled; craggy
claudere, clausi, clausus, to shut, close coalescere, -alui, -alitus, to grow to
claudicare, to limp gether, take firm root
cIaudus, -a, -urn, lame coangustare, to straiten, hem in
claustralis, -e, of the cloister, cloistral coapostolus, -i, m., fellow apostle
clava, -ae, f., cudgel, maul coarctare, to straiten
clavicuhirius, -ii, m., key bearer coccineus, -a, -urn, scarlet
cIavis, -is, f., key coccinum, -i, n., scarlet
clavus, -i, m., nail cocus, -i, m., cook
Clemens, -entis, m., Clement codex, -icis, m., document, scroll;
clemens, -en tis, merciful book
clementer, mercifully, graciously Coelesyria, -ae, f., Celesyria
clementia, -ae, /., clemency coelibatus, -us, m., celibacy
clericalis, ~, priestly coelum, -i, n., heaven
clericus, -i, nl., cleric, clerk, priest coemeterium, -ii, n., cemetery
clerus, -i, m., clergy; something as coena, -ae, f., supper, dinner, feast
signed by lot, spoil coenaculum, -i, n., dining room
cubanus, -i, m., oven coenare, to sup, have supper
ClippClcum, -i, n., Clichy coenobita, -ae, m., monk
clivus, -i, m., hill coenobiticus, -a, -urn, monastic
cloaca, -ae, f., sewer coenobium, -ii, n., convent
Clodoaldus, -i, m., Clodoald, (St.) coenomyia, -ae, f., dog fly
Cloud coepiscopus, -i, m., fellow bishop
Clodoveus, -i, m., Clovis coepisse, coeptus (defect.), to begin
Clonardiensis, -e, of Clonard coercere, -cui, -citus, to restrain
Clonfertensis, -e, of Clonfert coetus, -us, m., assembly, host
Cluniacensis, ~, of Cluny cogere, coegi, coactus, to lead, bring,
Cluniacum, -i, n., Cluny assemble; constrain
clusor, -oris, m., smith cogitare, to think; purpose; take coun
clypeus, -i, m., buckler sel together
coacervare, to heap up cogitatio, -onis, f., thought
coacte, adv., by constraint cogitatum, -i, n., care
220 LATIN GRAMMAR
cogitams, -us, m., counsel collis, ..is, m., hill
cognata, -ae, f., cousin collocare, to place
cognatio, -onis, t., kindred colloqui, -tutus or -quutus sum, dep.
cognatus, -i, m., kinsman ], to converse together
cognitor, -oris, m., knower, witness collucere, to shine, burn
cognomentum, -i, n., name colluctatio, -onis, f., wrestling
cognominare, to na me collum, -i, n., neck
cognominari, dep., to be surnamed collustrare, to illuminate
cognoscere, -novi, -nitus, to know collyrium, -i, n., salve
cognoscibiliter, recognizably colonia, -ae, f., city
cohaerere, -haesi, -haesus, to cleave to Colonia Agrippina, -ae, -ae, '., Cologne
coheres, -edis, In., coheir Colonienses, -e, of Cologne
cohibere, to hinder, restrain colonus, -i, m., inhabitant, dweller
cohors, -tis, ,., band, guard, cohort color, -oris, m., color
cohortatio, -onis, ,., exhortation Colossenses, -ium, m., Colossians
coinquinare, (0 den Ie columba, -ae, ,., dove, pigeon
colaphizare, to box one's ears Columbensis, -e, of Columbus
colaphus, -i, nl., a box on the ear columen, -inis, n., pillar, support
colare, to ren ne columna, -ae, ,., pillar
colere, colui, cultus, to tilJ; worship, coma, -ae, ,., hair, lock of hair; comam
adore, revere; celebrate nutrire, to allow hair or beard to
coHabi, -Iapsus sum, dep. 3, to fall, grow freely
collapse conlburere, -bussi, -bustus, to burn
collactaneus, -i, m., foster brother cornbustio, -onis, '., burnin~
collaetari, dcp., to rejoice together comedere, -edi, -esus or -estus, to eat,
collatio, -onis, , .. gathering, meeting devour; comedetis vescentes, you
collaudare, to praise together shall eat in plenty
collaudatio, -onis, /., praise comes, -itis, m., companion; count,
collecta, -ae, '., collection or contribu earl
tion in money; collect comessatio, -onis, f., revel, feasting,
collectus, -a, -urn, shu t riotous feasting
collega, -ae, nl., companion, fellow comestio, -onis, f., eating
collegium, -ii, n., conlpany, society; cominus, adv., in close combat
school comitari, d~p., to accolnpany, follow,
collidere, -lisi, -lisus, to dash together, be together
bruise, crush; cast down comitatus, -us, m., company, train
colligare, to bind coI1111"Urtyr, -is, c., fellow nlartyr
colligatio, -onis, f., band commemorare, to commemorate
colligere, -legi, -lectus, to gather up, commemoratio, -onis, f., commemora
take in tion
coHineare, to direct in a straight line commendare, to commend
colliquefacere, -feci, ..factus, (io), to commendatio, -onis, f., recommenda
melt tion
colliquescere, to melt conunensaIis, -is, m., table companion
LATIN GRAMMAR 221
commentarius, -ii, mo, commentary compages, -is, fo, a joining together;

commentum, -i, n., fiction, invention joint
commercium, -ii, no, intercourse, fel compaginare, to JOIn together
lowship; work~ rite compago, -inis, f., joining together;
commigrare, to go, tra ve I bodily structure
commilito, -onis, mOl comrade in war, compar, -aris, c., companion
fellow soldier compar, -aris, adj., like, sinlibr, equal
comminari, dcp., to threaten companire, to prepare; buy~ conlpare
comminucre, -ui, -utus, to break into comparatio, -onis, /., cornparison;
slnall pieces prepara tion
commiscere. -miscui -mixtus or -mis
l
comparticeps, cipis, sharing jointly
tus, to tllingle, to lie with compati, -passus sum, dcpo 31 (io), to
commissarius, -ii, r11., cornmissary sutTer with
committere, -misi, -missus, to bring compatiens, ~ntis, having compassion
togeth cr, un ite; to begin, set forth; compeditus, -i, m., prisoner, captive
corll n1 i t compellere, -puli, -pulsus, to subdue,
commixtio, -onis, f'l mingling constrain, oblige, C0J11pel
commodare, to lend comperire, -peri, -penus, to fi nd
commodum, -i, no, favor, blessing compes, ~dis, f., a felter for the feet
commonere, to acJrnonish, remind, compescere, -pescui, to withhold, re
\varn strain
commonitio, -onis, fo, renlinder, warn- competenter, fitly
Ing competere, -ivi and ..ii, -it us, to be
commorari, dep., to stay, tarry, abide capable of
commoratio, -onis, f., dwelling, habi compingere, -pegi, -pactus, to con
tation struct: furnish with
commori, -mortuus sum, (io), to die compitum, -i, n., crossroad
together wilh complacere, -cui or -citus sum, to
commotio, -onis, f., movement, com please, be acceptable to
motion, disturbance complanare, to make plain; to level,
comn10vere, -movi, -motus, to move plane
comm line, -is, n., conl mon complantare, to plant together
con1ffiuniGlre, to communicate; re complecti, -plexus sum, depo 3, to en
ceive Cornmunion; partake of; asso circle
ciate \\'ith complere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill, fulfill,
comnlllrricator, -oris, m., partaker accomplish, end
comn1l1nio, -orris, f., communion completorium, -ii, no, compline
communire, to strengthen complexare, to embrace
communitas, -atis, fo, commonwealth complicare, to fold together
cOll1n1uniter, together complodere, -plosi, -plosus, to beat or
conlillutare, to change strike together
commutatio, -onis, /0' change, barter, Complutum, -i, n., Alcala de f-Ienares
sale; price componere, -posui, -positus, to place,
compactus, -a, -urn, compacted order, cornpose; reconcile~ forge
222 LATIN GRAMMAR
comporclre, to lay up, to collect, to concinnare, to arrange; frame, weave,
bring together forge
compos, -otis, possessed of, sharing in; concinnus, -3, -urn, elegant, polished
compos voti, one whose \vish is ful coneio, -onis, f., sermon
filled concionari, dep., to preach
compositio, -onis, fo, composing, ar coneionator, -oris, nl., preacher
rangement concipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to con
compositus, -a, -urn, comely, decked ceIve
out concitare, to stir up, arouse, move,
Compostelhinus, -3, -urn, of Com raIse
postela concivis, -is, Co, fellow ci tizen
comprehendere, -prehendi, -prehensus, conclave, -is, no, a room that may be
to comprehend; obtain; take; over locked
take, apprehend; seize conc1udere, -clusi, -clusus, to conclude;
comprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to sup enclose; to shut up
press, rest ra in conclusio, -onis, f., conclusion
comprobare, to approve concordare, to be of one mind, agree
compunctio, -onis, fo, compunction, concordia, -ae, f., union, peace
sorrow concorditer, \vi th one accord
compungere, -punxi, -punctus, to concorponitus, -a, -urn, united In one
prick, wound; feel remorse Lody
computare, to reckon, count concorporeus, -a, -urn, of one body
Comum, -i, no, Como with
conari, dep., to strive concors, -cordis, of one mind, harmo
concalescere, -calui, to grow hot, burn, nIOUS
glow concremare, to kindle, burn up
concaptivus, -i, m., fellow captive concrcpare, -ui, to rattle, resound
concava, -ae, f., glen concrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to grow
concedere, -cessi, -cessus, to grant together; increase
concelebrare, to celebrate together concretus, -a, -urn, thickened, dried up
concentus, -us, nl., harillony, concord concubina, -ae, f., concubine
conccptio, -onis, f., idea, conceplion concubinarius, -ii, In., keeper of con
conceptus, -us, nl., conception cubines
concertare, to strive eagerly concubitor, -oris, m., one \vho lives or
concessio, -onis, f., concession sleeps with another
Conchessa, -ae, f., Conchessa concubitus, -us, nl., cohabitation
conddere, -cidi, to fall down; be dis conculcare, to tread on, traIYlple under
heartened foot
concidere, -cidi, -cisus, to cut, slice concumbere, -cubui, -cubitus, to lie
cOl1ciliabulum, -i, n., market place \vith
conciliare, to procure, obtain concupiscentia, -ae, f., lust; love
conciliatrix, -icis, f., anlbassadress concupiscere, -pivi, -pitus, to long for,
condlium, -ii, no, council CDvet
concinere, -cmui, -centus, to sing concupiscibilis, -e, very desirable
LATIN GRAMMAR 223
concutere, -<:ussi, -<:ussus, (io), to conflare, to weld, forge, refine, melt

strike. CJUS!" to tremble confl:itilis, -e, mol ten
condecorare, to decora te conAict:ire, to contend with
condelecdri, dep., to be delighted with conAictus, -us, m., conflict
c.ondemnare, to condemn conAigere, -Aixi, -A ictus, to strive
comknslIs, -a, um, thickly covered; conlluere, -fluxi, to stream together;
condensa, n. pl., leafy boughs; thick resort
,,"ouds conf6dere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to stab
condere. -didi, -ditus, to found, cre confoedeLlre, to binJ together
ate: put in: bv up confoederatio, -onis, f., confederation,
conde~ccndere, -scendi, -scensus, to union
c()ndl'~cenrl: descend conform:lre, to conform
condicere, -dixi, -dictus, to appoint confort:ire, to strengthen
condignus, -a, -wn, worthy to be com c'Jnforrari, dep., to take courage, wax
pJred wilh strong
cOIHEmentum, -i, n., spice, seJsoning confort:itio, -on is, t., solace
condue, to season: emb:t1m confdctio, -onis, f., breaking; gap,
condiseipulus, -I, m .. fcllow disciple breach
conditio, -<Jnis, /o? condition, nature confratres, -urn, m. pl., guild brothers
cond~tor, -oris, m .. founJer, creator confrigere, -frixi, -frictus, to burn up
condolcre, -dolui, to have compJssion confringere, -fregi, -fractus, to break
condllCere, -duxi, -ductus, to hire in pieces, burst, shatter, destroy
confabulari, dep., to talk confugere, -fugi, (io), to flee
con ferre, -tuli, colJatus, to accompany; confusio, -onis, f., confusion, shame
grJnt, confer; ponder; gain; press confusus, -a, -urn, confused, disor
d,'wn: se - , to betake oneself to dered
confessarius, -ii, m., confessor confutare, to confute
conf,:ssio, -on is, f., confession; praise confundere, -fudi, -fusus, to confound;
confessor, -oris, m., confessor pnt to shame
confestim, immeJiJtely, forthwith congaudere, -gavisus sum, semidep.,
confictus, -3, -urn, forged to rejoice Wilh
confidcnt~, -ae, f., confi(I.;nce congelatus, -a, -urn, frozen
confidere, -fisus sum (scmidep.), to congener, -eris, of the same kind, kin
trust, confide, hope, be of good heart dred
configere, -fixi, -fi.xus, to nail, fasten congerere, -gessi, -gestus, to heap
or fix in conglorificare, to glorify
configur:ire, to fashion conglutinare, to bind together
configuratus, -a, -wn, made like or conglutinari, dep., to eleave to
conformable congratulari, dep., to rejoice Wilh
confirm:ire, to strengthen, uphold congregare, to gather together, collect,
confitcri, -fessus swn, dep. 2, to assemble
confess, acknowleJge, praIse; give congregalio, -onis, t., company, gath
thanks, give glory ering, assembly, congregation
conflans. -antis, refi n ing congressio, -on is, f., meeting
LATIN GRAMMAR
congruens, ~ntis, proper, suitable, consecnitio, -onis, f., consecration
seasonable consenior, -oris, In., ancient, elder
congruenter, suitably, becomingly consensus, -us, m., concord, bannony
congruere, -ui, to correspond with consentaneus, -a, -urn, consonan t \vith,
congruus, -a, -urn, fitting, becon1ing fit, suitable
Conimbria, -ae, t., Coimbra consentire, -sensi, -sensus, to consent
Conimbricensis, -e, of Coin1bra consepellre, -sepellvi and -ii, -sepUltus,
conjlcere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to cast; to bury with
conjecture, guess consequenter, consequently
conjugalis, -e, conjugal consequi, . .secutus sum, dep. ], to £01
conjunctio, -onis, f., joining together, lo\v; obtain
union, conjunction conserere, -sevi, -situs, to sow
conjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to join, conservare, to keep, preserve
have affinity with conservatus, -a, -urn, inviolate
conjux, -jugis, c., husband, wife, conservus, -i, m., fellow servant or
spouse slave
Connachti, -orum, m., Connaught consessus, -us, m., seat, place; prim..i
connectere, -nexui, -nexus, to fasten consessus, foremost places, prece
together, unite; cause dence
connexus, -a, -urn, joined together considerare, to look, consider
connubium, -ii, n., matrinl0ny consignare, to sign \vith
connurnerare, to nunlber an10ng consiliari, dep., to meditate
conopeum, -i, n., canopy consiliarius, -ii, m., counselor, adviser,
conquadrare, to cut square judge
conquassare, to crush consiIium, -ii, n., counsel; assembly
c6nqueri, ..questus sum, dep. ], to com consimilis, -e, like
plain consistere, -stiti, to stand together,
conquiescere, -quievi, -quietus, to rest continue
conquisitio, -onis, I., dispute consociare, to associate \vith, share
conquisitor, -oris, m., disputer consolari, dep., to conlfort
conregnare, to reign with consolatio, -onis, f., consolation, com
consalutare, to sal u te one another fort
consanguineus, -a, -um, of one blood consolator, -oris, m., comforter
with consolidare, to strengthen
consanguineus, -i, n1., cousin consonus, -a, -urn, in barmony \vith,
conscendere, -scendi, -scensus, to as hannonious
cend consors, -sortis, having a common lot,
conscientia, -ae, f., consciousness; con p;JrtJkillg
science; acknow ledgrnent consors, -sortis, c., sharer, fello\v
conscindere, -scidi, -scissus, to rend consortium, -ii, n., consort, cornpany
conscius, -a, -urn, conscious, kno\ving conspector, -oris, Tn., beholder
conscriptus, -a, -urn, written conspectus, -us, nl., sight, presence
consecrare, to cons,ecrate, sanctify, hal consp~rgere, -spersi, -spersus, to sprin
low kle, strevV
LATIN GRAMMAR
conspersio, -onis, t., paste, dough consummatio, -onis, f., perfecting;
conspieere, -~pexi, -spectus, (io), to consunlmation; end of the world
see, consider, look at, stare upon consumptio, -onis, f., utter destruc
conspirare, to unite, agree tion; a wasting
conspuatio, -onis, f., one common consurgere, -surrexi, -surrectus, to rise
opinion; agreement up or with, stand up
conspuere, -spui, ~sputus, to spit upon contabCscere, -tabui, to pine away
constanter, earnestly contactus, -us, m., contact, touch, ap
Constantinianus, -a, -urn, of Constan proach
tine contagio, -onis, f., contagion
Constantinopolis, -is, f., Constanti contagi6sus, -3, -urn, contagious
nople contagium, -ii, n., touch, contagion;
Constantinopolitanus, -3, -urn, of Con ten1ptation
stan tinople contaminare, to defile
Constantinus, i, m., Constantine contegere, -texi, -tectus, to cover, en
constare, -steti, -statUrus, to consist; ex velop
ist contemnare, to despise
consternatus, -a, -urn, in consternation contemnere, -tempsi, -temptus, to de
constituere, -ui, -utus, to constitute, spise, slight
decree, appoint, set, ordain; stand contemperare, to mix, infuse
constitlltio, -onis, f., constitution; or contemplare, to behold, contemplate
der, foundation contemplator, -oris, m., contemplator
constrlngere, -strinxi, -strictus, to bind contemptibllis, -e, contemptible
fast contemptio, -onis, f., contempt
construere, -struxi, -structus, to build; contcmptor, -oris, m., despiser
franle together contemptus, -us, m., contempt
constuprare, to corrupt contendere, -tendi, -tentus, to main
consubstantialis, -e, consubstantial tain, assert; strive
consudare, to sweat contentio, -onis, t., contention, strife,
consuere, -sui, -sutus, to sew together obstinacy
consuescere, -suevi, -suetus, to be ac contentiose, contentiously, rebelliously
customed contentus, -a, -urn, content
consuetudo, -in is, /., custom, inter conterere, -trivi, -tritus, to break in
course, intimacy pieces, grind to powder, crush, de
consuetus, -3, -urn, wonted, accus stroy; bruise
tomed conterritus, -a, -urn, frightened
consul, -sulis, m., consul contestari, dep., to testify
consultum, -i, n., resolution contextus, -3, -urn, woven
consultus, -3, -urn, wise; consultius.. conticescere, -ticui, to be silent
more wisely contigruitio, -onis, f., woodwork
consumere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to con continens, -entis, f., continent, nlain
sume, bring to an end land
consumnlare, to consummate, accom continentia, -3e, f., self-denia 1, re
plish, fulfill, consume, spend, finish straint, abstinence
226 LATIN GRAMMAR
continere, -tinui, -tent us, to uphold; conturbatio, -onis, t., trouble, vexa
stop; kcq) siience; pussess, hold fast; tion
,0I1tain; keep bac~ contutari, d~p., to keep safe; to com
contingcrl", -tigi, -t:ldOlS, to touch; municate with
happen 10. fail to; lki""" to convalere, -valui, to recover strength,
continu3tlls, ~::a, -Uln, c(jnt~!lL.l1 to regain health
continuo, immediatl"lv convalescere, -valui, to gain strength
continuus, -a, -urn, COI1!;n;'l I, ;.finite con vallis, -is, t., valley
contorqucre, -torsi, -torsus. '.vinJ conveniens. -entis, agreeing
about convenienter, duly
contra, prep. and adv., again;.\ ":,:;re; con venire, -veni, -ventus, to come to
thl" opf.'ositl", on the COil'" ;\'; e gether, agree; resort
contra, coming toward Ill,,, conventicululIl, -I, /Z., meeting, gather.
contradiccrl", -dixi, -dictus, tu contra Ing
dict; resist, colHcnd with conventio, -onis, t., agreement. con·
contradictio, -onis, t., contrJciidion; cord
strife conventual is, -e. pertaining to a con
contrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to '.ontract, vent; Minures Conventuales, Friars
draw in; commit Minor Conventuals
contraire. -ivi and -ii, -itus, «:0), to go conventus, -us, 111 .. assembly, - Lau
against, br:l\'e dantium, Guild of Praise
contrarius, -a, -um, against. c,jntrary; conversare, to turn around
e contr:irio, on the contrary conversari, d,'p., to converse
contrectare, to handle convl"rsatio, -onis, /., intercourse, con
contremere, -tremui, to tremble versation; manner of living, ~on
contremisccrc, -tremui, to tremble duct
contribulare. to crus:l convcrsio, -onis, t., conversion
contribulatus, -a, -um, troubled convcrsus, -a, -urn, turned toward
contribulis, -is, m., countryman convcrtere, -verti, -versus, to convert,
contristare, to sadden change
contritio. -onis. t., grief, contrition convcsci, dep. 3, to eat with
contritus, -a, -um, contrite ronvieium, -ii, n., reproach, insult
controversia, -ae, t., cOlllrov~rsy (onvincere, -vici, -v ictus, to convict
contubernium, -ii, n., a common convitiari. dep .. to revile
dwelling; comradeship, intimacy eonvivantes, -ium, m. pl., banqueters
contueri. -tuitus sum, d,'p. 2, to con convivari, dep., to feast with
sider convivifidre, to quicken together with
contumacia, -ae, t., insolence convivium. -ii, 11., ban'luet
contumelia, -ae, t., outrage convolvere, -volvi, -vo)utus, to roll up
contumeliare, to outrage cooperare, to coopera te
contumeliosus, -3, -urn, contumelious cooperator, -oris, m., fellow helper
contundere, -tudi, -tusus, to bruise, cooperire. -perui, -pertus. to cover
crush coopcrtus. -a, -urn, clothed, arrayed
conturbare, to disquiet, trouble eooptare, to eiect
LATIN GRAMMAR
cophinus, -i, m.} basket, hod corrosio, -onis, f.} gnawing
copia, -ae, f., abundance, store corruere, -rui, to fa II (to the ground)
copiositas, -atis, f., abundance corrumpens, -entis, baleful
copiosius, adv., in greater numbers corrUmpere, -rupi, -ruptus, corrupt,
copiosus, -a, -urn, plentiful, great pervert

copula, -ae, f., union corruptela, -ae, f., bribery, corruption
copulare, to join together corruptibilis, -e, corruptible
copulari, dep., to be united with; to corruptibilitas, -atis, t., corruptibility
embrace corruptio, -onis, t., corruption
coquere, coxi, coctus, to cook, boil, corruptus, -a, -urn, corrupted
bake corus, -i, m., quarter, nleasure
cor, cordis, n., heart coruscare, to glitter, shine, gleam
coram, prep.} in the presence of, before coruscatio, -onis, f., lightning
corbona, -ae, f.} treasury coruscus, -i, m., lightning
Corcyrensis, -e, of Corfu corvus, -i, m., raven
Corduba, -ae, t., Cordoba Cosmedin, CosTIleJine
Cordubensis, -e, of Cordoba costa, -ae, f., side; rib
coriarius, -ii, m., tanner costula, -ae, f., rib
Corinthii, -orum, m. pl.} Corinthians Cottiensis, -e, of Cotyaeus
Corinthus, -i, f., Corinth coturnix, ·icis, t., quail
corium, ·u, n.} hide couti, -usus sum, dep. 3} to communi
Corneliensis, -e, of Imola cate with
Cornelius, -a, -urn, Cornel ian Cracovia, -ae, f., Cracow
corneus, ·a, ·um, made of horn Cracoviensis, -e, of Cracow
cornicularius, -ii, m., trumpeter crapula, -ae, f., surfeiting, drunkenness
cornu, -us, n., horn; moun lain top crapulatus, -a, -urn, surfeited
corona, -ae, f.} wreath, crown eras, adv.} tomorrow
coronare, to cro\vn crassities, -ei, f., grossness, coarseness
coronator, -oris, m.} crowner, bestower crassitudo, -inis, f., thickness, fatness;
corporaliter, with one body; bodily a clod
corporeus, -a, -urn, bodily, corporeal crassus, -a, -urn, thick, fat
corpus, -oris, n., body; carcass crastinus, -a, -urn, relating to tomor
corpusculurn, .i, n., small body row crastina die, tomorrow; dies
correctio, -onis, f., correction; prop, crastina, the follo\ving day; in
support crastinum, on the next day
correptio, -oms, f., correction, chastis crater, -eris, m., a large bowl in which
ing wine was mixed with water; chalice
corrigere, -rexi, -rectus, to correct; es craticula, -ae, f., gridiron, grating
tablish cratis, ·is, f., grating, gridiron
corrigia, .-ae, f., shoe lace creare, to create
compere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to re creatio, oo()nis, f., creation
buke, admonish, chastise, smite creator, oo()ris, m., creator
l':orrobare, to strengthen creatu.ra, -ae, f., creatur<%
corrogatio, -onis, f., contribution crebro, adv., frequently
LATIN GRAMMAR
cred~r~, ..<.Jidi, -ditus, to believe, trust; cubiculum, -i, n., chamber, bedroom
to be faithful (in the passive) cublJe, -is, n., bed, couch; lair, den
cr~dibilis, -e, trustworth y cubitum, -i, n., cubit
creditor, -oris, m., creoilor cubitus, -us, m., cubit
creditus, -a, -urn, entrusted, committed cuculla, -ae, t., cowl
to the care of cucumenirium, -ii, n., garden of cu
credulitas, -atis, f., faith, belief cUlnbers
cremare, to burn cudere, to stamp, coin
cremium, -ii, n., fuel cujus (cuius), genitive of qui and quis,
crepare, -ui, -itus, to crack, burst asun \vhose, of whorn
der culcitra, -ae, f., rna ttress, bed
crepido. -inis, t., base, foot culex, -ids, m., gnat
crepitus, -us, m., explosion culmen, -inis, n., top, summit, height
crepUsculurn, -i, n., twilight culpa, -ae, I., fault, guilt, sin
crescere, crevi, cretus, to increase, cultor, -oris, m., cultivator~ dresser;
grow; spring up professor; worshiper; dweller, in
Creta, -ae, /., Crete habitant
Cretenses, -iurn, m. pl., Cretans cultrix, -ids, f., worshiper
Cretes, -urn, nl. pl., Cretans cultura, -ae, t., worship
cribrar~, to sift cultus, -us, m., cultivation, care; wor
crimen, -inis, n .. guilt, sin ship
criminare, to accuse cum, prep., with
criminari, dc~p .. to accuse cum, conj., when, while; whereas; al
criminator, -oris, 111., uetractor though; si nee
criminatrix, -ids, / .. fa Ise accuser cumulare, to heap up, increase
crOceus, -a, -urn, scarlet cumulatius, adv., more fully
crocus, -i, n1.. sa ff ron cumulus, -i, m., heap, pile
crudar~, to torture, torment cunae, -arum, /. pl., eraJle
cruciatio, -onis, / .. punishment cunctari, dep.. to uelay
crucifiger~, -fixi, -fixus, to crucify cunctus, -a, -urn, a II
crudelis, -e, cruel Cunegunda, -a~, /., Cunig-unois
crudus, -a, -u m, ra w cupere, -ivi and -ii, -hus, (io), to de
cruentar~, to torture, lash sire, long for
cruentatus, -a, -urn, bleeding cupide, gladly
cmentus, -a, -urn, bloody cupiditas, -atis, '., desire, greed
cmor, -oris, nl.. gore, blood cupido, -inis, /., uesire
crus, cru ris, n., leg cupidus, -a, -urn, desi rous
crux, crucis, I., cross cupiens, -entis, desirous
crypta, -a~, /., crypt, catacomb cur, why?
Cryptu]a, -a~, I., La G rot ella cura, -ae,t., care
crystallus, -i, I., crystal; ice curare, to eu re, hea 1
cubar~, -ui, -itus, to lie down curatio, -onis, I., healing, cure
cubicuhirius, -ii, m., cubicular, cham curatrix, -icis, I., guardian, warden
berlain cUria, -a~, t., senat~ house
LATIN GRAMMAl\
Curia, -ae, t., Coire Dalmatae, -arum, m. pl., Dalmatians
Curimensis, ~, of Gurina dalmatica, -ae, f., dalmatic
currens, -entis, current Damasceni, -orum, m. pl., Danlascenes
currere, cucurri, cursus, to run, hasten Damascenus, -a, -urn, Damascene
currilis, -e, pertai ning to a chariot Damianus, -i, m., Dalnian
currus, -us, m., chariot damnare, to condemn
cursitare, to run up and down or damnatio, -onis, t., damnation, con
hither and thither demnation
cursus, -us, m., cou rse; voyage damnosus, -a, -urn, mistaken, harmful
curvare, to bend; humble damnum, -i, n., damage, loss, evil, in
curvescere, to bend over jury, punishment
cuspis, -idis, '., point (of a spear) Dani, -orum, m. pl., Danes
cUHodia, -ae, f., watch; prison, ward, Danubius, -ii, m., the Danuhe
cell Daphniticus, -a, -urn, of Daphne
custodiens, ~ntis, m., keeper daps, dapis, f.. meal, banquet, food
custodire, to protect, preserve, keep; dare, dedi, datus, to gi ve, gran t, yield
watch over dator, -oris, m., giver
custos, -odis, m. and I., guard, watch datum, -i, n., gift
man Davidicus, -a, -urn, Daviclical
Cuthbertus, -i, m., Cuthbert de, from, down fronl, OUl of; concern..
cutis, -is, f.. skin lng
cyc1as, -adis, f., robe dea, -ae, f., goddess
cymbalum, -i, n., cymbal dealbare, to make white
cynicus, -i, In., cynic dearnbulare, Lo walk about
Cydonia, -ae, f.. Canea (in Crete) deargentare, to plate WiLh silver
cypressinus. -a, -urn, of cypress deauratus, -a, -urn, gilJed
cypressus, -i, f., cypress tree debellare, to wage wa r
Cyprianus, -i, m., Cyprian debere, to owe~ ought
Cyprius, -a, -urn, Cyprian debilis, -e, feeble; 1l1aimed
cyprus, -i, f., cypress debllitas, -atis, f., wea k ness
Cyrenaeus, -a, -urn, of Cyrene, Cyre debitor, -oris, m., debtor
nlan debitrix, -icis, t., debtor
Cyrenensis, -e, of Cyrene, Cyrenian debitum, -i, n., debt
Cyrillus, -i, m., Cyril debitus, -a, -urn, due
decachordus, -a, -urn, ten stri nged
decalogus, -i, m., decalogue, the Ten
D
Commandments
Dachinus, -i, m., Dacian decantare, to si ng
daemon, -onis, m., devil decantatio, -onis, f., singing
daemoniacus, -i, m., possessed person decas, -adis, /., decade, set of ten
daemonium, -ii, n., devil decem, ten
daleth, fourth letter of the Hebrew decem et octo, eighteen
alphabet corresponding to Eng decenni, -ae, -a, ten years; decennis, at
lish ~ the age of ten
23° LATIN GRAMMAR
decenter, fittingly decretum, -i, n., decree
Decenuanum, -i, n., Desenzano decurio, -orris, m., counselor; captain
deceptor, -oris, m., deceiver, enemy over ten men
decernere, -crevi, -cretus, to intend, or decurrere, -curri and -cucurri, -cursus,
dain, deternline trickle down; run through
decerpere, -cerpsi, -cerptus, to take decursus, -us, m., completion; maneu
away ver, attack; a running down
dccertare, to strive decus, -oris, n., grace, beauty; honor,
decessor, -oris, m., predecessor glory
decet, -uit, im pers. 2, it is becoming dedecens, -entis, unbecoming
decidens, -entis, fading dedecus, -oris, n., dishonor, shame
decidere, -cidi, to fall down, die, wither dedicare, to dedicate
decima, -ae, f., tenth, tithe dedicitio, -onis, f., dedication
decimatio, -onis, f., tithe dedignari, dep., to scorn, disdain, re
decimus, -a, -urn, tenth ject as un\vorthy
decimus (-a, -urn) nonus (-a ..urn), dedignatio, -onis, f., scorn, indignation
nineteenth deditus, -a, -urn, devoted
decimus (-a, -urn) octavus (-a, ..urn), deducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead, con
eighteenth duct, bring down
decimus (-a, -urn) quartus (-a, urn), deesse, -fui, to be wanting, be lacking
fourteenth defaecatus, -3, -urn, purified, refined
decimus (-a, -urn) sextus (-a, ..urn), defectio, -onis, f., fai nting
sixteenth defectus, -us, m., failing, defect
decipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to deceive defendere, -fendi, -fensus, to defend,
dec1arare, to signify revenge
declaratio, -onis, f., declaration defensio, -onis, f., defense, protection
decIinare, to incline; go aside, turn deferre, -tuli, -latus, to offer, bring
a\;vay, step aside, lean to one side deficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to fail,
decollare, to behead faint; waste; vanish
decolhitio, -onis, f., beheading definire, to determine, define, solve
decolorare, to discolor defixus, -a, -urn, fixed
decoquere, -coxi, -coctus, to cook, boil, deflectere, -flexi, -Rexus, to turn aside
roast deflere, -£levi, -fletus, to weep
decor, -oris, m., beauty, comeliness defluere, -fluxi, to pass away, fall,
decorare, to adorn; honor; endow wither
decorticare, to tear off the bark, to def6ret (for deesset), another form of
strip bare the imperfect subjunctive of deesse
decorus, -a, -urn, beauteous, comely deformare, to engrave
decrepitus, -a, -urn, infirm defunctus, -a, -urn, dead
decrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to decrease, degener, -eris, unworthy, ignoble
wane degere, degi, to live, spend time
decretalia, -orum, n. pl., decretals deglutire, to swallow up
decretorius, -a, ..urn, decreeing, em degustare, to taste, partake of
bodying a decree deiter, -fera, -ferom, God-bearing
23 1
dein, th~reupon, then demonstrare, to show, discover
deinceps, henceforth, again, any more, demora!i, dc-p., to abide, dwell
any longer; successively, in order of demori, -rnortuus SUln, dc'P. 3 (io),
succeSS10n to die
deinde, then den11.l1cere, -mulsi, -rnulsus or -mulc
deintus, Lrom within tus, to soften, persuade
Deipara, -ae, t., !\1other of God, the demum, at length, at last
Blessed Virgill denarius, -ii, tn., denarius (a COIn
I)citas, . atis, /.J Deity, Godhead, Di worth about t\venty cents)
vinity deneg~lre, to deny
dejectus, -a, -Ul11, fallen deni, -ae, -a, by tens; ter denis, thirty
dejicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to break [old
do\vn; cast (:own denocire, to denote
delectabilis, -e, delightful dens, dentis, rn' tooth
J
delectamentum, -i, n., delight, sweet densus, -a, -urn, thick

ness ~ sweetness and del ight denudare, to lay bare
delectire, to be delighted, rejoice denuntiare, to threaten
delect3lio, -onis, I., pleasure, delight dcnuo, again, a second tinle
delegare, to entrust, assign deorsum, down, beneath, lower
delere.. -evi, -etus, to blot out, wash deosculari, dep., to kiss
a\vay, destroy depascere, -pavi, ·pastus, to feed upon
delibare, to sacrifice depellere, -puli, -pulsus, to keep from,
delibuere, -ui, -utus, to besmear, anoint drive away, dispel
delicatus, -a, -urn, delightful depingere, -pinxi, -pictus, to paint
delicia, -ae, f., delight deplorare, to grieve over, deplore
delictum, -i, n., criI11e, sin, dishonor deponere, -posui, -positus, to lay;
delineare, to outline; prophesy bring down, take down; remove;
deIinquere, -liqui, -lictus, to fail, of cast headlong
fend, sin depoputiri, d~p., to ravage
delitescere, -tui, to lie hidden deportare, to bring; banish
delilbruffi, -i, n., temple, shrine deposcere, -poposci, to beseech; de
demandare, to en trust mand; appoint
demere, dempsi, den1ptus, to take depositio, -on is, f., laying aside, put
a\vay ting away; burial
demereri, dep. 2, to deserve depraedare, to rob
demergere, -mersi, -mersus, to sink, depravare, to pervert, corrupt
plunge into, drown; swallow deprecabilis, --e, ITlerciful, graciow
demirari, d~p., to be alnazed, wonder deprecari, dep.} to beseech
at deprecitio, -onis, to} prayer, supplica
demisse, humbly tion
demissio, -onis, f.} lowliness deprecator, -oris, m., intercessor,
demissus, -a, -urn, lowly, humble pleader
demol1ri, dt'p. 4, to consume, demolish, deprehendere, -prehendi, -prehensUSy
destroy to find, take, seize; perceive
23 2 LATIN GRAMMAR
deprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to press desolatorius, -ii, m., destroyer
down, weigh down; oppress, affiict desolatus, -a, -um, desolate
depromere, -prompsi, -promptus, to despectio, -onis, t., contempt, a look
bring forth, fetch out, pour out, ing down upon
produce desperare, to despair
depurgare, to wash despicabilis, -e, un worthy
deputare, to appoint, depute; con despicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to
demn; reckon, coun t; prune, cut off slight, despise, abhor
derelinquere, -liqui, -lictus, to leave, despoliare, to strip
forsake despondere, -spondi, -sponsus, to
derepente, suddenly promise in marriage, espouse, be
deridere, -risi, -risus, to laugh at, de troth
ride desponsatus, -a, -urn, espoused
derisus, -us, m., derision destituere, -stitui, -stitutus, to aban
derivare, to divert; convey abroad don; to be lacking (in the passive)
desaevire, to rage violently destructor, -oris, m., destroyer
descendere, -scendi, -scensus, to come destruere, struxi, -structus, to pull or
down, run down, descend tear down, ruin, destroy; overcome
describere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to enroll; desuCscere, -suevi, -suetus, to lay
describe aside a custom
descriptio, -onis, t., enrolling; descrip desllinere, -surnpsi, -sumptus, to
tion choose, select
deserere, -semi, -sertus, to forsake, neg desuper, from above, from the top;
lect; fail to appear thereon
desertio, -onis, t., desertion, treason desursurn, from above
desertor, -oris, m., rebel detegere, -texi, -tectus, to uncover, lay
desertum, -i, n., desert, wilderness bare, disclose
desertus, -a, -urn, deserted, desolate, detentio, -onis, t., abode
arid detergere, -tersi, -tersus, to cancel,
deservire, to serve wipe away
deses, -idis, idle, lazy, slothful deterior, -ius, worse
desiderabilis, -e, desirable determinare, to determine
desiderare, to desire deterrere, -terrui, -territus, to deter by
desiderium, -ii, n., desire; lust fear
desidia, -ae, t., sloth detestari, dep., to curse
designare, to appoint; signify detinere, -tinui, -tentus, to hold back,
desilire, -sllui, -sultus, to leap withhold, detain
desinere, -sivi or -sii, -situs, to cease detrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to take
desolare, to bring to desolation, lay away; bring down; slander
waste detreccire, to speak against, disparage;
desolatio, -onis, t., desolation refuse
desolatorius, -a, -urn, destroying; car detrimentum, -i, n., loss
bonibus desolatoriis, with hot burn detnidere, -trusi, -trusus, to thrust
ing coals down
LATIN GRAMMAR 233
Deus, -i, m., God differentia, -ae, t., difference
deuteronomium, -ii, n., Deuteronomy differentior, -ius, more different, more
devenire, -veni, -ventus, to come to excellent
deviare, to wander away from differre, distuli, dihitus, to cast off; de
devincere, -vici, -victus, to conquer, fer; differ
overcome difficultas, -atis, t., difficulty; obstinacy
devitare, to shun, avoid diffidentia, -ae, t., suspicion, unbelief
devius, -a, -urn, wandering from the diffidere, -fisus swu, s~midep. 3, to
\vay mistrust
devorare, to devour diffiteri, d~p. 2, to deny, disavow
devoratio, -onis, t., devouring; prey diffhlere, -£luxi, -£luxus, to fall or flow
devote, devoutly out; flow freely
devotio, -onis, t., devotion diffugere, -fugi, -fugitus, (io), to flee
devotus, -a, -urn, devout, devoted diffundere, -fudi, -fusus, to pour
devovere, -vovi, -votus, to devote, abroad, pour forth, spread through
consecrate out
dexter, -a, -urn, or -tra, -trum, right; digerere, -gessi, -gestus, to digest
ad dexteram, at the right hand digestus, -a, -urn, set in order
dextera (dextra), -ac, I., the right hand digitus, -i, m., finger; toe
dexteritas, -atis, I., skill dignanter, worthily
dextral1olum, -i, n., bracelet dignari, dep., to grant, vouchsafe
diab61icus, -a, -wu, diabolic, of the dignatio, -onis, I., condescension, gra-
devil CIousness
di£bolus, -i, m., devil digne, \vorthily, rightly
diaconia, -ae, I., hospice, chapel dignitas, -atis, I., worth, merit, dignity
diacon~hus, -us, m., diaconate dignoscere, -novi, to discern, distin
diaconus, -i, nl., deacon guish
diadema, -atis, n., diadem dignus, -a, -urn, worthy, becoming,
dialogus, -i, n1.., dialogue, conversa deserved
tion digredi, -gressus surn, dep. 3, (io), to
dicare, to dedicate, devote depart; digress
dicatus, -a, -urn, hallowed dijudicare, to discern, examine, judge
dicere, dixi, dictus, to say, tell, call; dilacerare, to tear to pieces
dicitur, is called dilaniare, to tear in pieces, rend
dlcio (ditio), -onis, f., dominion dilargire, to give liberally
dictio, -onis, I., language dilatare, to make broad, extend, en
dictum, -i, n., word large, spread; increase, multiply
dictus, -us, m., word, saying, com dilatio, -onis, f., delay
mand dilectio, -onis, f., love
dies, -ei, m. and I., day; de die in dilt~ctus, -a, -urn, beloved; lovely
diem, from da y to day diligenter, diligently
dietim, day by day, daily diligentius, more diligently, more care
diffamare, to spread abroad; accuse fully
dlfferens, -cntis, different diligere, -lexi, -lectus, to love
LATIN C;Rf\M!vfAR
dihlcidc, clcarlv
disceptare, to dispute with, discuss, de
diluculum, -i, n., da\vn, daybreak,
termine
rn()rnin~ light~ diluculo, early disceptatio, -onis, t., dispute
diluere, -lui, -lutus, to wash, efface discere, didici, to learn
di111viurn, -ii, ti _, tlund discernere, -crevi, -cretus, to discern,
dinlanare> to flo'\\' in different direc distinguish
tions discerpere, -cerpsi, -cerptus, to tear,
dinlctlri, -nlensus sum, tiep. 4, to n1eas to rend
ure, Illctc out disccssio~ -onis, l.} re\ olt
dinlicare, to L.ehr, struggle diSCt;~sllS, -us, 171., renH>\al
dilnidi~l.re, to divide into lJalves disciplina, -ae, t., study, instruction;
din1idiatus, -3, -U01, half chastiscn1cnt, diSCipline
dinlldius, -a, ~um, balf discipuLitus, -us, Tn., discipleship
dilnidium, -ii, n., the half discipulus, -I"~ m., disciple
dil~linuele, -ui, -utus, to lessen, dimin discissus, -a, -urn, torn, rent
i~h discolor, -oris, of different colors,
dUnittcre~ -rnisi, -nlissus, to put or speckled
send a way; dlsrniss, release; leave; discolus, -a, -urn, deformed
{orgivc: let dc)\vn discordia, -ae, I., dissension
dinun1erarc, to nun1her discrepare, to disagree with, be differ
Diocletianus, -i, nJ., Dioc1etian ent fron1 ~ depart frorn
dioecesanus, -a, -urn, diocesan discretio, -onis, t., d.iscernment; sepa
dioecesis, -is, or -cos, t.,diocese ration
Dionysius, -ii, nJ., l)ionysius; Denis discH~tor, -oris, m., discerner
dioryx, -ygis, t.. channel, canal discrlInen, -inis, n., danger, peril,
Di6sconls, -i, nz., l)ioscorus hazard
diplois. -idis, I., a double cloak, mantle discriminare, to plait, braid
diploma, -atis, n., privilege conferred discruciare, to torture
by the government discumbens, -entis, nl., guest
dipondiurn, -ii, n., two farthings disclimbere, -cubui, -cubitus, to sit
dircctio, -onis, t., direction; upright down
ness discurrere, -cucurri and -curri, -cur
directus, -a, -urn, direct; in directo, in sus, to run to and fro
the direct way discus, -i, m., dish
diremptio, -onis, t., separation discussio, -on is, t., dispersal
dirigere, -rexi, -rectus, to direct; discutere, -cussi, -cussus, to disperse
straighten; prosper (in the passive) diserte, eloquently
dirlpere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to plun disertus, -a, -urn, eloquent
der disgregare, to rend asu nder
dirllmpere, -rupi, -ruptus, to break disjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to put
asunder, to clt>ave asunder
dims, -a, -urn, cruel dispar, -is, unlike, d ifIcrer.t, unequal
discedere, -cessi, -cessus, to pass awa y, dispendere, -pensus sum, se midep. 3,
depart to weigh out, dispense
LATIN GRAMMAR 235
dispensare, to distribute distantia, -ae, fo, distance
dispensatio, -onis, fo, dispensation, ad distare, to be ditTerent, distinct or dis
ministration tant from
dispensator, -oris, mo, dispenser, stew distendere, -tendi, -tentus, to stretch
ard apart, rack
dispensatorius, -a, -urn, dispensing, ad distentus, -a, -urn, busy, occupied
ministering distillare, to drip or drop
disperdere, -didi, -<litus, to cut off, distillatio, -onis, f., bodily fluid
destroy distincte, disti nctl y
dispergere, -spersi, -spersus, to scatter distinctio, -onis, f., distinction
disperire, -ii, (eo), to perish distinctus, -a, -urn, adorned
dispersio, -onis, f., dispersal distinguere, -stinxi, -stinctus, to dis
dispertire, to distribute; separate, part, crinlinate; speak distinctly
divide distortus, -a, -urn, In iss ha pen
displicere, -pllcui, -plicitus, to d isp lease distribtlere, -bui, -butus, LO distribute
disponere, -posui, -positus, to dispose, di~tributio, -onis, f.) allotrnent, distri
order bution
dispositio, -onis, to, disposition, provi distributor, -oris, lno, giver
dence, decree districte, severel y
dispositor, -oris, nl., disposer districtio, -onis, f., strictness, severity
disputare, to treat about, dispute ditare, Lo enrich, endo\v
disputatio, -onis, f., argul11entation ditio, -onis, f.. po\ver, dOlninion, juris
disnlmpere, -rupi, -ruptus, to break diction, authority, sovereignty
asunder ditius, nlore abundantly
disseclre, to dry up ditt<lre, to declare, repeat
dissecare, -secui, -sectus, to cut diu, adv., long
dissensio, -onis, f., quarrel dillrnus, -a, -urn, a day, per day; last
disserere, -serui, -sertus, to discuss, con ing for a day
verse, disco\! rse diuturnus, -a, -urn, of long duration;
dissidens, ·erds, being :1t variance, dis chronic
senting divellere, -velli, -vulsus, to tear asun
dissidere, -sedi, -sessus, to disagree der
dissidiunl, -ii, 11., quarrel; disunion divcndere, -vendidi, -venditus, to sell
dissimilitudo, -inis, f., difference diversitas, -atis, f., diversity
dissimulare, to dissernblc, conceal diversorium, -ii, n., inn; lodging; guest
dissipare, to destroy, abolish; scatter; chanlber
\\'aste: lay waste diversus, -a, -urn, different; in diver-
dissipatio, -onis, f., desolation sum, back
dis situs, -a, -urn, widely scattered divcrtere, -verti, to turn aside
dissohltus, -a, -urn, loose; feeble dives, divitis, rich
dissolvere, -solvi, -sol taus, to loose, divexare, to plunder; tear asunder
dissolve, destroy; scatter dividere, -visi, -visus, to divide, part,
dissonantia, -orum, n. pl., differences put asunder
distans, -antis, separate, distant divinatio, -onis, f., divination
LATIN GRAMMAR
divinitas, -atis, f., divinity dominus, -i, m., lord, master
divinitus, divinely, by divine influence Domitianus, -i, m " Donl i tia n
divinus, -a, -urn, divine domne (voc. of dominus), Sir
Divio, -onis, /., Dijon domuncula, -ae, /., liltle dwelling
divisio, -onis, /., diversity~ part domus, -i or -us, /., house; de dorno in
divitia, -ae, /., weal th ~ divitiae, riches domum, from house to house
divortium, -ii, n., divorce donare, to give, grant; forgive; remit
divus, -a, -urn, divine a debt
Divus, -i, m., saint donarium, -ii, n., sh ri ne
docere, -ui, doctus, to teach donatio, -onis, /., giving; gift
docibiIis, -e, apt, teachable Donatistae, -arum, m. pl., Donatists
doctor, -oris, n1., doctor, teacher donatus, -us, m., gift
doctrina, -ae, /., instruction, learning, donee, un til; while
doctrine donum, -i, n., gift, present
documentwn, i, n., example Dorestadium, -ii, n., Dorestadt
dogma, -atis, n., dogma; edict dormire, to sleep, lie down [0 rest
dogmaticus, -a, -urn, dognlatic dormitare, to s I umber
dolare, to hew wi than axe dormitatio, -onis, /., slumber
dolere, to suffer, grieve, be sorrowful dormitio, -orris, /., sleep, repose
doliolum, -i, n., small keg or cask Dorothea, -ae, /., Dorothy
dolium, -ii, m" earthenware cask dorsum, -i, n., back
dolor, -oris, n1., sorrow, pain dos, dotis,t., gift
dolorosus, -a, -urn, sorrowful dotare, to endow
dol6se, deceitfully drachma, -ae, /., drachma
dolosus, -a, -urn, deceitfu 1, false draco, -onis, m., dragon
dolus, -i, m., fraud, subtlety, deceit dromedarius, .. ii, m., dromedary
doma, -atis, n., roof; house, dwelling dubietas, -atis, /., doubt
domare, -ui, ..hus, to conq uer dubitanter, hesitantly
domesticus, -a, -urn, donlestic, home; dubicire, to hesitate, waver, doubt;
of the household non - , to firmly believe
domesticus, -i, m., domestic; domestici, ducitus, -us, m.} leadership, guidance;
those of the household rank
domicilium, -ii, n., d welling, home, ducentesimus, -a, -urn, two hundredth
house ducenti, -ae, -a, two hundred
domina, ..ae, f., mistress ducere, duxi, ductus, to lead, bring;
don1inari, dep., to rule, have dominion marry; launch out; hold, consider;
over derive
dominatio, -onis, t., dominion ductilis, -e, beaten out (of metal),
dominator, -oris, m., ruler, lord, Lord drawn
domine, vOC., Sir; Domine, Lord ductor, -oris, m., leader
Dominica, -ae, /., Sunday dudum, adv., a little while ago, even
dominicalis, -e, pertaining to Sunday now
Dominicus, -i, m., Domit;.ic duellum, -i, n., conflict
Dominus, .. i, m., Lord dulcedo, ..inis, t., sweetness, goodness
LATIN GRAMMAR 237
dulcescere (dulcessit), to become sweet ebtirneus, -a, -urn, of ivory
dulcis, -e, sweet, fresh; kind ecce, interj., behold
dulcisonus, -a, -urn, sweet sounding, ecclesia, -ae, t., church; assembly
harmonious ecclesiasticus, -a, -urn, of or for the
dtilciter, sweetly church
dulcor, -oris, m., sweetness Echinadae, t. pl. (Echinades, -urn, f.
dum, while pl.), the Urchin Islands (Lepanto)
dUmmodo, provided that t.,
ecstasis, -is, ecstasy, trance
durntaxat, adv., in so far as, only edere, -didi, -ditus, to bring forth, pr~
Duncl1nurn, -i, n., Durham duce, publish
duo, -ae, -0, two edere, edi, esus, to eat
duodecim, twelve Edessenus, -a, -urn, of Edessa
duodecimus, -a, -urn, twelfth edicturn, -i, n., decree
duodenarius, -a, -urn, twelve ediscere, -didici, to learn thorough Iy
duodeni, -ae, -a, twelve edisserere, -semi, -sertus, to expound,
duodeviginti, eighteen explain, set forth
duplex, -ids, double, twofold; dupli editio, -onis, /., binh, a bringing
cibus, with double garments forth; a statement
duplicare, to double edocere, -ui, -doctus, to teach com
duplicatus, -a, -urn, double pletely
duplicitas, -atis, I.. deceit edohire, to hew, plane
duplurn, -i, n., the double edornare, -dornui, -dornitus, to (arne
duritia, -ae, /., hardness thoroughly, subdue entirely
durities, -ei, /.. hardness Eduardus, -i, m., Edward
durus, -a, -urn, st iff, hard; obstinate; educare, to bring up, nourish
dura, n. pl.. hardships educator, -oris, m., tutor
dux, ducis, ,n. and /., leader, captain, edticere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring forth,
guide; duke, earl produce; take away
dyscolus, -a, -urn, bold, impudent edulis, -e, edible; edtilia, n. pl.. food
effari, -fatus sum, dep. I, to utter
effatu (supine), to express
E
effector, -oris, nl., maker
e, ex, pr~p., from, out of, of effectus, -us, m., effect, work; reward;
eatenus, adv.. so far answer
ebibere, -bibi, -bitus, to drink up, efferninatus, -a, -urn, effeminate
drink in efferatus, -a, -urn, wild, raging
Ebionitae, -arum, m. pl., Ebionites effere, extuli, elatus, to bring or carry
Eboracurn, -i, n., York out; bear, lift up
ebrietas, -atis, /., drunkenness effervescere, -ferbui and -fervi, to boil
ebriosus, -i, nl., drunkard up, rage
ebrius, -a, -urn, drunk, drunken; as a efficacia, -ae, t., accomplishment
noun, drunken (nan efficaciter, effectuall y
ebullire, to break forth; bubble efficax -acis, powerful, effectual; zeal
ebur, -oris, n., ivory ous
LATIN GRAMMAR
dIicere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to make, ehipsus, -us, m., lapse
render; make ready; become (in the elata, -ae, /., spray
passive) elatio, -onis, /., elevation; breaker, bil
effigies, -ei, /., figure, image low
effiagitare, to entrea t Elcesaeus, -i, m., Elcesite
effiare, to breathe out, give forth Eleazarus, -i, m., Eleazar
effiorere, -ui, to flourish electio, -onis, /., election
effiuere, -fluxi, to flow forth electrum, -i, n., amber
eff6dere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to break electus, -a, urn, chosen, elect; bright;
through electa, n. pl., chosen bits, dainties
efformare, to form, shape eleemosyna, -ae, /., alms
effrons, -tis, bold, brazen, shameless, elegans, -antis, elegant
insulting eleison (Greek), have mercy on us
effugare, to drive away from elementum, -i, n., element; the letters
effugatio, -onis, /., driving away of the alphabet
effugere, -fugi, -fugitus, (io), to escape elevare, to lift up, elevate
effulgere, -fulsi, -fuIsus, 2, to shine elevatio, -onis, /., lifting up, elevation
upon elicere, -licui, -l1citus, (io), to bring
e1Iilltdere, fudi, -fusus, to shed, pour forth, produce, elici t
out or forth; bring out; slip Ellci, -orum, m. pl., Elicians
efflisus, -a, -urn, pouring, excessive elidere, -lisi, -lisus, to throw down
rgens, -entis, needy eligere, -Icgi, -Iectus, to choose, elect
egenus, -a, -urn, needy, poor eliminare, to erad ica te
~gere, -ui, to be in \-vant, have need of Elisabeth, Elizabeth, Isabel
egestas, -atis, /., want, poverty, need Eliseus, -i, m., Eliseus
ego, I elongare, to be or go or remove far oft
egredi, -gressus su~ d ~p. 3, (io), to eloquentia, -ae, /., eloquence, oratory
come out, go out or forth elOquiun1, -ii, n., word
~gregius, -a, -urn, ill ustrious Elpedianum, -i, n., l-Ieldelfs
egressio, -onis, /., going forth, depar Elpidiensis, -e, of Helfta
ture Elpidius, -ii, m., Elpidius
egressus, -us, m., going forth elucidare, to explain
eheu, interj., ah eluscescere, to begin to be light
eia (eja), interj., quick! come thenl emanare, to flow out
well! emarcere, to wither, decay
ejectio, -0 nis, f., banishment emendare, to amend; chastise
ejectus, -us, m., casting out; exile emendicire, to beg
ejicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to cast out; ~mendatio, -onis, /., correction
bring forth ementiri, d~p. 4, to falsify, pretend
ejulatus, -us, m., lamenting, cry 6nere, emi, emptus, to buy
ejurare, to refuse; abandon; deny Emcricus, -i, m., Emeric
ejus, genitive of is, of him, his emeritus, -a, -urn, deserving; veteran
Elamitae, -arum, m. pl., Elamites emeritus, -i, m' one who has served his
J
e1£nguens, -en tis, growing weak time

LATIN GRAMMAR "39
~mlcare, -micui, -micatus, I, to shine ephod, ind~cl., ephod) amice
forth; pour forth Ephrathaeus, -i, m. EphrathitC'
J
Emigdius (Emygdius), -ii, m.} Emidius Epiphania, -ae, /., Epiphany, appear
emigrare, to depart ance
eminens, -entis, excellent episcopalis, ~, episcopal
eminere, -nunui, to be above, stand epiSLopatus, -us, n1., episcopacy, bish
out, project opric; of1lce of bishop
eminus, adcl.; at a distance eplscopus, -i, m., bishop ~ patriarch
cDussio, -onis, t., perfun1e cpistola, -ae, /., epistle, lelter
emittere, -misi. -missus, to s,end out, epistolium, -ii, n., letter
emit; yield up; cast out cpithahimium, -ii, n., rnarriage song
enlporium, -ii, n., nlarket epulac, -arum, f. pl., fea5,t, feasts
~nlptio, -onis, f., bu ying, purchase cpulari ((/{'p.), to fcast
~mundare, to cleanse eques, -itis, m., horseman
emundatio, -onis, f., cleansing equester, -tris, -tre, equestrian
elnolunH~ntuln, -i, n., gain, ad vantage equidem, adv., truly
en, interj., 10, behold equuleus, -i, m., rack
enarrare, to te II, reI ate, show forth equus, -i, m., horse
enavigare, to sail a\vay; swim eradere, -rasi, -rasus, to strike or cut
Encacnia, -arum, n. pl., Feast of the ofT, destroy
I)edication eradicare, to root up
encaeniare, to put on sonlething new, Ercus, -i, rn. Ere
J
tu consecrate erectio, -onis, /., lifting up

enchiridium, -ii, n., handbook, manual erectus, -a, -urn, attentive
enerviter, \veakly eremlta, -ae, m., !"Jermit
eniDl, con;., {or erenl1ticus, -a, -urn, eremi tica I
enlIllvero, adll., to be sure, certainly eremus, -i, m. and /., desert, wilJerlicss
eniti, -nisus or -nLxus sum, d~p. 3, to erga, prep., toward; with
bring forth ergastulum, -i, n., house of correction
enodare, to rnake clear for slaves ~ prison
ensis. -is, m., sword ergo, therefore, then
enucleate, plainly erigere, -rexi, -rectus, to raise up, lift
enunleratio, -onis, f., enumeration up, erect
enuntiare, to announce, declare cripere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to rescue,
enutrire, to sustain, nourish deliver from
Eobanus, -i, n1., Eoban Ermemberga, -ae, /., Ermenburga
Eous, -a, -urn, eastern, fronl the East; erogare, to distribu te, disperse abroad
morning errare, to "vander, go astray, err
cousque, adv., to that point erro, -onis, m., wanderer, night-
ephebia, -orum, n. pl., place for youth, prowler
youth center error, -oris, m., error
ephcbus, -i, m., page crubescere, -rubui, to be ashan1ed
Ephesii, -0 rum, m. pl., Ephesians cruea, -ae, /., pal!llcr worm
Epheslnus, -a, -urn, of Ephesus cruccire, to utter, publish; overflow
LATIN GRAMMAR
erudire, to teach, instruct; discipline evenire~ -veni, -ventus, to con1e forth
eruditio, -onis, t., learning eventus, -us, n2., occurrence
eruere, -ui, -utus, to deliver everrere, -verri, -versus, to sweep out
erumpere, -rupi, -ruptus, to break, eversio, -onis, f., overthrow, destruc
break forth, break up, crush tion
esca, -ae, f., food, meat evertere, -verti, -versus, to turn away,
esse (sum), fui, futurus, to be pervert; overturn, overthrow
essentia, -ae, f., essence evidenter, manifestly
esurire, to be hungry evidentia, -ae, t., evidence
esus, -us, m., food, bread; eating evigilare, to awaken
et, and, also eVlncere, -vici, -victus, to bring it about
Etchenus, -i, m., Etchen that
etenim, conj., for, but evocare, to call forth
Ethelbcrtus, -i, m., Ethelbert evolare, to take flight
ethnici, -orum, m. pl., heathen evulgare, to make known, publish
etiam, adv., also; certainly; yes e~ of, from, out of
etiamnum, adv., still, yet exacerbare, to provoke, embitter
Etrillia, -ae, f., Tuscany exacerbatio, -onis, f., bitterness, exas
EtrUscus, -a, -urn, Tuscan peration
etsi, adv., yet exactio, -onis, f., exaction or levying of
etymologiae, -arum, f. pl., Etymol6giae tribute
(of St. Isidore) exactor, -oris, m., one who demands,
euge, int~rj., well donel oppressor, tax collector
Eugenius, -ii, m., Eugene exacuere, -ui, -utus, to sharpen
Eugubinus, -a, -urn, of Gubbio exacutus, -a, -urn, sharpened
Eugubiurn, -ii, n., Gubbio exaedificare, to build
eunuchus, -i, m., eunuch exaequare, to equal, make equal
Europa, -ae, f., Europe exaestuare, to burn; surge or boil up
Euscichius, -ii, m., Eustace exaggerare, to increase, grow worse
Euthychianus, -a, -urn, of Eutyches exagitare, to drive out; attack
Eva, -ae, f., Eve exaltare, to lift up, exalt, extol
evacuare, to make void; do away with; exaltatio, -onis, f., exaltation; high
put a\,\'ay praise
evadere, -vasi, -vasus, to escape, evade exarninare, to try, test
evagare, to wander, stray away exantlare, to suffer, endure; exhaust
evaginare, to unsheathe aarare, to wri te on wax tablets
evanescere, -vanui, to vanish exarchus, -i, m., exarch
evangelicus, -a, urn, of the Gospel exardere, -arsi, -arus, to kindle
evangelista, -ae, m., evangelist exardescere, -arsi, -arsus, to take fire,
Evangelium, -ii, n., Gospel flame ou t, be inflamed
evangelizare, to preach the Gospel, exarmare, to disarn1
evangelize exasperare, to provoke
evehere, -vexi, -vectus, to raise exasperatrix, -icis, provoking
evellere, -velli, -vulsus, to pluck exaudire, to hear favorably
LATIN GRAMMAR 24 1
exauditor, --oris, m., one who listens excusare, to excuse; ad excusandas ex..
favorably to a prayer cusationes, to seek excuses
excaecare, to blind excusatio, -onis, /., excuse
excalceatus, -a, -urn, discalced, bare excussus, -a, urn, cast out
footed excutere, -<ussi, -cussus, (io), to shake,
excandescere, -<andui, to become hot; shake off, drive out
become violently angry exemplar, -aris, n., model
excamificare, to tear to pieces exemplum, -i, n., example
excedere, -<essi, -<essus, to exceed exenterare, to disenlbowel
excellens, -en tis, excellent, distin extenteratus, -a, -urn, disemboweled
guished exercere, to exercise; use, employ
excellere, -<ellui, to excel exercitare, to occupy; to ponder (in the
excelsitas, -atis, /., pre-eminence passive)
excelsus, -a, -urn, high, lofty; most exercitatio, -onis, /., exercise
high; excelsa, n. pl., high places; in exercitus, -us, m., army, host
excelso, on high; in excelsis, in the exfornicatus, -a, -Ulll, given to fornica
highest tion
exceptus, -a, -um, except, only exhaustus, -a, -urn, exhaus'ted
excessus, -us, m., excess; ecstasy exhibere, to present, exhibit; return
excidere, -<idi, to fall away exhibitio, -onis, /., exanlp:e; display;
excidere, -<edi, -cisus, to cu t down, performance
hew out exhitire, to gladden, nlake cheerful
excidium, -ii, n., destruction exhonorare, to disgrace, dishonor
exdpere, -<epi, -ceptus, (io), to take exhonoratio, -onis, f., shatne
out, except exhorrere, to shrink, shudder
exclsus, -us, m., piece, cut; slip exhorrescere, -horrui, to shudder
excitare, to stir up, raise up, awaken exhortare (-ari), to exhort
excitator, -oris, m., awakener exhortatio, -onis, /., exhortation, an
exclamare, to cry out, exclaim encouraging
excludere, -<lusi, -clusus, to keep from, exiguus, -a, -urn, little
drive away exilitas, -atis, /., shri 11 ness
excogitatio, -onis, /., invention, devis eximere, -emi, -elnptus, to take or
ing draw out
excolere, -coIui, -<uItus, to tend care eximius, -a, -urn, priceless; wonderful
fully; work for; cultivate exinanire, to empty, pour forth
excommunicire, to excommunicate exinanitio, -onis, f., emptiness
excommunicatio, -onis, /., excommuni exinde, adv., henceforth
cation exire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go out;
exc6quere, -coxi, -<octus, to boil down, come forth or fronl
refine existimare, to deem, reckon, think,
excrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to grow take account of
excubare, -ui, -itus, to keep watch existimatio, -onis /., esteem, estima
excubiae, -arum, f. pl., a keeping watch tion
or guard exiti£lis, -e, destructive
I.. ATIN GRi\~1!'v1AR
exitium. -ii~ fl., cl\.struction explorare, to in1rlore~ investigate

exitus, -liS, Tn.} departure end, result; expol1re, to pol ish ~ redecnra te
exitus vianun, bigll\v~ys exponere, -posui, -pOsitus, to set be
exoptare~ to bope or desire eagerly fore, nlake tnanifest
exorarc, to plead beseech, pray
l
exporrigere, .rexi, -rectus, to expand,
exorcista, -ae, nl., exorcist stretch out
exoreistus, -i, rn .. exorcist exposcere, -poposci, to plead
exorcism us, -i~ fn .. exorcism exprlnlere, -pressi, -pressus, to repre
exorciz~lre, to exorcize sent, express
ex()rdium, -ii, n., beginning, institution exprobr~ire, to reproach, upbraiJ
exoriri~ -ortus SUIT~, dcp. 3 and 4J to expugn3re, to fIght ag;linst: overthrow
fIse or spri ng up expurg~itus, -a, -unl, expurgated
exorn~lre, to pro\ ide \vit h, adorn Exquiliae, -arunl, f. pl., tbe Esquiline
exorn:ltus, -a, -urn, clllbcllished fli 11
exoscuIare, to k iSi; Exquillnus, -a, -urn, Esquiline
ex()sus~ -a, -urn, h '1 ted exquirere, -sivi, -situs, to seek after,
expandere, -p;lIlSi, -pansus and -passus, inquire diligently
to spread, stretc h out exqusltor, -oris, nl., searcher
expavescere, -p:.lvi, to be terrified, be exquisitus, -3, -urn, exquisite; p~inful
afTrightecl, trelnble exsanguis, -e, bloodless
expedire, to deliver; detach; be expe exsaturare, to satisfy, satiate
dient exsaturatus, -a, -urn, filled, having
expeditus, -a, -urn, \vell appointed, enouL';h
Iight ~rrned exsecLibilis, -e, abhorrent
expellere, -puli, -pulsus, to drive 3\Vay, exsecrari, dep.} to curse
expel exsecratio. -onis, I., abornination; curse
expendere, -pendi, -pensus, to \veigh exsequi, -secutus sunl, dep. 3, to per
expcrgIsci, -perrectus sum, dep. 3J to forrn; foll()\v; secure
~\vake exserere, -serui, -sertus, to thrust forth,
experiri, -pertus sum, dep. 4, to expe exert
nence exsiccire, to dry up
expers, -ertis, destitute of, lacking exsiIlre, -silui, -sultus, 4, to leap, leap
expertus, -a, -urn, tested, experienced out
expetere, -ivi, -itus, to desire exsilium, -ii, n., exile
expiare, to cleanse, purify; atone, ex exsistere, -stiti, -stitus, to come forth,
piate appear
expiatio, -onis, ,., atonement, expia exsolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to present;
tion pay back
explanare, to expound, explain exsors, -sortis, deprived of
explanatio, -onis, t.,
explanation expectare, to look for, wait for, long
explantare, to cast out for, expect
explere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill, fulfill exspectatio, -onis, I., hope, expectation
exph~tio, ~onis, t.! expiration exspirare, to die, expire
explicare, to unfold, extend; explain exspoliare, to despoil, rob
LATIN GRAl'vlMAR
exspuere, .-spui, -sputus, to spit extrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to draw out
exstare, -stiti, to s;~and forth, come extraneus, -i, nl., stranger, foreigner
forth, appear extremum, -i, n., end, tip; farthest part
exstinctio, -onis, t.. annihilation, dis extremus, -a, -urn, last; latter
solution; slaughter extricare, to ex trica te
exstinguere, -stinxi, -stin.ctus, to extin extrinsecus, adv., without, on the out
guish side, outwardly
exstn:c e, -struix, -structus, to build extrudere, -trusi, -trusus, to thrust out
exsufflire, to blo\v away exturbare, to drive away
exsul, -sulis, banished; (as a noun), exuberare, to abound
an exile exuere, -ui, -utus, to take off, strip;
exsularc, to be banished free from, deliver
exsuItabilis, -e, joyful exundare, to abound, overflow
exsuItare, to rejoice, exult exurere, -ussi, -ustus, to burn up, con
exsultatio, -onis, t., joy, gladness, exul sunle
tation exuviae, -arum, t. pl., remains
exsuperare, to excel, surpass Ezeclas, -ae, m., Ezechias
exsurgere, -surrexi, -surrectus, to arise,
awaken
F
extasis, -is, t., amaZeIllent
extendere, -tendi, -tensus or -tentus, to faber, -bri, m., worker, artificer; car
stretch out, spread, extend penter
extenuare, to weaken, reduce; chasten, Fabianus, -i, m., Fabian
punish fabrcLicere, -feci, -factus, (io), to make,
extergere. -tersi, -tersus, to wipe 111anufacture
exterior, -ius, outwaru, exterior Fabrianum, -i, n., Fabriano
exterminare, to eu t off; disfigure; lay fabrica, -ae, t.} building
\vaste fabricire, to rnake, build; work
exterminator, -oris, n1., destroyer fabricator, -oris, In .• crea tor; forger
exterminiunl, -ii, n., uttcr destruction fabrilis, -e, of a carpenter; fabrllia, n.
externus, -a, -urn, belonging to another pl.. carpenter \vork
exterrerc, -termi, -territus, to frighten fabula, -ae, f., by\vord
exterus, -a, -urn, foreign fabulare, to talk
extcrus, -i, m., foreigner fabulatio, -onis, f., fable; lie
extirnescere, -timui, to fear fabuLitor, -oris, n2., a teller of fables
extollt~ntia, -3e, f., insolence, haughti facere, feci, factus, (io), to make,
ness cause; grant; yield or bring forth
extollere, -tuli, to lift up, raise up, ex (fruit); commit
alt; he insolent (in the passive) facessere, -cessi, to depart
extorquere, -torsi, -tortus, to wring facies, -ei, f., face, appearance; pres
forth ence; a facie, because of; from be
extorris, -e, exiled fore; facie ad facicln, face to face
extra, prep., beside, beyond, except, facilius, rnore easily
outside of, \vithout, out of facinus, -oris, n., sin, crime
244 LATIN GRAMMAR
factio, -onis, ,., faction fastidium, -ii, n., weariness
factiosllS, -a, -urn, q uarre lsome fastigium, -ii, n., summit, height; dig
factor, -oris, In., doer, nlaker nity

factum, -i, n., deed, act, fact fastus, -us, m., pride, arrogance
factura, -ae, /., creation fateri, fessus sum, dep. 2, to admit,
facultas, -atis, /., ability; strength; au confess, avow
thori ty; mea ns, goods, possessions, fatigatio, -onis, I., toil
resources (usually in plural) fatigatus, -a, -urn, wearied
faeculentus, -a, -urn, pertaining to fatiscere, to crack
dregs; worthless fatue, foolishly
faenerare, to lend money at interest fatuitas, -atis, f., folly
faenerator, -oris, ,n., creditor fatuus, -a, -urn, foolish
faex, faecis, /., dregs; mire, ooze fatuus, -i, m., a fool
Falco, -onis, 111., Faucon fauces, -ium, ,. pl., jaws, throat, palate
falhicia, -ae, /., deceit, falsehood faustitas, -atis, ,., prosperity
fallaciter, falsely fautor, -oris, m., adviser, patron, pro
fallax, -acis, deceitful; unreliable tector, favorer
fallere, fefelli, falslls, to deceive; make favilla, -ae, '., ashes
a slip, nlake ineffective; be mis Faventia, -ae, '., Faenza
taken (in the passive) Faventini, -0 rum, m. pl., citizens of
falsus, -a, -urn, fa Ise Faenza
falx, -faicis, /., sickle favor, -oris, m., favor, approval; care
fama, -ae, /., fame, good report favus, -i, m., honey comb
famelicus, -a, -urn, hungry, famished fax, facis, f., torch; flame
fames, -is, '., hunger, famine febris, -is, I., fever
familia, -ae, ,., family, household Februarius, -ii, m., February
familiaris, -e, intimate, friendly fecundus, -a, -urn, fruitful
familiaritas, -atis, ,., intimacy fel, fellis, n., ga II
famosus, -a, -urn, renowned Felicianus, -i, n1., Felician
famuIa, -ae, ,., servant fel1citas, -at.is, I., felicity
famlllari, dep., to serve feliciter, happily
famuhitus, -us, nl., service, obedience felix, -icis, happy, blessed
famulus, -i, m., servant femina, -ae, I., woman, female
fanum, -i, n., ternple femininus, -a, -urn, female
Fanum, -i, n., Fano femoralia, -orum, n. pl., breeches
farina, -ae, I., mea I femur, -oris, n., thigh
farinula, -ae, I., meal fenestra, -ae, I., window
fascia, -ae, I., band, bandage fera, -ae, I., beast
fasciculus, -i, m., bundle, little bundle; feralis, -e, deadly
sheaf ferculum, -i, n., tray, dish; course,
fascinatio, -onis, I., bewitching, fasci food, bread
nation Ferdinandus, -i, m., Ferdinand
fastidiosus, -3, -urn, fastidious, dis fere, adv., almost
dainful feretrum, -i, n., bier
LATIN GRAMMAR
feria, ..ae, f., day of the week; - sec.. fidelis, -e, faithful, believing
unda, Monday, - tertia, Tuesday; fideliter, faithfully, confidently
- quarta, Wednesday; - quinta, fidenter, confidently, courageously
Thursday; - sexta, Friday fides, -ei, f., faith, faithfulness
ferialis, -e, week da y, ferial fiducia, -ae, f., confidence; cum
ferire, to strike, slay; make; make a fiducia, boldly
treaty fiducialiter, boldly, with confidence
feritas...atis, f., fierceness, savagery fiducialius, more confidently
ferrne, adv., alnlost fieri, factus sum, to become, be made;
ferrnentare, to leaven happen, fulfill; factum est, it came
ferrnenturn, -i, n., leaven to pass
ferratus, -a, -urn, sharp figere, fixi, fixus, to pierce: nlake firm
ferre, tuli, latus, to carry; bring; prae figmentum, -i, n., creation; formation;
se ferre, to display frame; workmanship; pillar
Ferrerius, -ii, nl., Ferrer figulus, -i, m., potter
ferreus, -a, -urn, of iron, iron figura, -ae, f., figure, fashion
ferrum, -i, n., iron; sword figuraliter, figura ti vel y
fertilis, -e, fertile figurare, to symbol ize
ferus, -i, m., wild beast filia, -ae, f., daughter
fervens, -entis, hot; fervent; fervente filialis, -e, filial
die, in the heat of the day filiatio, -onis, f., sonship
ferventius, more fervently filiolus, -i, n1., little child
fervere, ..vui, to glow filius, -ii, m., son, child; foal
fervor, ..oris, m., fervor fimbria, -ae, f., hem, fringe
fessus, -a, -urn, weary limus, -i, m., dung
festinanter, adv., in haste finalis, -e, final
festinare, to be quick, hasten fingere, fixi, fictus, to feign; make
festinatio, ..onis, f., haste, hurry Finianus, -i, m., Finnian
festinato, adv., speedily finire, to end, make an end of
festivitas, ..atis, t., festival, festivity finis, ..is, m. and f. end, boundary;
festuca, -ae, f., stalk; rod; mote fines, pl., territory, country; sine
festus, -a, -urn, festal, festival fine, continually
festurn, -i, n., feast, festival; festa, n. finftimus, -a, -urn, neighboring
pl., festival firmamentum, ..i, n., firmament;
Fesulanus, -a, -urn, of Fiesole strength
fibra, -ae, f., fiber, filament; vocal nrrnare, to make strong, strengthen;
chord, voice fix, establish
ficte, adv., falsely, with pretense firrnitas, -atis, f., steadfastness
fictilis, -e, made of cIay, earthen firmiter, firmly, strongly
fictio, -onis, f., guile firrnus, -a, -urn, firm
fictor, -oris, m., maker fistula, -ae, f., reed, sweet cane, Bute;
fictus, -a, ..urn, feigned, deceitful ulcer, hemorrhoids
ficUlnea, -ae, f., fig tree hxnra, -ae, f., print
ficus, -i and -us, f., fig, fig tree flaccidus, -a, -urn, weak, drooping
LATIN GRAMMAR
flagelhire, to scourge fluxus, -a, -urn, transitory
flagelhitio, -onis, f., scourging fluxus, -us, m., flowing, issue
flagellum, -i, n., scourge focaria, -ae, f., cook
flagicire, to beseech fodere, fodi, fossus, (io), to dig; pierce
flagitiosus, -a, -urn, disgraceful foecundare, to make fruitful
flagitiurn, -ii, n., shameful crime foecundus, -3, -urn, fruitful, abundant
flagnire, to burn; be eager or zealous foedare, to disfigure
flamen, -inis, n., a blowing; wind; foederatus, -a, -urn, united
breath foedus, -eris, n., covenant
flamen, -mis, m., divine breath or foedus, -a, -urn, detestable
spirit; Holy Ghost foeditas, -atis, f., filth
flamrna, -ae, f., flame foenerator, -oris, m., money lender
flammans, -antis, flaming foenum, -i, n., grass; dry herb
flammescere, to become inflamed foenus (faenus), -eris, n., loan
flammeus, -a, -urn, fiery, flaming foetans, -antis, f., milch-ewe
flammifer, -fera, -ferum, flaming foetere, to stink
flare, to blow foetidus, -a, -urn, stinking
flatus, -us, m., blowing; breath foetosus, -a, -urn, prol ific
flebilis, -e, weeping, sorrowing, foetus, -us, m., offspring, increase
wretched folium, -ii, n., leaf, foliage
flectere, flexi, flexus, to bend, bow; fomentum, -i, n., poul tice
move fornes, -itis, m., tinJer; fire; nourish
Here, flevi, fletus, to weep, lament ment
fletus, -us, n1., \-veeping fons, fontis, m., fount, fountain; well,
flexibilis, -e, supple spring; source; baptistery
flexus, -a, -urn, ben t; genu flexo, kneel Fons Avellana (Fontis Aveltinae),
ing f., Font-Avellano
florens, -entis, in flower Fonscoorertus, -i, m., Fontcouverte
Florentia, -ae, f., Florence Fonsiberus, -i, m., Fontibere, Fuenter
Florentinus, -a, -urn, of Florence raVIa
florere, -ui, to flower, bloom; flourish, Fontani, -orum, m. pl., Fontaines
prosper Fontisplanus, -i, m., Fuenlana
floridus, -a, -urn, flourishing, plentiful foramen, -inis, n., hole, cleft
flos, floris, nl., flo\ver foras, adv., out, forth, out of doors
flosculus, -i, m., little flower forceps, -ipis, tn. and f., tongs
fluctuare, to toss about; be tossed to Forensis, -e, of Forez
and fro; vacillate forensis, -e, forensic; legal
flucmatio, -onis, f., a being tossed to forent, a fonn of the imperf. subj. of
and fro; insecurity esse, for essent
fluctus, -us, m., wave forinsecus, adv., from without
fluentum, -i, n., stream, river foris, adv., outwardly, without, outside
Buere, fluxi, fluxus, to flow foris, foris, f., door
flurnen, -inis, n., river forma, -ae, f., pattern; form
fluvius, -ii, m., stream, river formare, to form, train, guide, fashion
LATIN GRAMMAR 247
Formbe, -arum, f. pl., Mola di Gaeta Frandscus Salesius, -i, .ii, m., Francis
formid[rre, to be afraid, be in awe de Sales
formido, -inis, f., dread, terror frangere, fregi, fractus, to break; deal
formidolosus, -a, -urn, fearful frater, -tris, m., brother; friar
formosus, -a, -urn, beautiful fraternitas, -atis, f., brotlJerhood
fornax, -acis, t., furnace, oven fraudare, to defraud; withhold
forniclri (dep.), to con1mit fornica fraudulenter, falsely, deceitfully
tion fraus, fraudis, t., wile; error
forniciria, -ae, f., fornicatress fremere, -ui, -itus, to murmur; groan;
fornicitio, -onis, t., fornication rage, roar
fornicator, -oris, n2., fornicator fremitus, -us, m., fury, anger
f6rsitan, adv., perhaps frendere, -ui, fresus, or fressus, to
fortasse (forcissis), adv., perhaps gnash
forte, adv., perhaps frenum, -i, n., bridle, curb
fortis, -e, strong, mighty, valiant; frequens, -entis, frequent; much
grievous frequentare, to frequent; have recourse
fortiter, nlightily, valiantly, firmly to; celebrate
fortitudo, -inis, f., strength, power frequentatio, -onis, f., frequentation
fortuito (fortuitu), by chance frequenter, often
forum, -i, n., open space, market place, frequentia, -ae, f., number, frequency
forum fretum, -i, n., the sea
Forum Cornelii, -i, n., In10la fretus, -a, -urn, strengthened; relying
fossa, -ae, t., ditch on
Fossa Nova, -ae -ae, f., Fossa-Nuova Friburgus, -i, m., Freiburg
fovea, -ae, t., pit, ditch Fridericus, -i, m., Frederick
fovere, fovi, fotus, to warm, keep frigescere, frixi, to become cold
warm; foment; cherish frigus, -oris, n., co 1d
fnictio, -onis, f., breaking Frisaculn, -i, n., Friesach
fractura, -ae, t., breaking Frisia, -ae, f., Friesland
fraenare, to bridle, restrain Frisones, -urn, nl. pl., Frieslanden
fnigilis, -e, frail, weak, poor frixorium, -ii, n., frying pan
fragilitas, -atis, f., frailty frondere, to be leafy; flourish
fragmen, -inis, n., piece frondescere, -ui, to blossom, to be
fragmentum, -i, n., fragment come leafy
fragrantia, -ae, f., fragrant smell frons, frondis, f., leaf; leafy branch or
framea, -ae, f., sword twig
Franci, -0 rum, m. pl., Franks frons, frontis, f., forehead; van, froot
Francisca, -ae, f., Frances line in battle
Franclsca de Nigro, -ae, f., Francesca fructifer, -fera, -ferum, fruitful
di Negro fructificare, to be fruitful
Franciscanus, -a, -urn, Franciscan fructificatio, -onis, f., production af
Frandscus, -i, m., Francis fruit
Franciscus Borgia, -i, -ae, m., Francis fructuosus, -3, -urn, frui tful
Borgia fructus, -us, m., fruit
24 8 LATIN GRAMMAR
frogaIitas, -atis,to, frugality, simplicity fungi, functus sum, d~po 3, to perform,
frUgifer, -fera, -ferum, fruitful exerCIse
fruitio, -onis, fo, enjoyment funiculus, -i, mo, little cord; inher
frumentum, -i, no, corn itance
frustra, advo, in vain funis, -is, m., line, cord, rope, band
frustniri, dep., to make void funus, -eris, n., funeral, interment
frutetum, -i, no, branch fur, furis, m. and f., thief
frutex, -icis, mo, shrub, plant; shoot furari, dep., to steal
frux, -gis, f., fruit fUria, -ae, f., fury
fucare, to paint, disguise furor, -oris, m., wrath, indignation
fucus, -i, red or purple color; rouge furtum, -i, n., theft; - facere, to steal
fuga, -ae, /., refuge; flight fuscare, to darken
fugare, to put to flight fuscinula, -ae, /., flesh hook, fork
Fugatius, -ii, m., Ffagan fuscus, -a, -urn, black
fugere, fugi, fugitus, (io), to flee fusius, advo, more fully
fulcimentum, -i, no, prop fustis, -is, m., club
fulcire, fuIsi, fultus, 4, to prop up, fusus, -i, m., spindle
stay, support, strengthen fu turus, -a, -urn, fu ture; - esse, to be
Fuldensis, -e, of Fulda about to be
fulgere, fulsi, to shine, glow
fUlgidus, -a, -um, shining G
fulgor, -oris, mo, brightness
fulgur, -uris, n., lightning Galaaditis, -is, mo, Galaadite
fulgurare, to flash forth Galatae, -arum, mo pl., Galatians
fullo, -onis, m., fuller galbanurn, -i, n., galbanum
fulmen, -inis, n., lightning, thunder galea, -ae, f., helmet
bolt galeatus, -i, m., nlan wearing a helmet
fultus, -a, -unl, supported by, charged galeo, -onis, m., galleon
with Ga]gala, -ae, f., Galgal
fulvus, -a, -um, gold colored Galilaea, -ae, f., Galilee
furnare, to smoke Galilaeus, -a, -urn, Galilean
fumigabundus, -a, -um, smoking Gallia, -ae, /., Gaul; France
fumigare, to smoke Gallicanus, -a, -urn, Gallican, French
fumus, -i, nz., smoke gallina, -ae, f., hen
funda, -ae, f., sling gallus, -i, m., cock, rooster
fundamentum, -i, n., foundation Gallus, -i, m., Frenchnlan
fundare, to found, establish Garganus, -i, m., Monte di San Angelo
fundator, -oris, mo, founder gaudere, gavisus sum, semidepo 2, to
flindere, fudi, fusus, to shed, pour out, rejoice, be glad
pour forth gaudiurn, -ii, n., joy
Fundi, -orum, mo plo, Fondi Gavus, -i, m., Gave
fundibularius, -ii, mo, slinger gaza, -ae, f., treasure, riches
fUnditus, advo, completely gazophylacium, -ii, no, treasure-house;
fundus, -i, mo, base, foundation treasury; treasure
LATIN GRAMMAR 249
gehenna, -ae, f.J hell gerere, gessi, gestus, to bear; reign;
gelu, -us, nO frost
J do; celebrate
gemebUndus, -a, -urn, groaning Germania, -ae, fOJ Germany
gemere, -ui, -itus, to groan; sigh; Germanicus, -a, -urn, German
mourn germanitas, -atis, f.J relationship be
geminatus, -a, -urn, twofold; doubled tween brothers and sisters
gemmus, -a, -urn, double, twin germanus, -i, mO brother J
gemitus, -us, m. moan, groan; sigh

J Germanus, -i, mO German J
ing; sorrow germen, -inis, n OJ bud, sprout

gemma, -ae, fOJ jewel germinare, to bud forth, blossom;
gemmula, -ae, fOJ gem bring forth; to spring (of seed)
gena, -ae, fOJ cheek Gertrudis, -is, fOJ Gertrude
genealogia, -ae, fOJ genealogy Gervasius, -ii, nlo Gervase J
generalis, -is, m OJ general gestare, to carry, wear

generalitas, -atis, fOJ generality gestatoriurn, -ii, n., litter
generare, to engender gestatus, -us, m 0, bearing
genenitio, -onis, fOJ generation; pedi gestire, to desire passionately, long for
gree; fruit Gethaei, -orum, mo ploJ Gethites, peo
generator, -oris, mO first authorJ ple of Gath
genere, -ui, -itus, to beget, bear Gethsemani, Gethsemane
Genescinurn, -i, n OJ Genazzano ghimel, the third letter of the Hebrew
Genestanus, -a, -urn, of Genazzano alphabet, corresponding to English
Genevensis, -e, of Geneva g (hard)
genimen, -inis, nO fruit, offspring
J Ghisella, -ae, fOJ Gisela
genitale, -is, n OJ womb Ghislerii, -orurn, mo ploJ Ghisleri
genitalis, -e, pertaining to birth Giennensis, -e, of Jaen
genitor, -oris, m. fatherJ Giennium, -ii, n. Jaen J
genitrix, -icis, fOJ mother gigas, -antis, mO giant, strong man;

J
genitus, -a, -urn, begotten; new born hero

Genovefa, -ae, fOJ Guinevere gignere, genui, genitus, to bring forth,
gens, gentis, fOJ nation, family, gens; beget
gentes, Gentiles Girvensis, -e, of Jarrow
Gensericus, -i, mO Genseric J Girvum, -i, n. Jarrow
J
~ntilis, -e, gentile, heathen glacies, -ei, f., ice

gentilitas, -atis, fOJ the gentile or hea gladius, -ii, m OJ sword
then world, paganism, heathendom gleba, -ae, fOJ clod or lump of earth
genu, -us, nO knee; Hectare genua, to
J gl1scere, to swell; blaze up, rage
kneel; genu Hexo, kneeling globulus, -i, mO ball, shot
J
Genuensis, -e, of Genoa globus, -i, m. ball

J
genuHectere, -Hexi, -flexus, to genuflect gloria, -ae, f.J glory; boasting

genus, -eris, n OJ kind, race; nation; ex glorianter, exultingly
genere, from my own nation gloriari, depoJ to glory in, boast of
Georgius, -ii, mO George
J gloriatio, -onis, f.J glory; boasting
Geraseni, -orum, m. pl.J Gergesenes glormcare, to glorify
LATIN GRAMMAR
glorificitio, -onis, t., glory gratuitus, -a, -urn, free, voluntary
gloriose, gloriousI y gratulabundus, -a, -urn, joyful
gloriosus, -a, -urn, glorious gratuhlri, dep., to rejoice
gluten, -inis, n., glue gratus, -a, -urn, gracious; thankful~
glutire, to swallow agreeable
gnarus, -a, -urn, knowing gravare, to burden, grieve, be burden
Gordianus, -ii, m., Gordian son1e to, be chargeable to; be heavy
Gothi, -orum, m. pl., Goths gravatus, -a, -urn, heavy
grabatus, -i, m., bed, cot gravidari, dep., to grow heavy; be
Gradensis, -e, of Grado come pregnant
gradi, gressus sum, (io), dep. 3, to gravidus, -a, -urn, heavy
walk; follow gravis, -e, heavy; grievous
graduale, -is, n., gradual graviter, seriously
gradus, -us, nl., step; degree; place, Gregorius, -i, n'l., Gregory
position Gregorius Nazianzenus, -~ -i, m.,
graece, adv., in Greek Gregory of N azianzus
Graeci, -orum, m. pl., Greeks gressus, -us, m., step; going
Graecia, -ae, t., Greece grex, gregis, m., flock
Graecus, -3, -urn, Greek grossus, -i, n1., green fig
gramen, -inis, n., grass Guadalupensis, -e, of Guadalupe
grammatica, -ae, t., grammar Gualbertus, -i, nl., Gualbert
Granatensis, -e, of Granada gubernaculum, -i, n., helm; govern
grandaevus, -a, -urn, of grea t age ment
grandiloquus, -a, -urn, eloquent gubernare, to govern
grandis, ~, grea t gubernatio, -onis, t., government
grandiusculus, -a, -urn, somewhat Guiscardus, -i, tn., Guiscard
grown up, a little older gula, -ae, t., gullet; gluttony
grando, -inis, t., hail, hail storm Gulielmus, -i, n1., William
Granerius, -ii, m., Granier Gundulphus, -i, n1., Gundulf
granulum, -i, n., pip, seed gurges, -itis, m., eddy; stream; waters;
granum, -i, n., grain sea; raging abyss
grassari, dep., to proceed violently, gustare, to taste
rage gustatus, -us, m., taste; tasting
grates, f. pl., thanks gustus, -us, m., taste; tasting, partak
gratia, -ae, f., grace; thankfulness, ing
thanks; sake; gratias agere, to give gutta, -ae, t., drop; n1yrrh oil, aloes
thanks; gratis, free, without recom guttur, -uris, n., throat; palate; taste;
pense; verbi gratia, for example mouth
Gratianopolitanus, -3, -urn, of Gre gymnasium, -ii, n., place of exercise,
noble gymnasium
Gratianus, -i, m., Gratian gyrus, -i, m., circle; compass
grattlicire, to grace
gratificiri, dep., to oblige, gratify
gratiosus, -a, -urn, favored
LATIN GRAMMAR
H phabet, corresponding to English"

hebdomada, -ae, t., week
habere, to have, hold, consider; bene hebdomadarius, -ii, m., hebdomadary
- , to be well, recover; (se) male - , hebdomas, -adis, t., week
to be ill hebes, -itis, stupefied
habitaculum, -i, n., dwelling, house; hebetare, to blunt
apartment hebetudo, -inis, t., dulness, confusion
habitans, -antis, m., dweller Hebraeus, -i, m., Hebrew
habitare, to dwell hebraice, adv., in I-Icbrew
habitatio, -onis, f., dwelling, habita Hebraicis, -e, Hebrew
tion hebraicus, -a, -urn, Hebrew
habitator, -oris, m., dweller, inhab hedera, -ae, f., ivy
itant Hedwigis, -is, f., Hedwig
habitus, -us, m., dress, habit, clothing, hei! interj., woe! alas f
garments Helena, -ae, f., Helen
hac ilIac, adv., here and there Helvetii, -orum, m. pl., the Swiss
hactenus, adv., so far, up to this point Helvii, -orum, m. pl., Helvii, ancient
Hadrianus, -i, m., Hadrian; Adrian inhabitants of Vivarais
haeccine (haec + ci + ne), is this? are Henr.icus, -i, m., Henry
these the things? herba, -ae, f., grass; herb; blade (of
haedus, -i, m., young goat, kid wheat)
haemorrhoissus, -a, -urn, having a flow hereditare, to inherit, to cause to in
of blood herit
haerere, haesi, haesus, to stick fast bereditarius, -a, -urn, hereditary; orig
haeresiarcha, -ae, m., arch heretic inal
haeresis, -is, f., heresy hereditas, -a tis, f., generation; inher
haereticus, -i, m., heretic itance
haereticus, -a, -urn, heretical heres, -edis, m. and f., heir
haesitare, to waver, hesitate; stagger heri, adv., yesterday
haesitatio, -onis, f., hesitation herinacius, -ii, m., hedgehog
Hagulstadensis, -e, of Hexham Herluinus, -i, m., Herluin
halitus, -us, m., breath HermenegiIdus, -i, m., Hermenegild
hamus, -i, m., fish hook Hermoniim, plural of Hermon, moun
hariolus, -i, m., soothsayer tain range in Palestine
Hassi, -orum, m. pl., Hessians Herodes, -is, m., Herod
Hassia, -ae, f., Hesse Herodiani, -orum, m. pl., Herodians
hasta, -ae, f., spear Herodianus, -3, -urn, of Herod
hastile, -is, n., shaft; staff herodius, -ii, m., heron
haud, adv., not at all, by no means besternus, -3, -urn, of or relating to
haudquaquam, adv., not at all yesterday; dies hesterna, yesterday
haudre, hausi, haustus, to draw out; beth, the eighth letter of the Hebrew
drink up alphabet, corresponding to German
haustus, -us, m., draught, drink ch.
he, the fifth letter of the Hebrew al Hetha(us, -i, m., Hethite
LATIN GRAMMAR
hen! int~r;., oh' alas! woe I holoeaustum, -i, n., holocaust, burnt
Heva, -ae, I., Eve offering
Hevaens, -i, m., Hevite holoserieum, -i, n., silk
hiare, to ga pe hornieidiurn, -ii, n., murder
Hiberni, -orum, m. pl., the Irish hornilia, -ae, I., homily
Hibernia, -ae, I., Ireland homo, -inis, In., man; husband
Hiberniensis ~,of Ireland honestire, to make honorable
hie, haec, hoc, this; he, she, it honestas, -atis, f., honor, riches
hie, adv., here honeste, honorably
hiemalis, ~, pertaining to winter; win honestus, -a, -wn, honest
try honor, -oris, m., honor
hierns, ~rnis, f., winter honorabilis, -e, honorable
hierarehia, -ae, f., hierarchy honorare, to honor
Hieronymus, -i, nl., Jerome honorarius, -a, -urn, of honor
Hierosolyma, -orurn, n. pl., Jerusalem honoratus, -a, -urn, honorable
hilareseere, to beconle joyful honorifieare, to honor, glorify
Hilario, -onis, 111., Hilarion honorifieatus, -a, -urn, honorable
hilaris, -e, cheerful, smiling honorifieentia, -ae, f., honor
hilaritas, -atis, {., cheerfulness honos, -oris, m., honor
Hilarius, -ii, m., I-J ilary hora, -ae, f., hour
Hildebrandus, -i, nl., Hildebrand hordeaeeus, -a, -urn, of barley
hine, adv., fro, hence, away from here; hordeum, -i, n., barley
hine et hine, one on each side horologiurn, -ii, n., dial
hinnire, (0 neigh ~ rna ke a joyful noise horrendus, -a, -urn, dreadful
hinnulus, -i, nl., young hart horrere, -ii, to abhor
Hipponensis, -e, of Hippo horreseere, -ui, (0 spurn
hireus, -i, nl., goat horreurn, -i, n., barn
hirundo, -inis, {., a swallow horribilis, ~, drcaJiul
Hispalis, -is, {., Seville horridus, -a, -urn, dreadful
Hispalensis, -e, of Seville horror, -oris, m., horror
Hispania, -ae, {., Spain hortarnenturn, -i, n., exhortation
Hispania Baetica, -ae, -ae, f., Andalusia hortari, dcp., to exhort
Hispania eiterior, -ae, -is, f., Granada hortator, -oris, m., encourager, com
Hispanus, -i, m., Spaniard forter
Hispanus, -i, nl., river in Spain; prob hortulanus, -i, m., gardener
ably the Guaoalquivir hortus, -i, m., garden
hispidus, -a, -urn, rough, coarse Hosanna, Hosanna, a Hebrew excla
historia, -ae, /., history tnation of praise to the Lord, or an
hodie, adv., today, this day invocation of blessings
hodiernus, -a, -urn, relating to today; hospes, -itis, m. andt., host, guest
this day's~ hodierna die, on this day hospitale, -is, n., guest-house, hospital
hoedinus, -a, -urn, of a young goat hospitalis, -e, relating to a guest; hos
hoedus (haedus), -i, m., kid, young pitable; hospitali domo, in a guest
goat house or hospital
LATIN GRAMMAR
hospitalitas, -atis, f., hospitality; fratres hydropsicus, -a, -urn, affiicted with
Hospitalitatis, Hospital brethren, dropsy, dropsical
Hospitallers hyems (hiems), -emis, f., winter
hospitium, -ii, n., hospice, asylum; hyetos, Greek word meaning rain
hospitality hymnodia, -ae, /., singing of hymns
h6stia, -ae, /., host, sacrifice, victim, of hymnus, -i, m., hymn
fering hyperboliee, adv., hyperbolically, with
hosticus, -a, -urn, hostile exaggeration
hostilis, -e, hostile hypoerisis, -is, /., hypocrisy
hostilitas, -atis, /., enmity; enemy hypoerita, -ae, m., hypocrite
hostis, -is, nl. and f., enenlY Hyreani, -orum, m. pl., H yreanians
hue, adv., hither; - et illue, to and hyssopus, -i, /., byssop
fro
hueeine, adv., so far? as far as this?
I
Hugo, -onis, m., Hugh
hujuseemodi, (of) any such ibi, adv., there
hujusmodi, of such, such a one, such ibidem, adv., in the same place
a kind Iconomaehi, -orum, m. pl., Iconoclasts
humanitas, -atis, f., humanity, kind ictus, -us, m., blow; stream; twinkling
ness; human nature; culture, good iddrco, adv., therefore
breeding idem, eadem, idem, same
humanus, -a, -urn, human identidem, adv., repeatedly
hUmerus, -i, nl., shoulder ideo, adv., therefore
humieubatio, -onis, /., lying on the idioma, -matis, n., language
ground idipsum, together; forthwith
hunliliare, to bring lo\v, humble, hu- idololatra, -ae, m., idolater
Illiliate; afflict; bow down idololatria, -ae, f., idolatry
humiliatio, -onis, t., humiliation idolum, -i, n., idol
humilis, -e, humble, lowly idoneus, -a, -urn, fit, suitable
humilitas, -atis, /., humility, abjection, Idumaea, -ae, /., Edom
lowness, misery Idumaeus, -a, -urn, of Edom; Edomite
hunllliter, hUlllbly, lo\vly idus, -uum, f. pl., Ides, the middle of
humor, -oris, nl., moisture; fluid; de- the Roman month
SIre igitur, adv., therefore, accordingly
humus, -i, f., soil, earth, land ignarus, -a, -urn, ignoran t of
Hungaria, -ae, f., Hungary ignavus, -a, -urn, idle, slothful
Hunni, -orurn, m. pl., Huns ignescere, to burn
Hussiti, -orum, m. pl., Hussites igneus, -a, -urn, fiery
hyacinthinus, -a, -urn, violet ignis, -is, m., fire
hyadnthus, -i, f., jacinth ignitus, -a, -urn, burning, fiery; refined
Hyaernthus, -i, m., Hyacinth ignobilis, -e, base
Hyblaeus, -a, -urn, H yblaean ignobilitas, -atis, f., dishonor
hydria, -ae, f., water jar or pot ignominia, -ae, f., shame
hydropisis, -is, f., dropsy ignoranter, adv., through ignorance
254 LATIN GRAMMAR
ignorantia, -ae, /., ignorance imitator, -oris, m., follower
ignorare, to be ignoran t imicitrix, -icis, /., follower, imitator
ignoscere, -novi, -notus, not to take immaculatus, -a, -um, spotless, unde
notice of; forgive filed, imrnaculate
ilex, -ids, /., holm oak immanis, -e, brutal, savage
Ilkusiensis, -e, of Olkusz immanitas, -atis, t., fierceness
illabi, -Iapsus sum, dep. 3, to fall, sink immaniter, cruelly
down, descend immarcescibilis, -e, that cannot fade or
illaesus, -a, -urn, unharmed wither, unwithering, imperishable
illamentatus, -a, -um, unlamen ted immediate, immediately
ille, illa, illud, that; ilIum et ilium lo immedicabilis, -e, incurable
cum, such and such a place immemor, -oris, unmindful
illecebra, -ae, /., allurenlent, blandish immensitas, -atis, t., infinity
ment immensus, -a, -urn, immense, infinite
illibatus, -a, -urn, unblemished imrnerito, adv., undeservedly; unfitly
illic, adv., there immeritus, -a, -um, un worthy
illicere, -Iexi, -Iectus, (io), to allure imminens, -entis, threatening
illicite, adv., illega lly imminuere, -ui, -utus, to diminish,
il1lcitus, -a, -um, forb idden abate
illico, adv., on the spot, immediately immisericors, -dis, unmerciful, merci
illigare, to fetter less
il1lnere, -levi, -litus, to smear, bedaub immisio, -onis, f., a letting loose, send.
illo, adv., thither ing forth; infusion
illuc, adv., there, thither immitis, -e, harsh; irnmitia, n. pl.,
illucescere, -luxi, to shine upon harsh things, cruel sights
ilhldere, -Iusi, -lusus, to mock, delude, immittere, -misi, -missus, send; put
deceive; play into~ encanlp
illuminare, to make or cause to shine, immobilis, -e, immovable
illunlinate; enlighten immoderantia, -ae, t., excess
illuminatio, -onis, /., light immoderatus, -a, -urn, excessive, un
illusio, -onis, /., nl0ckery, illusion moderJ.te
illustrare, to illuminate; enlighten; imm6dicus, -a, -urn, excessive, inlmod
make illustrious erate
illustratio, -onis, /., brightness imrnohire, to sacrifice, immolate
imaginatio, -onis, f., imagination immolatio, -onis, t., offering
imago, -inis, /., inlage, picture immorari, dep., to stay
imbecillitas, -atis, f., weakness immortalis, -e, immortal
imbeeillus, -a, -um, \veak, feeble imrnortalitas, -atis, /., immortality
imbellis, -e, unwarlike, co\vardly imm6tus, -a, -urn, unmoved, steadfast
imber, -bris, m., rain, shower immunditia, -ae, /., uncleanness
imbuere, -ui, -utus, to fill; nourish; in immundus, -a, -urn, unclean
struct immunitas, -atis, /., imnlunity
imitari, dep., to imitate irnmiinis, -e, free from, preserved,
imitatio, -onis, '., example Immune
LATIN GRAMMAR
immutare, to change, alter; do some importune, adv., out of season
thing new or different impositio, -onis, f., a laying on; im
immutari, dep., to change position
imparilitas, -atis, t., inequality impossibilis, .e, impossible
impartire, to im part impressio, -onis, f., impression
impassibilis, -e, not susceptible to pain imprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to print,
impedimentum, -i, 1n., impediment imprint; press or thrust into
impedire, to bring low, prostrate improbare, to blame
impellere, -puli, -pulsus, to push improbitas, -atis, f., importunity
impendere, -pendi, -pensus, to spend, improbus, -a, -urn, troublesome
expend: grant, extend; ensure improperare, to reproach
impendium, -ii, n., cbarge, expense improperium, -ii, n., reproach
impense, adv., urgently; at great cost imprudens, -entis, foolish
imperare, to command impudentia, -ae, f., shamelessness
imperator, -oris, m., emperor impudicitia, -ae, f., immodesty, im
imperfectio, -onis, f., imperfection purity
imperfectum, -i, n., something imper inlpugnare, to beset, fight against
fect impugnatio, -onis, f., assault
imperitia, -ae, t., ignorance impugnator, -oris, m., enemy
imperium, -ii, n. , reign, dominion, imputare, to impute
empire; precept, command; pride imus, -a, -urn, lowest
impertire, to bestow in, in, into, unto, upon, for, at, to,
impervius, -a, -urn, impassable against, among, toward
impetere, to attack inaccesibilis, .e, inaccessible
impetrare, to gain, obtain inaccessus, -a, -urn, inaccessible
impetus, -us, m., force, violence; im inacuere, -ui, -utus, to sharpen; in
pulse, rapid motion flame
impie, wickedly inaestimabilis, -e, inestimable, price
impietas, -atis, t., wickedness, ungod less
liness, transgression inambulare, to walk
impiger, -gra, -grum, diligent inamissibilis, .e, unable to be lost
impingere, -pegi, -pactus, to put or inanis, -e, vain, empty, void; iruinia,
push back; strike n. pl., vain things
impinguare, to grow fat or thick; inanitas, -atis, f., emptiness
anoint inaniter, vainly
impius, -a, -urn, wicked, godless inaquosum, -i, n., desert
implere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill, accom inaquosus, -a, -urn, without water, dry
plish; celebrate inaratus, -a, -urn, unplowed
implicare, to entangle inauris, -is, f., earring
implorare, to inlplore incalescere, -calui, to grow warm
impollutus, -a, -urn, undefiled incanescere, -cinui, to be gray-headed
imponere, -posui, -positus, to lay or incantare, to charm
put upon incarnare, to make incarnate
importabilis, -e, insupportable incarnatio, -onis, f., incarnation
LATIN GRAMMAR
incarnatus, -a, -urn, incarnate inconstantia, -ae, t., wandering
incedere, -cessi, -cessus, to go, walk inconsutilis, -e, not sewed together,
incendere, -cendi, -census, to heat, made in one piece; without a seam
burn; kindle, set fire to incontaminatus, -a, -urn, undefiled
incendium, -ii, n., fire, flame incorporari, dep., to enter into a body,
incensum, -i, n., incense be incorporated
incensus, -a, -urn, incensed incorporeus, -a, -urn, without a body,
incentivum, -i, n., incentive incorporeal
incentor, -oris, m., promoter incorruptibilis, -e, incorruptible
inctErtum, -i, n., uncertainty; uncertain incorruptio, -onis, t., incorruption
thing incorruptus, -a, -urn, incorruptible
incertus, -a, -urn, hidden, uncertain incrassare, to grow fat
incessabilis, -e, unceasing increatus, -a, -urn, uncreated
incessanter, continually incredibilis, -e, incredulous
inchoare, to begin incredulitas, -atis, I., unbelief, incredu
inchoatio, -onis, I., beginning lity
incidere, -cidi, to fa II in to incredulus, -a, -urn, faithless, incredu
incipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to begin lous
incircurncisus, -a, -urn, uncircumcised incrernenturn, -i, n., increase
incircurnscriptus, -a, -urn, incon1pre increpare, to reprove, rebuke
hensible increpatio, -onis, t., rebuke
incisus, -a, -urn, not cu t increpatorius, -a, -urn, rebuking
incitare, to provoke, blaspheme incubare, -cubui, -cubitus, to lie upon
incitator, -oris, nl., instigator incurnbere, -cubui, -cubitus, to lie upon
inclarnare, to cry out loud Iy incunabula, -orurn, n. pl., swaddling
inclinare, to bow, bend, incline clothes; beginning
includere, -clusi, -clusus, to include incunctanter, not slowly, readily
inclusive, adv., inclusive incurabilis, -e, incurable
mclytus, -a, -urn, renowned, glorious incuria, -ae, t., indifference
incoenatus, -a, -urn, without supper incw-rere, -curri (cucurri), -cursus.. to
mcola, -ae, m. and /., stranger, so come into
journer, exile; dweller incursio, -onis, t., attack
incolatus, -us, n1., sojourn, residence incursus, -us, nl., assault
incolumitas, -atis, /., safety incurvare, to bend
incornbustus, -a, -urn, not burnt incurvari, dep., to bow down
incomrnutabilis, -e, unchanging, un incutere, -cussi, -cussus, (io), to strike
changeable, immutable indagare, to investigate, inquire into
incornparabilis, -e, incomparable inde, adv., hence; thereafter
incornprehensibilis, -e, incomprehensi indeclinabilis, -e, unwavering
ble indefessus, -a, -urn, unwearied
inconcubius, -a, -urn, rela ting to the indeficiens, -entis, unfailing, never
dead of night failing
incongruus, -a, -urn, unfitting, incon mdere, -didi, -<litus, to give to; put in
gruous or into
LATIN GRAMMAR 257
indesinenter, unceasingly inedia, -ae, /., fasting, abstinence, hun
index, -icis, c., sign, token ger
Indi, -orum, m. pl., natives of India ineffabilis, -e, ineffable
Indiae, -arum, /. pl., Indies ineffabiliter, in an unspeakable man
indicare, to tell; bespeak, indicate, ner
show inenarrabilis, -e, unspeakable
indicibilis, -e, unable to he told in ineptus, -a, -urn, stupid
\\lords inermis, -e, unarmed, defenseless
indicium, -ii, n., sign, evidence inenlditio, -onis, /., ignorance
Indicus, -a, -urn, Indian inesse, -fui, to be on or in
indifferenter, not differently inexcusabilis, -e, inexcusable
indigens, -entis, needy inexhaustus, -a, -urn, inexhaustible
indigere, -ui, to need, stand in need of inexpectatus, -a, -urn, unexpected
indignans, -antis, indignant, angry inexplebilis, -e, insatiable; extraordi
indignari, dep., to be indignant, be nary
angry inexplebiliter, insatiably
indignatio, -onis, /., indignation inexpugnabilis, -e, invincible
indlgne, indignantly; - ferre, to have inextinguibilis, -e, inextinguishable
indignation inextricabilis, -e, inextricable
indignus, -a, -urn, unworthy infallibilis, -e, infallible
indisciplinatus, -a, -urn, unskillful infamia, -ae, /., evil report
indisso!ubilis, -e, imperishable infans, -antis, m. and /., infant, child,
inditus, -a, -urn, given or imposed (as babe; infantes expositi, foundlings
a nao1e) infantia, -ae, /., childhood, infancy
individullS, -a, -urn, undivided infantula, -ae, /., babe
indivisus, -a, -urn, undivided infantulus, -i, m., infant
indoles, -is, /., talent, genius infatigabiliter, indefatigably
indubitanter, indubitably infatuatus, -a, -urn, tasteless
indubitatus, -a, -urn, unwavering infecundus, -a, -urn, sterile
inducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead; bring infelicitas, -atis, /.} unhappiness,
into wretchedness
induciae, -arunl, /. pl.} extension of infelix, -icis, unhappy
tin1e, truce infensus, -a, -urn, hostile, dangerous
induere, -ui, -utus, to put on; clothe inferior, -ius, lower, below
indulgentia, -ae, /.} pardon, forgive infernus, -a, -urn, of hell, infernal
ness, indulgence infernus, -i, m., grave, the underworld
indulgcre, -dulsi, -dultus, to grant; inferre, -tuli, illatus, to bring, bear,
forgive carry in
indun1cntum, -i, n.} apparel Werus, -a, -urn, below; of hell
indurare, to harden; dry up inferus, -i, m.} nether world, grave
indusium, -ii, n., shirt infestatio, -onis, /., assault
industria: de - , on purpose infestus, -a, -urn, hostile
industrius, -a, -urn, industrious inficere, -feci, -feetus, (io), to infect,
inebrhlre, to \vater, soak; make drunk stain; pollute
LATIN GRAMMAR
infidelis, -e, unfaithful, unbelieving inhononire, to dishonor
infigere, -fixi, -fixus, to fasten in, stick inhonoratio, -onis, t., dishonor
fast inhumanus, -a, -urn, brutal
infinitus, -a, -um, infinite. inhumatus, -a, -urn, unburied
infirmare, to weaken inibi. adv., in that place
infirmari, dep., to be weak, sick, dis inimidtia, -ae, /., enmity
eased inimicus, -a, -urn, hostile
infirmitas, -atis, t., sickness, i;: firmity, inimicus, -i, tn., enemy
disease ininterpretabilis, -e, difficult to explain
infirmus, -a, -urn, weak, sick, ll'nrm inique, wickedly, unjustly
infIammare, to kindle; inHarrle iniquitas, -atis, /., iniquity
inflare, to puff up iniquus, -a, -urn, unjust
inflectere, -flexi, -flectus, to bend inire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to enter;
informare, to fashion enter upon, undertake
informatio, -onis, /., information initiare, to initiate
infra, prep. and adv., under, beneath initium, -ii, n., beginning; corner
infremere, -fremui, to groan initus, -a, -urn, begun, entered upon
infringere, -fregi, -fractus, to break; injicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to lay upon
infringe upon injungere, -junxi, -junctus, to enjoin,
infructuosus, -a, -urn, barren impose
infrunitus, -a, -urn, bold injlJria, -ae, t., wrong, injury
infundere, -fudi, -fusus, to pour; injuste, unjustly
water; infuse injustitia, -ae, /., iniquity, injustice
infusio, -onis, t., outpouring; infusion injustus, -a, -urn, unjust
ingeminare, to repea t innatus, -a, -urn, inborn, innate
ingemiscere, -gemui, to groan, sigh inniti, -nixus sum, dep. 3, to lean upon;
ingenitus, -a, -urn, unbegotten rely upon
ingenium, -i, n., natural character mnocens, -entis, innocent, clean, pure
ingens, -entis, great, vast Innocentius, -ii, m., Innocent
ingerere, -gesse, -gestus, to pour into, innocenter, adv., innocently
infuse innocuus, -a, -urn, innocent, blameless
ingravare, to aggravate innotescere, -notui, to become known
ingravescere, to become serious innovare, to rene\v
mgredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3 (io), to innoxius, -a, -urn, harmless, innocent
walk along; come in innuere, -ui, to make a sign or signal
ingressus, -us, m., procession to
ingruere, -ui, to assault innumerabilis, -e, innunlerable
inguen, -inis, n., groin innllinerus, -a, -um, without number,
inhabitabilis, -e, not inhabited; unin. countless
habitable innuptus, -a, -urn, unmarried
inhabitare, to dwell inobedientia, -ae, t., disobedience
inhaerere, -haesi, -haesus, to adhere to inoffensus, -a, -urn, unhurt; inoffenso
inhwe, to gape after; long for pede, \vithout tripping
inhoneste, adv., with dishonor inolescere, -evi, -itus, to grow in or 00
LATIN GRAMMAR 259
in6litus, -a, -urn, ingrown insidiae, -arum, t. pl., snare, snares,
inopi~, -ae, f., poverty, waat ambush
inopinatus, -a, -urn, unexpected insidiare, to lay snares
inops, -opis, needy, destitute, affiicted insidiari, dep., to lie in wait
inordinate, adv., unequally insidiator, -oris, m., traitor
inquam, defect. verb, I say insignire, to distinguish, honor, adorn,
inquietare, to disq uiet endow
inquietus, -a, -urn, unquiet insignis, -c, noted, notable; notorious
inquinamenturn, -i, n., stain, filthiness insigniter, remarkably
inquinare, to stain, defile insignitus, -a, -urn, signed; known
inquinatus, -a, -urn, defiled insinuare, to insinuate
inquirere, -sivi, -situs, to seek, search insipiens, -entis, unwise, foolish
for, desire insipientia, -ae, f., folly, foolishness;
inquisitio, -onis, t., inquiry; search; in insipientia, foolishly
speculation insitus, -a, -urn, ingrafted
Inquisitio, -onis, f., Inquisition insolescere, to become insolent, behave
inquisitor, -oris, m., inquisitor extravagantly
inquit, defect. verb, he says insolubilis, -c, insoluble; that cannot
insanabilis, -c, incurable be unlocked
insania, -ae, f., madness, insanity insomnis, -c, sleepless
insanire, to be nlad, be outrageous insonare, to resound
insanus, -i, m., mad man insons, -ontis, innocent
insatiabilis, -c, insatiable; ambitious inspenitus, -a, -urn, unhoped for, un
inscitia, -ae,t., lack of knowledge, ig expected
norance inspergere, -spersi, -spersus, to sprinkle
inscribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to write inspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to stare
over upon
inscrutabilis, -c, unsearchable, inscruta inspirare, to breathe into
ble inspiratio, -onis, t., inspiration; breath,
insculpere, -sculpsi, -sculptus, to brand, blast
carve, engrave instabilis, -c, unstable, inconstant, hav
insecutor, -oris, m., pursuer, persecu ing no fixed abode
tor; tyrant foe instans, -antis, present; instant
insensatus, -i, m., fool instantia, -ae, t., instance
insensibilis, -c, insensible instar, indecl., n., inlage, likeness
inseparabilis, -c, inseparable instare, -stiti, -statUrus, to insist; await;
insepultus, -a, -urn, unburied threaten
inserere, -serui, -sertus, to enroll; en· instaurare, to renew; strengthen; com
tangle prise
inserere, -sevi, -situs, to implant instaunhio, -onis, t., renewal
insertus, -a, -urn, fixed, rooted instaurator, -oris, m., restorer
inservire, to serve instinctus, -us, m., inspiration
insidere, -sedi, -sessus, to rest upon instita, -ae, t., winding band
insidia, -ae,t., deceit institor, -oris, m., merchant
260 LATIN GRAMMAR
instituere, -ui, -utus, to institute, or intendere, -tendi, -tentus or -tensus,
dain to mark, hearken, be attentive; di
institutio, -onis, /., institution; manner rect; look steadfast! y; look down
of life mercifully upon; go forth; arcum
institutor, -oris, m., tutor; founder; - , to bend a bow
creator intentator, -oris, m., one who wars
institutrix, -icis, f., foundress against, threatener; tempter
institutum, -i, n., insli tu te; institution intentio, -onis, t., intention
instructus, -a, -urn, drawn up in order intentus, -a, -urn, intent, anxious
of battle inter, prep., between, among
instruere, -struxi, -structus, to draw intercedere, -cessi, -cessus, to intercede
up; instruct intercessio, -onis, t., intercession
Insubria, -ae, t., Lombardy intercessor, -oris, nl., intercessor
insudare, to sweat at or in interddere, -eidi, -cisus, LO divide,
insuere, -sui, -sutus, to sew up cleave
insufflare, to blow; breathe upon interdictum, -i, n., interdict
insufflatio, -onis, /., a brealhing upon interdiu, adv., by day
or into interea, adv., in the meantime
insula, -ae, t., island; insulae Oceani, interere, -trivi, -tritus, to break, crum
Oceanic Islands ble
insulanus, -i. In., islander interesse, -fui, to be between; be dif
insultare, to scoff at ferent: lake part in
insUmcre, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to con interfector, -oris, m., slayer
sunle interficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to kill,
insuper. adv., in addition, moreover slay, put to death, destroy
insurgere, -surrexi, -surrectus, LO rise interim, adv., rneanwhile
up interimere, -emi, -emptus, to slay
intactus, -a, -urn, inviolate interior, -ius, in ward; interiora, n. pl.,
intaminatus, -a, -urn, unspotted entrails
Integer, -gra, -grum, whole interire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, (eo), to per
integerrime. adv., rnost rigidly ish, die
integritas, -atis, t., wholeness; health; interitio, -onis, t., destruction
integrity interitus, -us, n1., destruction; over
intellectualis, -e, spiritual throw
intellectus, -us, 111., sense, meaning; interius, adv., inwardly
understanding, insight interminatus, -a, -urn, endless
intelligentia, -ae, t., knowledge, un interminus, -a, -urn, end less, infinite
derstanding, intelligence intermissio, -onis, t., ceasing
intelligere, -lexi, -lectus, to perceive, intermittere, -misi, -missus, to leave,
understand; heed, attend to let pass
intemeratus, -a, -urn, spotless internecio, -onis, t., massacre, carnage
intempestlvus, -a, -urn, untimely interpelhire, to nlake intercession
intempestus, -a, -urn, unseasonable; interpositio, -onis, t., a bringing for
intempesta nox, the dead of night ward, introducing
LATIN GRAMMAR
mterpres, -pretis, c., interpreter, ex intueri, -tuitus sum, dep. 2, to look at,
pounder consider, behold earnestly
interpred.re, to in terpret intuitus, -us, Tn., mind
interpretari, dep., to expound inturnescere, -tumui, to swell
interpretatio, -onis, f., interpretation intus, adv., inwardly, within
interrogare, to ask questions, inquire inultus, -a, -urn, unpunished, un
interrogatio, -onis, f., question, argu avenged
ment, inquisition; pledge inundantia, -ae, t., inundation
interrumpere, -nlpi, -ruptus, to break inundare, to overflow
into~ divide, cleave inundatio, -onis, f., Aood, multitude
interserere, -serui, -sertus, to place be inungere, -unxi, -unctus, to anoint
tween or anlong inutilis, -e, useless, profitless
interserere, -sevi, -situs, to sow or inutiliter, uselessly
plant between invadere, -vasi, -vasus, to invade, usurp
intervallum, -i, n., space invalescere, -valui, to become strong,
interventio, -onis, '., intercession be more earnest, prevail
interventor, -oris, nl., intercessor invehere, -vexi, -vectus, to attack
interventus, -us, 112., intercession invenire, -veni, -ventus, to corne upon,
intestinum, -i, n., enlrail; intestma, find, obtain; to bring about, effect
11. pl., bowels inventio, -onis, j., finding
intimare, to tell, intimate inventor, -oris, nl., inventor
intirnus, -a, -urn, inmost; intima, n. inverecundia, -ae, ,., inlpudence
pl., bowels investigabilis, -e, unsearchable, unac
intingere, -tinxi, -tinctus, to dip in or countable
steep investigare, to seek after, search out;
intolerabilis, -c, overwhelming, un trace
bearable inveterare, to grow old
intonare, -tonui, -tonatus, to thunder inveteratus, -a, -urn, old, decrepit
intra, prep., arnong, within invicem, adv., by turns, alternately;
intrare, to enter ad - , reciprocally, among them
intrinsecus, adv., within selves
intro, adv., in, within invictus, -a, -urn, invincible, uncon
introducere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring querable
into invidere, -vidi, -visus, to envy
introgredi~ -gressus sum, dep. 3 (io), invidia, -ae, f., en vy
to go or conle in invidus, -i, m., envious one
introire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go invigilare, to watch over
in or into, enter inviolabiliter, inviolably
introitus, -us, nl., going in, entering, inviolatus, -a, -urn, pure
entrance, introit invisare, to go and see, visit
intrornittere, -misi, -missus, to send invisibilis, -e, invisible
into~ cast within or into invisibiliter, invisibly
introsplcere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to invitamentum, -i, n., invitation
look ~;: invitare, to invite
LATIN GRAMMAR
invitator, -oris, m., one who invites irricltor, -onis, m., provoker of anger
invitatorium, -ii, n., invitatory irritus, -3, -urn, vain, void, unheard
invitus, -a, -um, unwilling irrogare, to inflict, impose
invium, -ii, n., trackless region, waste irruere, -ui, to rush or fall upon, be
land set, rush in, press upon
invius, -a, -urn, trackless, pathless, im irrugire, to roar out
passable, desert irrUmpere, -rupi, -ruptus, to extirpate
invocare, to call upon, invoke is, ea, id, demons. pron., that; he, she,
invocitio, -onis, f., invocation etc.
involumenta, -orum, n. pl., swaddling Isaacus, -i, m., Isaac
clothes Isauricus, -i, m., Isaurian
involvere, -volvi, -vohitus, to \\'rap up; Iscariota, -ae, m., Iscariot
shut up Iscariotes, -is, m., Iscariot
iota, indecl., n., iota, jot Isidorus, -i, m., Isidore
ipse, -a, -urn, intensive pron., he (him IsIebium, -ii, n., Eisleben
self), etc. IsmaeHtae, -arum, m. pl., Ismaelites
ipsissimus, -a, -urn, one's very self; Ismahelita, -ae, m., Ismaelite
ipsissima verba, the very words Israelita, -ae, m., Israelite
ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath IsraeHticus, -a, -urn, Israelitish
iracundia, -ae, t., anger, wrath iste, -a, -ud, den10ns. pron., this, that
iracundus, -a, -urn, angry istinc, adv., hence, from the place
irasci, iratus sum, dep. 3, to be angry; ita, adv., so, even
be kindled (of wrath) Itali, -orum, m. pl., Italians
iratus, -a, -urn, angry Italia, -ae, t., Italy
ire, ivi and ii, itus, (eo), to go itaque, adv., therefore
iris, -idis, f., rainbo\v item, adv., likewise
irradiare, to shine, illunline iter, itineris, n., journey; departure;
irration!lbilis, -e, irrational; irratio \-vay, \vayside
nabilia, n. pl., irrational creatures, iteratio, -onis, t., renewal, repetition
animals Iterum, adv., again
irrationabiliter, senselessly Itidem, adv., in like manner, likewise
irrepere, -repsi, -reptus, to creep into Ituraea, -ae, f., I turea
irreprehensibiIis, -e, blalne1css, un
spotted
irrevocabilis, -e, not to be turned back,
J
irrevocable jacere, to lie, sleep
irridere, -risi, -risus, to laugh at jacere, jeci, jactus, (io), to throw, cast
irrigatio, -ollis, f., \-vatering, moisten Jacobus, -i, nl., James
]l1g Jacobus de Flisco, -i, m., Jacopo Pi
irriguus, -a, -urn, watered
eschi
irrisor, -oris, In., one \vho scorns, de
jactantia, -ae, f., vainglory
rider jactare, to cast
irritare, to provoke jactura, -ae, t., loss
irritatio, -onis, f., provocation jactus, -us, nl., cast, throw
LATIN GRAMMAR
jaculurn, ~i, n., dart, arrow jubilaeus, ~i, m., jubilee
jam, adv., now; (\vith negative) no jubilare, to shout, sing joyfully
longer, no more jubilatio, -onis, I., jubilee; gladness;
jamdudum, adv., now for a long time festival cry
jamjam, adv., on the point of jubilum, ~i, n., jubilee, joy
jampridem, adv., now for a long time jucundare, to shout for joy
janitor, -oris, m., gate keeper, porter jucundari, dep., to have joy, be glad
janua, ~ae, f., door, gate jucunde, merrily
Januarius, ~ii, m., January; Januarius jucunditas, ~atis, t., cheerfulness, joy
Japon, ~is, m., Japan jucundus, ~a, ~um, pleasing
Japonia, ~ae, f., Japan Judaea, ~ae, f., Judea
Jarlathus, ~i, m., Jadath Judaeus, ~i, m., Jew
jaspis, ~idis, t., jasper Judaicus, -a, ~um, Jewish
Jebusaeus, ~i, m., Jebusite judaizare, to Judaize, convert to the
jecur, jecoris (jecinoris), n., liver doctrines or methods of the Jews
jejunare, to fast, abstain Judas, ~ae, m., Judas; Jude
jejunium, ~ii, n., fast, fasting judex, ~icis, m., judge
jejUnus, ~a, ~um, fasting judicare, to judge
Jerosolyma, -orum, n. pl., Jerusalem judicialis, ~, judicial
Jeros6lymi, -0 rum, m. pl., people of judicium, ~ii, n., judgment, matter of
Jerusalem judgment
Jerosolymitanus, ~a, ~um, of Jerusalem jugalis, -e, pertaining to a yoke; con
Jesus Nave, Josue the son of Nun necting
Jezrahelites, -is, f., Jezraheli tess jugare, to bind together; marry, es
Joanna, -ae, f., Johanna, Jane, Joan pouse
Joannes, -is, tn., John jugerum, ~i, n., acre
Joannes Baptista, ~is, ~ae, m., John the jugis, -e, perpetual, continual
Baptist jugiter, adv., ever, forever, always
Joannes cantius, ~is, -ii, m., John jugulare, to cut the throat, slay
Cantius jugulum, ~i, n., throat
Jobus, ~i, m.} Job jugum, ~i, n., yoke, bond, fetter
jocari, dep., to jest Juliana de Falconnerii, ~ae, t., Juliana
jod, the tenth letter of the Hebrew Falconieri
alphabet, corresponding to Eng Julianus, -i, m' Julian
J
lish y Julianus Adurnus, ~i, -i, m., Giuliano

Jojada, -ae, m., Joiada Adorno
Jonathas, -ae, m., Jonathan Julianus Apostata, ~i, -ae, m., Julian
Jordanis, ~is, m., the Jordan the Apostate
Josaphat (us) Kuncewitius, -i, ~ii, m., Julius, -ii, m., July
Jehoshaphat Kuncewicz jumentum, -i, n., beast; (pI.) cattle
Jovis, ~is, m., Jove junctura, -ae, t., joint
jubar, -aris, n., a beaming light, radi juncus, ~i, m., bulrush
ance jUngere, junxi, junctus, to join, bind,
jubere, jussi, jussus, to command; ask unite
LATIN GRAMMAR
junior, -oris, young; younger Kiowensis, -c, of Kieft
juniperus, -i, f., juniper tree Kyrie (Greek), Lord
Junius, -ii, m., June; Junius
juramentum, -i, n., oath
L
jurare, to swear
jurgare, to contend in words, quarrel labare, to totter, waver
jurgari, dep., to quarrel labascere, to begin to fall, totter
jurgum, -ii, n., quarrel labes, -is, f., stain, blemish
jurisprudentia, -ae, f., law labi, Iapsus sum, dep. 3, to fall
jus, juris, n., law labium, -ii, 11., Ii p
jusjurandurn, jurisjurandi, n., oath labor, -oris, nl., labor; mischief
jussio, -onis, f., command laborare, to labor
jussus, m., used only in ablative, jussu, laboriosus, -a, -urn, toilsome, laborious
by comlnand labrusca, -ae, f., wild grape
juste, righteously, justly labrum, -i, n., lip
justificare, to justify; do justice to lac, Iactis, n., milk
justificatio, -onis, t., statute, ordi lacer, -a, -urn, torn, ragged
nance; justification lacerare, to rend
Justiniani, -orum, nl. pl., Giustiniani lacrima, -ae, t., tear
Justinianus, -i, n1., Justinian lacrim£bilis, ~, woeful, worthy of
Justinus, -i, nl., Justin; Justinian tears
justitia, -ae, f., justice lacrimari, dep., to weep
justus, -a, -urn, right, righteous, just lacrimosus, -a, -urn, tearful
juvamen, -inis, n., help lactare, to gi ve suck
Juvenalis, -is, nl., JuvenaI lactens, -cntis, f., suckling
juvencula, -ae, f., maiden lactuca, -ae, lettuce
juvenculus, -i, m., bullock lacus, -us, m., lake; pit; den
juvenescere, -ui, to be young, to laedere, Iaesi, laesus, to do harm, in
reach the age of youth jure
juvenis, -e, young; (as a noun) young laetabundus, -a, -urn, full of joy
man Iaetari, dep., to rejoice
juventa, -ae, f., youth laetificare, to give joy
juventus, -utis, f., youth laetitia, -ae, f., gladness
juxta, prep. and adv., near, close to, laetus, -a, -urn, joyful
by, at hand; according to laeva, -ae, f., the left; left hand; ad
laevan1, on the left hand or arm
laevigatus, -a, -urn, smooth, polished
K
lagena, -ae, t., pitcher
-Kalendae, -arum, f. pl., calends, the Lagenia, -ae, f., Leinster
first day of the Roman month laicalis, -e, lay
Kalendarius, -ii, m., calendar hiicus, -a, -urn, lay, common
Kerriensis, -e, of Kerry laicus, -i, m., layman
Killeedy, Killadysert Lalovescum, -i, n., La Louvesc
LATIN GRAMMAR
lambere, larrlbi, lambitus, to lick largius, adv.} more abundantly
lamed, the twelfth letter of the He largus, -a, -urn, abundant
brew alphabet, corresponding to larva, -ae, I., ghost
English I lassitudo, -inis, j., \veariness
lamentare, to lament lassus, -a, -urn, fai nt, ti red
lamentari, dep., to lament latebra, -ae, I.} concealment, subter
lamentatio, -onis, j., lamentation fuge
lamenturn, -i, n., wailing, lamentation latenter, secretly
lamia, -ae, j., sea nlonster later, -eris, m., brick
13mina, -ae, f., metal plate Lateranensis, -e, Lateran, of the Lat
lampas, -adis, j., Jalnp, torch; flame eran
Lampertus, -i, n1., Lampert latere, -ui, to be hidden
lana, -ae, j., \vool laterna, -ae, j., lantern
hincea, -ae, j., spear, lance latex, -icis, n1., liquid; water
Lancellotus, -i, n1., Lancelot latibulurn, -i, n., hiding place, covert
lancinare, to nlangle latine, adv., in Latin
lancis, -is, I.} event; aequa lance, like- latinus, -a, -urn, Latin
Wlse latitare, to lie hidden, be concealed
Landulfus, -i, n1., Landulf latitudo, -inis, j., bread t h; a large
Landunurn, -i, n., Lann place; in latitudine, at liberty
laneus, -a, -urn, woolen latrare, to bark
Lanfrancus, -i, n1., Lanfranc latria, -ae, j.} worship
languens, -entis, sick latro, -onis, m.} thief, robber
languere, -ui, to be faint or weak, latrunculus, -i, m.} robber, bandit;
swoon rover
languid us, -a, -urn, in fi rm latus, -eris, n.} side
languor, -oris, m.} disease, sickness, in latus, -a, -urn, broad
finni ty laudabilis, -e, praiseworthy, laudable;
laniare, to mangle glorious
laniatus, m., nlangl i ng laudabiliter, laudably
lanterna, -ae, j., lantern laudare, to praise
lantgravius, -ii, m.} landgrave laudatio, -onis, j.} praise
lapidare, to stone laudator, -oris, n1., one who praises
lapideus, -a, -urn, of stone; stony laudes, -urn, I. pl., lauds
lapillus, -i, n1., gem laura, -ae, I., a kind of monastery
lapis, -idis, m., stone laurea, -ae, I., laurel; laurel crown; tri
lapsus, -us, m., slipping, falling umph, victory
laquear, -aris, n., panel, rafter, ceiling laureatus, -a, -urn, crowned with laurel
laqueus, -i, m., snare, ha Iter Laurentius, -ii, n1., Lawrence
hirgiens, -entis, bountiful Lauretanus, -a, -urn, of Loreto
largiri, dep. 4, to grant, bestow laus, laudis, I.} praise
hirgitas, -atis, I.} bounty lavacrum, -i, n.} laver; bath; water of
largltor, -oris, m., one who grants baptism
266 LATIN GRAMMAR
lavare (Iavere), lavi, lautus (lotus), to lethaIis, -e, lethal
wash levamen, -in is, n., consolation, allevi
Lavicinus, -3, -urn, Lavican ation
laxare, to let down, relax levamenturn, -i, n., mitigation, rest
laxus, -3, -urn, loose levare, to lift up, raise
leaena, -ae, t., lioness leunculus, -i, nl., young lion
lebes, -etis, m., wash basin; kettle levigare, to polish, furbish
lectio, -onis, t., reading; lesson levis, -e, 1ight
lector, -oris, m., reader, lector Levita, -ae, m., Levite
lectulus, -i, m., sma 11 bed; couch lex, legis, t., law; legem {acere, to
lectus, -3, -urn, choice, eminent keep the law
lectus, -i, m., bed libamen, -inis, n., libation, drink offer
lecythus, -i, m., flask ing
legalis, -e, legal l.ibanus, -i, m., frankincense
legatio, -onis, t., duty of a legate; lega libare, to celebrate a religious rite
tion, embassage libatio, -onis, t., libation; partaking
legatus, -i, m., legate, ambassador libatorium, -ii, n., pouring vessel
legere, legi, lectus, to read libellus, -i, m., a writing, a bill
legifer, -i, m., lawgiver libenter, gladly
legio, -onis, t., band; legion liber, -a, -urn, free; fearless; aban
Legio, -onis, t., Leon doned
legislator, -oris, m., lawgiver; master Liber, -i, m. Bacchus
legisperitus, -i, m., lawyer liber, -bri, m., book
legitime, la\vfully libera, -ae, t., free woman
legitimum, -i, n., ordinance liberare, to free, deliver
legitimus, -a, -urn, legal liberator, -oris, m., deliverer
legumen, -inis, n., pulse; bean; vege libere, adv., freely; steadfastly
table liberi, -orum, m. pl., children
lenire, to mitigate, relieve Liberianus, -a, -urn, Liberian
lenis, -e, smooth; mild, easy libertas, -atis,t., freedom
lenitas, -atis, t., meekness Libertini, -orum, m. pl., Libertines
leniter, gently libet (lubet), -buit, -bitum est, imp~rs.,
lentescere, to relax it pleases, is agreeable
lenticula, -ae, t., little bottle; vial libido, -inis, t., lust
leo, -onis, m., lion libra, -ae, t., pound
Leo, -onis, m., Leo librare, to weigh, poise, balance
Leonardus, -i, m., Leonard librarius, -ii, m., copyist
leopardus, -i, m., leopard liburn, -i, n., a cake offered to the
Leopolis, -is, t., Lemberg gods; an offering
Leovigildus, -i, m., Leovigild licet, l.icuit, l.iciturn est, impers., it is
lepra, -ae, t., leprosy allowed or lawful; one mayor can;
leprosus, -a, -urn, leprous licet, although
leprosus, -i, m., leper liciatorium, -ii, n., beam
Leptinensis, -e, of Lessines Licinianus, -a, -urn, Licinian
LATIN GRAMMAR
ligare, to bind litigare, to quarrel, strive, wrangle
ligneus, -a, -urn, wooden litigiosus, -a, -urn, quarrelsorne
lignum, -i, n., wood; stick; staff; tree littera, -ae, t., letter of the alphabet,
ligo, -onis, m., spade lltterae, pl., a letter; bill
Ligorius, -ii, m., Liguori Htteratura, -ae, t., learning; writing
Liguria, -ae, t., Liguria; Piedmont littus, -oris, n., shore
liliatus, -a, urn, decorated with lilies; litura, -ae, t., daubing
lily white liturgia, -ae, t., liturgy
lilium, -ii, n., lily Ilvidus, -a, -urn, envious
Limanus, -a, -urn, of Lima livor, -oris, m., bruise
linatus, -a, -urn, polished, furbished locare, to place; let out, rent, hire out
limen, -inis, n., threshold loculus, -i, m., coffin, bier; tomb; purse
Lirnericensis, -e, of Limerick locuples, -etis, rich
limes, -his, m., boundary, lirnit locupletare, to enrich
limpidissirnus, -a, -urn, very smooth locus, -i, m. (pl. loca, -0 rum, n.),
limus, -i, m., mud, mire, dirt place; position, station; room
linea, -ae, t., line locusta, -ae, t., locust
linearnenturn, -i, n., feature, delinea locutio, -onis,t., word
tion Londinensis, -e, of London
Iinere, livi and levi, Htus, (io), to Londiniurn, -ii, n., London
anoint longaevus, -a, -urn, long-lived
lineus, -a, -urn, of flax; linen longanimis, -e, longsuffering
lingere, linxi, linctus, to lick long~nirnitas, -atis, t., longsuffering
lingua, -ae, t., tongue; language longe, adv., afar; a longe, afar off;
linguosus, -a, -urn, evil tongued longe lateque, far and \vide
fin ire, to smear, besmear, spread; longinquus, -a, -urn, far, distant, afar
anoint off; de longinquo, from afar
lin6stemus, -a, -urn, linen longitudo, -inis, t., length
llnqnere, Iiqui, to leave longiturnitas, -atis, t., length
linteamen, -inis, n., linen cloth Longobardi, -orum, m. pl., Lombards
linteum, -i, n., towel; linen cloth loquela, -ae, t., saying; speech
linum, -i, n., flax loqui, locutus sum, dep. 3, to speak,
Liparitanus, -a, -urn, of Lipari converse; profess
liquare, to mel t lorka, -ae, t., coat of mail; breastplate
liquefacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to melt lorom, -i, n., leather strap, thong;'
liquefactivus, -a, -urn, melting scourge, whip
liquefactus, -a, -urn, melted Lotharingia, -ae, t., Lorraine
liquere, llqui or licui, to be evident lotus, -a, -urn, washed
liquescere, Hcui, to melt lubricurn, -i, n., slipperiness
liquor, -oris, m., liquid lubricus, -a, -urn, slippery; dangerous,
lis, litis, t., debate, contention impure
litania, -ae, t., litany Lucas, -ae, m., Luke
liclre, to offer lucere, -luxi, to shine
Lithuani, -0 rum, m. pl., Lithuanians lucerna, -ae, t., candle, lamp
268 LATIN GRAMMAR
lucescere, luxi, to begin to dawn lusus, -us, m.} game
Lucia, -ae, f.} Lucy Lutetia Parisiorum, -ae, f., Paris
lucidus, -a, -unl, bright hiteus, -a, -urn, of clay
lucifer, -i, nl.} day star, morning star Lutherus, -i, m.} Luther
Lucilla, -ae, f.} Lucille luturn, -i, n.} clay, dirt
lucniri, dep.} to gain lux, lucis, f.} light, dawn
lucrativus, -a, -urn, profitable luxuria, -ae, f.} dissipation, lust; luxury
lucrifacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to win luxuriari, dep.} to live riotously
lucrum, -i, 11.} lucre; gain luxuriose, riotously
luctamen, -inis, n.} struggling, wres luxus, -us, m.} lust
tling lychnus, -i, m.} lamp
luctator, -oris, m.} wrestler lympha, -ae, f.} water
luctuosus, -a, -urn, sorrowful lyra, -ae, f.} lu te
luctus, -us, n1.} nl0urning Lystrae, -arum, f. pl.} Lystra
lucubratio, -onis, f.} laborious study
luculente, admirably
M
luculenter, excellen tly
luculentus, -a, -urn, bright Macedo, -onis, m.} Macedonian
lucus, -i, n1.} grove; sacred grove Macedonia, -ae, f., Macedonia
ludere, lusi, lusus, to play macerare, to affiict, mortify
ludibrium, -ii, n.} mockery, scorn maceratio, -onis, f., rnortification
Ludovlcus, -i, m.} Lou is maceria, -ae, f., wall; fence
Ludulphus, -i, m., Ludolph Machabaei, -orum, 111. pl.} Machabees
ludus, -i, m., game ~1achaea, -ae, fn.} t\1ahew
lues, -is, f., disease machaera, -ae, f., sworu
Lugdunensis, -e, of Lyons machina, -ae, f., machine; device;
Lugdunum, -i, n., Lyons fabric, frarne
lugere, luxi, luctus, to bewail, lament macies, -ei, f.} thinness, emaciation
Luitprandus, -i, m., Luitprand macilentus, -a, -urn, thin, lean
lumbus, -i, m.; (pl.) loins mactare, to offer as a sacrifice, kill;
lumen, -inis, n.} light punish
Lumilla, -ae, f.} Ludmilla macula, -ae, f.} sta in, blemish
luminare, -aris, n.} light maculare, to accuse
luna, -ae, f.} moon maculosus, -a, -urn, spotted
lunaticus, -i, m.} lunatic madefacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to
lupanar, -aris, n.} brothel make wet, soak
lupinus, -i, m., lupine madere, madui, to drink too much, be
lupinus, -a, -urn, wolfish drunk
lupus, -i, m.} wolf madescere, mad ui, to become wet
Lusitania, -ae, f.} Portugal Madianiti, -orum, nl. pl.} Madianites
lustralis, -e, hoI y, blessed maerere, to be sorrowful
lustrare, to purify maestus, -ae, -urn, sad
lustrum, -i, n.} a period of five years, a Magdeburgensis, -e, of Magdeburg
luster Magdeburgus, -i, m.} Magdeburg
LATIN GRAMMAR
Magdalena (Magdalene), -ae, t., Mag malefactor, -oris, m., malefactor, evil
dalen doer
magicus, -a, -urn, magic malevolus, -3, -urn, malicious
magis, adtJ., rather; plus magis, far malignans, -antis, nlalicious, wicked
more malignare (-ari), to do wickedly
magIster, -tri, rn., master; teacher mallgnitas, -atis, f., evil, malice
magisterium, -ii, 11., office, power malignus, -a, -urn, malignant; (as a
magistra, -ae, I., teacher; rnistress noun), evildoer
magistnitus, -us, 111., magistrate malitia, -ae, f., malice; naughtiness;
magnalia, -ium, n. pl., wonderful evil
works, wonders malitiose, maliciously
magnatus, -i, n1., great man malle, malui, to prefer
magnes, -etis, nl., magnet, loadstone malleator, -oris, m., hammerer
Magnesiani, -orum, nl. pl., Magnesians malleus, -i, m., hammer, mallet
magnificare, to enlarge, magnify; malum, -i, n., evil
glorify, exalt malum, -i, 11., apple, - punicum,
magnifice, nobly, generously pomegranate
magnificentia, -ae, I., magnificence, malus, -a, -urn, bad, evil, wicked
majesty Mamertinus, -a, -urn, MamertinC:'
magnificus, -a, -urn, glorious mamilla, -ae, f., breast, pap
magniloquus, -a, -urn, boastful mamma, -ae, f., breast, pap
magnitudo, -in is, I., greatness mammona, -ae, m., mammon
magnopere, adv., greatly manare, to flow, pour forth
magnus, -a, -urn, great; magna, n.pl., mancipare, to deliver up
great things mandpium, -ii, n., slave
magus, -i, m., wise or learned man; mandare, to command, give charge
magician, sorcerer over
Mahometani (Mahumetani) -arum, mandere, mandi, mansus, to eat
m. pl., Mohamnledans mandatum, -i, n., command, com
majestas, -atis, I., nlajesty mandment
major, majus, greater; elder mandragora, -ae, t., mandrake
Majorga, -ae, I., !viayorga manducare, to eat
Majus, -i, m., May manducatio, -onis, t., eating
Malaca, -ae, f., MaIacca mane, adv., in the morning, early
malagma, -atis, n., plaster morning; primo - , early in the
Malcolmus, -i, m., Malcolm morning; sumo - , valde - , very
male, adv., badly, ill; grievously early in the morning
maledicere, -dud, -dictus, to speak evil, manere, mansi, mansus, to remain,
revile, curse abide, tarry, wait
maledictio, -onis, t., curse Manettus Antellensis, -i, -is, m., Ma
maledictum, -i, n., abusive language, netto An talli
railing manica, -ae, f., manicle
maledicus, -a, -urn, ev it speaking Manichaei, -orum, m. pl., Manichae~
maledicus, -i, m., railer ans
LATIN GRAMMAR
manifestare, to make tnanifest, dis martyrologiurn, -ii, no, martyrology
cover, reveal masculinus, -a, -urn, masculine
manifestatio, -onis, fo, manifestation masculus, -a, -urn, male
manifeste, openly, plainly, manifestly massa, -ae, f., lump
marupulus, -i, m., handful; sheaf; Massilia, -ae, fo, Marseilles
maniple Massiliensis, -c, of Marseilles
manna, -ae, fo, nlanna mater, -tris, fo, nlother
mansio, -onis, fo, abode, dwelling rnaterfarnllias, rnatrisfamHias, f., mIS
mansiuncuIa, -ae, fo, little room tress of the house
mansuetudo, -inis, f., meekness materia, -ae, fo, substance
mansuetus, -a, -urn, meek, mild, hum maternitas, -atis, fo, maternity
ble materialiter, materially
mansurus, -a, -urn, enduring maternus, -a, -urn, nla ternal
mantelluln, -i, n., cloak matertera, -ae, f., mothel's sister, ma
manufactus, -a, -urn, made with hands ternal aunt
manus, us, f., hand; power Matrhurn, -i, no, Madrid
marcere, to wither matrona, -ae, f., matron, lady
marcesccre, to fade away, to wither, Matthaeus, -i, m., Matthew
to decay mature, early
marchio, -onis, m., marquis maturescere, -ui, to ripen
marcidus, -a, -urn, withered; delicate matnritas, -atis, fo, fullness; early
Marcio, -onis, f., ~1arcion morning, dawn
Marcus, -i, m., Mark matutlnum, -i, no, mattins; night watch
Mardochaeus, -i, m 0' Mardochai matUtlnus, -a, -urn, morning, early
mare, maris, no, sea Mauri, -orurn, nl. pl., Moors
margarita, -ae, fo, pearl Mauricus, -a, -urn, Moorish
Margarita, -ae, /., Margaret Mauritius, -ii, mo, Maurice
Maria, -ae, f., Mary maxilla, -ae, f., ja\v; cheek
Marialis, -e, of Mary maxime, adv., especially, chiefly
marinus, -a, -urn, sea, of the sea Maximianus, -i, 111 0' Maxinlian
maritalis, -e, of wedlock, marital Maxirnlnus, -i, mo, Maximin
maritare, to marry, give in marriage maximopere, advo, exceedingly
maritima, -orum, no pl., seacoast maximus, -a, -urn, greatest; very great;
maritus, -i, m., husband most grievous
marmoreus, -a, -urn, marble, of marble medela, -ae, /., healing remedy
Marochius (Marrochius), -ii, m., Mo mederi, dep. 2, to heal
rocco mediare, to be in the middle; festo
marsupium, -ii, n., purse mediante, about the midst of the
Martialis, -is, mo, Martial feast
Martinianus, -i, m., Martinian mediator, -oris, m., mediator
Martinus, -i, m 0' Martin medhitrix, -icis, /., media trix
Martius, -ii, mo, March medicimen, -inis, n., medicine
martyr, -is, m., martyr medicitio, -onis, f., remedy, healing
martyrium, -ii, n., martyrdom power
LATIN GRAMMAR
medicina, -ae, f., remedy mendax, -ads, false
medicinalis, -c, salutary, healing mendax, -acis, 1120' liar
medicus, -i, mo, physician mendicare, to beg
medietas, -atis, fo, the half mendicitas, -atis, f., want, poverty
Mediolanensis, -e, of Milan, Milanese mendicus, -a, -urn, poor, needy
Mediolanum, -i, no, Milan mendicus, -i, m 0' beggar
meditare (-ari), to meditate, devise mens, mentis, to, mInd; mente capti,
meditatio, -onis, f., thought, medita lunatics
tion mensa, -ae, fo, table; banquet; bank
medium, -ii, no, the midst, middle mensis, -is, mo, month
medius, -a, -urn, middle, midst mensor, -oris, m., measurer
medius, advo, in the midst menstruata, -ae, f., menstruous woman
medulla, -ae, fo, marrow menstruatus, -a, -urn, menstruous
medullatus ,-a, -urn, full of marrow menstruus, -a, -urn, monthly
medtillitus, advo, in the very marrow mensura~ -ae, f., measure
Medus, -i, m., Mede mensurabilis, -c, measurable; short
meipsum, me + ipsum, myself mentio, -onis, fo, nlention
mel, mellis, n., honey mentiri, dep. 4, to lie
Meldensis, -c, of Meaux mentum, -i, no, chin; throat
Jilelethlnus, -a, -urn, Meletian meracus, -a, -urn, pure
melior, -ius, better; in melius, for the mercari, dep. 4, to buy
better mercatura, -ae, f., trade; mercatUram
mellifluus, -a, -urn, dripping with facere, to engage in trade
honey or sweetness mercatus, -us, mo, traffic
melos, -i, no, song, hymn, melody mercenarius, -ii, m., hired servant;
melota, -ae, f., sheepskin hireling
melote, -is, fo, sheepskin coat merces, -edis, fo, reward, ransom; hire,
mem, the thirteenth letter of the He pay, wages; Virgo de Merccde, Our
brew alphabet, corresponding to Lad y of Ransom
English m Merctirius, -ii, m., Mercury
membrana, -ae, f., parchment mereri, dep. 2, to be worthy, merit,
membratim, adv., limb from limb deserve
membrum, -i, n., member, limb meretrix, -ids, f., harlot
meminisse, defecto verb, to be mindful mergere, mersi, mersus, to sink
memor, -oris, mindful meridianus, -a, -urn, noonday; of the
memorare, to recall; remember south, southern
memorari, dep., to remember meridies, -ci, mo, midday, noon; south;
memoratus, -us, mo, mention per meridiem, at noon
memoria, -ae, f., remembrance meridionalis, -e, sou th
memorhlle, -is, no, memorial, remem merito, adv., deservedly
brance meriturn, -i, no, merit
memorialis, -e, memorial Merulanus, -a, -urn, Merulan
mendacium, -ii, no, lie, lying, false merum, -i, n., wine (unmixed with
hood water)
LATIN GRAMMAR
Messana, -ae, '., Messina minax, -acis, threatening
messis, -is, t., harvest Mincius, -ii, m., Mincio
messor, -oris, m., reaper mingere, minxi, minctus, to urinate
meta, -ae, t., goal minimus, -a, -urn, smallest, least;
metallurn, -i, n., mine minimum, a very small thing
metiphora, -ae, t., metaphor minister, -tri, tn., minister; servant;
metere, messui, messus, to reap waiter; primarius sacrorum - ,
methodus, -i, t., method chaplain general
metiri, mensus sum, dep. 4, to measure ministerium, -ii, n., ministry
metreta, -ae, t., a Greek liquid measure ministra, -ae, t., servant
containing about nine English gal ministrare, to serve, minister
lons ministnitor, -oris, m., one who serves,
metricus, -a, -urn, metrical server
metropolis, -is, t., chief or capital city minitari, dep., to threaten
metropolitanus, -a, -urn, metropolitan minorare, to decrease
metropolitanus, -i, m., metropolitan minor, minus, less, lesser; younger;
metropolitus, -i, m., metropolitan least; Fratres Minores, Friars Minor
metrum, -i, n., meter, verse minuere, -ui, -utus, to abate, diminish,
metuere, -ui, -utus, to be afraid make less
metus, -us, m., fear minus, adt,., less; si quo - , if not;
Metymna Campi, -ae, '., Medina del paulo - , adv., almost
Campo minusculus, -a, -urn, small
meus, -a, -urn, my, mine minutum, -i, n., mite
Mexicanus, -a, -urn, Mexican mirabilis, -e, wonderful
mi, voe. of meus; fiIi mi, my son mirabiliter, wonderfully
mica, -ae, t., crumb, morsel mirabilium, -ii, n., wonder
micans, -antis, shining, radiant miraculum, -i, n., miracle
micare, -ui, to shine Miramol1nus, -i, m., Miramolin
Michaeas, -ae, m., Micheas mirandus, -a, -urn, extraordinary,
migrare, to depart strange
migratio, -onis, t., departure mirari, dep., to wonder; mira, behold
miles, -itis, m., soldier mirificare, to make wonderful, to
militans, -antis, militant; as a noun, show forth wonderfully
soldier mirus, -a, -urn, wonderful
militare, to serve as a soldier; to war miscere, -cui, mixtus, to mix
militia, -ae, t., army; soldiers Misenus, -ae, of Miseno
mille, one thousand; pl., milia miser, -a, -urn, wretched
millesimus, -a, -urn, thousandth miserari, dep., to have pity on
milliariurn, -ii, n., mile; milestone miseratio, -onis, t., mercy
miIlies, a thousand times miserator, -oris, merciful, compassion
milvus, -i, m., stork ate; (as a noun) one who shows
minaciter, adv., threateningly; by mercy
threats misereri, misCrtus sum, dep. 2, to have
minae, -arum, ,. pl., threats mercy on
LATIN GRAMMAR
miseria, -ae, f., wretchedness; trouble moestus, -a, -urn, afflicted, sorrowful
misericordia, -ae, f., mercy, kindness Mogrovejus, -a, -urn, Mogrovejo
misericorditer, I11erC ifu 11 y Moguntia, -ae, f., Mainz
misericors, -ordis, I11erciful Moguntinus, -a, -urn, of Mainz
missa, -ae, f., Mass mola, -ae, f., jaw tooth, molar;
missale, -is, n., n1issal asinaria, millstone
missio, -onis, f., n1 iss ion molaris, -is, m., cheek tooth, molar
mistum (mixturn), -i, n., mixture Moldava, -ae, f., Moldau
mitescere, to grow n1ild, subside molendinum, -i, n., n1ill
mitigare, to dilninish, \\·eaken, subdue, molere, -ui, -itus, to grind
I11itlgate moles, -is, f., mass, bulk
mitis, -e, tender, mild molestari, dep., to molest
mittcre, misi, missus, to send; cast; molestia, -ae, f., trouble; harm
put, lay molestus, -a, -urn, grievous, trouble
mitra, -ae, f., bonnet; miter some
mixtura, -ae, f., mixture molimen, -inis, n., effort; working
mixtus, -a, -urn, mingled Molini, -orum, m. pl., Moulins
mna, -ae, f., a tnina moliri, dep. 4, to plot; practice
Moabitidae, -arum, f. pl., women of molitio, -onis, f., demolition
Moab mollire, to make smooth, soften
mobilitas, -atis, f., changeability, fickle mollis, -e, soft
ness molliter, gently
modeniri, dep., to govern, regulate mollities, -ei, f., softness
moderator, -oris, n1., I110derator, di mollitus, -a, -urn, soft
rector, guide, adviser; confessor momentaneus, -a, -um, fleeting
modestia, -ae, f., n10desty momentum, -i, n., movement, motion;
modicum, -i, n., a little while change; weight; in1ponance; rno
modicus, -a, -urn, little; modicum I11ent
quid, a little something monacha, -ae, f., nun
modius, -ii, 111., bushel monachus, -i, m., I110nk
modo, adv., now, even now, presently, monasteriurn, -ii, n., monastery
just monasticus, -a, -urn, lnonastic
moduhitio, -onis, f., singing monere, to warn; teach
modulus, -i, m., melody, rhythm monialis, -is, f., nun
modus, -i, m., way, manner, fashion; monlle, -is, n., necklace; jewel
measure; supra modum, above monitio, -onis, f., warning
measure monitor, -oris, m., adviser
moecha, -ae, f., adulteress monitum, -i, n., precept; admonition
moechari, dep., to comn1it adultery monitus, -us, m., warning
moechus, -i, l}l., adulterer Monothelitae, -arum, m. pl., Monothe
moenia, -ium, 11. pl., ramparts lites
moeror, -oris, m., grief, sorrow mons, montis, m., hill, mount, moun
moestitia, -ae, f., sorrow tain
moestitudo, -inis, f., sadness Mons Major, -tis, -is, m., Montemor
LATIN GRAM~IAR
Mons Oliveti, -tis, m., Mount of Olives Moyses, -i, m., Moses
l\1ons Regalis in Subalpinis, -tis, -is, m., mucro, -onis, m., sharp edge or point
Mondovi mugire, to low
monstnlre, to show; cOlnn1and mula, -ae, f., mule
montana, -orum, n. pl., hill country mu1cere, mulsi, mulsus, to charm
Montanlsta, -ae, tn., ~10ntanist mu1cta, -ae, /., fine
~tontereyensis, -e, of lYfonterey mulgere, mulsi, mulctus, to milk
Montilia, -ae, f., Montilla (out); to pour out as nlilk
monumellturn, -i, n., monument; sep muliebris, -e, fenlinine
ulcher, grave mulier, -eris, f., woman
mora, -ae, f., delay; hindrance muliercula, -ae, f., a disgraceful
moralis, -e, moral \,voman
morari, dep., to delay; abide mulsum, -i, n., sweet wine
Morasthites, -is, m., Morasthite multitiriarn, adv., at sundry times
Moravi, -orunl, nl. pl., Moravians multif6rrnis, -e, multiform, nlanifold
morbidus, -a, -urn, diseased, depraved multiformiter, adv., in divers ways
morbus, -i, m., disease multiplex, -ids, manifold
mordax, -acis, stinging, piercing multiplicare, to multiply
mordere, momordi, morsus, to bite; multiplicatio, -onis, f., multiplicity
take hold upon Inultipliciter, greatly; in many \vays
mori, mortuus sum, dep. 3, (io), to die multisonus, -a, -urn, many sounding,
morigerus, -a, -urn, compliant, accom loud
modating multitudo, -inis, f., multitude
mors, mortis, f., death multo, adv., many
morsus, -us, m., bite, eating multum, adv., much; long; very
mortalis, -e, mortal multus, -a, -urn, much, many; boun
mortariolum, -i, m., little Inortar tiful
morticinum, -i, n., corpse mulus, -i, m., mule
mortifer, -a, -urn, deadly mundanus, -a, -urn, of the \\"orld
mortificare, to mortify; kill mundare, to cleanse
mortuus, -a, -urn, dead; (as a noun) munditia, -ae, f., cleanliness
the dead mundus, -i, m., world; ornament
morns, -i, f., mulberry tree mundus, -a, -urn, clean, pure, clear
mos, moris, m., custorn, manner; ac munerare, to bestow a gift upon
tion munerari, dep., to present
Mosaicus, -a, -urn, Mosaic munia, -iuIn, n. pl., services, gifts
Moscovia, -ae, f., Moscow munificens, -entis, munificent
motabilis, -e, moving mUnlnlen, -inis, n., protection
motio, -onis, f., movement, nlotion munire, to defend, strengthen, pre
motus, -us, ,n.} motion, moving; emo serve, fortify
tion; tempest; tumult munitio, -onis, f., fort
movere, movi, motus, to move; affect, munitiuncula, -ae, f.} little fortress
influence; quake munus, -eris, n.} gift, offering, bounty;
moveri, motus sum, dep. 2, to move office; bribe
LATIN GRAMMAR
munUsculum, -i, n., little gift Narniensis, ~, of Narni
murenula, -ae, f., necklace narnire, to tell, relate
murmur, -uris, n., murmuring narrator, -oris, m., narrator
murmunire, to n1urmur nasci, natus sum, dep. 3, to be born;
munnuratio, -onis, f., murmur spring up
~1urtia, -ae, f., Murcia natalis, -c, natal
murus, -i, nl., \vall natalis, -is, m., birthday
mus, illJ Tis, C., n10use natalltium, -ii, n., feast, birthday; nata
musica., -ae, f., music litia, n. pl., birthday festival
musica, -orum, n. pl., music natatoria, -orum, n. pl., pool
musicus, -i, m., musician natio, -onis, f., nation ~ nationes,
musivum, -i, n., n10saic heathen
mustum, -i, n., new wine nativitas, -atis, f., birth, nativity
mutabilitas, -atis, f., change natura, -ae, f., nature
mutare, to change naturaliter, adv., according to nature
mutatio, -onis, f., change natus, -i, m., son
mutatorium, -ii, n., change natus, -us, m., birth; majores natu,
mutuari, dep., to borrow elders, ancients
mutuo, adv., mutually, to one another naufragium, -ii, 17., shipwreck
mutus, -a, -urn, dunlb rulufragus, -a, -urn, shipwrecked
m utuus, -a, -urn, mutual naulum, -i, n., fare
Myrensis, -c, of Myra nausea, -ae, f., nausea, squeamishness
myrica, -ae, f., tanlaric nauseare, to vomit
myrrha, -ae, f., myrrh nauta, -ae, m., sailor, mariner
myrrhats, -a, -urn, n1ingled with myrrh nauticus, -a, -unl, of a ship, nautical
myrrheus, -3, -urn, of myrrh navare, to do an ythi ng zealously
myrtetum, -i, n., a grove or thicket of navicula, -ae, f., boat
nlyrtle trees navigare, to sail, be at sea
mysteriurn, -ii, n., mystery, secret navigium, -ii, n., ship
mystice, adv., mystically navis, -is, f., ship
mysticus, -3, -urn, of deep meaning, Naxus, -i, f., Naxos
mystical Nazara, -ae, f., Nazareth
Nazaraeus, -i, nl., Nazarene, Nazarite
N Nazarenus, -a, -urn, of Nazareth, Naz
arene
N. (nomen), name Nazarethanus, -3, -urn, of Nazareth
Nabuthaei, -orum, m. pl., Nabutheans Nazianzenus, -a, -urn, of Nazianzus
nam, conj., for ne, adv. and con;., and not; neither,
nancisci, nactus or nanctus sum, d~p. nor; that not; lest
3, to get, obtain Neapolis, -is, f., Naples
Narbonensis, -c, of Narbonne nebula, -ae, f., cloud, mist
nardus, -i, f., and nardum, -i, n., spike nec, neither; - nOll, and also, nor less
nard; - spicatum, spikenard necire, to kill, slay
nares, -ium, f. pl., nostrils, nose necessario, adt'., necessarily
LATIN GRAMMAR
necessarius, -3, -urn, needful nere, nevi, netus, to spin
necesse, adjo and no, necessary N eritonensis, -e, of Nardo
necessitas, -atis, to, necessity; distress nervus, -i, mo, nerve, sinew
nectar, -aris, no, nectar nescire, not to know, not to take no
nectere, nexui and nexi, nexus, to tice
weave Nestorius, -ii, mo, Nestor, Nestorius
nedum, advo, to say nothing of, much neuter, -tra, -trum, neither
less nex, necis, to, violent death
nefarius, -3, -urn, shameful nexus, -us, mo, bond
negare, to deny ni, conjo, if not, unless
negatio, -onis, to, denial Nicaenus, -a, -urn, of Nicaea, Nicene
neglegere, -lexi, -lectus, to neglect Nicolaus, -i, mo, Nicholas
negligentia, -ae, to, negligence Nicol£itae, -orum, m. pl., Nicolaites
negotiari, depo, to trade Nicomediensis, -e, of Nicomedia
negotiatio, -onis, to, traffic; merchan nidificare, to build a nest
dise nidulus, -i, mo, little nest
negotiator, -oris, mo, merchant nidus, -i, m 0' nest
negotium, -ii, no, business; pestilence nigrita, -ae, m. and f., negro
nemo, -inis, mo and to, no one, nobody Nigritae, -arum, mo pl., Negroes
nemorensis, -e, of a grove or wood nihil (nil), no, indecl., nothing
nempe, advo, namely; truly nihilonlinus, adv., yet, nevertheless
nemus, -oris, no, wood, forest, grove nihilum, -i, no, nothing
Neocaesaraca, -ae, to, Neocaesarea n.im1etas, -atis, to, excess, superfluity,
N eocaesariensis, -e, of N eocaesarea redundancy
neomenia, -ae, to, new moon nimirum, advo, certainly, truly
neophytus, -i, mo, novice, neophyte nimis, advo, beyond measure, exceed
N epcsinus, -a, -urn, of N epi ingly; most diligently
Nepomucenus, -a, -urn, of Nepomuk nimius, -a, -urn, excessive
Nepomucurn, -i, no, Nepomuk Ninivita, -ae, t., Ninive
Nepouanus, -i, mo, Nepotian Ninivitae, -arum, m. pl., Ninivites
neptis, -is, to, granddaughter Niniviti, -orum, mo pl., Ninivites
nepos, -otis, m o and to, grandchild; nisi, conjo, if not, unless, except, but
nephew, niece, posterity NisibCnus, -a, -urn, of Nisibis
nequam, indeclo adjo, wicked, evil nisus, -us, m., striving, strength
nequando, conj., lest, lest at any time nitens, -entis, shining
nequaquam, advo, no, not, by no niti, nisus or nixus sum, d~p. 3, to
means strive, endeavor
neque, advo and conjo, and not, neither, nitidus, -a, -urn, smooth
nor nitor, -oris, mo, brightness, splendor.
nequior, -ius, more wicked shining light
nequire, -ivi and -ii, -tus, (eo), to be nitrum, -i, no, natural soda; niter
unable niveus, -a, -urn, snowy white
nequlssmus, -i, m 0' most wicked one nix, nivis, to, snow
nequitia, -ae, to, evil, malice nobilis, -e, noble
LATIN GRAMMAR 277
nobilitare, to ennoble, make known notarius, ..ii, m., scribe
or illustrious, glorify notitia, -ae, f., know ledge; news
nocere, to hurt notus, -a, ..urn, known; nota facere, to
nocturnus, -a, -urn, of the night, noc show
turnal notus, -i, m., friend, acquaintance
nodosus, -a, -urn, knotted novacula, -3e, t., razor
Nolanus, -a, -urn, of Nola Novatianus, -3, -urn, Novatian
Nolascus, -i, m., Nolasco novella, -orum, n. pl., young shoots
nolle, nolui, to be un willing, refuse novellus, -a, -urn, young, new
nomen, -inis, n., name novem, nine
Nomentanus, -a, -urn, of Nomenturn novendialis, -e, lasting nine days; nine
nominare, to name days' funeral rites
nominatim, adv' by name
J novies, nine times
nominatus, -a, -urn, renowned novennis, at the age of nine
non, adv' not; no
J novissirne, adv., last of all
nona, -ae, f., none novissirnus, -a, -urn, latest, last; most
nonagenarius, -a, -urn, being ninety abject; novissirna, n. pl., last state;
years of age in novlssirno die, at the last day
nonagesirnus, -a, -urn, ninetieth noviter, adv., newly
nonagesirnus quintus, -a, -a, -urn, ..urn, novitas, -atis, t., newness, freshness;
ninety-fifth new thing, work, condition, or life
nonagintanovem, ninety-nine Novocomum, -i, n., Como
nondum, adv., not yet novus, -a, -urn, new
nongentesimus, -3, ..urn, nine hun nox, noctis, t., night
dredth noxa, -ae, t., crime, sin; harm, offense
Nonnatus, -i, m., Nonnatus (not born) noxialis, -e, ev il
nonne, interrog. adv., introduces a noxius, -a, -urn, harmful, hurtful; sin
question to \vhich an affirmative ful, guilty
answer is expected nubere, nupsi, nuptus, to marry
nonnullus, -a, -urn, some nubes, -is, t.J cloud
nonnumquam, adv., sometimes nubila, -orum, n. pl., clouds
nonus, -a, -urn, ninth Nuceria Paganorum, -ae, f., Nocera
Norbertus, -i, m' Norbert
J dei Pagani
norma, -ae, t., rule, way of life nucleus, -i, m., kernel
Normannia, -ae, t., Normandy nudare, to lay bare, uncover
Northmannus, -i, m., Norman nudipes, -pedis, barefooted
noscere, novi, notus, to know (how) nuditas, -atis, t., nakedness
nosoc6mium, -ii, n., hospital nudiustertius, adv., day before yester
nosse, con traction of novlsse, perfect day
infinitive of noscere nudus, -3, -urn, naked, bare
noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours nugacitas, -atis, f., trifling, frivolity,
nota, -ae, f., note, sign vanity
notamen, -inis, n., sign, token nullatenus, adv., not at all
notare, to mark; denote; prepare nUllibi, adv., nowhere, in no part
LATIN GRAMMAR
nullus, -a, -urn, not any nutare, to waver, fail; wander
num, interr. adv., used when a nega nutrire, to nourish, sustain
tive answer is expected nutrttius (nutrieius), -ii, m., foster fa
nurnelIa, -ae, f., a kind of torture rack ther; guardian
nurnen, -inis, n., divine power nutrix, -icis, f., nurse
numerare, to number nutus, -us, m., nod; command; will
numerositas, -a tis, f., number, num nux, nucis, /., nut
bers nyctieorax, -acis, m., a night raven
numerus, -i, m., number Nymphe, -es, f., Santa Ninfa
nUnllsma, -atis, n., coin, medal Nyssenus, -a, -urn, of Nyssa
nummularius, -ii, m., money changer
nlimmulus, -i, tn., small coin; paltry o
sum
nummus, -i, m., coin ob, pr~p., for, on account of, In con
numquid, interrog. adv., used when sideration of
a negative answer is expected obarrnatus, -a, -urn, armed
nun, the fourteenth letter of the He obaudire, to make or cause to be heard
brew alphabet, corresponding to obcaecitio, -onis, f., blindness
English n obcaecatus, -a, -urn, blinded
nunc, adv., now obdormire, to sleep, fall asleep
nuncupare, to name, call obducere, -duxi, -ductus, to produce
Duncupatio, -onis, f., public offering obductio, -onis, f., covering; cloudi
or pronouncing of a vow ness; doubt
nuncupative, adv., in nan1e, nominally obdurare, to harden
Dundinae, -arum, f. pl., market day obduratio, -onis, f., stubbornness
or place obedientia, -ae, f., obedience
nunquam (numquam), adv., never obedire, to obey
Dtintia, -ae, f., herald obeditio, "'Onis, f., obedience
nuntiare, to proclaim, announce, de oberrare, to wander about
clare obesse, -lui, to inl pede; be prej udicial
Du.ntium, -ii, n., message, news to; injure
Duntius, -ii, m., messenger, herald; obferre, -tuli, -latus, to pu t to
nunelO obire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to die
Duper, adv., recently, newly 6bitus, -us, m., death
Duptiae, -arum, f. pl., marriage, mar objectus, -us, m., obstacle
riage feast objieere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to drive
nuptialis, -e, wedding, nuptial away; charge against, lay to the
nuptus, -us, m., marriage, wedlock charge of
Duptus, -i, m., married person, hus objurgatio, -onis, f., injury
band Oblatae, -arum, m. pl., Oblates
nurus, -us, f., daughter-in-law oblatio, -onis, f., oblation, offering
Dusquam, adv., nowhere; in nothing; oblectamentum, -i, n., pleasure, arnuse
on no occasion ment, allurement
nutans, -antis, feeble, inconstant oblectatio, -onis, f., pleasure
LATIN GRAMMAR
obligare, to entangle obsidio, -onis, f., siege
obligatio, -onis, f., binding, entangling obsignare, to seal
oblittenire, to blot out obsistere, -stiti, to resist
oblivio, -onis, f., forgetfulness; oblivion obsoletus, -a, -urn, worn out, cast off
obliviosus, -a, -urn, forgetful obsonium, -ii, n., that which is eaten
oblivisci, -litus sum, dep. 3, to forget with bread; relish, sweetrrleats
oblongus, -a, -UIn, long obstringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to be in
obloqui, -locutus sum, dep. 3, to re debted ta
vile obstruere, -struxi, -stnlctes, to close,
obmutescere, -mutui, to be dumb stop up
obnixe, adv., earnestly obstrusus, -a, -urn, covered, concealed
obnoxius, -a, -urn, subject to obstupefacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to
obnubilare, to darken astonish
6bolus, -i, m., a coin worth about four obstupescere, -stupui and -stipui, to
cents be astonished; to be set on edge (of
obrepere, -repsi, -reptus, to crawl to; teeth)
take by surprise obtemperare, to obey
obrigescere, -rigui, to become stiff obtenebrari, dep., to be obscured
obrizus, -a, -urn, finest (referring to obtentus, -us, nL, pleading, prayer
gold) obtestari, dep., to entreat, irnplore,
obruere, -rui, -rutus, to bury; drown; supplicate; call to witness
overwhelm obtinere, -tinui, -tentus, to obtain; pre
obscoenus, -a, -urn, foul vail
obscunire, to darken, obscure obtingere, -tigi, to fall to the lot of
obscure, adv., obscurely obtrectatio, -onis, f., detraction
obscUrus, -a, -urn, dark; in obscUrum, obtundere, -tudi, -tusus, ta make blunt,
in to darkness dull; weaken
obsecrare, to inlplore, beseech obturare, to stop up, close
obsecratio, -onis, f., entreaty, supplica obumbrare, to overshadow
tion, prayer obumbratio, -onis, f., shadow; over
obsecundare, to comply with shadowing
6bsequens, ~ntis, dutiful obviam, adv., on the way
obsequi, -secutus sum, dep. 3, to obey obviare, to meet, go forth to meet
obsequinm, -ii, n., homage, warship, obvius, -a, -urn, in the way, meeting;
servIce obvia venire, to come to meet
obserere, -sevi, -situs, to sow obvolvere, -volvi, -volutus, to wrap
Observans, -antis, m., Observant occasio, -onis, f., occasion
observantia, -ae, f., observance; absti occisus, -us, m., setting (of the sun)
nence occidens, -entis, deathly
observare, to observe; mark; watch accidens, -entis, m., the west; evening
observatio, -onis, f., observance occidentalis, -e, western
obses, -idis, c., hostage ocddere, -cidi, -casus, to set, go down
obsidere, -sedi, -sessus, to beset, in (of the sun)
close occidere, -cidi, -Osus, to put to death
280 LATIN GRAMMAR
occlsio, -onis,t., slaughter odorari, dep., to smell
occisor, -oris, m., killer, murderer odoratus, -us, m., smell; smelling
occubitus, -us, m., setting oecurnenicus, -3, -urn, ecumenical
occulere, -cului, -cuhus, to conceal offendere, -fendi, -fensus, to dash
occultare, to hide against; stumble; offend
occulte, adv., privately offendiculum, -i, n., stumbling block
occwtum, -i, n., hidden thing; secret offensio, -onis, f., offense
or hidden sin offerre, obtuli, oblatus, to offer
occultus, -a, -urn, hidden offertorium, -ii, n., offertory
occumberc, -cubui, -cubitus, to fall, officium, -ii, n., favor, kindness; office;
fall down duty; fulfillment
occupare, to occupy; reach unto; cum offusus, -a, -urn, spread around, con
ber cealing
occupatio, -onis, f., occupation o'ea, -ae, t., olive tree
occu.rrens, -cntis, of the day, current oleaster, -tri, m., wild olive tree
occu.rrere, -curri, -cursus, to Ineet, go oIera, -orum, n. pl., herbs
to nlee t, come to; occur oleum, -i, n., oil
occUrsus, -us, m., meeting; course; olfacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to smell
occurrence; vadere in occUrsurn, to olim, adv., formerly, once
go to n1.eet oliva, -ae, f., olive tree
ocius, adv., quickly Olivetus, -i, n1., Olivet
ocrea, -ae, f., greave olla, -ae, f., pot; caldron; ollas car
octava, -ae, f., octa ve nium, flesh pots
octavus, -a, -urn, eighth olus, -eds, n., herb, pot herb
octennis, at the age of eight omega, omega, the last letter of the
octingentesimus, -a, -urn, eight hun Greek alphabet
dredth omnimodus, -a, -urn, entire, complete
octo, eight omnino, adv., at all
octodecim, eigh teen omnipotens, -entis, almighty, omnipo
octogenarius, -ii, m., octogenarian tent
octogesirnus quintus, -a, -a, -urn, -urn, omnipotentia, -ae, f., might
eigh ty-fifth omnis, -e, all, every
octoginta, eighty; four score omophorion (Greek), bishop's pal
ocularis, -e, ocu lar, eye lium
oculatus, -a, -urn, sharp-eyed; many onager (onagrus), -i, m., wild ass
eyed oneratus, -a, -urn, burdened
oculus, -i, m., eye; ex oculis eorum, onerus, -a, -urn, bu rdensorne
fronl their sight onus, -eris, n., burden
odibilis, -e, hateful onustatus, -a, -urn, burdened, laden
odisse, defect. verb, to hate onustus, -a, -urn, burdened, laden
odium, -ii, n., hatred operari, dep., to work; comInit; trade
odor, -oris, m., smell, odor; savor operarius, -ii, m., laborer
odoramenturn, -i, n., odor operatio, -onis, f., operation; work;
odonire, to smell working; virtue
LATIN GRAMMAR
operator, -oris, m., worker orare, to pray, beseech
operatorius, -a, -urn, conducive to ac oratio, -onis, f., prayer; discourse
tion, nlightily working oratorium, -ii, n., oratory
operimenturn, -i, n., covering oratus, -us, m., entreaty
operire, -perui, -pertus, to cover; over orbatus, -a, -urn, bereaved
whelm orbis, -is, m., world, earth
operosus, -a, -urn, hard, laborious orcus, -i, m., infernal regions
opertorium, -ii, n., cover, vesture ordinare, to ordain; set in array or in
opifex, -£leis, C., worker order; set up
opiflciurn, -ii, n., aid ordinariurn, -ii, n., ord inary
opinio, -onis, f., rumor ordinatio, -onis, f., ordination; ordi
opitulare (-ari), to help nance
opitulatio, -onis, t., help, assistance ordinatus, -a, -urn, orderly
oportere, imperson. verb, 2, to be ordiri, orsus sum, dep. 4, to begin
proper, behoove; ought; must ordo, -inis, m., order, rank
oppetere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to meet, organum, -i, n., organ
meet with, encounter oriens, -entis, m.} the orient; east;
oppidanus, -i, m., townsman, citizen da\vn
oppidulum, -i, n., little town, village oriencilis, -e, oriental, east
oppidum, -i, n., to\vn originalis, -e, original
oppignorare, to pa wn; pledge; give origo, -inis, f., beginning, origin
oppilare, to close up Orionas, -ae, m., Orion
opportune, adv.} conveniently; in sea Oriones, -unl, m. pl., Orion
son oriri, ortus sum, dep. 4, to spring up,
opportunitas, -atis, f., due time; want, come forth, appear, rise
need ornamentum, -i, n., ornament
opportunus, -a, -urn, due ornare, to adorn, garnish
opprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to oppress; ornatus, -us, m., adornment; furniture
lie upon; overlie; overwhelm orphanus, -i, m., orphan
opprobrium, -ii, n., reproach orphanotrophium, -ii, n., orphanage
ops, opis, f., help orthodoxus, -a, -urn, onh odox
optabilis, -e, desirable, desired ortus, -us, m.} rising (of the sun); the
optare, to desire east
optimas, -atis, m., chief, best or most os, oris, n., mouth; edge
important man, aristocrat os, ossis, n., bone
optime, adv., very well Osca, -ae, f., I-I uesca
optimus, -a, -urn, best, perfect oscicire, to gape
optio, -onis, f., choice osculari, dep., to kiss
opus, -eris, n., deed; work; wages; osculum, -i, n., kiss
image; - esse, to need, be neces Osea, -ae, f., Osee
sary; - habere, to have need ostendere, -tendi, -tensus or tentus, to
opusculum, -i, n., little work show, display, expose
ora, -ae, f... coast; border ostensio, -onis, f., show, showing, dis.
oraculum, -i, n., oracle, revelation play; evidence
LATIN GRAMj\fA.R
ostiaria, -ae, t., portress palla, -ae, t., n1antle; curtain
ostiarius, -ii, m., porter pallere, -ui, to grow pale, fade
ostia tim, adv., from door to door palliare, to soften, relieve
Ostia Tiberina, -0 rum, m. pl., Ostia pallium, -ii, n., cloth; garment;
Ostiensis, -e, of Os tia mantle; palliuITI
ostium, -ii, n., door, gate pallor, -oris, m., paleness, pallor
Otho, -onis, m., Otto palma, -ae, t., palm tree; palm of the
otiosus, -3, -urn, idle hand
otium, -ii, n., sloth palmes, -itis, m., branch
ovare, to rejoice palmus, -i, m., span
Ovetensis, -e, of Oviedo palpare, to handle, feel
ovile, -is, n., fold, sheepfold palpebra, -ae, t., eyelid
ovinus, -a, -urn, of a sheep palpitare, to trenlble; blink
ovis, -is, t., sheep palus, -i, m., stake, post
ovum, -i, n., egg Pampelonensis, -e, of Pamplona
Oxomensis, -e, of Osma Pancratius, -ii, n1., Pancras
pandere, pandi, pansus and passus, to
p lay bare, tell, announce
pangere, panxi, panctus and pegi or
pabulum, -i, n., food pepigi, pactus, to make; compose;
pacitrix, -icis, t., peacemaker sing
pacatus, -a, -urn, peaceful panifica, -ae, t., baker
pacifer, -a, -urn, peace-bringing panis, -is, m., bread; loaf
pacificare, to pacify, grant peace Pannonii, -orum, n1. pl., Pannonians
pacifice, adv., peaceably pannus, -i, nl., cloth; pannis, in swad
pacificum, -i, n., peace offering dling clothes
pacificus, -a, -urn, of peace, peaceful Panormitani, -orum, m. pl., people of
pacisci, pactus sum, dep. 3, to cove- Palermo
nan t, make a bargain Papa, -ae, m., Pope
pactum, -i, n., covenant Paphus, -i, t., Paphos
Padus, -i, m., Po River Papia, -ac,t., Pavia
paean, -anis, n., paean, hymn papilio, -onis, m., tent
paedagogus, -i, m., instructor papilla, -ae,t./ nipple; breast
paganus, -i, m., heathen, pagan par, paris, equal, like
pagina, -ae, t., page par, paris, m., t., n., pair, couple
pagus, -i, m., village parabola, -ae, t., parable; byword
Palaestina, -ae, t., Palestine Paraclitus, -i, m., defender, comforter,
Palaestini, -orum, m. pl., Philistines Paraclete, Holy Ghost
palaestra, -ae, t., school, gymnasium paradigma, -atis, n., model, example
palam, adv., openly paradisus, -i, m., paradise
palatium, -ii, n., palace paralyticus, -a, -urn, paralyzed
palatum, -i, n., palate, taste parare, to prepare, provide
palea, -ae, t., straw Parasceve, -es, t., day of preparation;
Palentia, -ae, t., Palencia Parasceve; Good Friday
LATIN GRAMMAR
parce, adv., moderately, sparingly Pascha, -ae, n., Pasch, Passover; Easter
parcere, peperci, parcitus, to spare; paschalis, -e, paschal
forbear; keep Paschalis, -is, m., Paschal
parcimonia, -ae, t., self-denial pascua, -ae, t., pasture
parcitas, -atis, t., frugality; temper· pascualis, -e, of the pasture
ance, sparing use pascuum, -i, n., pasture; pascua, n. pl.,
pardus, -i, m., leopard pasture, pastures
parens, -entis, m. and /., parent pascuus, -a, -urn, relating to a pasture,
parere, to appear; obey grazing
parere, peperi, partus, (io), to bear, passer, -eris, m., sparrow
bring forth, be delivered of a child passibilis, -e, susceptible to pain
paries, -etis, m., wall passim, adv., up and down, here and
Parisiensis, -e, of Paris there, far and wide
Parisii, -orum, m. pl., Paris Passinianum, -i, n., Passignano
pariter, adv., at the same time, to passio, -onis, f., passion, suffering,
gether, with one accord martyrdom.
parochia, -ae, t., parish passus, -us, m., step, pace
parochus, -i, m., parish priest; benefice pastophorium, -ii, n., chamber adjoin
paroecia, -ae, t., parish ing the temple
paropsis, -idis, t., dish pastor, -oris, m., shepherd; pastor
parricida, -ae, C., nlurderer, murderer pastoralis, -e, of a shepherd, shep
of one's own parent, parricide herd's; pastoral; watchful
pars, partis, t., part, portion; partes, pastus, -us, m., food, sustenance
quarters; ex parte, in part Pataviurn, -ii, n., Padua
Parthi, -orum, m. pl., Parthians patena, -ae, f., paten
particeps, -ipis, m. and t., partaker; pater, -tris, m., father
fellow, friend patere, -ui, to be open or extended
participatio, -onis, f., participation; a paterfamilias, patrisfamilias, m., good
being compact man of the house, householder,
particula, -ae, t., part; particle master of the house
partim, adv., partly paternitas, -atis, t., paternity
partiri, dep. 4, to divide, part paternus, -a, -urn, paternal
parturire, to travail patescere, -ui, to lie open or extended
panus, -us, m., bringing forth, birth, pati, passus sum, d~p. 3 (io), to suf
childbirth fer, to end ure
parum, adv., little patibulum, -i, n., gibbet; yoke; ig.
parvipendere, -pependi, -pensus, to nomIny
esteen1 lightly patiens, -entis, patient, long-suffering
parvitas, -atis, t., small quantity patientia, -ae, t., patience
parvulus, -a, -urn, little; (as a noun) Patrae, -arum, t. pl., Patras
child patrare, to perform, accomplish; com
parvus, -a, -urn, li ttle, small mit
pascere, pavi, pastus, to feed, pasture; patria, -ae, t., country, fatherland;
nourish home
LATIN GRAMMAR
patriarcha, -ae, m., patriarch peculium, -ii, n., property
patriarchalis, -e, patriarchal pecunia, -ae, I., money
Patricius; see vicus Patrici pecus, -oris, n., ca ttIe, sheep
patricius, -a, -urn, pa trician pecus, -udis, I., cattle (a single head)
Patricius, -ii, nl., Patrick pedaneus, -a, -urn, pertaining to the
patrius, -a, -urn, pertaining to a father, foot; lignum pedaneurn, allar step
father's pedes, -itis, m., foot solJier, infantry
patrocinium, -ii, n., protection, patron man
age Pedrosum, -i, n., Pedroso
patrona, -ae, ,., patroness, protectress pejor, pejus, worse
patronus, -i, m., defender, advocate, Pelagiani, -orum, m. pl., Pelagians
patron pelagus, -i, n., sea
patruelis, -is, m., cousin Peligni, -orum, n2. pl., Abruzzo Citeri
patmus, -i, m., father's brother, uncle are
patulus, -a, -urn, open) extended pellere, pepuli, pulsus, to cast out
paucitas, -atis, I., fewness pellicanus, -i, nl., pelican
paucus, -a, -urn, few, litt Ie pellicere, -lexi, -lectus, (io), to seduce
paulatim, aliv., little by little pelliceus, -a, -urn, of leather
paullsper, aliv., a little pellicula, -ae, I., little skin
paulo minus, adv., almost pellis, -is, I., ski n, hide; tent cloth, tent
paululum, adv., a very little pelvis, -is, I., basin
Paulus, -i, m., Paul pendere, pependi, to ha ng; depend
pauper, -eris, poor; pauperes, m. pl., pendulus, -a, -urn, ha ngi ng
the poor pene, adv., almost, well-nigh
pauperculus, -a, -urn, poor penes, prep., with; before
panperies, -ei, I., poverty penetrabilis, -e, sharp, piercing
paupertas, -atis, '., poverty, wretched penetralia, -orUffi, n. pl., inmost re
ness cesses; inner chambers, closets; m
pausa, -ae, f., pause most self, spiri t
pavere, pavi, to fear penetrare, to penetrate
pavidus, -a, -urn, fearful, terrified penitus, -a, -um, inward
pavimentum, -i, n., Roor; ground, dust penitus, adv., wholly
pavire, to beat down penna, -ae, I., feather; wing
pavor, -oris, m., fear, terror pennatus, -a, -urn, fea thered, winged
pax, pacis, f., peace; prosperity pensitare, to weigh; pay
paxillus, -i, m., pin pentacontarchus, -i, m., captain over
peccare, to sin fifty men
peccator, -oris, m., sinner Pentecoste, -es, /., Pentecost
peccatrix, -icis, sinful per, through, by
peccatrix, -icis, f., sinner pera, -ae, f., bag, wallet
peccatum, -i, n., sin penigere, -egi, -actus, to finish, accom
pecten, -inis, m., comb plish; attain to; celebrate
pectus, -oris, n., breast peragrare, to travel, wander or pass
peculiaris, -e, peculiar through; visit
LATIN GRAMMAR
perarnanter, adv., very lovingly perfecte, adv., perfectly
perambulare, to walk about perfectio, -onis, /., perfection
percellere, -culi, -culsus, to daunt, re perfectus, -a, -urn, perfect
pel perferre, -tuli, -latus, to bring, bear,
perceptio, -onis, t., partaking carry through, carry up
perdpere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to take, perfieere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to fi nish;
partake, receive; attain; seize; ex perform; nlake perfect, perfect; ac
perience; gi ve ea r to cornplish; render; win
percitus, -a, -urn, aroused, driven perfldia, -ae, t., faithlessness
percoLire, -c6Iui, -cultus, to honor, rev perfidus, -a, -urn, faithless
erence perf6dere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to dig
percontari, dep., to inquire through, break open
percrebrescere, -crebrui, to spread perforare, to pierce
abroad, be well known perfrieatio, -onis, /., rubbing
percrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to increase perfrui, -fractus sum, dep. 3, to enjoy
greatly perfuga, -ae, n1., deserter, fugitive
perculsus, -a, -urn, struck, smitten perfunctio, -onis, /., perfornlance
percupidus, -a, -urn, very c.lesirous perfundere, -fudi, -fusus, to pour forth
percurrere, -curri, and -cucurri, -cur or over; overwhelnl
sus, to ru n through; persevere to pergere, perrexi, perrectus, to go, go
the end forward, continue
percussio, -onis, f., stroke, a beating, Pergis, -is, /., Perga
a striking perhibere, to report, bear witness
percussor, -on is, m., striker; execu periclitari, dep., to be in danger, be
tioner, headsnlan inlperiled
perCl.'ttere, -cussi, -cussus, (io), to strike, periculosus, -a, -urn, dangerous
strike down, snlite; kill perieulum, -i, n., danger, peril
perdere, -didi, -ditus, to lose; destroy perillustris, -c, shin ing
perditio, -onis, f., waste; perdition; perimere, -emi, -emtus (-emptus), to
ruin, destruction slay, destroy
perdolens, -cntis, sorrowing perinde, adv., in a like manner
perducere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring to, peripsema, -atis, n., oftscou ring
lead to or through perire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to fail,
peregre, adv., abroad, into a strange be lost, perish
country peritia, -ae, t., skill
peregrinans, -antis, m., traveler, pil periturus, -a, -urn, perishable
gnm perizoma, -atis, n., apron
peregrinatio, -onis, /., travel, pilgrim perjurare, to swear falsely
age perliminaria, -orum, n. pl., lintels
peregrinus, -a, -urn, stra nge perlinere, -livi and -levi, -litus, to be
peregrinus, -i, m., stranger smear, anoint
peremptor, -oris, m., slayer, destroyer perlucidus, -a, -urn, transparent
perennis, -c, eternal permanere, -mansi, -mansus, to rer.
perennitas, -atis, f., eternity main, continue
LATIN GRAMMAR
perm.1ttere, -misi, -missus, to suffer, persona, -ae, to, person
permit personare, -s6nui, -sonitus, to pro
permixtus, -a, -urn, mingled claim, shout; resound; sing; ring
permovere, -movi, -motus, to arouse, again
agitate personatus, -a, -urn, masked, provided
permwtus, -a, -urn, very much or with a mask
many perspicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to
permutare, to change completely ha ve regard to; look in to
pemicies, -ei, to, disaster perspicuitas, -atis, t.} clearness
pernoctare, to spend the night perspicuus, -a, -urn, evident
penlsus, -a, -urn, ha ting persuadere, -suasi, -suasus, to persuade
perperam, advo, perversely persuasibilis, -e, persuasi ve
perpes, -etis, perpetual persuasio, -onis, to, doctrine
perpessio, -onis, to, suffering, endur perstringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to lay
ance hold upon
perpeti, -passus sum, depo 3 (io), to pertaesus, -a, -urn, thoroughly wearied
suffer, endure, undergo pertentare, to put to the test
perpetrare, to do perterrefactus, -a, -urn, exceedingly
perpetim, advo, continually terrified
perpetuare, to make perpetual, con perterritus, -a, -urn, terrified
tinue pertimescere, -timui, to fear greatly
perpetwtas, -atis, to, perpetuity, eter pertinax, -acis, obstinate
nity pertinere, -tinui, to pertai n to
perpetuo, advo, permanently pertlngere, to come to, extend to
perpetuus, -a, -urn, perpetual, everlast pertractare, to busy oneself with;
ing, unfailing study; celebrate
perphires, -ium, very many pertranslre, to go away; pierce; pass
perpwcher, -chra, -chrum, very beau through
tiful perturbatio, -onis, f., disturbance
perquirere, -sivi, -situs, to seek pertusus, -a, -urn, with holes
Persa, -ae, m 0' Persian Peruanus, -a, -urn, Peruvian
perscribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to write pertingere, -unxi, -unctus, to anoint
down pernrere, -ussi, -ustus, to burn up,
perscrucitio, -onis, fo, scrutiny parch
persecutio, -onis, to, persecution perurgere, -ursi, to urge forward
persecutor, -oris, mo, persecutor Penlsia, -ae, f., Perugia
persequi, -secutus sum, depo 3, to penitilis, -e, very useful
persecute; pursue pervagare, to wander through
perseverare, to continue perverure, -veni, -ventus, to come to,
Persi, -orum, mo plo, Persians attain
Persis, -idis, to} Persia perventio, -onis, to, coming, arrival
perslstere, to resist perventor, -oris, mo, one who comes or
persolvere, -solvi, -sohltus, to offer, arnves
render; discharge perverse, advo, perversely
LATIN GRAMMAR
lJerversitas, -a tis, t.} perverse inclina Philippus Benitius, -i, -ii, m., Philip
tion Benizi
pervertere, -verti, -versus, to pervert Philippus Nerius, -i, -ii, m., Philip
pervetustus, -a, -urn, very old Neri
pervicacia, -ae, t.} stubbornness Philisthaeus, -i, m.} Philistine
pervigil, -ilis, ever watchful Philisthini, -orum, m. pl.} Philistines
pervigihire, to \-va tch Phillstiim, Philistia
pervigilium, -ii, n.} \vatch; eve; vigil Philogonius, -ii, m.} Philogonius
pervincere, -vici, -victus, to OVerCOll1e philosophari, dep.} to philosophize
pervius, -a, -urn, accessible philosophia, -ae, f.} philosophy
pervulgare, to make publicly known philosophicus, -a, -urn, philosophical
pes, pedis, n1.} foot philosophus, -i, m., philosopher
pessirnare, to oppress Phoenice, -es and -is, f.} Phoenicia
pessimus, -a, -urn, \vorst; wicked, evil phreneticus, -a, -urn, fran tic
pestifer, -a, -urn, pestilen tial phthisicus, -a, -urn, consumptive
pestilens, -entis, pestilential phur, Purim, Jewish Feast of Lots that
pestilentia, -ae, f.} pestilence, plague celebrates the deliverance of the
petere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to ask, re Jews from the machinations of
quest, entreat, beseech Arnan
petitio, -onis, f., petition, request phylactcrium, -ii, n.} phylactery
petra, -ae, f., rock piacularis, -e, ex pia tory, purifying
Petra Pertusa, -a, -ae, t.} Pietra Pertusa piaculurn, -i, n.} sin, critne
Petrus, -i, m., Peter Picardia, -ae, f.} Picardy
Petrus Canisius, -i, -ii, m., Peter Cani. Pictavi, -orum, In. pl., Poitiers
SIUS Pictavicnsis, -e, of Poitiers
petuJanter, adv.} wantonly, boldly Picti, -orum, In. pl., Picts
phahinga, -ae, f., band pictor, -oris, m.} painter
phJlerare, to adorn (with medals) pictura, -ae, t.} picture
phantasia, -ae, f.} delusion pie, adv., n1ercifuIly, piously
phantasma, -atis, n.} apparition, phan pientissimus, -a, -urn, most dutiful
tom pietas, -atis, f.} goodness, godliness;
pharetra, -ae, f., quiver pity; loving kindness
Pharisaeus, -i, n1.} Pharisee piger, -gra, -grum, lazy, slothful
pharmacum, -i, n., remedy pigere, in2pers. verb, 2, to cause annoy
phase, -es, f.} phase; rite ance, weary, disgust
Phase, z"lJdecl.} Phase, Passover pignus, -oris and -eris, n.} pledge
Pl:erezaeus, -i, 171., Pherezite pigrare, to be slothful
phiala, -ae, f., vial, phial pigritari, dep., to be slow or slothful
Philadelphii, -orum, 1n. pl.} Phila Pilatus, -i, m., Pilate
delphians pileatus, -a, -urn, wearing a felt cap
Phi!ippenses, -ium, m. pl., Philippians pilosus, -a, -urn, hairy
Philippensis, -e, of Ph iIi ppi pincel-na, -ae, 1n., cupbearer
Philippinae, -arum, f. pl.} Philippines pingere, pinxi, pictus, to paint; adorn
Phillppus, -i" m.} Philip; Philippian pinguedo, -inis, t.} fatness; richness
LATIN GRAMMAR
pinguescere, to grow fat; grow fertile plantariurn, -ii, n., sale of the footl
pinguis, -c, fat; strong; pmguia, n. pI.1 foot
fat meats plantatio, -onis, f., plant; - rosae, rose
pinruiculurn, -i, n., pinnacle plant
Pipmus, -i, m., Pepin planum, -i, n., plain
pinita, -ae, m., pirate planus, -a, -urn, plain, flat
Pisae, -arum, f. pl., Pisa plasma, -atis, n., anything formed;
piscari, dep., to fish creation
piscator, -oris, nl., fisherman plasrnare, to form, fashion
pisciculus, -i, m., little fish plastes, -is, m., maker
piscina, -ae, I., tank for bathing; pool, platanus, -i, /., plane tree
pond; fish market platea, -ae, I., street
piscis, -is, nl., fish plaudere, plausi, plausus, to strike,
Pisis, -C, of Pisa clap
pisticus, -a, -urn, pure, genuine (of plaustrurn, -i, n., cart
nard) plausus, -us, m., applause
pius, -a, -urn, pious, holy; just; pity plebejus, -a, -urn, of the people, ple
ing; merciful, tender, loving beian
pix, picis, I., pitch plebs, -is, f., people
placabilis, -c, appeased plectere, to punish; capite plecti, to be
placare, to appease beheaded
placatio, -onis, I., a soothin~, appeas plectere, plexi and plexui, plexus, to
ing, propitiating, propitiation; ran braid, plait
som pleniter, adv., fully, completely
Placentia, -ae, f., Piacenza plenitudo, -inis, /., fullness; fulfilling;
placere, -ui or placatus sum, to please; full assembly
placet, inlpers., it is pleasing plenius, adv., rnore fully
placide, adv., peacefu tJy plenus, -a, -urn, full; plentiful
phicidus, -a, -urn, favorable plorare, to bewail, lanlent, weep
Placidus, -i, m., Placid plonitus, -us, n2., larnentation
placitus, -a, -urn, acceptable pluere, plui or pluvi, to rain
plaga, -ae, I., blow, stripe, scourge, pluITlbatum, -i, n., whip weighted
stroke; wound; plague with lead, plummet
plaga, -ae, I., flat surface, tract of land, plumbum, -i, n., leao
district, zone, plain, desert pluralis, -e, plural
plagare, to wou nd pluraliter, adv., in the plural
plagatus, -a, -urn, sore, wounded pluries, adv., frequently
planare, to make plain plurimus, -a, -urn, very many; very
planctus, -us, n'l.,' mourning great
plane, adv., surely plus, adj. and adv., more; - quam,
plangere, planxi, planctus, to bewail more than
planities, -ei, f., plain plusculus, -a, -urn, many
planta, -ae, I., sole of the foot pluvia, -ae, f., rain
plancire, to plant; set in place; create p6culurn, -i, n., goblet; drink
LATIN GRAMMAR
Podium, -ii, n., Le Puy pontificiJis, -c, pontifical
poena, -ae, f., pain pontificatus, -us, m., pontificate, reign
poenitens, -entis, penitent pontificium, -ii, n., pontifical power
poenitentia, -ae, f., repentance; pen pontificus, -a, -urn, pontifical, papal
ance Pontiniaeensis, -c, of Pan tigni
poenitentiarius, -ii, m., penitentiary Pontiniacum, -i, n., Pontigni
poenitere (paenitere), to repent; poe Pontius Pilatus, -ii. -i, m., Pontius
nitet, inlpers., one repents or is dis Pilate
pleased pontus, -i, m., the deep, the sea
poesis, -is or -eos, f., poetry popina, -ae, f., food, fare
poeta, -ae, m., poet populares, -ium, m. pl., the people
politus, -a, -urn, polite, polished populus, -i, m., people; in populis,
pollere, to be strong among the nations
polliceri, dep. 2, to promise poreinus, -a, -urn, of swine
pollicitatio, -onis, f., promise poreus, -i, m., pig
polhlere, -ui, -utus, to pollute, defile, porosus, -a, -urn, porous
profane Porphyrius, -ii, m., Porphyry
polltitio, -onis, f., defilement porreetus, -a, -urn, stretched out
Polocensis, -e, of Polotsk porrigere, -rexi, -rectus, to stretch
Polonia, -ae, I., Poland forth
Polonus, -a, -urn, Pol ish porrigo, -inis, f., dandruff; itch; lice
polus, -i, TrI., sky, heaven porro, adv., but
Polycarpus, -i, m., Pol ycarp porta, -ae, f., gate; - aquarum, water
Polychronis, -is, nl., Polychron gate
polymitus, -a, -urn, of divers colors portire, to carry; uphold
pomarium, -ii, n., orchard Portellus, -i, nl., Portello
pOmifer, -a, -urn, fruit, fruit-bearing portendere t -tendi, -tentus, to portend,
pompa, -ae, I., pomp presage
Pompejus, -i, m., Pompey portentum, -i, n., wonder, portent
Pomposianus, -a, -urn, of Pomposia porticus, -i, n1., porch
pomum, -i, n., apple portio, -onis, f., portion
porn us, -i, f., fruit Lree portitor.. -oris, m., bearer, carrier
ponderare, to weigh Portuensis, -c, of Porto
pondenitor, -oris, m., weigher portus, -us, m., port, harbor
pondus, -eris, n., load, weight, burden pOscere, poposci, to ask, beseech
ponere, posui, positus, to put, set; lay posse, potui, to be able, can
down or aside; make possessio, -onis, f., possession
Pontia, -ae, I., Ponza, Isola di Panza possessor, -ris, m., possessor
Pontianis (de), de' Pontiani poss:ibilis, -e, possible
Pontianus, -i, m., Pontian possibilitas, -atis, f., possibility; power
Ponticus, -a, -urn, Pontic; mare Ponti post, prep., after
cum, Black Sea posteommtinio, -onis, f., postcommun
pOntifex, -icis, m., pan tiff; bishop; Ion
high priest; - maximus, pope postea, adv., afterward, hereafter
LATIN GRAMMAR
possidere, -sedi, -sessus, to possess, get praeceptum, -i, n., precept, command
possession of praecessor, -oris, n2., leader
posteri, -0 rum, m. pl., descendants, praecidere, -cidi, -cisus, to cut, cut
posterity down or off
posterior, -ius, later, p0sterior; poste praecinere, -cecini and -cinui, -<:entus,
riora, n. pl., hinder parts to sing; sing or play before
posterius, adv., after\vard, ber praecingere, -cinxi, -cinctus, to gird
posthabere, to esteem less praecipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to
posticum, -i, n., back door teach, instruct; cornn1and
postis, -is, m., door post, side 5t praecipitare, to cast head long
postlinlinium, -ii, n., a return 1", ,rne praecipitatio, -onis, t., ruin
postmodum, adv., after, after\\!;rd praecipitium, -ii, f/., precipice
postponere, -posui, -positus, tu put praecipuus, -a, -urn, special
after praec};ire, adv., excellently, with dis
postquam, conj., after, as soon as tinction
postrcmo, adv., lastly praec1arus, -a, -urn, excellent, glori
postulare, to ask, pray for; require ous; goodly; in praec1aris, in goodly
postulatio, -onis, t., entreaty, prayer; places
hope praeco, -onis, m., crier, herald
potibilis, -e, fit to drink praecognitus, -a, -urn, known before
potare, to drink, give to drink hand
potatio, -onis,t., drink; drinking praeconium, -ii, n., praise; excellence
potens, -entis, n1ighty, powerful praecordia, -orum, n.p/., hearts
potentatus, -us, m., power, n11ght praecurrere, -curri and -cucurri, -cur
potenter, adv., powerfully sus, to run before; take precedence
potentia, -ae, t., power over
potestas, -atis, t., power, authority, praecursor, -oris, m., one who runs be
jurisdiction fore; precursor
potior, -ius, better, greater, more ex praeda, -ae, t., spoils of war, booty;
cellent; preferable prey
potiri, d~p. 4, to get possession of, ob praedari, dep., to plunder
tain praedatio, -onis, t., taking of spoils,
potissimus, adv., chiefly, especially robbery
potius, adv., rather praedecessor, -oris, m., predecessor
potus, -us, m., drink praedestinare, to ordain
prae, prep., before; because of praedestinatio, -onis, t., predestination
praeambulus, -a, -urn, going before praedestinatus, -a, -urn, predestinated
praebere, to grant, offer, furnish, af praedicabilis, -e, worthy of being spok
ford en of
praecedere, -cessi, -cessus, to go before, praedicans, -antis, m., preacher
precede praedicare, to shout, proclaim; de
praecellere, to excel clare; preach
praeceps, -ipitis, headlong praedicatio, -onis, t., preaching;
praeceptor, -oris, m., master praise
LATIN GRAMMAR
praedicator, -oris, m., preacher praemeditare (-ari), to meditate be
praedicere, -dixi, -dictus, to say be fore, premeditate
fore; foretell praemium, -ii, 11., gift, reward, prize
praedictus, -a, -urn, aforesaid praemonstrare, to mark out, point out,
praeditus, -a, -urn, endowed indicate
praedium, -ii, 11., farm, estate Praemonstratensis, -e, Premonstraten-
praedocere, -docui, -doctus, to teach SIan
beforehand Praemonstratus, -i, m., Premontre
praedulcis, -e, very sweet Praeneste, -is, n. and t., Palestrind
praeellgere, -legi, -lectus, to choose be Praenestinus, -a, -urn, of Palestrina
fore, forechoose praenobilis, -e, distinguished
praeeminere, to excel, be remarkable praenoscere, -novi, -notus, to know
praeesse, -fui, to rule beforehand, foreknow
praefatio, -onis, t., preface praenotare, to indicate, mark
praefatus, -a, -urn, aforesaid, above praenuntiare, to sho\v before
mentioned praenuntius, -ii, m., forerunner
praefectus, -i, m., prefect; overseer; praeoccupare, to come before; over
governor take; take by surprise
praeferox, -ocis, very cruel praeordinatus, -a, -urn, preordained
praefigurare, to prefigure praeparare, to prepare
praefinire, to appoin t praeparatio, -onis, t., preparation
praefinitio, -onis,t., purpose praepedire, to fetter, shackle, obstruct
praefocare, to su f10ca te; drown praepinguis, -e, very rich
praegnans, -antis, being with child praeponere, -posui, -positus, to prefer
praegrandis, -e, very great praepositura, -ae, /., archdeaconry
praegravare, to weigh upon, op praepositus, -i, m., overseer, head, gov
press ernor; prelate; Praepositus Genera
praegustare, to taste beforehand lis, general
praeintonatio, -onis, /., intoning be praeposterus, -3, -urn, inverted, re
forehand versed
praeire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go praepotens, -entis, mighty
before praeproperus, -a, -urn, overhasty
praelatio, -onis, /., bearing forward, praeputium, -ii, n., prepuce, foreskin,
guidance; preferment; dignity un circumcision
praeliare, to fight praeripere, ...ripui, -reptus, (io), to
praeliator, -oris, warring; (as a noun) carry off
warnor praerogativa, -3e, /., privilege, preroga
praelibatio, -onis, /., oblation tive
praelium (proelium), -ii, n., battle; praesagire, to foretell
war praesagus, -3, -urn, predicting
praelucere, -luxi, to ou tshine, surpass praescientia, -3e, /., foreknowledge
praeludium, -ii, n., eve praescire, -scivi, -scitus, to foresee
praematurus, -a, "UID, premature; praescius, -3, -urn, having a forebod
eager ing
LATIN GRAMMAR
praeseferre (prae ~ ferre), -tuli, -latus, praetorium, -ii, n., governor's hall;
to display; praeseferente, bearing hall; palace
before himself, displaying praetorius, -a, -urn, pretorian
praesens, -entis, present praevalere, to prevail
praesentare, to present praevaricari, d~p., to rebel, transgress;
praesentia, -ae, f.1 presence be guilty of collusion; prevaricate
praesepe, -is, n manger
01 praevaricatio, -onis, f., transgression;
praesepium, -ii, nO stall; manger
I prevarication
praesertim, alivo especially
l praevaricator, -oris, mOl transgressor
praeses, -idis, m. and f., president; praeveniens, -entis, prevenien t, preced
governor; abbess ing
praesidere, -sedi, to aid, protect praevenire, -veni, -ventus, to prevent,
praesidium, .ii, nO defenseI anticipate; guide; direct; look for
praesignare, to foreshadow, represent ward to; precede, go before
praestabilis, -e, remarkable, pre-emi praevidere, -vidi, -visus, to foresee
nen t, powerfu I praevius, -a, -urn, going before, pre
praestans, -antis, gracious ceding
praestantia, -ae, f., superiority, excel Praga, -ae, f., Prague
lence Pragensis, -e, of Prague
praestare, -stiti, -stitus, to give, grant, prandere, prandi, pransus, 2, to eat
bestow; accomplish pnindium, -ii, n., dinner
praestigiator, -oris, m., juggler; de pratum, -i, n., meadow
ceIver pravitas, -atis, f., evil, wickedness,
praesto, adv. here; ready
1 guilt
praestolari, dep.. to wait for; perform pravus, -a, -urn, crooked; perverse,
praestringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to bind evil
up precari, d~p., to pray, beseech
praesul, -is, c., protector precitio, -onis, f., prayer
praesUmere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to take precator, -oris, m., one who prays or
before; presume entreats
praetendere, -tendi, -tentus, to stretch precatus, -us, m., prayer, entreaty
out before, extend; present to, grant predicator, -oris, m. preacher
1
praeter, prep.1 besides, except, but premere, pressi, pressus, to press, press
praeterea, adv., besides, further, and upon; oppress
praetergredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3 (io), prendere, prendi and prendidi, pren
to go beyond, transgress; pass by sus, to catch
praeterire, -ivi and -itus, (eo), to pass presbyter, -i, m., priest
by or away; transgress presbyteratus, -us, m. priesthood
1
praeteritus, -a, -urn, past presencitio, -onis, f.1 presentation

praeterntlttere, -misi, -missus, to neg pressare, to press; d istress
lect, omit pressura, -ae, f., distress, anguish, op
praetervehi, -vectus sum, d~p. 3, to be pression
carried past; sail past pretiosus, -a, -um, of great price, pre
praetor, -oris, m., praetor CIOUS
LATIN GRAMMAR
prex, precis, f., prayer; preces, pl., privatus, -a, -urn, private
prayer, prayers privilegiatus, -a, -urn, privileged
pretium, -ii, n., price, money; ransom privilegium, -ii, n., privilege
money pro, prep., for; through; in behalf of;
pridie, adv., on the day before as a result of; instead of
prima, -ae, m., primate probabilius, adv., more probably
prima, -ae, I., prime probare, to prove; approve
primaevus, -a, -urn, youthful probaticus, -a, -urn, sheep cleansing;
primatus, -us, n1., chief place, primacy probatic
primitiae, -arum, I. pl., first fruits probatio, -onis, f., proof, test, trial
primitivus, -a, -urn, first, first-born probrurn, -i, n., shame, disgrace, re
prirnitus, adv., first, for the first time proach, sin
prirnogenitum, -i, n., first birthright probus, -a, -um, ha ppy
primogenitura, -ae, /., primogeniture procedere, -cessi, -cessus, to come or
primogenitus, -a, -um, first-born go forth; proceed (from); - in
primordium, -ii, n., the first begin diebus multis, to be far advanced
ning, origin in years
prirnum, adv., first, at first; in the procella, -ae, I., tempest, storm
first place procer, -eris, m., noble, prince
primus, -a, -urn, first; in primis, in procidere, -cidi, to fall down
the first place procinctus, -us, m., preparation to set
primus, -i, In., cbief man forth (a state of being girded)
princeps, -ipis, nl., prince, chief, gen procreare, to beget
eral, ruler; principes sacerdotum, proconsul, -is, m., proconsul
chief priests proconsularis, -e, proconsular
principalis, -e, perfect; free procul, adv., afar off
principalitas, -atis, I., principality proculdubio, adv., without doubt
principaliter, adv., in the first place, procurare, to govern, administer
from the beginning procurator, -oris, nl., steward
principari, dep., to begin procus, -i, rn., wooer, suitor
principatus, -us, nL, principality; mar prodere, -didi, -ditus, to bring forth;
quisate; rule become profitable; betray
principium, -ii, n., beginning, source, prodesse (prosum), profui, to avail,
foundation; sovereignty; principal profit, benefit, be advan tageous
ity prodigium, -ii, n., wonder
prinus, -i, I., holm tree prodigus, -a, -um, prodigal
prior, -ius, first, former, previous prodire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to
Priscillianistae, -arum, m. pl., Priseil corne out or forth
lianists proditor, -oris, nl., traitor, betrayer
priscus, -a, -urn, original, ancient producere, -duxi, -ductus, to shoot
pristinus, -a, -urn, former forth, produce; make grow
prius, adv., before proelium (praelium), -ii, n., battle;
priusquam, conj., before war
privare, to deprive, withhold profanare, to profane
LATIN GRAMMAR
profari, dep., to speak in behalf of prolixius, adv., the longer
profectio, -onis, t., journey; departure prolongare, to lengthen, prolong
profccto, adv., truly, really, certainly, prolongatus, -a, -urn, long
doubtless proloqui, -locutus sum, dep. 3, to speak
profcctus, -us, m., source out, declare
proferre, -tuli, -latus, to bring out or proludere, -lusi, -lusus, to practice be
forth; lay before, display forehand
profcssio, -onis, /., profession proluere, -ui, -utus, to wash out.
professor, -oris, nL. professor promanare, to emanate or derive from
proficcre, -feci, -fectus, (io), to avail; promere, prompsi, promptus, to bring
advance, increase, contribute to; go forth, utter
forth; prevail promerere (..cri), to merit, deserve; ob
proficuus, -a, -urn, profitable tain
profisclci, -fcctus SUlll, dep. 3, to go, promicare, to shine forth
set out or forth pronussio, -onis, t., promise
profiteri, -fessus sum, dep. 2, to pro promissum, -i, n., promise
fess; be enrolled promittere, -misi, -missus, to promise
proHigare, to scatter; overthro\v; abol promotor, -oris, m., encourager, pro
ish moter, cham pion
prof]uere, -fluxi, -£luxus, to flow forth promotus, -a, -urn, promoted, raised
profluvium, -ii, n., f1o\ving, flowing promptuarium, -ii, n., storehouse;
forth pantry
profugns, -a, -urn, fugitive promptus, -a, -urn, willing, ready
profundum, -i, n., depth promptus, -us, nl., visibility, in
profundus, -a, -urn, deep pronlptu, manifest
profusio, -onis, t., pouring out, profu promulgare, to make known, publish
SIon pronuntiare, to speak, declare, pro
profutu.rus, -a, -urn, profitable nounce; show; threaten
progencrator, -oris, m., progenitor, an pronus, -a, -urn, flat, prone; inclined,
cestor bent forward; on his siJe
progenies, -ei, f., progeny, offspring, Propaganda, -ae, t., abbr. for the phrase
generation; a generatione et proge de propaganda fide
nie, fronl generation to generation propagare, to spread
progredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3 (io), to propagatio, -onis, t., spreading, propa
go further gation
proh!, interj., oh! ahl propagator, -oris, m., propagator
prohibCre, to restrain, forbid propago, -inis, /., shoot, branch; gen
proinde, adv., hence eration
projicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to cast propalare, to make manifest
a\vay, do\vn or upon prope, adv., near, at hand
proLitio, -onis, /., pronouncement propemodum, adv., almost
proles, -is, t., offspring propensius, adv., mercifully; speedily
prolixe, adv., freely, abundantly propensus, -a, -urn, disposed to
prolixitas, -atis, /., fullness properare, to hasten
LATIN GRAMMAR 295
propheta, -ae, nl., prophet prorsus, adv' J turned toward; wholly;
prophecilis, -e, of a prophet, propheti at all
cal prosa, -ae, f., prose
prophetare, to prophesy proselytus, -i, n., proselyte
prophetes, -is, nl., prophet prosequi, -secutus sum, dep. 3, to fur
prophetia, -ae, f., prophecy ther; honor, regard, hear; look dO'wn
propheticus, -a, -urn, prophetic upon
prophetlssa, -ae, f., prophetess prosillre, -ui, to spring, leap forth
propinare, to after a drink to prospector, -oris, m., provider, t,ruard-
propinquare, to approach; attain Ian
propinquitas, -atis, f., nearness; rela ~rosperari, dep., to prosper
tionship prosp ::re, adv., prosperously
propinquus, -a, -urn, near of kin; near, prosperitas, -atis, t., prosperity
approaching prosper, -a, -urn, prosperous, well;
propior, -ius, nearer prospera, n. pl., prosperous things,
propitiabilis, -e, propitious prosperity; good tidings
propitiare, (-ari), to be merciful or prospicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to
fa vorahle look; foresee
propitiatio, -onis, t., forgiveness, clem prosternere, -stravi, -stratus, to strew
ency, fa vor; propi tia tion or spread before; present; over
propitiatorium, -ii, n., propitiatory, throw, prostrate, hUlnble; (reflex
I11ercy seat ive), to fall down, prostrate oneself
propitius, -a, -urn, merciful, gracious, prostibulum, -i, stews, brot hel
propitious prostituere, -ui, -utus, to prostitute
proponere, -posui, -positus, to lay or prostitutio, -onis, f., fornication
set before prostratus, -a, -urn, I yi I1g on the
propositio, -onis, t., setting forth, prop ground, hurnble, prostrate
osition; text; riddle Protasius, -ii, m.} Protase
propositum, -i, n., plan, design, pur protectio, -onis, t., protection
pose protector, -oris, nl., protector
proprletas, -atis, f., peculiarity, distinc protegere, -texti, -tectus, to cover; pru
tion teet, help, defend
propriurn, -ii, n., proper protendere, -tendi, -tentus and -tensus,
proprius, -a, -urn, one's own to hold up
propter, prep., for, because of, by rea proterere, -trivi, -tritus, to trample un
son of der foot
propterea, adv., therefore protervus, -a, -urn, stubborn
propugnaculum, -i, n., rampart, bul protinus, adv.} constantly, immedi
wark ately
propugnator, -oris, m., defender protomartyr, -is, m., protomartyr
propulsare, to repel protoplastus, -i, m.} the first nlan,
proripere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to rush ALlarn
forth, escape protrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to draw
prorogare, to defer, put off out, extend; renlain
LATIN GRAMMAR
prout, con;., according as publice, adv., openly; at public expense
provectio, -onis, I., advancement, prog publicus, -a, -urn, public
ress pudere (usually impersonal), to be
provectus, -a, -urn, advanced in age ashamed
provehere, -vexi, -vectus, to lead on pudicitia, -ae, t., purity
provenire, -veni, -ventus, to come for; purlieus, -a, -urn, chaste
be granted pudor, -oris, m., modesty, purity,
proventus, -us, m., issue, result; crop; shame; maidenhood
revenue puella, -ae, I., girl, maid, damsel
proverbium, -ii, n., proverb puellus, -i, m., boy, child
providentia, -ae, I., providence puer, -i, m., boy, child; young man;
providere, -vidi, -visus, to provide; set; servant
see, behold puerilis, -e, childish
provincia, -ae, I., province pueritia, -ae, I., childhood, boyhood,
Provincia, -ae, I., Provence girlhood
provisor, -oris, m., provider puerpera, -ae, I., child-bearer, mother
provocare, to provoke puerpenls, -a, -urn, child-bearing
provohitus, -a, -urn, lying prostrate pugillaris, -is, m., writing tablet
prov6lvere, -volvi, -vohitus, to throw pugHlus, -i, m., handful
oneself down pugio, -onis, I., dagger, sword
pr6ximus, -a, -urn, near, neighbor pugna, -ae, I., ba ttIe
ing; in proximo, near at hand pugnare, to fight, do b:tttle
proximus, -i, m., neighbor pugnator, -oris, m., fighter, warrior
prudens, -entis, wise pugnus, -i, m., fist
prudenter, adll., wisely pulcher, -chra, -chrum, fair, beautiful
prudentia, -ae, I., prudence, wisdom, pulchritudo, -inis, I., beauty
understanding pullulare, to sprout
pruina, -ae, I., hoar frost pullus, -i, m., young of animals; colt;
pruna, -ae, I., live coal chicken
pruriens, -entis, itching pulmentarium, -ii, n., anything to eat
psallere, to sing, gi ve praise pulmentum, -i, n., savory meat; pot
psalrnista, -ae, m., psalmist tage
psalmodia, -ae, j., singing of psalms, pulsare, to knock; beset
psalmody pulvinar. -aris, n., pillow
psalmus, -i, m., psalm pulvis, -eris, tn., dust; ashes
psalterium, -ii, n., psalter; psaltery punctio, -onis, j., pricking
pseudochristus, -i, m., false Christ punctum, -i, n., a very small space;
pseudopropheta, -ae, m., false prophet moment
Ptolemaeus, -i, m., Ptolemee pungere, pupugi, punctus, to pierce
Ptolemensis, -e, of Ptolemais; inhab Punicus, -a, -urn, Carthaginian, Punic
itan t of Ptolemais punire, to punish
publicanus, -i, m., publican pupilla, -ae, j., pupil of the eye
publicare, to publish; make a public pupillus, -i, m., orphan
example of purgamenturn, -i, n., refuse
LATIN GRAMMAR 297
purgare, to purify, purge Quadratianus, "'3, -urn, Quadratian
purgatio, -onis, /., purgation, expia quadriga, -ae, f., chariot
tion, purification quadringenti, -ae, -a, four hundred
purgatorium, -ii, n., purgatory quadrupes, -edis, m. and /., four-footed
purgatus, -a, -urn, cleansed beast
purificare, to purify, cleanse quadruplum, fourfold
purificatio, -onis, ,., purification quaerere, -sivi or -sii, -situs, to seek;
puritas, -atis, /., purity require; reason
pUrpura, -ae, f., purple; regis purpura, quaesere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to beseech
royal purple quaestio, -onis, /., question, inquiry
purpuratus, -a, -urn, empurpled; clad quaestor, -oris, m., q uaestor, pardoner
in purple quaestuosus, -a, -urn, profitable
purpureus, -a, -urn, purple quaestus, -us, m., gain
purus, -a, -urn, pure, clean qualis, -e, what manner? what sort?
pusillanimis, -e, fainthearted; feebIe what kind?; as
nlinded qualitas, -atis, /., quality
pusillanimitas, -atis, faintheartedness qualiter, adv., how, in what manner;
pusillum, -i, fl., a liltle as, just as
pusillus, -a, -urn, little quam, adv., than, rather than; howl
putare, to think; puta, for example, quamdiu, conj., as long as, while; un
suppose til; how long?
putatio, -on is, /., pruning quarnobrern, adv., wherefore
putatIve, adv., supposedly quarnplmimi, -ae, -a, as many as pos
putativus, -a, -urn, reputed sible
Puteolanus, -a, -urn, of Pozzuolo quam vis, conj., although; adv., even
Puteoli, -orum, 1n. pl., Pozzuulo quando, adv., when
puteus, -i, n1., pit, well quandoquidem, conJ., since, because,
putredo, -in is, f., rotten ness seeing that
putrefactus, -a, -urn, rotten quantillus, -a, -urn, how little
putrescere, -ui, to become rotten quantocius, adv., sooner, nlore quickly
putris, -e, rotten, nlortifying quantum, adv., as much as
pytho, -onis, In., spirit of a diviner quantus, -a, -urn, what, how great,
how much; quanta ••. tanto, the
more . . . the more
Q
quantuslibet, -talibet, -tUmlibet, how
qua . • . qua, adt partly . . . partly
l ., ever great
quacumque, adv., whatsoever quapropter, adv., wherefore
quadragenarius, -a, -urn, of forty days quare, adv., why
quadrageni, -ae, -a, forty each quartus, -a, -urn, fourth
quadragesirna, -ae, f., Lent quartus decimus, -a, -a, -urn, -urn,
quadragesimalis, -e, of forty days; fourteenth
Lenten Quarurn, -i, n., Quero
quadraginta, forty quasi, adv., as if, like, as it were; about
quadrare, to fit exactly, correspond to quassatio, -onis, f., affliction, scourge
LATIN GRAMMAR
quatenus, adv., how far, in so far as; quinquaginta, fifty
so that quinque, five
quater, adv., four times quinquennis, at the age of five
quatere, quassi, quassus, (io), to shake quinquennium, -ii, n., a period of five
quaternio, -onis, /., quaternion; a body years
of four soldiers quinquies, five times
quatriduanus, -a, -urn, of four days quintus, -a, -urn, fifth
quatriduum, -i, n., space of four days quintusdecimus, -a, -a, -urn, -urn, fif
quatuor, four teenth
quatuordecirn, fourteen quippe, con;., for, certainly
-que, conj., el1chtlc, and quippiam (quidpiam), anyone (any
que is =quibus thing)
quelnadrnodum, adv., as, just as quire (queo), -ivi and -ii, -itus, to be
quercus, -us, t., oak able, can
querela, -ae, t., cOlnp12int~ biame quis, quid, interrog. pron., who?
querinl0nia, -ae, t., cOIl1plaint what?
questus, -us, rn., conlplaint, lament quis, quid, inde/. pron., anyone, any
qui, quae, quod, who, \vhich, what thing
quia, con;., for, because; that quisnam, quidnam, who then? what
quid, \vhat? why? ut quid, to what then?
purpose qUlspiam, quaepiam, quodpiam and
quidam, quaedam, quoddam and subst. quidpiam or qUlppiam, any
StlbJt. quiddam, a certain person or one, anything, some one, something
thing; sorne, sonle one, sonlething quisquam, quaequam, quidquam, any
quidem, adv., indeed person, anybody, anyone, anything
quidnam, \V l1a t then? quisque, quaeque, quidque and adj.
quies, -ctis, t., rest, quiet quodque, each, every, everyone.
quiescens, -entis, of rest or quiet everybody, everything
quiescere, -evi, -etus, to be still; cease quisquis, quaequae, quidquid, and
quietus, -a, -urn, quiet, peaceful adj. quodquod, any, each, whoever,
quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet and \vhatever
subs!. quidlibet, any, anyone, any quo, adv., whither; so that
thing whatsoever quoadusque, conJ., until
quin, con;., that not quocirca, adv., therefore, on that ac
quinarius, -a, -urn, five count
1]uindecim, fifteen quocumque, adv., whithersoever, to
quingentesimus, -3, -urn, five hun whatever place
dredth quod, that, which, what; because
quingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred quodammodo, adv., in a certain way;
quinimmo (quinimo), adv., yea rather as it \vere
quinquagenarius, -a, -urn, fifty in num quodcumque, whatsoever
ber quomodo, adv., as, how?
quinquagesima: dominica in - , Quin quomodocUmque, adv., in any way
quagesima Sunday quondam, adv., formerly, once
LATIN GRAMMAR 299
quoniam, conj.} for, because, since; rationabilis, -e, reasonable, rational;
that rationabilia, n. pl., truths
quoque, adv., also rationaIis, -e, rational
quot, how many; quotquot, however ratus, -a, -urn, settled, ratified, valid
rnany raucitas, -atis, t., harshness
quotannis, ad!!., yearly raucus, -a, -urn, bOJrse
quotidianus, -a, -urn, daily Ravennas, -atis, belonging to or an in·
quotidie, adzJ., daily, every day habitant of Ravenna
quoties~ adv., how often Ravennatensis, -e, of Ravenna
quotiescumque, adv" as often as Raymundus, -i, nL, Rayrnund
quousque, adv" how long? Raymundus Nonnatus, -i, -i, m., Ray
quum (cum), conj.} when, since, as I11und Nonnatus
often as re-, prefix sometirnes used for empha
sis; reipsa cum carne, with the very
flesh itself
R
reaedificare, to rebuild
rabbi, rabbi, master realis, -c, real
rabidus, -a, -urn, mad reamplecti, -plexus sum, dep. J. to en~-
rabies, ·-ei, /., ravening brace again
raca, silly person reapse, adv., indeed, in truth
racemus, -i, n1., cluster reatus, -us, m., guilt, fault
radere, rasi, rasus, to scrape away rebellare, to rebel
radicire, to strike root rebellio, -onis, j" rrbellion
radicatus, -a, -urn, rooted rebeIlis, -e, rebellious
radicitus~ adz l ., by the roots recalcitrare, to kick
radius, -ii, 111., ray recapitulatio, -onis, t., repetition
radix, -icis~ t., root; radices, pl., base; Reccaredus, -i, n1., Recared
in radicibus, at the foot recedere, -cessi, -cessus, to fall away,
ramus, -i, 111., branch, bough depart or stray f rorTI
rana, -ae, I., frog recens, -cntis, recent, new
rapax, -acis, ravening recensere, to review, reca 11, celebrate
rapax, -acis, n1., extortioner receptaculum, -i, n" vessel, receptacle
rapere, -ui, raptus, (io), to seize, catch, receptibilis, -c, acceptable
take by force, take or carry up; pluck receptor, -oris, Tn" receiver
nipiens, -cntis, ravening reclpere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to receive,
rapina, -ae, t., robbery recover
raptor, -oris, n1., extortioner; robber recitare, to recite
raptus, -a, -urn, to be caught or carried recitatio, -onis,t., recitation
up; rapt reclinare, to lay
rarus, -a, -urn, strange recogitare, to consider, reflect
Rastislaus, -i, n2., Rastislav recognitio, -onis, t., recognition, ex
ratis, -is, t., raft, float amination
ratio, -onis, t., reckoning, retribution; recolere, -colui, -cuItus, to contem
account; rule, way; reasoning plate, recollect
3°0 LATIN GRAMMAR
reconcilhlre, to reconcile refertus, -a, -urn, crowded
reconciliatio, -onis, fo, reconciliation reficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to refresh;
reconciliator, -oris, mo, intermediary mend, repair

recondere, -didi, -ditus, to lay up reflexus, -a, -urn, crooked
recordari, depo, to remember reflorescere, -florui, to flourish or
recordatio, -onis, fo, memory, remem bloom again
brance; record refluus, -a, -urn, flowing back
recreare, to refresh, treat refocillare, to relieve
recte, adv., rightly, well reformare, to renew, reform
rectitudo, -inis, fo, rightness; right reformatio, -onis, fo, reformation
eousness reforrnidcire, to dread
rector, -oris, mo, ruler refovere, -fovi, -fotus, to refresh, re
rectus, -a, -urn, right, upright, right vIve
eous, straigh t refraenare, to restrain
recubare, to recline refragari, dep., to oppose
recubitus, -us, m 0, seat refrenare, to bridle
recllinbere, -cubui, to lean; recline, sit refrigerare, to cool; refresh
down; be at table refrigerium, -ii, no, refreshment, recre
recuperare, to recover ation
recurrere, -curri, -cursus, to occur refrigescere, -frixi, to grow cold
recusare, to refuse refuga, -ae, mo, forsaker
redarnare, to return love for love refugium, -ii, n., refuge
redargutio, -onis, fo, retort refulgere, -fulsi, to shine brightly
reddere, -didi, -ditus, to restore, ren refundere, -fudi, -fusus, to pour back.
der, pay restore
reddltio, -onis, f., return, restoration regalis, -e, regal, royal
redemptio, -onis, fo, redemption, de regeneratio, -onis, fo, regeneration
liverance regenerator, -oris, mo, regenerator
redernptor, -oris, m., redeemer regere, rexi, rectus, to govern
redigere, -egi, -actus, to bring down regimen, -inis, no, government, diC(~c-
redimere, -erni, -emptus, to red eem tion
redintegrare, to raise up, restore regina, -ae, fo, queen
redire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to re regio, -onis, fo, region, country
turn; pay regius, -a, -urn, of a king, royal
reditus, -us, mo, return; revenue regnare, to reign
redonare, to give back regnum, -i, no, kingdom
reducere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring back regredi, -gressus sum, (io), to go back,
or again; draw back return
redundare, to overflow regula, -ae, f 0' rule
redux, -ucis, returned regularis, -e, regular
refectio, -onis, fo, refreshment; refec regulus, -i, mo, nobleman, ruler; basi
tory lisk
refellere, -felli, to refute, disprove reinvenire, -veni, -ventus, to find
referre, -tuli, -latus, to yield; tell, refer again
LATIN GRAMMAR 3°1
refpse, -3, -um, the very (re- is for renes, -um and -ium, m. pl., kidneys,
emphasis) loins, reins
rehitus, -us, m., narrative, recital renidere, to shine
relaxare, to loose, forgive reniti, dep. 3, to oppose
relegare, to remove, banish renovare, to renew, build anew
relt~gere, -legi, -lectus, to traverse renovatio, -onis, t., renovation
again, collect renuere, -ui, to refuse
religare, to fasten, hang renunthire, to relate, bring word; ap
reIlgio, -onis, f., religion, reverence; a point; renounce
religious order reosculari, dep., to kiss again
religiositas, -atis, t., religiousness repagulum, -i, n., barrier; restraint
religiosus, -a, -urn, religious reparare, to restore; anno reparatae
relinquere, -liqui, -lictus, to leave be salutis, in the year of Redemption
hind reparatio, -onis, f., reparation; regen
reliquiae, -arum, f. pl., rdics, remains; eration; healing
remnant reparatrix, -icis, f., restorer
reliquus, -a, -urn, remaining; et reli repellere, -puli, -pulsus, to cast off;
qua, and so forth overcome
reluctari, dep., to strive, contend or rependere, -pendi, -pensus, to repay,
struggle against return
remanere, -mansi, -mansus, to be left, repentinus, -a, -urn, sudden
remaIn reperire, -peri, -pertus, to find, obtain
remeare, to go back repetere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to exact of;
remedium, -ii, n., remedy repeat
rememorari, dep., to remember; be repente, adv., suddenly
remenlbered replere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill
remetiri, -mensus sum, dep. 4, to replesti = replevisti, perfect tense of
measure again replere
remex, -igis, 111., rower repletus, -a, -urn, filled
remigare, to row reponere, -posui, -positus, to lay
reminisci, dep. 3, to remerrlber reportare, to bring back; receive, gain
remissio, -onis, f., remission, absolu repositus, -a, -urn, laid up
tion, forgiveness repraesentare, to show, present; lead
remissus, -a, -urn, negligent, slothful, reprehensio, -onis, f., censure
remISS reprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to curb,
remittere, -misi, -missus, to send back; repress
remit; forgive reprobare, to refuse, reject
remotus, -a, -urn, far off reprobus, -a, -urn, good for nothing;
removere, -movi, -motus, to remove, reprehensible
to take away reprobus, -i, n1., castaway
remuneratio, -onis, f., reward repromissio, -onis, f., promise
remunerator, -oris, m., rewarder repromittere, -misi, -missus, to prom·
renasci, -natus sum, dep. 3, to be re ise in return
generated reptare, to crawl, creep
LATIN GRAMMAR
reptile, -is, n., creeping creature, rep respirare, to breathe; have life again;
tile find relief
repudium, -ii, n., divorce resplendere, -ui, to shine, be bright,
repugnare, to disagree with; resist show forth
reput~ire, to repute, esteem respondcre, -spondi, -sponstls, to an
requies, -etis and -ei, fo, rest swer, respond
requicscere, -evi, -etus, to rest, be at responsorium, -ii, no, responsory
rest responsum, -i, fl., answer, response
requietio, -onis, /0' rest respublica, reipublicae, fo, republic,
requirere, -sivi, -situs, to seek; require; comlnonwealth
care for respuere, -ui, to spit out; reject; de
reri, ratus sum, dep. 2, to think, es spise
teenl, suppose restare, to ren1ain
res, rei, to, thing~ quem ab rem, \vhere restaurare, to restore
fore; res familiaris, inheritance restinguere, -stinxi, -stinctus, to
rescindere, -scidi, -scissus, to annul, re quench, extinguish
peal restituere, -ui, -utus, to set again; re
resclsccrc, -scivi and -scii, -scitus, to store
find out restitutio, -onis, f., restitution, restora·
rescribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to write tion
back or again restitutor, -oris, m., restorer
rescriptum, -i, 11 0, copy of a writing restrictio, -onis, f., restriction, re
resecare, to cut off; root out straint
reser~ire, to open; reveal, make clear resultare, to resound, rebound
rescrv3. re, to save; preserve; reserve resurgere, -surrexi, -surrectus, to rise
residcre, -sedi, -sessus, to sit up; re· again; awake
nlain ~ reside resurrectio, -onis, /., rising up; resur
residuum, -i, n., relnainder rection
residuus, -a, -urn, rernaining; left over resuscitare, to raise up
resina, -ae, fo, baltn retardare, to stop, check
resipiscere, -sipui, -sipii, and -sipivi, to rete, -is, no, net
conle to one's right mind, repent retexere, -texui, -tectus, to weave
reslsterc, -stiti, to resist, withstand again; repeat
resolutio, -onis, fo, dissolution retiaculum, -i, n., net
resohitus, -a, -urn, careless reticere, -ui, to be silent (about)
resolvere, -solvi, -sohltus, to loosen retincre, -tinui, -tentus, to keep, re
resonare, to resound tain; ren1ernber; imitate
respectio, -onis, fo, esteem retrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to restrain;
respectivus, -a, -urn, respective withdraw
respectus, -us, m 0' respect retribuere, -ui, -utus, to render, repay;
respergere, -spersi, -spersus, to sprin. bring
kle; scatter; shed; stain retributio, -onis, f., reward, recom
respicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to pense, benefit, favor
look; receive one's sight retro, adtJ., behind; back
LATIN GRAM~1AR 3°3
retroactus, -3, -urn, past rite, adv., fitly, with suitable religious
retrogradus, -a, -urn, going back\vard ceremonIes
retrorsum, adt/., back, backwards ritus, -us, Tn., ri te
retundere, -tudi, -tusus, to blunt rivulus, -i, m., brook, rivulet
reus, -i, nl.~ defendant, criminal, guilty rivus, -i, m., river, brook
one rixa, -ae, t., quarrel
reveLire, to reveal, disclose, make rixari, dcp., to quarrel
known, sho\v Robertus, -i, n1., Robert
revehitio, -onis, I., revelation roborare, to make strong, strengthen
revera, adll., indeed, truly robonitor, -oris, nl., strengthener
reven~ntia, -ae, f., fear, reverence robur, -oris, 11., strength
revercnter, adu., reverently rObtlstus, -a, -unl, mighty
revereri, dep. 2, to be ashanled Roccha Porrena, -ae, -ae, f., Rocca
reverti, -versus sunl, dep. ], to return; Porena
depart Rodardensis, -e, of Roclersdorf
revincire, -vinxi, -vinctus, to bind, bind Rodbodus, -i, In., Rodbod
fast Roffensis, -e, of Rochester
revirescere, -virui, to become green rogare, to bcseech
agaIn rogatio, -onis, I., rogation
revivere, -vixi, -victus, to revive rogatus, -us. nl., req uest
reviviscere, -vixi, to COOle to life again, Rogerius, -ii, Tn., Roger
live again, revive rogus, -i, nl., f U l1cral pile
revoc.-ire, (0 call hack or away ROIna, -ae, I.~ RonlC
rex, regis, 171., king Rornanus, -a, -urn, of Rome, Roman
Reyi, -orum, nL pl., the Rey family ROIYlualdus, -i, Tn.~ ROlnuald
Rhaeti, -orum, 171. pl., Rhaetians Romuleus. -a, -unl, of Romulus
Rhactia, -ae, t.! Rhaetia, Tyrol rorare, to cause dew to drop
rhamnus, -i, Tn., branlble, tbornbush ros, roris, nl., de\v
rheda, -ae, f., carriage \vith four rosa, -ae, I., rose
wheels ~ chariot Rosa, -ae, t., H.ose
Rhegiensis, -e, of Reggio rosarium, -ii, n., rosary
Rhemensis, -e, of Rheims roseus, -a, -urn, rosea te
Rhemi, -orum, m. pl., Rheims rostrum, -i, 11., beak; prow
rhetorica, -ae, t., rhetoric rota, -ae, I., \V heel
rhetoricus, -i, n1., rhetorician ruber, -bra, -brull1, red
rhomphaea, -ae, t.,
s\vord rubere, to redden
rhythnlus, -i, nl., rhythm ru bescere, -ui, to become red
rictus, -us, m.~ open nlOU t11, expanded rubeus, -a, -urn, reel
ja\vs rubicundus, -a, -urn, ruddy
ridere, risi, risus, to laugh, laugh at rubigo, -inis, t., rust; nlildew
rigare, to water, sprinkle, \vash rubor, -oris, nl., shame
rigor, -oris, m., rigor, stiffness rubrica, -ae, t., rubric
ripa, -ae, t., bank rubus, -i, m., bush
risus, -us, m., laughter rudis, -e, ignorant, illiterate, rough
LATIN GRAMMAR
rudus, -3, -urn, brutish sacrare, to consecrate, hallow
mere, rui, rutus, to rush, hasten; fall sacrificire, to sacri fice, offer up
down; fail, be ruined sacriflcium, -ii, n., sacrifice
rufus, -a, -urn, ruddy, red sacrosanctus, -a, -urn, most sacred
ruga, -ae, /., wrinkle sacrum, -i, n., holy thing; grace
rugire, to roar Sadducaei, -0 rum, m. pl., Sadducees
rugitus, -us, m., roaring saeclum = saeculurn
ruina, -ae, /., fall; invasion; breach; saecuhiris, -e, worldly; saec uIaria,
destruction 11. pl., feast, celebra tion
rumor, -oris, m., fame saeculum, -i, n., time, period, age;
rumpere, rupi, ruptus, to break world; in saecula saeculorum, world
rupes, -is, f., stony hill, sharp cliff, rock without end; a saecu]o, fron1 the be
mptio, -onis, f., breaking open, an in ginning, from everlasting; a saeculo
juring et in saeculum, from eternity to
rurlco]a, -ae, c., peasant eternity
rursum, adv., again, anew saepe, adv., often
rus, ruris, n., the country saeviens, -cntis, fierce
Rutheni, -orum, m. pl., Ruthenians saevire, to rage
rutilare, to glow saevitia, -ae,t., fury, cruelty
saevus, -a, -urn, cruel
sagena, -ae, f., net
s saginare, to feed
Sabacus, -3, -urn, Sabaean saginatus, -3, -urn, fatted
Sabaoth (Hebrew), armies, hosts sagitta, -ae, f., arrow
Sabaudia, -ae, /., Savoy sagittare, to shoot with arrows
sabbatismus, -i, m., a day of rest; keep sagittarius, -ii, m., archer
ing of the Sabbath Sahagilnum, -i, n., Sahagun
sabbatum, -i, n., Sabbath; Saturday; sal, -is, m. and n., salt
week; sabbata, n. pl., Sabbath; una Salarius, -a, -urn, Salarian
sabbatorum (sabbati), the first day Salernitanus, -3, -urn, of Salerno
of the week Salernum, -i, n., Salerno
sabulum, -i, n., sand Salesium, -ii, n., Sales
sacculus, -i, m., purse Salesius, -a, -urn, of Sales
saccus, -i, m., sackcloth Salicus, -a, -urn, Sa Iic
saccllum, -i, n., chapel sal1nae, -arum, /. pl., salt pits
sacer, -era, -crum, sacred salire, salui, saItus, to spring up, leap
saccrdos, -otis, m., priest; prmcipes saliva, -ae, /., spi ttIe, saliva
sacerdotum, chief priests salix, -icis, t., willow
sacerdotalis, -e, sacerdotal, priestly Sallustianus, -a, -urn, of Sal1ust
sacerdotium, -ii, n., priestly function, Salmantica, -ae, f., Salamanca
priesthood Salmanticensis, -e, of Salamanca
sacramentalis, -e, sacramental Salomon, -onis, m., Solomon
sacramentum, -i, n., sacrament, sacra salsugo, -inis,t., saltness; salt desert
mental grace salure, to dance
LATIN GRAMMAR
saltatio, -onis, f., dancing, dance sanctifkium, -ii, n., shrine, sanctuary
salcitrix, -ids, I., dancing girl sanctimonia, -ae, f., holiness
saltern, adv., at least sanctimonialis, -e, pious
saltu~, -us, m., forest sanctimonialis, -is, I., nun
salubris, -e, or sahiber, -bris, -bre, sanctio, -onis, t., sanction, rule
strong; good, wholesome; useful sanctitas, -atis, f., sanctity
salubritas, -atis, I., health sanctitudo, -inis, t., holiness
salubriter, adv., wholesomely; prof sanctuarium, -ii, n., sanctuary
itably sanctum, -i, n., holy place; sanctuary
salus, -utis, f., salvation, deliverance; sanctus, -a, -urn, holy, godly, saintly;
health; greeting sancta sanctorum, holy of holies
salutare, to greet, salute sanctus, -i, m., saint
salutare, -is, n., hea Ith; salvation Sanctus Facundus, -i, -i, m., San Fa
salutaris, -e, wholesome, saving, salu condo
tary Sanctus Nicolaus de Portu, -i, -i, m.,
salutariter, adv., beneficially San Nicola del Porto
salucitio, -onis, f., salutation sanguineus, -a, -urn, of blood
salutifer, -a, -urn, of salvation, saving sanguis, -inis, m., blood
salvare, to save sanies, -ei, t., matter, pus
salvatio, -onis, t., salvation sanitas, -atis, t., health
salvator, -oris, m., savior sanus, -a, -urn, whole, healthy
salve! (salvete, salveto), hail I sapere, -ii, (io), to understand; be
salvere, to be well wise; idipswn sapere, to be of one
salvificare, to save mind
Salvius, -ii, m., Salvi sapiens, -entis, wise
salvus, -a, -urn, saved, safe; whole sapientia, -ae, t., wisdom
Samaritanus, -a, -urn, Samaritan sapor, -oris, m., taste
Samaritanus, -i, m., Samaritan sapphirus, -i, f., sapphire
sambuca, -ae, t., sackbut, a kind of Saraceni, -orum, nl. pl., Saracens
musical instrument sarcina, -ae, t., pack, burden
samech, the fifteenth letter of the He sarcire, sarsi, sartus, to repair, restore
brew alphabet, corresponding to sarculurn, -i, n., hoe, spade
English s Sardicensis, -e, of Sardis
sanare, to heal sardinis, -e: lapis sardinis, sardine:
Sancianus, -i, m., Sancian (a Chinese stone
island) sardius, -ii, t., sard
sanctre, samd, sanctus, to make sacred; Sardus, -a, -urn, Sardinian
forbid sardonychus, -a, -urn, sardonyx
sancta, -ae, t., saint sardonyx, -nychis, t., sardonyx
Sancta Fides, -ae, -ei, t., Santa Fe Sarepta (Sarephta), Sarephta
sanctificire, to sanctify, hallow sartago, -inis, t., frying pan
sanctificatio, -onis,t., holiness; sacred sartatecta, -orum, n. pl., repairs
mystery; blessing; sanctuary sartus, -a, -wn, repaired
S3Jlctificator, -oris, m., sanctifier Sasimi, -orum, m. pl., people of Sasima
LATIN GRAMMAR
sat, adv., enough scenofactorius, "'3, -urn, tent making
satagere, to be very busy; be in trouble Scenopcgia, -ae, f., Feast of Taber
satagitare, to be very busy or diligent nacles
satan, indccl' satan, adversary
j sceptriger, -a, -urn, scepter bearing
Saunas, -ae, m., Satan sceptrum, -i, n., scepter
satelles. -itis, c., guard; companion; schema, -atis, n., £orn1, scheme
servant; officer of justice schisma, -atis, n., schism
satiare, to nourish, satisfy, fill, sate, schismaticus, -a, -urn, schismatic
feed schinus, -i, f., 111astic tree
satis, adv., enough, sufficiently; greatly, schola, -ae, I., school
exceedingly sciens, -entis, ex pert
satisfacere, -feci, -factus, (io), to sat scienter, adv' wisely
j
isfy scientia, -ae, f., knowledge, science

satisfactio, -onis, f., satisfaction scilicet, adv., actually
sator, -oris, m., sower; source; beget scindere, scidi, scissus, to rend, cut;
ter, father - medium, to cut in t\VO
satrapa, -ae m., noble, lord, satrap
j scintilla, -ae, f., spa r k
saturare, to fill scire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to kno\v, know
saturatio, -onis, f., filling, satisfying how
sanlritas, -atis, I., satisfaction, satiety, sciscitari, dep., to inquire, inquire into
abundance, in saturitate, to the full scissura, -ae, f., rending, splitting;
satus, -i, m., n1easure, sowing pIece
sauciare, to \\found scissus, -a, -urn, torn, rent, broken
saucius, -a, -urn, wounded scitum, -i, n., decree, statute
Saulus, -i, m., Saul scopa, -ae, f., broon1; scopis mundatus,
saxeus, -a, -urn, stony swept
Saxonia, -ae, f., Saxony scopere, to search thoroughly
saxurn, -i, n., stone, rock scopulus, -i, m' rock, cliff
J
seabellum, -i, n., small stool, footstool scoria, -ae, f., dross
scala, -ae, f'J ladder scorpio, -onis, n1., scorpion; whip
scalprum, -i, n., chisel loaded with metal
scandalizare, to scandalize scortari, dep., to commit uncleanness
scandalum, -i, n., scandal; trap, stum scortum, -i, n., uncleanness, ilnnloral
bling block ity
scandere, scandi, scansus, to climb, rise Scoti, -orum, 111. pl., Scots
scapulae, -arum, f. pl., shoulders; Scotia, -ae, f., Scot land
wings scriba, -ae, tn., scribe, scri vener, writer
seapularis, -e, scapular scribere, scripsi, scriptus, to write
scatere, to gush, gush forth; swarm; scriptio, -onis, t.,
\vriting
abound scriptor, -oris, m., writer
scaturire, to gush forth scriptum -i, n., \vriting, publication
seeleratus, -a, -urn, wicked scriptura, -ae, f., Scripture; writing
scelestus, -3, -urn, \vicked, shameless serutare (-ari), to search
seelus, -eris, n., sin, crime serutatio, -onis, f., discerning
LA'"fIN GRA1\1MAR
scrutator, -oris, n2., searcher sedare, to soothe, still, calm, appease,
scruti.nium, -ii, n., search settle, assuage
sculptile. -is, n., gr~n'en thing, idol sedere, sedi, sessus, to sit
sClllptura, -ae, f., graven work, grav sedes, -is, I., place, seat; throne; habi
lJ1g tation; see
sculptus. -.a~ -urn, graven sedile, -is, no, seat; station
scurriiitb. -atis, r, scurrility seditio, -onis, f., sedition
scutaril':-, -ii. n1., shield-bearer
l seditiosus, -a, -urn, seditious
sCUtuh:'lil, -I, n., escutcheon seditiosus. -i, m., conspirator
scutun1, -i, 11., shield seducere, -duxi, -ductus, to deceive,
scyphus, -i, n1., goblet, cup seduce
Scythia, -ae, f., Scythia, southern Rus seductor, -oris, m., deceiver
sIa sedule, adv., diligently
Scythopolis, -is, t., Beth-shean sedulitas, -atis, to, watchfulness
se, third person of the reflexive pro sedulo, adv., industriously
noun, hinlself, herself, etc. sedulus, -a, -urn, diligent, earnest
Sebastian us, -i, 712., Sebastian Sedt'ini, -orum, 711. plo, Seduni (Helve
seclre, secui, sectus, to cu t; me tian people near modern Sian in
dium, to cut in two; destroy, upset; S\vitzerland)
terra non secta, untilled earth seges, -etis, I., harvest; corn
secedere, -cessi, -cessus, to retire segmentum, -i, n., piece, shaving
secessus, -us, m., pri vy; retreat segnis, -e, s!O\V, sluggish
sechidere, -clusi, -c1usus, to exclude segnities, -ei, f., slothfulness
secretalis, -e, h idd en segregare, to separate
secretariUffi, -ii, n., place of retirement, Seguntinus, -a, -urn, of Sigiienza
secret place, solitude; private chapel sejungere, -junxi, -junctus, to separate
secreto, adv., apart; silently from
secrctuIll, -i, n., secret sellgere, -legi, -lectus, to choose
secretus, -a, -urn, secret, separate, apart Sellmus, -i, m., Solyman
seCla, -ae, f., sect sella, -ae, t., stool, chair
sectari, dep., to follow, pursue semel, adv.• once
sectator, -oris, 712., follower, pursuer semen, -inis, n., seed; descendant
secundare, to direct favorably sementis, -is, to, seed
secundo, adv., a second time sen1estris, -e, of six months
secundum, prep., according to semetipsum, himself
secundus. -a, -urn, next, second semianimis, -e, half-dead
securis, -is, t.} axe semiduplex, -icis, senli-doubIe
securitas, -atis, t., safety, security semimortuus, -a, -urn, half-dead
securus, -a, -urn, secure; steadfast; seminare, to sow
quiet seminariun1, -ii, no, sowing; stock.
secus, prep., by, beside, along, near, seminator, -oris, m., sower
on, at semita, -ae, to, path
secus, adv., otherwise semitum, geno pl., seed
sed, conj., but, yet semiustus, -a, -urn, half-burnt
LATIN GRAMMAR
semivivus, -a, -urn, half-alive, half septennis, at the age of seven
dead septentrionalis, -e, north
scmovere, -movi, -matus, to separate; septies, adv., seven times
renounce septiformis, -e, sevenfold
semper, adtl., ever, always septimus, -a, -urn, seventh
sempiternus, -3, -urn, eternal, everlast septuagenarius, -3, -urn, of seventy
ing years of age
Seruinus, -i, m., the River Shannon Septuagesima: dominica in -, Septu
Senarius, -ii, m., Senario agesima Sunday
senator, -oris, m., senator septuagies, adv., seventy times
senatorius, -3, -urn, senatorial septuaginta, seventy
senatus, -i or -us, m., senate; parlia Septuaginta, -ae, t., Septuagint
ment; college septuplum, adv., sevenfold
senecta, -ae, t., old age sepulchrum (sepulcrum), -i, n., sepul
senectus, -utis, t., old age cher
Senensis, -e, of Siena sepultura, -3e, t., burial; burying place
senere, to be old sequela, -ae, m., follower
senescere, -ui, to grow old sequentia, -3e, t., continuation
senex, senis, old; (as a noun) old man, sequestrare, to separate
ancient sequi, secutus sum, dep. 3, to follow
senilis, -e, aged &equior, -ius, worse; lesser; ad sequioris
senior, -oris, nl., elder, ancient sexus educationem, for the training
senium, -ii, n., old age of school teachers (lit., for the edu
sensatus, -a, -urn, wise cation of the lesser sex)
sensus, -us, m., sense, feeling; under sera, -ae, t., bolt
standing, perception, mind seraph (Hebrew), pl. seraphim, ser
sententia, -ae, t., sentence aph, seraphim

sentina, -ae, t., the hold of a ship or seraphicus, -a, -um, seraphic
the bilge water in the hold serenissimus, -a, -urn, most serene.
sentire, sensi, sensus, to feel, perceive, sovereign
experience serenitas, -atis, t., clearness, fair
seorsum, adv., apart, aside weather
separare, to separa te serenus, -a, -urn, serene, bright
separatim, adv., apart, separately serere, sevi, satus, to sow
separatio, -onis, t., separation series (no gen. or dat.), f., succession
sepelire, -ivi or -ii, sepultus, to bury serio, adv., seriously
sepes, -is, t., hedge, fence serius, adv., more earnestly
sepire, sepsi, septus, to guard; fence in sermo, -onis, m., word; saying; speech;
seponere, -posui, -positus, to put apart discourse, sermon
or aside sermocinari, d~p., to talk, converse
septem, seven sermocinatio, -onis, t., discussion
septempllciter, adtl., sevenfold sero, adv., in the evening
septenarius, -3, -urn, of the number serotinus, -3, -urn, late; lateward
seven, sevenfold springing
LATIN GRAMMAR
serpens, ~ntis, creeping sibilus, -i, m., hissing
serpens, -entis, m. and f., serpent Sibylla, -ae, f., Sibyl, a prophetess of
serpentinus, -a, -urn, serpentlike Apollo
serrans, -antis, like a saw sic, adv., so, thus
serratus, -a, -urn, saw-toothed; Mons sicirius, -ii, m., assassin
Serratus, Monserrat siccire, to dry up
serta, -ae, f., wreath, garland of flow siccitas, -atis, f., dryness, drought
ers siccurn, -i, n., desert
servare, to keep, preserve; observe, siccus, -a, -urn, dry
watch sicera, -ae, f., a strong drink; cider
Servator, -oris, m., Savior Sichima, -ae, f., Sichem
Servi, -0 rum, m. pl., Servites Sichimi, -orum, m. pl., people of Si
scrvilis, ~, servile chern
servire, to serve; be obedient; be in Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily
bondage sicIus, -i, m., side
servitium, -ii, n., service sicubi, adv., if anywhere
servitus, -utis, f., servitude, serving, Siculus, -a, ..urn, Sicilian
service, bondage, subjection; use sicut (sicuti), adv., as, like
servuIus, -i, 111., young slave or serv sidereurn, -i, n., heavenly body, starj
ant, servant-lad starry splendor
servus, -i, m., servant, bondman; slave sidereus, -a, -urn, starry
sessio, -onis, f., sitting down Sidoni, -orum, m. pl., Sidonians
sessor, -oris, m., rider Sidonia, -ae, f., Sidon
Sessoricinus, -a, -urn, Sessorian Sidonius, -a, -urn, of Sidon
seu, con;., or sidus, ~ris, n., star
Sevisium, -ii, n., Sevis sigillatim, adv., one by one
sex, six sigillativus, -3, ..urn, of a seal
sexagesima: domfnica in -, Sexa sigillurn, -i, n., seal
gesima Sunday Sigrnaringa, -ae, f., Sigmaringen
sexaginta, sixty signaculurn, -i, n., little seal; seal
sexcentesimus, -a, -urn, six hundredth signanter, adv., carefully; significantly
sexcenti, -ae, -a, six hundred signare, to sign, seal; signify
sexdecim, sixteen signator, -oris, m., witness
sexennalis, ~, of six years signifer, ..i, m., standard bearer
sexies, adv., six times significare, to signify
sexta, -ae, f., sext significatio, -onis, f., warning
Sextias: Aquae Sextiae, -arum, -arum, signurn, -i, n., sign, token; miracle;
f. pl., Aix signet
sextus, -3, ..urn, sixth silentio, adv., secretly
sextusdecimus, -a, -a, ..urn., ..um, six silentium, -ii, n., silence
teenth silere, to be silent
sexus, -us, m., sa silex, -icis, m., rock, flint
si, conf., if siliqua, -ae, f., husk
sibilare, to hiss silva, -ae, f., wood, forest, grove
3 10 LATIN GRAMMAR
silvester, -tris, -tre, woodland Sipontini, -orum, m. pl., the people of
Silvester, -tri, nt., Sylvester Maria di Siponto
Silvestrini, -0 rum, m. pl., Sylvestrines siquidem, conj., indeed; for
sirnila, -ae, f., fine flour sistere, stiti or steti, status, to stand;
similare, to liken, cotnpare to be, become
similis, -e, like, similar sistrum, -i, n., cornet
similiter, adv., in like manner, like sitarcium, -ii, n., vessel
wIse sitiens, -entis, thirsty
similitudo, -inis, f., likeness, simili sitire, to thirst
tude; parable sitis, -is, f., thirst; drought
simoniacus, -a, -urn, pertaining to sim sive, con j., or; sive . . . sive; either
ony, simoniacal, of the Simonians . . . or; whether . . . or
simplex, -icis, simple, single, pure Slavi, -orum, m. pl., Slavs
simplicitas, -atis, f., simplicity Slavicus, -a, -um, Slavic
simpliciter, adv., simply Slavonicus, -a, -urn, Slavonic
simplificare, to sinlplify smaragdina, -ae, f., emerald
simul, adv., together, at the same time; smaragdus, -i, m. and f., enlerald
withal smegma, -atis, n., washing ball
simulacrum, -i, n., idol Smyrnaei, -orum, m. pl., Snlyrnians
simulatio, -onis, f., dissimulation; pre Smyrnaeus, -a, -urn, of Srnyrna
tense, false show soboles, -is, f., offspring
simulator, -oris, m., hypocrite sobrie, adv., soberly
sin, conj., but if sobrietas, -atis, f., sobriety
Sina, Sinai sobrius, -a, -urn, sober
Sinae, -arum, f. pl., China socer, -i, m., father-in-law
sinapis, -is, f., mustard, mustard seed sociare, to share in; cotnbine
sincere, adv., sincerely societas, -atis, f., society, fellowship,
sincerus, -a, -urn, sincere unIon
sindon, -onis, f., linen cloth socius, -a, -urn, together, allied
sine, prep., without socius, -ii, m., companion, ally
smere, sivi, situs, to suffer, permit, let socordia, -ae, I., indolence
alone; place socrus, -us,t., rrl0ther-in-Iaw
singillatim, adv., singly, one by one sodalis, -is, nl., associate; companion,
singularis, -e, uniq ue, remarkable, ex cornrade
ceIIent; single, hand to hand; soli sodal1tiunl, -ii, n., guild
tary S6doma, -ae, f., Sodom
singularitas, -atis, t., oneness Sodomi, -orum, m. pl., people of So.
singulariter, adv., singularly; alone dom
singulatim, adv., one by one Sodomita, -ae, m. and t., Sodomite
singulus, -a, -urn, each (one), every sol, -is, n2., sun
(one) ; per singulos dies, every day; solari, dep., to console
per singula, particularly solaris, -e, of the sun, solar
sinister, -tta, -trum, left; left hand solarium, -ii, n., top of a house
sinus, -us, m., bosom, breast solatium, -ii, n., solace, comfort
LATIN GRAMMAR 3 11
solemne, -is, n., solemnity, solemn fes somnus, -i, m., sleep
tival sonare, to sound, roar, make a tumult;
solemnis, -e, solemn Inean

solemnitas, -atis, f., solemnity sonitus, -us, m., sound, noise, crash
solemniter, adv., solernnly sonorus, -a, -urn, loud
Solcntini, -orum, n1. pl., country of the sons, -ontis, guil ty
Solcntini, Calabria sonus, -i, m., sound, noise
solere, solitus sum, semidep. 2, to be sopor, -oris, m., sleep
wont, be accustomed soporare, to put to sleep
solers, -ertis, adroit, skillful, watchful soporari, dep., to go to sleep
solerter, adv., skillfully, adroitly, clev Soracte, -is, n., Soracte, now Monte di
erly San Silvestro
soIlculo: - monte, Monte Solicolo Sorbonicus, -a, -urn, of the Sorbonne
solidarc, to strengthen; found; estab sordere, to be fil thy
lish; comfort sordes, -is, f., dirt, filth, defilement
soliditas, -atis, f., steadfastness; solid soror, -is, f., sister
ity sors, sortis, f., lot; part; mittere sor..
solidus, -a, -urn, solid, massy tern, to cast lots
solitarius, -a, -urn, solitary, lonely sortiari, dtp., to cast lots
solitarius, -ii, m., solitary; conten1pla sortiri, dep., to obtain
tive sortitio, -onis, f., lot
solitudo, -inis, f., solitude, wilderness, sospes, -itis, safe
desert Sosteneus de Sosteneis, -i, m., Sosteneo
soliurn, -ii, n., throne; flue (of a bath de' Sostenei
ing tub) spado, -onis, m., eunuch
sollicitudo, -inis, f., care, carefulness, spargere, sparsi, sparsus, to fling, strew
solicitude sparsim, adv., here and there, scat
sollicitus, -a, -urn, solicitous tered
so]ummodo, adv., only Spartiani, -orum, m. pl., Spartans
solus, -3, -urn, only, alone Spartiates, -ae, m., Spartan
solutio, -onis, f., loosening; dissolu spatharius, -ii, m., sword-bearer
tion; freedom spatiosus, -3, -urn, great, widespread
scSlvere, solvi, solutus, to loose, set free; spatium, -ii, n., space, extent
undo; fulfill; break, destroy; pay spatula, -ae, f., branch
back, pay a debt specialis, -e, special, individual, one's
Solymae, -arum, f. pl., Jerusalem own
Solymus, -3, -urn, belonging to Jeru speciatim, adv., especially
salem or the Jews species, -ei, f., loveliness, beauty; ap
Somascha, -ae, f., Somasca pearance; kind
somniare, to dream specimen, -inis, n., mark, sign
somniator, -oris, m., dreamer speciosus, -a, -urn, beautiful, fair
scSmnium, ..ii, n., dream spectaculum, -i, n., gazing-stock, spec
somnolentia, -ae, f., drowsiness tacle, sight
somnolentus, -3, -urn, sleepy, drowsy speccire, to behold
LATIN GRAMMAR
spectatrix, -kis, t., spectator spurius, -a, -urn, baseborn
speculator, -oris, m., watchman; eye sputum, -i, n., spi ttle
witness, observer squaJidus, -a, -um, rough, bad look
speculum, -i, m., glass, mirror ing
specus, -us, m., I., n., hollow of a rock, squalor, -oris, m., roughness, neglect
cave squama, -ae, I., scale
spelunca, -ae, I., den, cave squamatus, -a, -urn, with scales
sperare, to hope, trust Squillacum, -i, n., Squillace
spernere, sprevi, spretus, to disdain, stabilire, to establish
scorn, despise stabilis, -e, steadfast
spes, -ei, I., hope stabilitas, -atis, I., firn1 foundation
spica, -ae, I., ear (of grain) stabularius, -ii, m., innkeeper, host
spiculator, -oris, m., executioner stabulum, -i, n., inn
spiculum, -i, n., dart, arrow; ray stacte, -es, I., oil of myrrh, myrrh
spina, -ae, I., thorn stadium, -ii, n., race course; race; fur
spinetunl, -i, n., thorn bush long
spineus, -a, -urn, of thorns stagnurn, -i, n., pool; lake
spiraculum, -i, n., breath stannum, -i, n., tin
spirare, to brea the stare, steti, status, to sta nd, stand still
spiricilis, -e, spiritual statera, -ae, I., balance, scales
spiritualis, -e, spiritual; spiritualia, n. Statielli, -0 rum, n1. pl., people of Li
pl., spirits guria
spiritualiter, adv., spiritually statim, adv., immediately, presently
spiritus, -us, nJ., spirit, ghost; breath; statio, -onis, I., station; garrison; an
wind chorage
splendescere, -ui, to shine statua, -ae, I., statue
spJendide, adv., sumptuously statuarius, -ii, nl., scu Jpror
splendor, -oris, m., brightness, splen statuere, -ui, -utus, to set, place, sta
dor tion; charge agai nst
spolia, -orum, n. pl., spoils statura, -ae, I., stature, form
spondere, spopondi, sponsus, to prom status, -us, m., state; position
ise solernnly statutus, -a, -urn, appointed
spongia, -ae, I., sponge stella, -ae, I., star
spons, spontis, I., will, free will stellatus, -a, -urn, starry
sponsa, -ae, I., bride stelJifer, -a, -urn, starry
sponsor, -oris, nl., sponsor; surety Stephanus, -i, m., Stephen
sponsus, -i, m., bridegroom, spouse stercus, -coris, n., dung; dunghill
sponcinee, adv., freely, willingly sterilis, -e, barren, unfruitful
sponte, adv., voluntarily sterilitas, -atis, I., barrenness
sporta, -ae, £., basket sternere, stravi, stratus, to spread; fur
sportula, -ae, I., basket nish; saddle
spuma, -ae, I., foam sterquilinium, -ii, n., dunghill
spumare, to foam, foam at the mouth stertere, to snore
spwcitia, -ae, I., filthiness stibium, -ii, n., antimony, stibic stone
LATIN GRAMMAR
stigma, -atis, n., stigma (pl., stigmata) stultitia, -ae, t., foolishness
stilla, -ae, I., drop stultus, -a, -urn, foolish; stulta, n. pl.,
stilhire, to drop, drip foolish things

stillicidiurn, -ii, n., raindrop stupefactus, -a, -urn, amazed
stimulus, -i, nl., sting, goad stupere, to be anlazed, be struck, be
stipare, to surround, compass about astonished
stipendium, -ii, n., reconlpense; stipen stupor, -oris, m., astonishment
dia, n. pl., \vages stuppa, -ae, /., tow
stipes, -itis, m., stem, trunk of a tree stuprurn, -i, n., ravishing, violation,
stipula, -ae, I., stubble, straw lewdness
stirps, -pis, I., stock stylus, -i, m., pen
stiva, -ae, /., plow handle suadere, suasi, suasus, to exhort
stoIa, -ae, /., robe Suana, -ae, /., Soana or Ravacum
stomach us, -i, m., stomach suasor, -oris, m., adviser
storax, -acis, I., storax suasus, -us, m., persuasion
strages, -is, /., slaughter, massacre suavidicus, -a, -urn, soft, sweet
straguhitus, -a, -urn, made of tapestry suavis, -e, sweet, kind, good
stramen, -inis, n., stra\v, litter suavitas, -atis, /., sweetness, goodness
stramentum, -i, n., stra w suaviter, adv., sweetly
strangulare, to strangle sub, prep., under
stratum, -i, n., bed subarrhare, to give earnest money,
Stremotium, -ii, n., Estremoz pledge
strenue, adv., resolutely subaudire, to hear, heed
strenuus, -a, -wn, vigorous; steadfast subcinericius: panis - , hearth cake
strepitus, -us, m., din subdere, -didi, -ditus, to subject
stricte, adv., severely subdiaconus, -i, m., subdeacon
strictim, adv., brieRy subditus, -i, m., subject, servant; lay
strictus, -a, -urn, tight, close; strict, man
severe subdiu, adv., in the open air
stridere, stridi, to gnash subdolus, -a, -urn, deceitful
Strido, -onis, t., Sdrigni subesse, -fui, to be under
stridor, -oris, m., gnashing subinde, adv., immediately
Strigoniensis, -e, of Gran subindicare, to point out, indicate
stringere, strinxi, strictus, to hold tight subinferre, -intuli, -illatus, to say, add
stropha, -ae, /., strophe subintelligere, -lexi, -lectus, to under
strophium, -ii, n., girdle stand
structor, -oris, m., builder subintrare, to enter into
structUra, -ae, t., building subintroire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to
strues, -is, t., pile enter stealthily
stn.lthio, -onis, m., ostrich subire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to go up
studere, to strive, be zealous; study subitatio, -onis, /., suddenness
studiwn, -ii, n., doing, striving; prac subito, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly
tice, deed subjacere, to lie under, be subject to
stultil6quium, -ii, n., foolish talking subjectio, -onis, t., yielding; subjection
LATIN GRAlv1M.<~R
subjicere, -jeci, -jectus, (io), to set, substernere, -stravi, -stratus, to strew;

place or put under; subdue, subject spread out
subjugalis, -e, used to the yoke subter, adt.!. and prep., under, beneath
subjugare, to subject subterfugere, -fugi, (io), to evade,
subjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to say shun; spare
again, add, add to; unite to subterfugium, -ii, n., subterfuge, de
Sublacum, -i, n., Subiaco ceit
sublevare, to lift up; exalt subtexere, -texui, -textus, to subjoin,
sublimare, to exalt add
sublimis, -e, lofty, sublime; on high; subtus, adv. and prep., under
sublimia, n. pl., lofty things suburbanurn, -i, n .. suburb
sublimitas, -atis, /., height; high sta subvehere, -vexi, -vectus, to bring up
tion; excellency from belo\v
subrnergere, -mersi, -mersus, to sink, subvenire, -veni, -ventus, to come in,
be drowneJ upon or up to; relieve, assist
subministrare, to minister subversio, -onis, /., ruin, destruction
subministratio, -onis, /., ministration; subversor, -oris, nl., destroyer
aid; supply subvertere, -verti, -versus, to pervert;
submovere, -movi, -motus, to move or upset, overthrow; destroy
put away f ron1 succendere, -cendi, -census, to hp.at;
subniger, -gra, -grum, somewhat black kindle; burn
subobscurus, -a, -urn, SOInew hat dark successor, -oris, Tn., successor
or obscure successus, -us, nl., succession, succes
subornare, to instigate secretly sive change
subrepere, -repsi, -reptus, to creep in succidere, -cidi, -cisus, to cut off or
subreptio, -onis, /., deceit do\vn
subridere, -risi, -risus, to sm ile succinum, -i, n., amber
subnlbeus, -a, -urn, somewhat reddish succlarnare, to cry again
subsannare, to mock, deride, have in succrescere, -crevi, -cretus, to grow,
derision Increase
subsannatio, -onis, /., scorn, derision succlurere, -curri, -cursus, to succor~
subsedcre, -sedi, -sessus, to rest against aid
or under succursus, -us, m., help
subsequi, -secutus sum, dep. 3, to fol succus, -i, m., juice, sap
low after sudarium, -ii, n., napkin
subsidiarius, -a, -urn, subsidiary Suecia, -ae, /., Sweden
subsidium, -ii, n., hel p, aid Suevia, -ae, /., Swabia
subsistere, -stiti, to stand; withstand sufferentia, -ae, /., patience
substantia, -ae, /., nature, substance; sufferre, to suffer, bear
sure standing sufficere, -feci, -fectus, (io), to be
substantialiter, adv., in substance, sub enough, be sufficient
stantially sufficienter, adv., enough, sufficiently
substantive, adv., in substance, actu sufficientia, -ae, /., sufficiency, content
ally ment
LATIN GRAMMAR
suffocare, to choke, strangle, throttle supercadere, -cecidi, to fall upon or
suff6dere, -fodi, -fossus, (io), to dig up over
suffragans, -antis, favorable, helping supercaelestis, -e, more than heavenly
suffragari, dep., to approve; aid supercertari, dep., to contend
suffragatio, -onis, /., prayer supercilium, -ii, n., brow; arrogance
suffragium, -ii, n., suffrage, vote, sup supereffiuens, -entis, overflowing
port supereffiuere, -fluxi, to run over, over
suffulcire, -fulsi, -fultus, to support, flow
support beneath supereminens, -entis, surpassing, un
sugcre, sl1xi, suctus, to suck surpassable
suggerere, -gessi, -gestus, to bring to supereminere, to excel
nlind; add supererogare, to spend over and above
sulcus, -i, 1]1 ., furrow superesse, -fui, to remain over and
sulphur, -uris, n., brimstone above
SuJpitianus, -a, -urn, of S1. SuIpice superextendere, -tendi, -tensus and
sum (esse), I am -tentus, to stretch over, cover
sumere, sumpsi, sumptus, to take, re superexaltare, to exalt greatly
ceive, obtain superextollere, to exal t above
summa: in - , on the whole superferre, -tuli, -latus, to carryover;
summatlln, adv., briefly, in short excel
summc, adv., highly, greatly superficies, -ei, t., surface, face
summitas, -atis, t., top superfluitas, -atis, f., excess, superflu
summittere (submittere), -misi, ..mis ity
sus, to let down superfluus, -a, -urn, superfluous
summopere, adv., highly, exceedingly; supergaudere, to rejoice over
ardently supergloriosus, -3, -urn, exceedingly
summum, -i, n., top, summit; end; glorious
brim supergredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3, to go
summus, -a, -urn, highest, chief; sum over; surpass; overreach
mae manus, extremities of the hands superimpendere, -pendi, -pensus, to
sumptus, -us, 1'1'2., cost, charges spend
Sunamitis, -idis, n2. and /., Sunamite superimplere, -plevi, -pletus, to fill to
supellex, -lectilis, t., furn iture overflowing
super, prt'p., on, upon; above, over; superinduere, -ui, -utus, to put on over
to\vard; concerning superior, -ius, upper
superabundanter, adv., more abun superius, adv" higher
dantly superlaudabilis, -e, exceedingly to be
superadll1tus, -a, -urn, grown up praised
superaedificire, to build up superli~inaria, n. pl., upper door posts
superare, to overcome; be left over, superlucrare, to gain more or over and
renlalfl above
superbia, -ae, /., pride supernus, -a, -urn, heavenly, celestial;
superb ire, to be proud above
superbus, -a, -urn, proud superplenus, -a, -urn, brimful
316 LATIN GRAMMAR
superpOnere, -posui, -positus, to lay surripere, -ripui, -reptus, (io), to steal
over away; happen to; take by stealth
superscriptio, -onis, t., superscription surrogare, to grant
superseminare, to oversow sursum, adv., up\vard, above;
supersperare, to hope or trust in greatly corda, lift up the hearts
superstitiosus, -a, -urn, superstitious susceptio, -onis, t., receiving; protec
superus, -a, -urn, higher, upper; su~ tion
preme; divine susceptor, -oris, receptive
superus, -i, m., divine being, angel susceptor, -oris, m., taker up, receiver;
supervacaneus, -a, -urn, superfluous protector
supervacue, adv., without cause suscipere, -cepi, -ceptus, (io), to re
supervenire, to come in or upon, over ceive; undertake; uphold
take suscitare, to raise up, raise to life,
superventurus, -a, -urn, coming, ap awake
proaching suspendere, -pendi, -pensus, to hang
supervestire, to put clothes upon, up
clothe suspensio, -onis, f., suspension
supinus, -a, -urn, lying upon the back suspicari, dep., to suspect; dread
suppeditare, to give abundantly suspicere, -spexi, -spectus, (io), to look
suppetere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, to be pres up
ent, be in store suspicio, -onis, f., suspicion
supplantare, to supplant; overthrow suspirare, to sigh, long for
supplantatio, -onis, /., treachery suspirium, -ii, n., sigh; desire
supplementum, -i, n., supply, rein sustentaculum, -i, n., prop, support
forcement sustentare, to maintain, support
supplere, -plevi, -pletus, to supply; use sustentatio, -onis, f., deferring, delay;
supplex, -icis, suppliant, low forbearance
supplicare, to beseech humbly sustentator, -oris, nl., supporter
supplicatio, -onis, t., supplication, sustinentia, -ae, /., enduring
prayer sustinere, -tinui, -tentus, to sustain,
suppliciter, adv., suppliantly, humbly endure, undergo; stand, wait for,
supplicium, -ii, n., punishment wait upon; abide; rely
supponere, -possui, -positus, to hold or sustollere, to I ift up
put under susurrare, to murnlur, whisper
supportare, to bear, bear with susurrus, -i, n1., whisperer
supra, prep., over, above, upon Sutrinus, -a, -urn, of Sutri
supradictus, -a, -urn, aforesaid suus, -a, -urn, his, her, hers, it, its,
supremus, -a, -urn, last their, theirs
supputare, to count, compute Sweynus, -i, n1., Sweyn
SID-culus, -i, m., branch Sybillinus, -a, -urn, Sibylline
surdus, -a, -urn, deaf; surdi, pl., the sycomorus, -i, /., sycamore tree
deaf sycophanta, -ae, m., sycophant, flat
surgere, surrexi, surrectus, to rise up, terer
anse Sylla (Sulla), -ae, m., Sulla
LATIN GRAMMAR
sfllaba, -ae, f., syllable tam, adv., so, to such a degree
symbolum, -i, n., sylnbol; creed cimdiu, (/ d v., so long
symphonia, -ae, f., music, symphony tamen, adv., yet, nevertheless
Symphorhlnus, -i, m., Symphorian tametsi, conj., although
synagoga, -ae, f., synagogue, congre tamquam (tanquam), adv., like, as,
gation, assembly just as, as it were
Synicensis, -e, of Synica Tanchelmus, -i, m., Tanchelm
synodicus, -a, -urn, synodal tangere, tetigi, tactus, to touch
synodus, -i, t., synod, council tantisper, adv., meanwhile
Syracusae, -arum, f. pl., Syracuse tantillnmodo, adv., only
Syracusanus, -a, -um, of Syracuse tantus, -a, -urn, such, so much, so
Syri, -orum, m. pl., Syrians great, of such size; only; tanto.
Syrophoenissus, -a, -urn, Syrophoeni- quanto, so much . . . as
Clan Tarascum, -i, n., Tarascon
syrtis, -is, f., sandbank Tarbiensis, -e, of Tarbes
Syrus, -a, -urn, Syrian tardare, to delay, tarry
systema, -atis, n., system tarditas, -atis, t., slowness
tardus, -a, -urn, slow
T Tarpejus, -a, -um, Tarpeian
Tarracina, -ae, t., Terracina
tabernaculum, -i, n., tabernacle; dwell Tarraconensis, -e, of Tarragona
ing; tent Tarsensis, -e, of Tarsus
tabCscere, -ui, to melt; languish, pine tartarus, -i, m., hell
away Tarvisinus, -a, -urn, of Treviso
tabidus, -a, -urn, decaying, melting Tarvisium, -ii, n., Treviso
cibula, -ae, f., writing-tablet Taurinas: Aquae Taurinae, -arum,
tabuhhum, -i, n., board -arum, f. pl., Acquapendente
tacere, to be silent, hold one's peace Taurunensis, -e, of Belgrade
taciturnitas, -atis, f., silence taurus, -i, m., bull, bullock, ox; bed
tacitus, -a, -urn, silent tectum, -i, n., roof, house top
tactus, -us, m., touch; blemish tegere, texi, tectus, to cover
taeda, -ae, f., torch tegmen, -inis, n., shelter
taedere, taeduit, rnzpers, 2, to be heavy; tegula, -ae, t., tile
be disgusted tegumentum, -i, n., covering; shadow
taedium, -ii, n., weariness, heaviness, teipsum, th yself
care t.,
tela, -ae, web; warp (of cloth)
tahiris, -e, reaching to the ankles; telonearius, -ii, m., tax collector
tunica - , ou tside coat telum, -i, n., dart
talentum, -i, n., talent (a sum of tellus, -uris, f., earth
money, about $r,ooo) temeritas, -atis, f., rashness
cilio, -onis, t., retaliation temetipsum, thyself; propter - , foe
talis, -e, such thy own sake
illiter, adtl., thus, so temperamentum, -i, n., tempered mor
talus, -i, m., ankle tar
318 LATIN GRAMMAR
ternperare, to be temperate; learn to terere, trivi, tritus, to rub away;
avoid; mingle; govern s0100th; bruise, amict
temperatura, -ae, f., tempering Teresia, -ae, f., Theresa
temperies, -ei, /., tempering; refresh tergere, tersi, tersus, to wipe
n1ent tergurn, -i, n., back
ternpestas, -atis, I., storm terminus, -i, m., end; border, boun
ternplurn, -i, n., temple, church dary; quarter
ternponilis, -e, temporal, earthly terni, -ae, -a, three, three apiece
temporaliter, adv., temporally; in time terra, -ae, f., earth, ground, land; dust
temponlneus, -a, -urn, early, timely terraemotus, -us, m., earthq uake
terr.lpus, -oris, n., tin1e; season; quanto tern~nus, -a, -urn, earthly; terrena, n.
tempore, as long as ~ ad tenlpus, for pl., earthly things
awhile; quatuor tenlporuIu, of Em terrere, to frighten, affright, terrify
ber week terrester, -tris, -tre, eJ rthly; on earth
temulentus, -a, -urn, drunk terreus, -a, -urn, earthl y
tenax, -acis, niggard Iy; firm, stead fast terribilis, -c, terrible, fearful
tendere, tetendi, tentus or tensus, to terriblliter, adv.} fearfully
stretch, extend; direct one's course; terrigena, -at, c. . earth born
conform one's life terror, -oris, m., terror
tendicula, -ae, /., snare tertia, -ae, /., terce
tenebrae, -amID, I. pl., darkness tertio, adv., a third time
tenebricosus, -a, -urn, dark tertius, -a, -urn, third
tcnebrosus, -a, -urn, dark tertiusdecimus, -a, -a, -urn, -urn, thir
tener, -a, -urn, tender teenth.
tenere, -ui, tentus, to hold, have, pos tessera, -ae, f., token, distinguishing
sess, keep mark
tcncritudo, -inis, f., tenderness testa, -ae, f., clay; potsherd
tenor, -oris, m., course testaceus, -a, -urn, of brick or tile
tentamenturn, -i, 11., trial testamentum, -i, n., testament, cov~
tentare, to tempt; prove nant
tentatio, -onis, /., tenlptation testari, dep., to testify, bear witness
tentator, -oris, n1., tempter testator, -oris, tn., one that makes a
tentorium, -ii, n., tent; hanging, drap will, testator
ery testificare, to witness
tenuare, to lessen, diminish testificari, dep., to testify; charge
tenuis, -c, small, little, weak testificatio, -onis, f., \vi tness, testimony
tepefactus, -a, -urn, warm testimonium, -ii, n., witness, evidence
Tepejacensis, -e, of Tepeyac testis, -is, m., a witness
tepescere, -ui, to become tepid or luke testula, .ae, t., potsherd
warm teter, -tra, -trum, foul, filthy, hideoui
ter, adv., thrice teth, the ninth letter of the Hebrew
tercenties, adv., three hundred times alphabet, corresponding to English t
terebinthus, -i, t., terebinth or turpen tetrarcha, -ae, In., tetrarch
tine tree; Terebin th texens, -entis, nJ., weaver
LATIN GRAMMAR
texere, -ui, textus, to weave Tiberinus, -a, -urn, of the Tiber
textrinus, -a, -unI, \veaving Tiberis, -is, m., the Tiber River
textus, -us, m., context tibia, -ae, f., shinbone; leg; pipe, flute
Thaboriti, -orum, m. pl., Thaborites tibicen, -inis, m., piper, minstrel
thalamus, -i, m.} bedroom, bridal Tibilitanus, -a, -urn, of Tibilis
chamber Tiburtinus, -a, -urn, Tiburtine; of Ti
Tharsaeas, -ae, m., Tharseas voli
Tharsis, ~rartessus Ticinum, -i, n., Ticino; Pavia
thaun1aturgus, -i, m.} wonderworker tignum, -i, n., beam
Theatinus, -a, -urn, of Chieti tigris, -is, m., tiger
theatrum, -i, n., theater; show timere, to fear, be afraid
Thebaei, -0 rum, m. pl., Thebans timidus, -a, -urn, fearful
Thebais, -idis, f., Thebes timor, -oris, m., fear, terror
theca, -ae, f., case, covering, sheath timoratus, -a, -urn, devout
Thecuitis, -is, of Thecua l~imotheus, -i, m.} Timotheus, Tim
thema, -atis, n., theme othy
Theob£ldus, -i, m., Theobald tinctura, -ae, f., dye, dyeing
Theodoricus, -i, m., Theodoric tinea, -ae, f., moth
Theodorus, -i, Theodore tingere, tinxi, tinctus, to dye
theologia, -ae, f., theology tinnire, to tinkle
theologicus, -a, -urn, theological Tirconailia, -ae, f., Tirconail
theologus, -i, m., theologian tirocinium, -ii, n., noviceship, noviti
Theopascrntae, -arum, m. pl., Theo ate; apprenticeship
paschites titio, -onis, m., firebrand
Theresia, -ae, f., Theresa titubare, to stagger; waver
thesaurizare, to heap as a treasure, lay titularis, -e, ti tu lar
up treasure titulus, -i, m., title; inscription; pledge
thesaurus, -i, m.} treasure; treasury, Tolentinum, -i, n., Tolentino
storehouse tolerabilis, -e, bearable, light
Thesbites, -is, m., Thesbite tolerare, to bear
Thessalonicenses, -iurn, m. pl.} Thessa Tolecinus, -a, -urn, of Toledo
lonians tolJere, slistuli, sublatus, to lift up;
Theutonicus, -a, -urn, German take away; hold in suspense
Thienaeus, -a, -urn, of Tiene Tolosa, -ae, f., Toulouse
thorax, -acis, m., breast plate Tolosanus, -a, -urn, of Toulouse
Thracia, -ae, f., Thrace Tolosates, -iurn, m. pl., people of Tou
Thracius, -a, -urn, Thracian louse
thronus, -i, m., throne tomus, -i, m., volume
thorus (torus), -i, m.} bed, marriage tonare, -ui, to resound; thunder
couch tondens, -entis, m., shearer
thuribulurn, -i, n., censer tondere, totondi, tonsus, to shear
thus, thuris, n., frankincense torutruurn, -i, n., thunder
thyinus, -a, -urn, of the thyine tree tonsma, -ae, f., tonsure
tiara, -ae, f., cap, tiara topazion (topazus), -i, n.} topaz
LATIN GRAMMAR
t6rcular, -aris, n., wine or oil press tranquillare, to pacify, to make calm
tormentum, -i, n., torment; engine; or still
- bellicum, gun, blunderbuss (lit., tranquillitas, -a tis, /., calm, tranquil
war engine) lity
torpere, to be torpid, listless or slug tranquillius, adtJ., peacefully
gish tranquHlus, -a, -urn, trang uil
torpor, -oris, m., dullness, torpor trans, prep., over, across, beyond, on
torquere, torsi, tortus, to twist; tor the other side of
ment transcensus, -us, m., passage
torquis, -is, m. and /., collar, chain transferre, -tuli, -latus, to move, re
torrens, -entis, m., torrent, brook, move; transform; translate
strealTI transflgere, -fixi, -fixus, to pierce
torrere, -ui, tostus, to burn, roast, transfigurare, to transfigure
parch transfiguratio, -onis, /., transfiguration
torta, -ae, t., roll transfixio, -onis, /., piercing
tortor, -oris, m., tormenter, torturer transformativus, -a, -urn, transforming
torus, -i, fn., hed, marriage couch transfossus, -a, -urn, pierced
tot, adv., so nlany transfretare, to pass over; cross the sea
totaliter, adv., wholly transgredi, -gressus sum, dep. 3 (io),
totidem, just as many, so many to transgress; pass over
totus, -a, -urn, all, the whole; per ta transgressor, -oris, m., transgressor
tum, throughout transigere, -egi, -actus, to get along
trabea, -ae, /., robe transilire, -ui, -ivi, and -ii, to leap or
trabs, -is, /., beam skip over
tractabilis, -e, that can be handled, transire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, (eo), to pass
olanagcable through, go over or across to; pass
tractare, to treat; behave toward; cele by or away; depart hence
brale transitorius, -a, -urn, passing, transitory
tractatus, -us, m., tract, treatise transitus, -us, m., a passing over or by;
tradere, -didi, -ditus, to deliver up; passage; brink
bet ray translatio, -onis, /., transferring; trans
traditio, -onis, f., surrender; tradition lation
traditor, -oris, nl., betrayer, traitor transmeare, to go or come across
traducere, -duxi, -ductus, to leao; ex transmigrare, to Aee
pose puhlicly transmigratio, -onis, /., carrying away;
tradux, -ucis, m., transmission; tradi transnligration
tion transmittere, -misi, -missus, to send
tragoedia, -ae, f., tragic scene transmutare, to change, turn
trahere, traxi, tractus, to draw, drag; transmutatio, -onis, /., change
contract; catch transplantare, to plant
Trajanus, -i, m., Traian transvadere, to ford, pass ovcr
Trallenses, -ium, m. pl., Traltians transvehere, -vexi, -vectus, to carry
trames, -itis, m., crossroad, cour::e, over, convey
road, path transverberare, to piercc, transfix
LATIN GRAMMAR
transversim, adv., across; obliquely triplex, ...icis, threefold
transvertere, ...verti, ...versus, to over triplicare, to triple
turn tripudiare, to dance
Trebnicensis, -e, of Trebnitz triremis, -is, t., galley
trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred tristari, dep., to be sad
tredecim, thirteen tristega, -ae, t., sewer
tremefactus, -a, -urn, terrified tristis, -e, sad, sorrowful, cast down
tremendus, -a, ...urn, tremendous, aw tristitia, -ae, t., sorrow
ful triticeus, -a, -urn, wheaten
tremere, ...ui, to tremble triticum, -i, n., wheat
tremor, -oris, m., fear, trembling tritura, -ae, t., threshing
trepidare, to be busy; swarm about; triturare, to thresh
be afraid; tremble triumphare, to triumph
tres, three triumphator, -oris, m., conqueror
Treveri, -orum, m. pl., Treves (Trier) triumphus, -i, m., triumph
Trias, -adis, t., Trinity Troas, -adis, m., Troas
tribuere, -ui, -utus, to give, grant trophaeurn, -i, n., trophy; monument
tribulans, -antis, m., oppressor of victory; triumph
tribulare, to afflict trucidare, to cut to pieces, slay
tribulari, dep., to be in trouble truJere, trusi, trusus, to push, thrust
tribulatio, -onis, t., tribulation, trouble truncus, -i, m., trunk, stump
tribulus.. -i, m., thorn, brier, thistle truncus, -a, -urn, maimed, mutilated
tribunal, -is, n., place of judgment trux, -cis, savage, rough, grim
tribunus, -i, m., tribune; captain over Tryphonis, -is, m., Tryphon
a thousand men tu, thou
tribus, -us, m., tribe tuba, -ae, t., trumpet
tributurn, -i, n., tribute Tuder, -ertis, t., Todi
tricari, dep., to triAe tueri, tuitus and tutus sum, dep. 2, to
tricesimus, -a, -urn, thirtieth protect, uphold, defend
tricliniurn, -ii, n., parlor; bedcham tuguriurn, -ii, n., peasant's hut~ lodge
ber; stewardship, charge of the table tuitio, -onis, t., protection, defense
tridens, -entis, ha ving three teeth or tum, adv., then, at that time; tum
prongs • • . tum, at one time. . . .at an
Tridentmus, -a, -urn, of Trent other time; now . . . now
triduanus, -a, -urn, of three days turnere, to swell, be swollen; be puffed
triduo, adv., three days up
triduurn, -i, n., a space of three days tumetipse, you yourself
triennalis, -e, three years ttimidus, -a, -urn, puffed up
triennium, -ii, 11., space of three years tumor, -oris, m., tumor, swelling;
trig·:Simus, -a, -urn, thirtieth pride, bombast
triginta, thirty turnulare, to bury
trini, -ae, -a, three each; thrice tumultuare (-ari), to make a tumult
Trinitas, -atis, t. Trinity tumultuarie, adtl., suddenly, in ~ dis.
trinus, -a, ...urn, three, trine, triune orderly manner
322 LATIN GRAMMAR
tumUltus, -us, m., tumult
u
tUmulus, -i, m., grave
tunc, adv., then; ex tunc, from olden uber, -eris, n., breast, pap
tinles uber, -eris, fruitful, rich
Tuniatus Mons, -i, -tic;, rn .• ~v1ontagnate ubertas, -atis, t., fullness, fruitfulness,
tunica, -ae, f., coat; shirt abundance
tunsio, -onis, f., striking,iy':ting ubertim, adv., abundantly
turba, -ae, f., crowd, multitucj, ubi, adv., where, \vhen
turbare, to trouble, disturb ubinam, adv., where
turbatio, -onis, t., fear ubique, adz!., everywhere, in all places
turben, -inis, n., whirhvind udus, -a, -urn, moist; tearful
turbidus, -a, -wu, confused, d~:'() "ciered Uguccio Uguccionum, -ollis, m.,
turbo, -inis, n2., gale, whirlwiHc: U guccio de' Uguccioni
Turcae, -arum, m. pl., Turks ulceratus, -a, urn, covered with sores
turma, -ae, f., squadron, troop ulcisci, uItus sum, dep. 3, to avenge
Turonensis, -e, of Tau rs ulcus, -eris, 11., boil, sore, ulcer
Turoni, -orum, m. pl., Tours; Plessis ullus, -a, -urn, any
Ies-Tours ulna, -ae, t., arm
turpis, -e, filthy, foul; shameful ultimus, -a, -urn, farthest, last
turpitudo, -inis, t., obscenity; disgrace ultio, -onis, f., revenge, vengeance
turris, -is, t., to\ver uItor, -oris, rn., avenger
Turris Formosa, -is, -ae, t., Torre ultra, adv., furthur, beyond; any more
Hermosa Ultrajectensis, -e, of Utrecht
turtur, -uris, m., turtle dove Ultrajectum, -i, 11., Utrecht
tutamentwu, -i, n., safety ultro, adv., spontaneously, of itself
tutare, to defend ulubitus, -us, 171., wailing
tutela, -ae, t., safety, guard, protection Ulyssipo, -onis, t., Lisbon
turor, -oris, m., tutor Umber, -bra, -brum, Urnbrian
tuus, -a, -urn, thy, thine Umber, -bri, m., the Hun1ber River
t.,
tympanistria, -ae, accompaniment of umbilicus, -i, m., navel
a timbrel; a female drummer umbra, -ae, t., shadow, shade
tympanum, -i, n., drum, ti mbre! urnbraculum, -i, n., shade, bower,
typice, adv., prefiguratively covert
typicus, -i, m., figure, emblem wubrosus, -a, -urn, shady; Umbrosa
typicus, -a, -urn, typical Valles, -ae, -is, t., Vallombrosa
typus, -i, m., type, figure umquam, adv., ever, at any time
tyrannis, -idis, t., tyrannical act or unanimis, -e, of one mind
command; tyranny unanimiter, adv., with one accord
tyrannus, -i, m., ruler, tyrant unanimus, -a, -urn, unanimous, of one
Tyrii, -orum, m. pl., Tyrians mind, with one voice
tyrociniwn, -ii, n., novitiate, ap uncia, -ae, t., ounce
prenticeship Unctio, -onis, t., unction, anointing
Tyrrhenus, -a, -urn, Etruscan nnda, -ae, f., wave; water, moisture;
Tyros. -i, f., Tyre stream
LATIN GRAMMAR
unde, adtJ., wherefore, thence, where~ Uritanum, -i, n., Oria
upon; whence urna, -ae, I.. pot
undequaquam, adtJ., from everywhere Ursianus, -a, -urn, Ursian
undecim, eleven ursus, -i, m., bear
undecimus, -a, -urn, eleventh nrtica, -ae, t., nettle
undique, adv.} on all sides, on every usitare, to use
side usque, adtJ.. as far as, over to, all the
nngere, unxi, unctus, to anoint way; - ad, even until
unguentaria, -ae, I., maker of un usquequaque, adv., everywhere; ut
guents, confectionery terly
unguentum, -~ n., ointment usquequo, adtJ., how long? wherefore?
unguis, -is, m., nail, claw ustulare, to singe, burn
ungula, -ae, I., hoof; claw, talon; onyx usura, -ae, I., usury; interest
unica, -ae, f., only one, darling usurpare, to make use of; assert one's
unicornis, -is, nl., unicorn right to; usurp
u.nicus, -a, -urn, only, alone, lonely usus, -us, m., use
unigena, -ae, m., only-begotten ut (uti), con!., that, in order that; as;
unigenitus, -a, -urn, only-begotten after, when; - quia, to what pur
unio, -onis, I., union pose? why?
unire, to unite utcumque, adv., however; after a sort
unitas, -atis, t., unity utensilia, -0 rum, n. pl., utensils, fur
universalis, -e, universal nishings
universitas, -atis, t., wholeness, com uter, -tris, m., wine-skin
pleteness; the whole world, the uni uterinus, -a, -urn, of the same mother
verse; university; company uterque, -tra, -trum, each of two, both
universum, -i, n., the w hole world, the uterus, -i, m., and uterum, -i, n.,
universe womb
nniversus, -a, -urn, all, entire utilis, -e, profitable
unquam, adv., ever, at any time utilitas, -a tis, t., benefit, profit
unus, -a, -urn, one; in unum, as one, utiliter, adv., usefully
together, in unity; unus post unum, utinam, adv., would that! oh thatl
one by one; una cum, together with utique, adtJ., indeed, doubtless
unusquisque, everyone utpote, adv., inasmuch as, since
urbanitas, -atis,t., good breeding utrrnque, adv., on both sides, in both
Urbanus, -i, m., Urban cases
U rbinas, -atis, of U rbino utrobique, adv., in both places, on
urbs, urbis, t., city, town both sides; both . . . and
Urbs, -bis, t., Rome utrum, adv., whether
mceus, -i, m.} earthenware jug, pitcher, uva, -ae, t., grape, a bunch of grapes
vessel Uvada, -ae, t., Ovada
mere, ussi, ustus, to burn; (in the uxor, -oris,t., wife
passive voice) to be on fire
urgere, ursi, to press hard, be urgent;
to shut
LATIN GRAMMAR
vaniloquus, -i, m., vain talker
v vanitas, -atis, f., vanity, vain thing
vacans, -antis, empty, vacant vanus, -a, -urn, vain; vana, n. pl., vain
vacare, to desist, leave off things
vacca, -ae, f., cow; - foeta, milch cow vapor, -oris, m., vapor
vacilhire, to doubt vapor3re, to perfume
vacuitas, -atis, f., vanity vapuhire, to cry out; be beaten
vacuus, -a, -urn, empty, void; in Varai1us, -i, m., Varallo
vacuum, in vain varie, adv., variously, in various ways
vadere, to go varietas, -atis, f., variety, changing
vae! interj., woe! thing
vafer, -fra, -frum, crafty, sly varius, -a, -urn, various, varied, divers
vagina, -ae, f., scabbard, sheath vas, vasis (pl., vasa, -orum), n.,
vagire, to whimper, cry vessel; vasa psalmi, harps
vagus, -a, -urn, wandering, harborless vasculum, -i, n., small vessel
vagus, -i, m., wanderer, vagrant, tramp Vastanensis, -e, of Vadstena
vah! (int~j. of contempt), ohl ah! vastare, to spoil, lay waste
bah! vastator, -oris, m., destroyer
valde, adv., greatly, exceedingly vastitas, -atis, f., waste, desolation
valenter, adv., strongly; with a strong vastus, -a, -urn, vast
VOICe Yates, -is, m., prophet, seer
Valentia, -ae, f., Valencia Vaticanus, -i, nl., Vatican
Valentinus, -a, -urn, of Valencia vaticiruire, to prophesy
Valentinus, -i, m., Valentine vaticmium, -ii, n., prophecy, revelation
valere, to be well or strong; have vau, the sixth letter of the Hebrew
strength; be able ~ be worthy alphabet, corresponding to English
Valerianus, -i, m., Valerian w
Valesii, -orum, m. pl., Valois -ve, enclitic, or
Valesius, -a, -urn, of Valois; Felix-, vecordia, -ae, f., foolishness, folly
icis, -ii, m., Felix de Valois vectatio, -onis, f., carrying
valetudinarium, -ii, n., hospital vectigal, -alis, n., revenue, custom;
valetudo, -inis, f., health, strength rent
valide, adv., strongly, powerfully vectis, -is, m., bar, bolt, stave
validus, -a, -urn, mighty vector, -oris, m., sailor, passenger
vallare, to enclose, make a hedge vegetare, to stir up, quicken, nourish
about; fortify; besiege vegecitio, -onis, f., new life
vallis (-es), -is, f., valley, vale vegetus, -a, -urn, strong, vigorous
Vallisoleturn, -i, n., Valladolid vehemens, -entis, mighty, violent
vallum, -i, n., trench vehementer, adv., greatly, exceedingly
valvae, -arum, f. pl., doors vehiculum, -i, n., conveyance; chariot
Vandall, -orum, m. pl., Vandals Veitlirium, -ii, n., Voltaggio
Vandalus, -i, m., the Vistula River vel, con;., or
vane, adv., vainly, in vain velamen, -inis, n., veil, cloak
vaniloquium, -ii, n., vain babbling velamentum, -i, n., veil; shelter
LATIN GRAMMAR
velare, to cover; blindfold venumdare, -dedi, -datus, to sell
Velaunus, -a, -urn, of Velay Venus, -eris, tOJ Venus
Veldkirchium, -ii, nO Feldkirch
J venustas, -atis, tOJ beauty
Veliternus, -a, -urn, Velletri vepres, -is, mO briar, briar bush
J
velIe (volo), volui, to desire, wish, will; ver, -is, nO spring

J
like, be pleased, delight in; choose; veraciter, advo truly, truthfully

J
mean verax, -ads, true, truthful; (as a

vellere, velli or vulsi, vulsus, to pluck noun) a true speaker
vellus, -eris, nO fleece
J Veranus, -a, -urn, of Verus, Veranian
vel6citer, advo swiftly, speedily
J verber, -eris, n OJ blow, lash, stripe;
velox, -ocis, swift lashing, scourging
velum, i, n OJ veil; sail verberare, to beat
velut, advo like, as
J verberatio, -onis, tOJ chastisement
vena, -ae, tOJ vein verbosus, -a, -urn, verbose, wordy
venalis, -e, for sa Ie verbum, -i, n OJ word
venans, -antis, n1., fowler, hunter VercelIae, -arum, to ploJ Vercelli
venatio, -onis, tOJ hunting; venison Vercellensis, -e, of Vercelli
venator, -oris, mo, hunter Verdun urn, -i, nO Verdun J
venatus, -us, mo, hunting vere, advo, in truth, truly, indeed

vendere, -didi, -ditus, to sell verecundia, -ae, IOJ shame; modesty
venditio, -onis, tOJ selling vereri, dep. 2, to fear; reverence
veneficium, -ii, no, witchcraft vergere, versi, to bend
veneficus, -i, n1. sorcerer, wizard
J veritas, -atis, tOJ truth, fidelity
venenatus, -a, -urn, poisonous, veno vermicutitus, -a, -urn, inlaid
mous, envenomed vermiculus, -i, mO crimsonJ
venenosus, -a, -urn, venomous vermis, -is, m OJ worm

venenurn, -i, no, poison vernaculus, -i, m OJ domestic, servant
venenibilis, -e, venerable born in one's house, homeborn
venerandus, -a, -urn, venerable slave
venerare (-ari), to hold in honor, vernans, -antis, springlike
venerate, worship vernus, -a, -urn, of the springtime,
veneratio, -onis, I., honor spring
Venetia, -ae, 10' Vannes vero, advo, but, in truth
Venetiae, -arum, I. ploJ Venice Veronensis, -e, of Verona
Venetus, -a, -urn, Venetian verrere, versus sum, semidep. 3" to
venia, -ae, 10, pardon sweep
veniabilis, -e, pardonable versare, to turn, change
venire, veni, ventus, to come versatilis, -e, revolving
venire, -ivi (-ii), -itus, to be sold versatus, -a, -urn, versed
venter, -tris, mO womb; belly; bowels
J verslculus, -i, mO little verse
J
ventilare, to toss, scatter; winnow versus, -us, m. verse

J
ventitare, to corne often versutia, -ae, to) craftiness, subtlety

venturus, -a, -urn, to come, coming vertere, verti, versus, to turn; use;
ventus, -i, mO) wind construe as; put to flight; vertente
LATIN GRAMMAR
anno, at the return of the year vibrare, to brandish
vertex, -icis, m., top; top or crown of vicarium, -ii, n., vicariate; office or
the head jurisdiction of a vicar
verumtamen, adv., but, nevertheless; vicarius, -ii, m., vicar
surely viceni, -ae, -a, twen ty
verus, -a, -um, true vicennis, at the age of twenty
vesania, -ae, /., madness, wild rage Vicentia, -ae, /., Vicenza
vesanus, -a, -urn, furious, insane vicinus, -a, -urn, neighboring, nearby
vesci, dep. 3, to eat vicinus, -i, m., neighbor
Vespasianus, -i, m., Vespasian vicis (gen.; no nom.), change, altera
vesper, -eri and -eds, m., evening tion; time, instance; course; return;
vespera, -ae, /., evening vices, pl., punishment; in or ad
vesperae, -arum, /. pl., vespers vicem, instead of
vesperascere, to become evening vicissim, adv., in return; in turn, by
vespertinus, -a, -urn, evening turns
vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours vicissitudo, -inis, j., alteration
vestibulum, -I, n., porch, court victima, -ae, /., victim
vestigium, -ii, n., footstep; foot victitare, to live upon
vestimenturn, -i, n., garment, robe; victor, -oris, m., victor, conqueror
raiment victoria, -ae, /., victory
Vestini, -orum, m. pl., the Abruzzi victrix, -icis, victorious, conquering
vestire, to clothe; put on victrix, -icis, /., congueror
vestis, -is, /., garment; clothing, vesture victus, -us, m., food, feeding; life, way
vestitus, -us, m., providing of cloth of living
ing; vesture vicus, -i, m., town; district; street,
veteranus, -3, -urn, veteran lane, way; vicus Patrici, a district of
veterascere, to grow old; vanish Rome
veternosus, -a, -urn, dull, lethargic videlicet, adv., namely, to wit
vetare, to forbid viden = videsne? seest thou?
vetitus, -a, -urn, forbidden videns, -entis, m., seer
vetus, -eris, old; original videre, vidi, visus, to see, behold
vetustas, -atis, f., old age, old man, old videri, visus sum, to seem
life; antiquity; fanner ways vidua, -ae, /., widow
vetustus, -a, -urn, old viduare, to deprive of
vexare, to trouble, oppress, afflict viduitas, -atis, t., widowhood
vexatio, -onis, /., annoyance; ill- Viennensis, -e, of Vienne
treatment vigere, to live, flourish; be raised to
vexillum, -i, n., standard, banner power
via, -ae, /., way, highway vigesimus, -a, -urn, twentieth
viare, to travel vigil, -ilis, watchful
viarius, -a, -um, wayfarer vigilanter, adv., vigilantly
viaticum, -i, n., viaticum vigilare, to watch, be awake; resort
viator, -oris, m., wayfarer, traveler vigilia, -ae, /., watch, watching; vigil
Vibhina, -ae, /., Bibiana viginti, twenty
LATIN GRAMMAR
vigintiquatuor, twenty-four virginalis, -e, of a virgin, virginal
vigintiquinque, twen ty-fi ve virgineus, -a, -urn, virginal
vigor, -oris, m., strength, vigor, force virginitas, -atis, t., virginity
tilescere, to beCOIne valueless virgo, -inis, t., virgin, n1aiden; Mons
'ilis, -e, vile, cheap Virginis, ~10nte Vergine
rilitas, -atis, t., baseness virgulturn, -i, n., slip for planting;
'ilIa, -ae, t., village; farm, country tender plant; plant; shrub, thicket
place, country viridis, -e, green
Tilticum, -i, n., Villach viriliter, adv., manfully
illicIre, to be or serve as a ste\vard viritirn, adv., individually
illicltio, -onis, t., stewardship viror, -oris, m., verdure; freshness
iHicus, -i, rn., steward virtuose, adv., virtuously
Tilnenis, -e, of Vilna (or \Vilno) virtus, -utis, t., virtue, excellence;
inarius, -a, -urn, \vine, of wine power, strength; host
lincentius, -ii, n2., Vincent vis, vis, t., force, violence
'incere, vici, victus, to overcome, viscera, -orum, n. pl., bowels, inner
conquer most parts
rinda =vincula, bonds, chains visere, visi, visus, to behold
rinctus, -i, m., prisoner, captive visibilis, -e, out\vard, visible
linculum, -i, 11., bond; string; chain; visibiliter, adl)., outwardly, visibly
in vinculis, in prison Visigothi, -orum, In. pl., Visigoths
vindemia, -ae, t., vintage, wine vlsio, -onis,t., vision
vindemiare, to gather grapes, pluck visitare, to visit; survey
vindemiator, -oris, Tn., grape gatherer visitatio, -onis, t., visiting, visttation
vindex, -icis, c., avenger Visogradum, -i, n., Wisgrade
,indiclre, to avenge; claim visum, -i, n., dream
vindicta, -ae, f., revenge, vengeance; visus, -us, m., vision, sight
punishrncn t vita, -ae, t., life
vinea, -ae, t., vineyard; vine vitalis, -e, life-giving, of life
vinitor, -oris, m., vinedresser vitare, to avoid; withstand
vinolentus, -a, -urn, given to wine Vitepscum, -i, n., Vitebsk
drinking Viterbium, -ii, n., Viterbo
Vintoniensis, -e, of Winchester vitiator, -oris, Tn., corrupter
vinum, -i, n., \vine vitiose, adv., viciously
vio13.re, to ravish; defile vitis, -is, t., vine
violator, -oris, r12., violate:r, profaner vitium, -ii, 11., fault, sin, vice
vipera, -ae, t., viper vitreus, -a, -urn, of glass
vir, -i, 111' 01an, husband
J vitrurn, -i, n., glass
virago, -inis, f., heroine vitta, -ae, t., ribbon, band, lace
virens, -entis, green vltula, -ae, t., heifer
virescere, to grow green vitulus, -i, m., calf, bullock, bull
fireturn, -i, n., greensward, glade vituperare, to blame
rirga, -ae, t., rod, scepter vitupenitio, -onis, t., slander, defama
lirgilianus, -a, -urn, Vergiliano tion
LATIN GRAMMAR
Vivariensis, ~, of Vivarais votum, -i, n., vow; prayer, desire
vivax, -ads, long-lived, vigorous vovere, vovi, votus, to vow, promise
vlvere, vixi, victus, to live solemnly
vividus, -a, -urn, living, healthy vox, vocis, f., voice; sound; voce
vivificans, -antis, life-giving magna, with a loud voice
vivificare, to bring to life, quicken Vratislaviensis, -e, of Wratislaw
vivicatio, -onis, f., a new life vulgare, LO pu bIish
vivificltrix, -ids, f., q uickener, vivifier vulgaris, -e, plain, common, coarse
vivus, -a, -urn, living, alive vulgo, adv., commonly
vix, adv., scarcely, with difficulty vulgus, -i, n. people, multitude
\Tladimiria, -ae, f., WloJzimierz vulnerare, to wound
vobiscum, wi th you vulnus, -eris, n., wound
vobismetipsis, dat. pl.; S~~ tumetipse vulpes, -is, f., fox
vocabulum, -i, n., name vultus, -us, m., countenance, face
vocare, to ca 11 vulva, -ae, f., won1b
vocltio, -onis, f., calling, vocation, a
sunlmons
vocifenitio, -onis, f., loud shouting,
w
jubilation Wandali, -orum, m. pl., Vandals
volare, to fly Willelmus, -i, m., William
Volaterrae, -arum, f. pl., Volterra Willibrordus, -i, m., \Villibrord
volatile, -is, n., fowl, winged fowl Winfridus, -i, m., Winfred
volatus, -us, m., flight Wiremuthensis, -e, of Wearmouth
volens, -entis, willi ng Wolphardus, -i, m., Wolphard
Volhinia, -ae, f., Wolyn
voJitare, to fly about
vola (velIe), I wish or will
x
volucris, -is, f., bird, fo\vl Xamphana, -ac, f., Champagne
vohimen, -inis, n., volume, book Xaverius, -ii, m., Xavier
voluntirie, adv., voluntarily, of one's xenodochium, -ii, n., hospital
own will Xystus, -i, m., Sixtus
voluntarium, -ii, n., free-will offering
voluntarius, -a, -urn, voluntary
Y
voluntas, -atis, f. will
voluptas, -atis, /., pleasure, delight Ypsllon, Greek letter y
Volusianus, -a, -urn, Volusian
volutare (ari), to roll about, wallow
v61vere, volvi, volutus, to meditate
z
vomer, -eris, m., plowshare zabulus, -i, m., devil
vorago, -inis, f., breach zain, the seventh letter of the Hebrew
vorare, to eat, devour alphabet, corresponding to English
vosmetlpsos, acc.; se~ tumetipse z
VOUVllS, -3, -urn, votive Zatecium, -ii, n., Zatec
LATIN GRAMMAR
Zebedaeus, -i, m., Zebedee zelus, -i, m., zeal
zehire, to be jealous, envy Ziphaei, -orum, m. pl., Ziphites
ze1£ri, dep., to be zealous for zizania, -arum, n. pl., cockle
zehitor, -oris, m., zealot, enthusiast zona, -ae, t., girdle
INDEX
A (ab), 56, 140, 15 1 Coepiss~, 163

Ablative absolute, 120, 150 Conlparative of adjectives and adverbs,
Ablative case, 2, 3: prepositions govern J 49; ablative with, 151; degree of dif
ing, 5'5; uses of, 150 ference, 151; irregular, 149, IS0
Accompaniment, how expressed, 150 Compounds of capere, facer~, jarer~, 90
Accusative case, 2, 3: prepositions gov Con-, compounded with verbs, 140
erning, 55; of subject in indirect dis- Concessive clause with cum, 82
course, 130; uses of, 16 4 C-<:)nditional clauses of doubt and contrary
Active periphrastic, 48 to fact, 82
Active voice, 17, 33, 81: deponent verbs, Contra, 55, 164
98; semioeponents, 98 Coram, 56
Ad, 55, 149, 16 4: gerundive with, 64 Cum: accompaniment with, 150; as con
Adjectives: comparison of, 149, IS0; de junction, 82; to express manner, lSI;
clension of. 2,7,12; demonstrative, 75; governing ablative, 56, 152; with pro
different forms of, 7; of first declension, nouns, 24
3; inoennite, 108; position of, 3; of sec
ono declension, 7; of special declension, Dative case, 2, 3: uses of, 140
139; of third declension, 12 De, 56, 15 1 , 15 2
Ad verbs, comparison of, 149, 150 Decere, impersonal verb, 139
Agent: with the passive periphrastic, 140; Declension, I: of adjectives, 12; fifth, 47;
with the passive voice, 151 first, 2; fourth. 40; irregular, 139; sec
Agreement: of adjectives, 1, 3, 7, 12; of ono, 6; third, I I
participles. 47 Defecti ve verbs, 163
Aio, 163 Degree of difference, how expressed, lSI
Aliquis and aliqui.. 108 Demonstratives, pronouns and adjectives,
Alius, 140 75
Alter, 140 Deponent verbs, 98: governing the abla-
An, 162 tive case, 152
Anu, 55, 140, 164 Description, how expressed, 151
Apud, 55. 16 4 Direct object, 2, 3, 164
Articles, 3 Double questions, 162
Duration of time, how expressed, 164
Ben~, comparison of, 150
E (~x), lSI, 56
Caper~, 90 Emphatic pronouns, 75: verb forms, 18
Cardinal numerals, 175 Ess~: future of, 41; future imperative of,
Causa, gerundive with, 64 34; future participle of, 48; imperatives
Causal clause with cum, 82 of, 34; imperfect of, 34, 81; perfect in
Cause, how expressed, 151 dicative of, 55; possession with, 140,
Circum, 55, 140, 16 4 present of, 8, 63
331
INDEX
Esto, 34
Ips~, 75
EstoU, 34
Ir~: future, 41; imperatives of, 34; imper
Etiam, 163
fect of, 34, 8 I; participles of, 48; per
Ex, 56, 15 1, 15 2
fect of, 55; present of, 25, 63
Extent of space, how expressed, 164

Irregu lar com parisons, 149, 150
Irregubr declensions, 175
Fac~~, 90
Irregular verbs, 188-92
Feminine gender, 2, 3, 12, 47

Iste, 75
F~rre, present indicative of, 108
Fieri, irregular tenses of, 120

lac"~, 90
Frui, governing ablative, 152
Fungi, governing ablative, 152
Licere, impersonal verb, 139
Future: of eJSe, posse, ir~, 41; infinitive,
130; participles, 47, 48; of the regular
conjugations, 40
Jvfagno!,er~, comparison of, IS0
Future perfect, 5S: of defective verbs, 163

J..Jale, comparison of, 150
Manner, how expressed, 151
Mascul ine gender, 67, 40
Gender, 2, 47
Means, how expressed, 151
Geni ti ve case, 3
A1 cm 1121SS~, 163
Gerundive, 48: with ad to express pur
JvJultum, comparison of, IS0
pose, 64; with causa, 64
N~, use of, 64
Hic, 75
-n~, enclitic, 162
Negative adverbs, 162,64
Ill~, 75
N~u/er, 140
Imperative: of ~ss~ and ir~, 34; with noll~,

Neuter gender, 2, 6, 7, I I
ISO; of the regular conjugations, 33

Nolle: in expressions of command, 150;
Imperfect: of esse, posse, ire, 34; of fieri,

present indicative of, 150
120; of regular conjugations, 33, 81

Nominative case, 2
Impersonal verbs, 139

Nonne, 162
In: with the accusative or ablative, 56; to

NOll ns: declension of, I; irregular declen
express place, 151; verbs compounded
sion of, 17 S; regular declensions, 2, 3,
with, 140
7, 11,4 0 ,47
Indefinite pronouns and adjectives, 108
Nul/us, 140
Indirect discourse, 130: quod and quia,

Nttm, nlimquid, 162
13 I; subjunctive in, 130

Numerals, cardinal and ordinal, 175, 176
Indirect obJect, 3, 140
Indirect quc:,tion, 82
Infinitive· to express purpose, 65; in indi Ob,55

rect discourse, 130; subject of, 164
Object pronouns, direct and indirect, 23,
Instrument, how expressed, 151

24, 140
In tensi ve pronoun, 75
Odisse, 163
Inter, 55, 140, 164

Ordinal numerals, 175, 176
Interrogative adjective, 107
Interrogative pronoun, 107

Participles, 47, 48 : agreement of, 47; de
Intra, 55
clension of, 47
Intransitive verbs, 140

Parum, comparison of, 150
INDEX 333
Passive periphrastic, 48: agent with, 140
Quisque, 108
Passive voice: agent with, 151; deponents,

Quod or quia clause, substitute for indi
98; of facere, 120; of regular and ir

rect discourse, 131
regular verbs, 177- 192; sen1idcponents,
9 8
Reflexive pronouns, 24
Past participles, 47: irregular, 55

Relative pronouns, 107
Per, 55, 16 4
Result, subjunctive in clauses of, 81
Perfect tense, 54: defective verbs, 163; of
esse, posse, ire, 55; irregular forms of,

Secundum, 55
55; of the regular conjugations, 54

Serrlideponents, 98
Periphrastic: active and passive, 48; agent

Separation, how expressed, 152
with passive, 140

Si in conditional clauses, 82
Place where, how expressed, 151

Sine, 56, 152
Pluperfect tense, 55: of defective verbs,

Solus, 140
16 3
Space, expre~sion of extent of, 164
Position of adjectives, 3
Specification, how cxpres\ccl, 152
Posse: future of, 41; imperfect of, 34, 8 I;

Sub: with accusative and ablative, 56;
perfect of, 55; present of, 8, 63; present

compounded with verbs, 140
participle of, 48
Subject pronouns, 8, 23, 24
Possession, 3: with esse, 140

Subjunctive: in clauses in indirect dis
Post, 55, 140

course, 130; to express purpose, 64;
Patin·, governing ablative, 152

formation of pluperfect, 55; imperfect
Prae, 56, 140, 15 2

of esse, posse, ire, 81; imperfect of reg
Prepositions: cum with pronouns, 24; gov

ular conjugations, 81; present of esse,
erning the accusative and ablative, 55,

posse, ire, 63; present of regular con
56; use and omission of, 151

jugations, 63; uses of, 63, 81
Present indicative: of esse and 1'0.'5(', 8;

Super: with accusative and ablative, 56;
of ferre, 108; of fieri, 120; of ire, 25;

compounded with verbs, 140
of the regular conjugations, 17, 18; of

Supra, 56
t/elle and nolle, 150
Pro, 56, 140, 152
Time: with ablative, 15 2 ; duration of,
Progressive verb forms, 18
16 4
Pronouns: demonstrative, 75; indefinite,
Time clause with cum, 82
108; intensive or emphatic, 75; inter
TOltiS, 140
rogative, 107; personal, subject, object,
Trans, 56, 164
reflexive, 8, 23; relative, 107
Propter, 55
Purpose: dative of, 140; ne introducing

VUus, 140
c'auses of, 64; ways of expressing, 64,

Gnus, 140
65
Vt (uti): introducing purpose clauses, 64;
introducing result clauses, 81
Quality, how expressed, 151

Vter, 140
Quam, omission of, 151

Vti, governing ablative, 152
Question: direct, 162; indirect, 82

Ut non, introducing negative clauses of
Qui, 107
result, 81
Quid, 107
Utrum, 162
Quidam,108
Quis, 107
VdIe, present indicative of, 150
334 INDEX
Verbs: complete conjugations of regular Verbs (continued)
and irregular, 177-92; compounded 47; perfect indicative of, 54, 55; present
with prepositions, 140; defective, 163; tense of, 8, 16, 17; progressive and em
deponents, 98; esse, posse, ire, 8, 25, phatic forms of, 18; regular, 177-88;
34. 41, 4 8; ferre, 108; fieri, 120; future semideponents, 98; velie and nolle, 150
tense of, 40, 47; imperfect of, 33, 81; Vesci, governing ablative, 152
ilnpersonal, 139; intransitive, 140; in
-;0, 90; irregular, 8, 188-92; participles, Word order, 8
second
Latin
Grammar Vocabularies, and Exercises

in Preparation for the Reading of
Philosophy, Theology and Canon Law
Cora Carroll Scanlon, A.M.
Charles L. Scanlon, A.M.
second Latin
THIS SECOND-YEAR Latin course sages have been selected with this
supposes the previous study of Latin practical purpose in mind.
Gramma/", by the same authors.
The first half of the book is based on
It is intended for students who can philosophical texts; the second half is
devote only two years to the study of drawn from works of theology and
Latin and who must be prepared to from the Code of Canon Law. At the
read intelligently Latin textbooks of end of the volume is a vocabulary of
philosophy, theology, and canon law. 3,000 words, which may serve the
Therefore the vocabularies, word purpose of a concise dictionary.
studies, exercises, and connected pas
$38.50
1401021.
SECOND LATIN
I ~IIIIIIIIII
0 000000 013271
SECOND LATIN
BY
CORA CARROLL SCANLON, A.M.

AND
CHARLES L. SCANLON
Rockford~ Illinois 61105
PREFACE
This second-year Latin course supposes the previous study of our
Latin Grammar. It is intended for students who can devote only
two years to the study of Latin and who must be prepared to read
intelligently Latin textbooks of philosophy, theology, and canon
law. Therefore the vocabularies, word studies, exercises, and con
nected passages have been selected with this practical purpose in
mind. The first half of the book is based on philosophical texts; the
second half is drawn from ~10rks of theology and from the Code
of Canon Law. At the end of the volume is a vocabulary of 3,000
words, which may serve the purpose of a concise dictionary.
THE AUTHORS
Printed Lvilh Ecclesiastical Approval
Copyright © 1976 by l'AN Books and Publishers, Inc.
Originally published in 1948 by B. I-Ierder Book Co.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 48-748
ISBN: 0-89555-003-2
Fourth Printing
PRINTED AND BOUND IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
P.O. Box 424
1976
CONTEN1-'S
LESSON PAGE
I. Passive Voice .
II. Adverbs
4
III. Gerund 8
IV. Conjunctions 12
v. Conjunctions 16
VI. The Infinitive 21
\111. Corn pounds of quis and qui 2S
VIII. Deponent Verbs 29
IX. Quia, quod, quoniam

34
X. Verbs Governing Other than the Accusative .
37
XI. Subj uncti ve 41
XII. Subjunctive in Causal Clauses 46
XIII. Other Uses of the Subjunctive 52
XIV. Some Prepositions 56
XV'. Other Uses of the Subjunctive 61
XVI. }{eflexive Pronouns; Sornc Prepositlons 66
XVII. Inlpersonal Verbs 72
XVIII. Quin, idenl, met .

77
XIX. Ut Clauses of Purpo~c 82
XX. Dunl, donee, quoad 87
XXI. Concessive Clauses 92
CONTENTS
LESSON PAGE
XXII. Locative Case; .A.dverbs of Time · 100
XXIII. Antequam, priusquam 109
XXIV. Alius, alter 117
XXV. Numerals 125
XXVI. Enclitics 133
XXVII. Some Prepositions · 14 2
XXVIII. Some Prepositions · 15°

XXIX. Some Prepositions 157
XXX. Some Prepositions 165
XXXI. Some Prepositions 173
XXXII. Vocative Case

· 179
XXXIII. Prohibition 186
XXXIV. Relative Clause of Characteristic . 192
XXXV. Verbs Taking the Subjunctive . · 197
XXXVI. Verbs of Wishing · 2°3

XXXVII. Verbs of Determining; Verbs of Caution . · 2°9
XXXVIII. Verbs of Permitting and Commanding · 21 5
XXXIX. Verbs of Emotion · 220
XL. Clause after a Comparative. · 226
Vocabulary · 233
LESSON I
Vocabulary
abrogare, to revoke} to abrogate} to annul

aptus, fit} suited to} correct
congruus, proper} suitable
corporeus, bodily} corporeal
dicitur, it is called} it is said to be
distincte, clearly} plainly} distinctly
exhibere (2), to show} to exhibit
exprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to show to express} to represent
l
hujusmodi, of this kind

mere, merely
mosaicus, Mosaic} pertaining to Moses
nota, f., mark} feature
perfectio, f., perfection} correctness
privativus, deprived of} lacking
probare, to prove} to test} to examine
prout, according as
pugnare, to fight
roborare, to strengthen
solere (2), to be accustomed
subjeetum, n., subject} proposition
vivens, living
WORD Snmy
I. Realis, realiter, realitas refer to the existence of something existing
independent of the action of the created mind. Thus a dot is an ens
reale, realiter existens. But a point is not an ens reale.
2. Substantia is an ens reale that is suited to exist by itself (e.g., an
:2 SECOND LATIN
apple). Substantia is contrasted with accidens. An accidens (plur.,
accidentia) inheres in a substantia (e.g., redness, roundness).
3. Carentia, privatio. Carentia, the generic term, means the absence
of some quality. Privatio (adj., privativus) is an absence of a quality
from a being that is aptum to have that quality. Thus a man's blind
ness is a privatio.
4. Subjectum, objectum. Subjectum is that in \vhich something ex
ists. Thus the intellect is the subjectum of ideas; a man is the subjectum
of health. Objectum is that toward which sOll1et.hing is directed. Thus
color is the objectum of the power of sight.
GRAMMAR
The passive voice is used for the most part as in English.

a) The agent, if expressed, is placed in the ablative case preceded
by the preposition a or abe Evangelia a discipulis scribebantur.. T h~
Gospels were toritten by disciples.
b) Many verbs may be used in the passive with impersonal force.
Dicitur.lt is said to be} it is called.
Agendwn est. The matter to be treated is.
EXERCISES
Translate into English: I. Substantia non deletur. 2. Evangelium

a sacerdote praedicatur. 3. M undus non amatur ab inimicis suis.
4. Ideae distinctae in duas partes dividuntuL 5. Animae immortalitas
ex ejus spiritualitare prob3tur. 6. Dei existentia ex existentia mundi
probatur. 7. Corpus exercitio congruo roboratur. 8. Lex mosaica a
Christo abrogata est. 9. \1 eritas in actu exercito cognoscitur. 10. Multas
dies pugnatur. 11. Cogitationes impiae repelli possunt. 12. Portae
civitatis apertae sunt. 13. Gratiae actae erant. 14. Principium pacis
factum erit. 15. Domus a virgine rnundatur. 16. Panes pauperibus
dabuntur. 17. Deprecationes a filiis oblatae sunt. 18. Virgo in cCleEs
coronatur. 19. Filia a matre sua docebitur. 20. Discipuli Domini verbis
conturbabantur. 21. Agnus a servo abductus est. 22. Vultus suus
SECOND LATIN 3
aversus est. 23. FamuIi moniti erant. 24. In civitate ilIa litigabatur.
25. Poenae non evadentur. 26. Rex a plebe salutatus est. 27. Indulgentia
in imicis tribuetur. 28. Praemia servis bonis data erant. 29. Militiae
ad civitatelTI diriguntur. 30. Idea illa dici solet negativa. 31. Sancti ab
on1nibus hominibus admirati sunt. 32. Verbum a discipulis discutitur.
33. Trinitas a nobis non comprehendi potest. 34. as suum non apertum
est. 35. Calamitates a Deo perm.ittuntur. 36. .8.. ntistes a papa audietur.
37. ~Aurus bene munit·us erat. 38. Puer in ecclesia relinquebatur.
39. Homines mali ejecti sunt. 40. Terra a Deo facta est. 41. Tutarnen
tum eis n1andatum est. 42. Viri a famula vocantur. 43. Ignis a pueris
non visus esL 44. Caritas Dei ab ornnibus implorabatur. 45. Pes ho
minis fractus erato 46. Civitas a rege condetur. 47. Medicina sanamur.
48. Dicta ejus audi solent. 49. Aqua non potabitur. 50. Animae nostrae
ab angelis eripientur. SI. Ab apostol is aestin1abatur. 52. Sonus tubae
a filiis timetur. 53. Vota a matribus f~cta erunt. 54. POI estas vestra
perdita est. 55. In illa die pax concelebrabitur.
READiNG
I. Idea posltlva est ea, quae aliq uam realiratem exh~bet, ut idea
vitae~ Idea negativa est ea, quae exhibet carentiam realitatis~ ut idea
nihili, mortis, tenebrarum. Prout cxhibet carentiam perfectionis in
subjecto apto, vel non apto, dici solet privativa, vel mere negativa.
2. Idea distincta dividitur in cornplctam et incOlllpletam. Idea com
pleta est ea, quae omnes notas essentiaI.-:s distincte exhibet; si non
omnes huiusmodi notas exprilnit, dicitur incornpleta. Completa est
idea quae honlinerrl exhibet ut substantiam corpOrCalTI, viventen1,
sensitivarIl, rationalem.
LESSON II
Vocabulary
alienus, -a, -urn, of another, another's
attingere, -tigi, -tactus, to arrive at, to attain
circa, about, in respect to
cognitio, f., knowledge, idea
colligere, -legi, -lectus, to assemble, to collect
debere (2), to owe, ought, must
detegere, -texi, -tectus, to uncover) to detect
diligenter, carefully
iterum, again
nam,for
naturaliter, naturally
operarn dare, to work hard at, to devote oneself to
ops, opis, f., power, support; ope, with the help
patere (2), to be visible) to be obvious
porro, next
primo (adv.), first
processus, ..us, m., course, process
latio, f., account, reason
ratiocinium, n., reasoning
redigere, -egi, ..actus, to make, to reduce
reflectere, -flexi, -flexus, to reflect
regula, f., rule
seipsum, himself; sibiipsi, to himself
systema, -atis, n., system
vitium, n., defect
vulgo, commonly) generally
4
SECOND LATIN s
WORD STUDY
I. Ratio. The first meaning of this word is account or reckoning,

a business transaction: for example, rationem ducere, to compute;
rationes subducere, to close accounts. From this there develops a
figurative meaning, such as rationem habere, to make a calculation
(of any kind, not merely financial). From this is derived other similar
meanings, such as plan, mode, method of procedure, nature, kind. The
word then comes to be applied to that faculty of the mind which cal
culates and plans, namely, the reason. From this it is applied to cer
tain properties of the reason, such as reasonableness, order, method.
From being applied to the reason itself, it is used to indicate some
product of the reason, such as theory, doctrine, system, or the operation
itself of the reason, namely, an adducing of proof or reasoning.
GRAMMAR
Adverbs.
a) Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the first and second
declensions by adding e to the stem: clarus, clare; distinctus, distincte;
merus, mere.
b) Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the third declension by
adding iter to the stem (stems in -nt lose the -it) : fortis, fortiter; pro
dens, prudenter; naturalis, naturaliter.
c) The ablative singular neuter or feminine of adjectives, pronouns,
and nouns may be used adverbially: falso, falJely; recta, straightway;
vulgo, commonly; crebro, frequently.
d) The words of a phrase or short sentence have sometimes united
to form an adverb: postmodo, presently; videlicet, to wit; nihilominus,
nevertheless; scilicet (usually abbreviated to scil.) , that is to say.
e) A common adverbial ending in Latin is -tim: partim, partly;
statim, on the spot; saltim (or saltern), at least; separatim, separately,·
generatim, in general; divisim, separately, individually; vicissim, in
turn; singillatim, singly; gradatim, step by step, gradually, by degrees.
6 SECOND LATIN
EXLTtCISES
Translate into English: I. I-Iaec iterunl, ratione objecti, dividitur

in Metaphysicam generalem et specialem. 2. Homines generatim
agunt, prout cogitant. 3. Sic cog-nosco Petrum, non modo ut est homo,
sed etianl, ut est anilnal, substantia. 4. Ita ideae sunt inlagines rerum.
5. Jam imagi nes, et ergo ideae, considerari possunt: (a) ratione orj gi
nis; (b) ratione obj ecti quod exprimunt; (c) ratione perfectionis
repraesentationis; (d) ratione inter se relationum. 6. Adhuc non coena
verunt. 7. Amado omnes pueros hic colligent. 8. I-Iodie illam rem
anlplius considerabo. 9·. Cognoscunt bene omnes notas objecti. 10. No
bis benigne multas res tribuere solet. I I. Deprecationes meas clementer
auJivit. 12. Competenter diligenterque omnem scientiam ad regulas
reJegerunt. 13. Etiam ope regularum scientia logicae filiis docebitur.
14. Homines in iqui foras ejecti sunt. IS. Fortiter pugnatur in illa
natione. 16. I-lic renlanere possunt. 17. Igitur homo substantia cor
porea, vivens, sensitiva, rationalis dicitur. IS. Ideo idea negativa est e.a
quae carentiam realitatis exhibet. 19. Illic stabat auxdium implorans.
20. Pucri iten1 CUITI mJtribus in ccciesianl introibunt. 21. Iterum dicam,
id quod jam dixie 22. Nimis de legibus discutitur. 23. Sine exercitio
congruo corpus nurnquam roborari potest. 24. Sic probari non solet.
25. De carentia perfectionis in IlIa re non agendun1 est. 26. Silbjec
tum nunc probatulTI est. 27. Olim leges ratiocinii non comprehende
bantur. 28. Exercitus Roman1 pridie intravit. 29. In hoc subjecto duae
ideae pariter expressae sunt. 30. Quando lex rnosaica abrogabatur?
31. Quare haec idea privativa dicitur? 32. Idea quoque negativa dici
tUT. 3.3. QuondaJn dornus in illa regione sine tectis erant. 34. Corpora
sua exercitio roborare quotidie solent. 35. Non rcete exhibent notas
realitatis. 36. Homo sicut apostolus dixit. 37. Duas ideas simul ex
pressit. 38. Prirno, sibiipsi subjecturn probat; porro, omnibus homini
bus id probabit. 39. Realitatern facile et sine errore probare possunt.
40. Igitur veritas non vulgo patet. 4r. Quare vitia ratiocinii ejus
detegere non possumus? 420 I-lis processibus natura liter veritatem
attingimus. 43. Tamen regulas ilEus systematis non clare percipimus.
SECOND LATIN 7
44. Homo, huic scientiae operam dans, vitia ratiocinii sui observat.
45. Conclusiones tam remotae erant, ut vulgo non paterent. 46. Gloria
virtutem tamquam umbra sequitur. 47. Comprehendemus tunc pro
cessus ratiocinii nostri. 48. Discipuli Christi ubique aliis rationern
reddere de fide sua debent. 49. Unde non opus est id a~.iis probare.
50. Si admittuntur ideae universales, debent quoque admitti res
aliq uo modo universales. 51. Nunc experientia habetur ope observa
tionis et experimenti. 52. Cognitio nostra est essentialiter relativa.
53. Studium logicae mentem gradatim roborat. 54. Homo partim spi
ritus, partim corpus est. 55. Prout huic subjecto operam damus, id
intelligemus.
READING
I. Nam qui huic scientiae (logicae) operam dat, primo, in suam

mentem et ejus operariones reflectens, diligenter observat modum,
quo naturaliter veritatem attingit; deinde ex hac observatione colligit,
et in systema redigit, regulas, quas in suis circa veritatem operationibus
sequi debet.
2. Porro, ope ejusdem regularum systematis, cognitiones jam ha
bitas clarius et distinctius percipit; conclusiones remotiores, quae
vulgo non patent, ex eis deducit; alienorum vitia argunlentorum de
tegit; ac sibiipsi, et si opus est, aliis rationem reddere potest de sui
ratiocinii processibus.
LESSON III
Vocabulary
actus, m., act
communiter, commonly
conserere, -semi, -sertus, to connea
definire, to define
facultas, f., faculty
hine, hence
intellectus, m., intellect
necessario, necessarily
non modo, not only
notio, f., notion
notitia, f., knowledge, acquaintance
res, f., thing
scll. (abbrev. for scilicet), that is to say, namely
sensibilis, perceptible, apprehensible, sensible
seu, or
significare, to mean to signify
I
simplex, simple
sonare, to sound, to indicate
terminus, m., term
tractare, to treat
ullus, -a, -urn, any
verum etiam, but also
WORD Snmy
I. Essentia: that by which a thing is what it is; the intrinsic nature
of a thing. Thus the essentia of man consists in his being a rational
animal; the essentia of a triangle consists in its being a three-sided
plane figure. Further details do not belong to the essentia.
8
SECOND LATIN 9
2. Facultas: used here in the sense of power or ability.
3- Sensibilis: perceptible to the mind through the senses of sight,
hearing, touch, and the like. Capable of being apprehended by the
bodily senses.
GRAMMAR
Gerund and gerundive participle. These verb parts are formed sim
ilarly, that is, by adding -nd- plus the inflectional endings to the basic
root. For example:
capiendus, -a, -um capiendi, -ae, -a
capiendi, -ae, -i capiendorum, -arum, -arum
capiendo, -ae, -0 capiendis, -is, -is
capiendum, -am, -urn capiendos, -as, -a
capiendo, -a, -0 capiendis, -is, -is
a) The gerund is used in the singular only, and only in the oblique
cases (i.e., all cases except the nominative and the vocative).
b) The gerund combines the functions of both the verb and the
noun. For example: ars scribendi, the art of writing. Potestas res
cognoscendi, the power of recognizing things.
c) The gerund is always active in meaning and in grammatical
relationship.
d) The gerundive participle is used in all cases and both numbers.
e) The gerundive participle is used as an adj ective or with some
form of esse as a predicate verb with the idea of must or ought. This
last construction is sometimes called the Second Periphrastic.
f) The gerundive participle is always passive in meaning and in
grammatical relationship. The agent, when expressed, is put in the
dative case.
Examples:
As adjective: Magna et conservanda civitas, a great city worthy of
presertJation.
:'.0 SECOND LATIN
Second Periphrastic: Hine cum iisdem traetanda snnt. Hence th~y
must be treated with the same. Quaedam res aggregandae erant. Cer
tain things had to be added.
EXERCISES
Translate into English: I. Quaedam res cognoscendae sunt. 2. Haec

facultas possidenda est. J. Homo facultatem possidet cognitiones pro
prias manifestandi. 4. Hic terminus definiendus est. 5. Ille actus cum
aliis non confundendus est. 6. Essentia alicujus rei menti repraesen
tanda est. 7~ Ideae simpliciter exprimendae erunt. 8. Hoc nomen
simplex accipiendum erato 9. Panis manducandus erato 10. Inimici
nostri repellendi erunt. 1 I. Calices pueris ostendendi erant. 12. Ars
scribendi docenda est. 13. Spes arnicas suos liberandi corda replevit.
14. I..,eges iisdem hominibus observandae erunt. IS. Initium ecclesiam
decorandi facturn est. 16. Laetitia DeUID cognoscendi non potest ex
primi. 17. Luces non videndae sunt. 18. Domus mundanda erato
19. Peccatum reservatum commissum est et non absolvendum. 20. Mo
dus vivendi est optimus. 21. Manifestat timort:m SUUlll clamando.
22. Perdidit discipulos auxilium inimicis ducendo. 23. Placendae mili
tiae causa in illo loco rcnlansit. 24. Regnat viros malos ej iciendo.
25. Videndi exercitus gratia in monte alto stabit. 26. Ostia aperienda
erant. 27. Mortuus est ad alios salvandos. 28. Respiciendi ignis causa
ingressae sumus ad civitatelTI. 29. Multa faciendo virtutem ostendunt.
30. AgendulTl est. 31 • Te vocabo ad canendum hymnunl. 32. Pueri
introeunt ad aquam aspergendam. 3y Sapientiam non habeo in
rebus meis gerendis. 34. Modis malis relinguendis vitam meliorem
possumus consequi. 35. Os sancti reddendum erit. 36. Eadem ei non
petenda sunt. 37. Coenanduln est. 38. Non videmus utilitatem. ad
invicem litigandi. 39. Pueri matresque liberandi sunt. 40. Oves ab
haedis sequestrandae sunt. 41. Porta mihi aperienda est. 42. Faciendum
erato 43. Multa tabernacula aedificanda erunt. 44. Vivitis non ad man
data danda sed ad accipienda. 45. Hic famulus in illo tumulo sepelien
dus erato 46. Hi homines dolasi quoque timendi sunt. 47. Venerunt ad
pacem poscendam. 48. Possidendae terrae causa rex malus pauperes
SECOND LATIN II
de domibus eorum ejecit. 49. Ulciscendi domini gratia servus inimicos

ejus quaesivit. 50. Rex virginibus lacrimosis non affiigendus est.
READING
I. Sed homo non n10do habet potestatem res cognoscendi, verum

etiam facultatem possidet cognitiones proprias aliis hominibus mani
festandi. I-Iaec manifestatio fit per quaedam signa sensibilia, scil.,
terminum, propositionem, argumentationem, quae, pro nostra prae
senti conditione, cum mentis operationibus necessario conserta sunt,
et hinc cum iisdem tractanda.
2. Apprehensio, ut ipsum nomen sonat, significat aliquid capere,
percipere, tenere, quibus verbis, comn1uniter exprimitur cognitio seu
notitia, quam mens accipit de rebus. Hinc simplex apprehensio def1ni
tur: actus, quo intellect us sibi repraesentat essentiam alicujus rei, sine
ulla de ipsa re afurmatione vel negatione.
LESSON IV
Vocabulary
complexio, f., combination
duplex, double
e.g. (exempli gratia), for example
ens, n., being
expers, devoid of, without
formalis, formal, essential
i.e. (id est), that is
immaterialis, im material
imprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to impress
materialis, material
objectum, n., object
omnino, altogether) entirely
organismus, m., organism
Plato, m., Plato (Greek philosopher, 427-347 B.C.)
praecisive, precisely
praeterquam, beyond) besides
sensitivus, perceptive by tlz e senses
sen ... vel, whet/Jer .•. or
spectare, to look at
tan tum, only
uterlibet, whichever of the two
v.g. (verbi gratia), for example
WORD Snmy
I. Ens (plur. entia). Strictly speaking, this most general of all terms
cannot be defined. But we can say that it means id quod est. Whatever
12
SECOND LATIN 13
is, is an ens. Existence is not requisite for something to be an ens.
Whatever can be the object of thought is an ens. Thus a mile-high tree
is an ens (possible) ; but a square circle is not an ens.
2. Formalis. An object of thought or study may be twofold: as the
thing is in itself and as it is from a special point of view. As the former
it is the objectum materiale; as the latter it is the objectum formale.
The objectum materiale of chemistry is matter; the objectum formale
is likewise matter, but considered as consisting of ultimate elements
and their mutual relations.
GRAMMAR
I. Ut followed by the indicative may be translated by the adverbial

conjunctions as, when, while, as soon as, since.
2. Some conjunctions.
a) Often the same conjunction is repeated in two coordinate clauses.
et • • • et } both .•• an d
-que ••• -que
aut • • • aut } . h
ve1 ••• vd ett er • • • or
sive ••• sive }
whether • •• or
seu ••• seu
neque ••• neque neither ... nor
b) Many adverbs are similarly used in pairs as conjunctions.
nunc ••• nunc }
tum ••• tum
• . now • •• now
Jam ••• Jam
modo ••• modo
ut ••• sic (ita) } as ••• so ( as)
tam ••• quam
cum ••• tum · } not on1y • •• but a1so
non mod0 • • • vero (sed) etiam
sen • • • vd either • • • or
SECOND LATIN
EXERCISES
Translate into English: I. Apprehensio, ut ipsum nomen sonat, sig

nificat aliquid percipere. 2. Plato ut sapiens. 3. Matresque puerique
passi sunt. 4. Et inimicos timebant et despiciebant eos. 5. Aut caritas
aut virtus nobis placet. 6. Vel gaudeant vel affiigantur. 7. Sive bibat
sive manducet gratias agere decet. 8. Seu famuli seu famulae aderunt
in domo domini. 9. Neque regem vidimus neque audivimus eum.
10. Nunc clamabant, nunc obsecrabant. II. Tum nomina filiorum
suorum vocant, tum vultus suos avertunt. 12. Homo jam pius jam
impius est. 13. Modo corde fratres modo ad invicem dolosi sunt. 14. Dt
pater sic filius. IS. Dt mater docet, ita agit fllia. 16. Agnus non tam
magnus est quan1 ovis. 17. Cum mirabiliter factum est, tum nirnis
dignum est. 18. Non modo judex verum etiam rex ipse reUITI ex regno
migrare jusserunt. 19. Seu est nota vel notarum complexio. 20. Dt
portam aperueram, citaram audire poteram. 21. Dt famulae concele
brabant, aliquis donum matris meae fregit. 22. Non eas vidi, ut id
dixerunt. 23. Et vinum benedixit, et bibit eum. 24. Aut nobis medelam
dabit aut moriemur. 25. Vel virgo vel filius patrem suum consolabitur.
26. Sive valde contriti erant sive in malis suis laetabantur, non scio.
27. Neque homines neque gentes leges justitiae observaverunt. 28. Seu
Maria in ecclesia erat seu ad domum jam ierat, non dicere poterant.
29. Nunc leones agnos capiebant, nunc isti evadebant. 30. Tum aedifi
cant, tum delent. 31. Dt sacerdos ducit, sic omnes discipuli sui con
sequentur. 32. Ille vir praeclarus tam fortis quan1 fidelis est. 33. Sancti
jam vincula jam certamina patiebantur. 34. Cum latro est hic vir, tum
regionis reus pessimus. 35. Utrumlibet habere potes: seu calicem de
argento vel fontem aquae sanctae. 36. Modo sapientiam exhibeo, modo
delicta copiosa facio. 37. Non modo de die in diem in via commorati
sunt, verum etiam omnes panes et carnes manducaverunt. 38. Deus
tam bonus quam clemens est. 39. Neque defunctorum neque vivorum
obliviscentur. 40. Non memini sive apud benefactorem suum apparuit
sive in tenebris occultus remanebat. 41. Nunc credebat, nunc dicebat
se ignorare. 42. Dt alios aestimat, ita cogitat alios eum aestimare.
SECOND LATIN
43. Dt ex civitate egressi sunt, non mihi scripserunt. 44. Semper nobis
epistolam mittit, ut advenit. 45. Seu Agnes vel Andreas oves custodit.
46. Seu bonus seu malus est, nemo diligit eum. 47. Habitatio, ut ipsum
nomen sonat, significat locum habitandi. 48. Martyres innocentes erant
ut angeli. 49. Non modo vox ej us suavis erat, verum etiam vultus
valde benignus erato 50. Aut nubes aut montes erant.
READING
I. Actus facultatis sensitivae exhibet tantum sensibiles corporum

qualitates (i.e., eas quae in organismum se imprimere valent), at actus
intellectus, praeterquam quod attingit ad res qualitatibus sensibilibus
omnino expertes (e.g., Deum, aniluam), res materiales sub rationibus
praecisive immaterialibus substantiae, entis, etc., cognoscit.
2. Obj ectum ideae seu id quod idea repraesentat, est duplex, ma
teriale et formale: Materiale est res spectata ut est in se, sci!', cum
omnibus suis notis, e.g., Plato; formale est eadem res, prout a mente
apprehenditur, v.g., Plato ut sapiens; seu est nota vel notarurn corTI
plexio, quae hie et nunc repraesentatur, e.g., sapientia vel virtus
Platonis.
LESSON V
Vocabulary
alter, the other
contemplatio, £., contem plation
diversitas, f., difference
dividere, -visi, -visus, to dz:vide
excitare, to excite, to arouse
exsurgere (3), to arise
extra, outside of
factitius, artificial
inquirere, -quisivi, -quisitus, to seek
intuitivus, intuitive
nominare, to call, to name, to nominate
operatio, f., action
ordinare, to arrange, to ordain
oriri, ortus.. to rise
partitio, fo, division
philosophia, fo, philosophy
posterior, the latter
practicus, practical
praesentia, fo, presence
praxis, mo, practitte, exercise
prior, the former
realis, real
reBexus, reflex
respectus, m., respect
scopus, m., ai1n, object
sistere, stiti, status, to stand
sol, m., sun
16
SECOND LATIN
speculativus, speculative
supremus, ultimate, highest
vero, but, whereas
WORD STUDY
I. Factitius. An idea is said to be factitius when it is the result of

several ideas being cOITtbined by the mind to form a new idea of
which the mind has had no previous knowledge.
2. Reflexus. A reflex idea is one whose object is within the mind,
such as the idea of one's own happiness.
GRAMMAR
I. Present participle. Used only in the active voice, the present par
ticiple has the force of both a verb and an adjective. As adjective it
shows agreement; as a verb it may take an object. Objectum extra
cognoscentem est. The object is outside the person recognizing it.
2. Conjunctions that require special notice.
a) et (and) simply connects words or clauses. Ideae dividuntur in
intuitivas et factitias. Ideas are divided into intuitive and factitious.
b) ·que (and) combines more closely into a connected whole.
-que is added as an enclitic to the word connected. Aqua ignique
deleta sunt. They have been destroyed by {ire and water (combined).
c) Atque, ac (and) lays more emphasis on the added word. It may
be translated and so, and yet, and besides, and then. Omnia bona atque
mala. Everything good and everything bad besides.
d) Sed, verum, vero (but), the last two being more emphatic. These
words are used to introduce something in opposition to what precedes.
e) At introduces a new point in an argument and is more emphatic
than sed.
f) At enim introduces a supposed objection which is presently to
be refuted.
18 SECOND LATIN
g) Autem marks a mere transition and is best translated however
or now.
h) Quod si (but if, and if) continues a line of reasoning.
i) Aut, vel (or). The usual difference is that aut excludes the al
ternative, whereas vel gives a choice between two alternatives. This
distinction is not always observed.
Philosophia aut speculativa aut practica est. Philosophy IS either
spectulative or practical.
Bibat vel manducat. Let him eat or drink (whichever he wishes).
j) Nam, namque (for) introduce a reason for some statement al
ready expressed.
k) Enim (for) introduces a statement of lesser importance, some
what parenthetically.
1) Etenim has the force of for, you see; for, you know.
m) Ergo (therefore) is used of things as formally proved.
n) 19itur (therefore, accordingly) is weaker than ergo. It is used
to mark a transition from one idea to another.
0) Itaque (therefore, accordingly, and so) is less formal than ergo.
p) Autem, enim, vero never stand first in their clause, but are al
ways preceded by some other word or words.
EXERCISES
I. Verba nuntiantis audivimus. 2. Munera accipientes gratias agi

muse 3. Quaerenti mihi nihil dixerunt. 4. Rex eos intendit intercen
dentes pro filiis eorum. 5. Adveniens suaviter discipulis suis locutus
est. 6. Non dominum invenientes servi egressi sunt. 7. Contagionem
litigantium evadere decet. 8. IHud laudans episcopus iterum eadem
promisit. 9- Patriae suae decorem nimis diligens vir ille migrare
nolebat. 10. Lazarum ex tumulo venientem videbant. II. Deus cle
SECOND LATIN
menter judicat et propitius indulget. 12. Nix rosque formae aquae
sunt. I 3. ~1ater justa atque misericors erato 14. R.ex rnulta bona possi
debar, sed nihil pauperibus dabat. IS. Haec non magna sunt, verum
valde bona. 16. Culpa maxima est at non nova. 17. Benedictiones
accipiunt, non gratias vero agunt. 18. At enin1 dicis eos regem non
eligere; veritas non est. 19. Praemia muneraque huj us mundi de
spiciebat. 20. Terminum autem non cognoscebat, et itaque ei nihil
significabat. 21. Quod si nox obscura est, pater vester cadet. 22. Ho
mines omnes mortales sunt; Joannes homo est, ergo Joannes mor
talis est. 23. Promisit et igitur nobiscum cooperabit. 24. Non ei
eredimus, etenim numquam veritatem dicit. 25. Curae custodiaeque
filiorum operam dabant. 26. Caelurn et terra plena gloria ej us sunt.
27. Dicta ac cogitationes benigna esse possunt. 28. Bonus erat et igitur
caelestia nec terrena optabat. 29. Quod si certas notas exhibet, id cog
noscere poterirnus. 30. Lex mosaica ac leges gentium a Christo abroga
tae snnt. 31. In monte latentem latronem non invenient. 32. Patriarcha
ad venit pauperibus multa offerens. 33. Eis pietatern exhibebat mandata
sua observantibus. 34. Corpora sanantes et animas salvantes ibant
apostoli de civitate in civitatem. 35. Oculos elevans in caelum sacerdos
hostiam in manus suas accipit. 36. Vinum in calicem infundentem
eum spectabamus. 37. Res certae atque incertae nos contristabant.
38. Cum laetitia canens, servus gregem suum ad lacum adduxit.
39. Virginem fratrem suum foventem laudant. 40. Praecepta regis
venerantibus rnunera praestabit. 41. Prior enim respicit solam rei
cognitionem. 42. Posterior vero eas veritates respicit quae ad praxim
ordinantur. 43. Ergo in omni judicio tres ilIae veritates necessaria
conseruntur. 44. Falsum non idem est ac verum. 45. I-Iaec autem sen
tentia semper est in tempore praesenti respectu loquentis.
READING
I. Philosophia, dum supremas rerum causas inqulrlt, aut SlStlt In

eontemplatione veritatis, aut veritatem ad operationem seu praxim
ordinat; hine duplex exurgit philosophiae partitio, quarum prima
20 SECOND LATIN
speculativa, altera practica, pro scopi diversitate, nominatur. Prior
enim respicit solam rei cognition~m; posterior vero eas veritates, quae
ad praxim ordinantur.
2. Secundum modum, quo in mente oriuntur, ideae dividuntur in
intuitivas et factitias. Idea intuitiva est ea, quae excitatur in mente a
reali praesentia rei cognitae. Duplex est: (a) directa, i.e., idea intui
tiva, cuj us objectum est extra cognosoentem~ v.g., idea solis; (b) re
flexa, i.e., idea cujus objectum est intra cognoscentem, v.g., idea meae
laetitiae, cogitation is, etc.
LESSON VI
Vocabulary
actus, mo, act, actuality

componere, -posui, -positus, to compose
consideratio, £., consideration
corporalis, corporeal, bodily, rnaterial
habitudo, f., habitual association, close relationship
pertinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to pertain, to be the business (of)
potentia, £., power, possibility, capacity
productio, fo, prodtlction, creation
secundo (advo), secondly
spiritualis, spiritual
tertio (adv 0)' thirdly
theologus, mo, theologian
tres, tria, three
unio, £., union
versare, to turn, to treat, to deliberate
WORD STUDY
I. Ex parte. This phrase is used in the sense of upon or from one side
only, from the standpoint of. Thus we may consider education ex
parte magistri or ex parte discipuli; psychology studies man ex parte
animae, biology considers man ex parte corporis.
2. Virtus means not only virtue in the sense of a moral habit, but
also active quality or power, capacity or power adequate to the pro

duction of a given effect, energy, strength, efficacy.
3. Potentia, actus. Philosophically these terms refer to possible ex
istence and real existence. What is in potentia is possible but has not
come into existence. What exists is in aetu.
21
22 SECOND LATIN
Since God is everything that it is possible for Him to be, there is
no potentia in I-lim. rIe is actus purus.
GRAM~{AR
The infinitive may be used variously.

a) With est and similar verbs, as the subject or in apposition with
the subject or as predicate nominative.
Orare bonum est. It is good to pray.
Id, v.g., gratias agere, actus amoris est. This, namely, to give thanks, is
an act of love.
Illud erat inimicis caritatem exhibere. That was showing charity to th~
ene1ny.
b) As the apparent subject of impersonal verbs.

Naturam hominis considerare pertinet ad theologum. To consider the
nature of man pertains to the theologian.
c) After many verbs if their subject is also the subject of the in
finitive.
Rebus practicis operam dare solent. They are accustomed to devote
themselves to practical thz"ngs.
d) With the subj ect in the accusative case after verbs of knowing,
thinking, telling, and the like (indirect discourse).
Scio theologunl ternlinunl illum definivisse. I know that the theo

logian has defined that term.
e) To express purpose. Nobis manducare dedit. He gave us some

thin g to eat.
EXERCISES
I. Omnino practicum est supremas rerum causas inquirere. 2. Sis

tere in contenlplatione veritatis congruum est. 3. Haec intellectus facul
tas, rei essentiam apprehendere, non ratioeinii processus est. 4. Id erit
praeterquam regulas diligenter colligere. 5. Sanctus esse signifieat
vitus expertem. 6. Leges malas abrogare debent. 7. Hine prior philo
SECOND LATIN 23
sophia speculativa communiter nominari solebat. 8. Postquam caren
tiam praxis exhibuerant, eos docere volebamus. 9. Oblivisci non
possum certas res quas expressit. 10. Circa perfectionis Dei notiones
tractare opus est. 11. In systema regulas redigere optabat. 12. Subjecta
mentis materialia vel immaterialia esse possunt. 13. Primo perturba
tiones intra gentes excitare constituerunt. 14. Scopos processus aut
simplex aut duplex esse solet. IS. Ait subjectum in partes duodecim
se Jivisisse. 16. Dicit ideas novas exurgituras esse. 17. Cogitabant se
alteram facultatem intellectus detegere. 18. Vulgo dicebant autem
solem ex aqua oriri. 19. Scient enim nos venisse. 20. Sperant se resusci
tat{)s iri in novissimo die. 21. Promittunt se processuros esse ad con
tenlplationem rerum realium. 22. Confessus sum me notam illam
organisnli non cornprehenelisse. 23. Dicunt se solem spectare cum
oculis suis apertis. 24. Dixit hoc delictum itenl inultum futurum esse.
25. Dixerunt se venisse ad testimonium pcrhibcndum. 26. Sciebant
Deum bencdictiones surra orbenl ut rorem sparsisse. 27. Dicitur ser
vos ingemisccre ob m~l1os domini actus. 28. Dixit vera systema non
practicum esse. 29. Spero contemplationcm rerum harun1 cas im
pressuram esse in mentclTI vcstram. 30. Vidit pr::lcscntiam suan1 iram
eorum excitare. 31. Venturus est mundum judicare. 32. Id f3cere
praccisive conlparati sunt. 33. Juravit tantum jussu regis se tradielisse
disci pulos. 34. Martyres per flarnmas transire debebant. 35. Memini
earn semper lassam esse. 36. Deus solem in caelum ponere voluit, ad
terram illuminandam. 37.1bunt tabernaculum spectare. 38. Argentum
auferre non ausi sunt. 39. Timeo calicem frangere propter fragilitatem
ej us. 40. Pugnare dcbent ad seipsos roborandos. 41. Theologus existen
tiarn Dei probare potest. 42. Cognitio, ut nomen suum sonat, significat
cognoscere. 43. Materialia ex imn13terialibus dividere opus est. 44. Di
xit se in caelum ascensurum esse. 45. Operationes mentis considerare
opera philosophiae est.
READING
I. Post considerationem creaturae spiritualis et corporalis consi

derandum est de homine, qui ex spirituali et corporali substantia
SECOND LATIN
componitur: et primo de natura ipsius hominis; secundo de ejus pro-
ductione. Naturam autem hominis considerare pertinet ad theologum
ex parte animae, non autem ex parte corporis, nisi secundum habi
tudinem quam habet corpus ad animam; et ideo prima consideratio
circa animam versabitur.
2. Tria inveniuntur in substantiis spiritualibus, scilicet essentia,
virtus et operatio: primo considerabimus ea quae pertinent ad essen
tiam animae; secundo ea quae pertinent ad virtutem, sive potentias
ej us; tertio ea quae pertinent ad operationem ej us. Circa primum
occurrit duplex consideratio: quarum prima est de ipsa anima secun
dum se, secunda de unione ejus ad corpus.
LESSON VII
Vocabulary
adjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to add to attach

J
calefacere, -feci, -factus, to heat

ca1idus, hot
calor, m., heat
errare, to err
~co~reus,incorporeal
intellectuaIis, intellectual
natura, f., nature
non solum, not only
opinari (dep.), to think
phantasia, f., image representation
J
subsistere, -stiti, -stitus, to subsist to abide

J
tandem, at length finally

J
WORD STUDY
I. Incorporeus: not having a material body or form; not consisting

of matter.
2. Phantasia, fantasy: act or function of forming images or represen
tations whether in direct perception or in memory, or by derivation
through sensation.
3. Subsistere: to have existence or to continue to exist; to appear as
the essential corollary of the existence of something else.
GRAMMAR
Compounds of quis and qui.

a) The suffix -cumque added to the relative gives it an indefinite
sense. The compound form is declined like the simple relative:
25
SECOND LATIN
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, whatever; cujus
cumque, etc.
The suffix -cumque may be added to some other words with the
same effect: qualiscumque, of whatever sort; quandocumque, tvlzen
ever; llbicumque, tvlzerever; quantuscumque, however great.
b) In quisquis, whoever, both parts are declined.

c) Quidam, a certain one, and quivis, quilibet, any you please, are
used as both pronouns and adjectives. The forms are:
m. f. n.
quidam quaedam quidclam or quoddam
qU1V1S quaevls quid vis or quodvis
quilibet quaelibet quidlibet or quodlibet
Quidam changes m to n before d: ace. sing., quendam (m.), quan

dam (f.); gen. plur., quorundam (m., n.), quarundam (t.).
d) Quispiam, some, any, is both pronoun and adjective.
Pronoun: quispiam (m., f.), quidpiam (n.).
Adjective: quispialn (m.), quaepiam (f.), quodpiam (n.).
e) Qllisquanl, any at all, is used as both pronoun and adjective in
the masculine and feminine forms; in the neuter (quidquam, some
tirrlCS quicquam) it is a pronoun only. ~rhis relative has no plural.
f) Aliquis, pronoun, some one, and aliqui, adjective, some~ are de
clined like quis and qui except that the feminine of the non1inative
singular is aliqua.
g) Quisque, everyone, quique, every: -que added to the interroga
tives quis or qui gives a universal sense.
I)ronoun: quisque (m., f.), quidque (n.).
Adjective: quique (m.), quaeque (f.), quodque (n.).
h) Unusquisque, every single one. In this con1pound both parts are
declined: genitive, uniuscujusque.
SECOND LATIN
EXERCISES
I. Quicumque introivit cineres non vidit. 2. Quodcumque id est,

non cognosco. 3. Praemia dedit cuicui venit. 4. Quidam servus appa
ruit tubam sonans. 5. Quodlibet signaculum gerere potes. 6. Timebant
propter quorundam vitas. 7. Potentiae quaepiam patebant, aliae non
comprehendebantur. 8. Da nobis quemquam panem. 9. Eis locuti
sumus de aliquibus objecti notis. 10. In rei contemplatione aliquod
tempus sistebat. I I. Aliqua locum habitationis inquirit. 12. Quisque de
$Omno resurrexit. 13. Quodque objectum essentiam habet. 14. In hoc
libro quidam mentis processus nominantur. IS. Aliquod in nos im
primet cujuscumque docuit. 16. Substantia qualiscumque principium
ac finem habet. 17. Ingrediens in domum dixit: "Salve!" cuicumque
ibi invenit. 18. Quendam vidimus ejicientem spiritus malos. 19. Versa
bitur circa quasdam animae potentias. 20. Quaepiam diversitates sunt
inter philosophiam practicam et speculativam. 21. Quidquam ei place
bit. 22. Divisi erant circa aliquos unionis scopos. 23. Apparebat sol
intra aliquas nubes mirabiles. 24. Adducite ad altare quemvis haedum.
25. Pueri matris uniuscujusque in servitutem ducti sunt. 26. Quare in
quibusdam malitiis glorificaris? 27. Fortes, quantaecumque sunt gen
tes, tandem delentur. 28. Ubicumque oves erant eas inveniebant.
29. Quomodo possumus unicuique credere? 30. Cane pro nobis verba
cujuslibet hymni. 31. Quandocumque pater olim iram suam manifes
tabat, filii ei dona offerebant. 32. Primo domum calefacient, secundo
aliquos panes cum vino manducabunt, tertio dormient. 33. Naturam
quorumpiam organismorum non comprehendimus. 34. Quisquam hu
jusmodi actus ad philosophiam practicam pertinet. 35. Quodque sys
tema de regulis compositum est. 36. Mens potentiam habet quarundam
phantasiarum formandaruma 37. Non solum quospiam latrones in
monte viderunt, verum etiam aliquos leones maximos. 38. Praeter
quam quaedam notarum complexio naturaliter patet. 39. Primo, homo
suos actus proprios considerat, porro causas eorum inquirit. 40. Ubi
cumque sistimus, calidum est. 41. Opinatur quoddam ratiocinium ves
SECOND LATIN
trum non rectum esse. 42. Speramus quamque venturam esse. 43. Ac
cepit quemquem miserunt. 44. Exprime quasvis notiones. 45. Ope
quarundam rerum hujusmodi in totum mundum leges novas impo
nemus.
READING
I. Dicitur quod anima humana non est aliquid subsistens. Sed

contra est quod Augustinus dicit: "Quisquis videt mentis naturam
et esse substantiam, et non esse corpoream, videt eos qui opinantur earn
esse corpoream ob hoc errare, quod adjungunt ei ea sine quibus nullam
possunt cogitare naturam," scilicet corporum phantasias. Natura ergo
mentis humanae non solum est incorporea, sed etiam est substantia,
scilicet aliquid subsistens. Respondeo dicendum (dicit Doctor An
gelicus) quod necesse est dicere id quod est principium intellectualis
operationis quod dicimus animam hominis, esse quoddam principium
incorporeum et subsistens.
2. Ipsum igitur intellectuale principium quod dicitur mens, vel
intellectus, habet operationem per se, cui non communicat corpus.
Nihil autem potest per se operari nisi quod per se subsistit; non enim
est operari nisi entis in actu. Unde eo modo aliquid operatur quo est;
propter quod non dicimus quod calor calefacit, sed calidum. Relin..
quitur igitur animam humanam, quae dicitur intellectus, vel mens
esse aliquid incorporeum et subsistens.
LESSON VIII
Vocabulary
accidens, m., accident
aliter, otherwise
alius, other, another
animal, fi., animal
attribuere, -ui, -utus, to attribltt~
brutus, brute, irrational
completus, com plet~
dupliciter, doubly, in a double sense
excludere, -clusi, -clusus, to exclude
forma, fo, form
genus, no, class, kind
imperfectio, fo, imperfection
inhaerentia, fo, inherent q ttL/lity
intelligere, -lexi, -lectus, to perceive, to understand
materia, fo, matter
obstaculum, no, hindrance
opinio, f., opinion
palpare, to feel (by touch)
praemittere, -misi, -missus, to set forth as a premis~
proprie, properly
sententia, fo, opinion
species, f., kind, species
substantia, f., substance
vetus, old
WORD STUDY
I. Substantia, accidens. A substantia is that which exists in itself.

An accidens is a quality or attribute of some other thing. Thus an
29
SECOND LATIN
apple is a substantia, but redness and sweetness are accidentia existing
in the apple.
2. Materia, forma. Every material thing is constituted of materia
prima and forma. The forma is a determining element of any reality.

All bodily things have in common materia prima. Each thing's forma
is what makes it distinct from every other thing. Forma substantialis
makes a thing a substantia of a precise essential nature. Materia prima
is that which all material things have in common. It never actually
exists except as being "informed" by a forma substantialis.
GRAMMAR
Deponent verbs.
a) A deponent verb is one which is passive in form but active or
reflexive in meaning. The active forms have disappeared except the

particjples, which exist in both voices:
sequens, fol/ouJing secuturus, about to follow
secutus, having follotued sequendus, to be followed
b) Most deponents belong to the first conjugation, and these are all
regular.
c) l°he follo\ving common deponents are irregular:
confiteor, confiteri, confessus, to confess
experior, experiri, expertus, to try
fruor, frui, fructus, to enjoy
fungor, fungi, functus, to fulfill
egredior, egredi, egressus, to walk, to depart
irascor, irasci, iratus, to be angry
labor, labi, lapsus, to fall
loquor, loqui, locutus, to speak
metior, metiri, mensus, to measure
morior, mori (moriri), mortuus (moriturus), to die
nanciscor, nancisci, nactus (nanctus), to find, to ge'
nascor, nasci, natus, to be born
SECOND LATIN
nitor, niti, nisus (nixus), to strive
obIiviscor, oblivisci, oblitus, to forget
ordior, ordiri, orsus, to begin
paciscor, pacisci, pactus, to bargain
patior, pati, passus, to suffer
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus, to set out
queror, queri, questus, to complain
revertor, reverti, reversus, to return
sequor, sequi, secutus, to follow
tueor, tueri, tuitus (tutus), to defend
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus, to avenge
utor, uti, usus, to use, to employ
reminiscor, reminisci (no supine), to call to mind
vescor, vesci (no supine), to feed upon
d) Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor, and their compounds
take their direct object in the ablative case.
e) A few verbs having no perfect stem appear, in the perfect tenses,
only in the passive forms. Such verbs are called semi-deponents.
audeo, audere, ausus, dare
confido, confidere, confisus, trust
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus, rejoice
50100, solere, solitus, be accustomed
EXERCISES
I. Intelligere est moveri. 2. Quipiam multa certamina passi sunt.

3. Tandem proficiscentur. 4. Queritur diem nimis calidum esse. 5. Sua
ratiocinia non proprie tuiti sunt. 6. Si his regulis uteris non errabis.
7. Reminiscor hodie me in altari pridie id reliquisse. 8. Injusta gen
tium ultus est. 9- Delicta sua confiteri nolebat. 10. Libris naturae
intdlectualis perfruebatur. I I. Agni non pane vescuntur. 12. Quan
documque veniebam jam reversi erant:. 13. Solet oblivisci ea quae ei
dicimus. 14. Aliqui nova ordiuntur, alii veteribus operam dante IS. Sci
mllS animam cum corpore subsistere. 16. Exprimite ideas vestras cum
claritate, aliter eas intelligere non poterimus. 17. Proprie loquendo
SECOND LATIN
calor non calefacit. 18. Magis proprie dicitur id calidum esse. 19. Quis
que videt per oculum et palpat per manum. 20. Nos secuti sunt non
solum per viam, verum etiam in domus nostras. 21. Nixi erant in
ratiociniis suis non errare. 22. Ad incorporea phantasias corporeorum
adjunxit. 23. Invicem paciscentur ad laborem faciendum. 24. Homo
caelestia terrenis non metiri potest. 25. Judex ob rei verba horrenda
iratus est. 26. Lapsae sun1US et promissionibus nostris fungi non possu
mus. 27. Experior sed non bene procedo. 28. Sequentes eum in montem
obscurum intravimus. 29. Sancti precibus suis fruuntur. 30. In tenebris
remanentes eos per ostiam ecclesiae egredientes videbamus. 31. Qui
dam dixit se philosophia non uti; irasci posse volebat sine obstaculis.
32. In laetitiis aliorum sociando miserias nostras obliviscimur. 33. In
illa terra aqua non erat, et igitur omnia bruta animalia mortua sunt.
34. Profecti erant non solurn ad gentes succurrendas, sed etiam cau
sarum certaminis inter eas inquirendarum causa. 35. Ite et vos sequar.
36. Civitatem cum fortitudine tuebantur, sed tandem in manus mili
tiae lapsa est. 37. Quare non reminiscimini regulas quas theologus in
praeclarum librum suum collegit? 38. Benedictio ejus ut tutamentum
contra mala tribuenda est. 39. Quantos panes nanctus est Petrus?
40. Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis.
READING
I. Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod hoc aliquid potest accipi du

pliciter: uno modo pro quocumque subsistente, alio modo pro sub
sistente completo in natura alicujus speciei. Primo modo excludit in-I
haerentiam accidentis et formae materialise Secundo modo excludit I
etiam imperfectionem partis. Anima humana pars speciei humanae:
est, et igitur potest dici hoc aliquid primo modo, quasi subsistens, I
sed non secunda modo; sic enim compositum ex anima ct corpore:
dicitur hoc aliquid. Ad secundum dicendum, quod verba illa Aris-I
toteles dicit non secundum propriam sententiam, sed secundum opi-:
nionem illorum qui dicebant quod intelligere est moveri, ut patet eXI
iis quae ibi praemittit. :
2. Operationes partium attribuuntur toti per partes; dicimus eniro
SECOND LATIN 33
quod homo videt per oculum et palpat per manum, aliter quam
calidum calefacit per calorem, quia calor nullo modo calefacit proprie
loquendo. Potest igitur dici quod anima intelligit sicut oculus videt;
sed magis proprie dicitur hominem per animam intelligere. Ad ter
tium sic proceditur. Videtur animas brutorum animalium subsistere.
Homo enim convenit in genere cum aliis animalibus. Sed anima
hominis est aliquid subsistens, ut ostensum est. Ergo et animae
aliorum animalium sunt subsistentes.
LESSON IX
Vocabulary
accidere, -cidi (no supine), to happen to take place

l
antiquus, ancient
color, m., color
convenire, -veni, -ventus, to agree, to be appropriate
distinctio, f., distinction
distinguere, -stinxi, -stinctus, to distInguIsh
exercere, -ui, -itus, to exercise, to operate
falsus, false
felicitas, f., happiness} bliss
ignorantia, f., ignorance lacl( of !(nowledge
l
immutatio, f., change

intellectus, m., intellect
manifeste, manifestly
organum, n., organ
participare, to participate) to share in
philosophus, m.} philosopher
praeterea, besides~ moreover
pupilla, f., pupil (of the eye)
quandoque, at one tinJe or other} whenever
quodammodo, in a certain nJanner in a measure
l
quodcumque, whatever
sensus, m., sense, feeling
subjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to subject
transmutare, to transform~ to change
uterque, both
34
SECOND LATIN 35
WORD STUDY
Sensus is here used in the meaning of sensation or feeling as op

posed to intellect.
GRAMMAR
Quia, quod, quoniam in indirect discourse. Verbs of saying, think

ing, believing, and the like are frequently followed by a clause in
the indicative introduced by the conjunction quia, quod, or quoniam
instead of the infinitive with subject in the accusative case.
EXERCISES
I. Cogitabant quod immutatio non acciderat. 2. Cognosco quia

antiq ui philosophi illud credebant. 3. Dixit quod colorem pupillae
non distinguere poterat. 4. Sperabamus quia ignorantiam suam non
manifestaverant. 5. Oblitus SUIn quod venturus est. 6. Nuntiabit quia
judicis ratiocinium manifeste falsum est. 7. Docent quia anima sub
sistens est. 8. Crcdimus quod hOIno can venit in genere cum aliis
animalibus. 9. Dicis quia materia manifeste substantia est. 10. 10
tellexit quod materia scientiae subj icitur. I I. Ignorat quod distinctio
est inter sensum et intellectunl. 12. Juravit quia utrumque non viderat.
13. Antiquus philosoph us habebat quod animae brutorum animalium
subsistentes erant. 14. Promlsimus ei quia obstacula non futura sunt.
15. Respondi quia accidentia non inhaerentia sunt. 16. ~r estimonium
perhibet quod verba sua falsa sunt. 17. Recordarisne quod versatum
est circa naturam phantasiarum? 13. Videbant quod veteres erant.
19. Audiveruntne quia nomen speciei obliti sumus? 20. Sciebatis quia
objecta formam et substantiam habent. 21. Dicit quod sententias
antiquo rum philosophorum exclusit. 22. Credimus quia in homine
unio animae et corporis est. 23. Sensit quia haec non necessario divisa
erant. 24. Memento quod idea distincta dividitur in completam et
incompletam. 25. Cognoscimus quod tota substantia carentiam per
fectionis exhibet. 26. Scito autem quia quodque objectum est ens.
27. Nuntiat quod regem coronaverunt apud magnam turbam claman
SECOND LATIN
tern. 28. Docebant quod spes virtus christiana erato 29. Opinabatur
quia theologus non erraverat. 30. Dicit ei quia ignorantia felicitas est.
31. Cogitavit quod sol ortus erato 32. Dicit quod pueri nullum timorem
sentiunt. 33. Ostendunt quod ratiocinium suum falsum est. 3~ Jura
bimus quia testimonium ejus non justum erato 35. Videtur quod theo
logus terminum bene definivit. 36. Confessi estis quia omnes actus
vestros in illo die non reminisci potestis. 37. Dicit quod omnes scopos
suos attigit. 38. Dixi quia mater mea jam vetus est. 39. Primo dixit
quia regulas colligere debemus, porro eas in systema redigere. 40. Cre
debant quod notiones eorum universi completae erant.
READING
1. Antiqui philosophi nullam distinctionem ponebant inter sensum

et intellectum; et utrumque corporeo principio attribuebant, ut dictum
est. Plato autem distinxit inter intellectum et sensum; utrumque
tamen attribuit principio incorporeo, ponens quod sicut intelligere,
ita et sentire convenit animae secundum seipsam; et ex hoc sequebatur
quod etiam animae brutorum animalium sunt subsistentes. Sed Aris
toteles posuit quod solum intelligere inter opera animae sine organo
corporeo exercetur. Sentire vero et consequentes operationes animae
sensitivae manifeste accidunt cum aliqua corporis immutatione; sicut
in videndo immutatur pupilla per speciem coloris; et idem apparet
in aliis.
2. Omnia quaecumque sunt in actu, participant primum actum,
qui Deus est; per cuj us participationem omnia sunt et bona et entia
ct viventia. Ergo quaecumque sunt in potentia, participant primam
potentiam. Sed prima potentia est materia prima. Anima humana
est quodammodo in potentia, et apparet ex hoc quod homo quan
doque est intelligens in potentia; videtur igitur quod anima humana
participat materiam primam tanquam partem sui. Praeterea, in quo
cumque inveniuntur proprietates materiae, ibi invenitur materia. Sed
in anima inveniuntur proprietates materiae, quae sunt subjici et trans
mutari; subjicitur enim scientiae et virtuti, et mutatur de ignorantia
ad scientiam, vel de vitio ad virtutem. Ergo in anima est materia.
LESSON X
Vocabulary
absolute, absolutely, fully} completely
absolutus, absolute, complete
carere (2), to lack, to be devoid of
communis, common
compositio, f., composition
individualis, individual
individuatio, f., individuation
infinitus, infinite
inquantum, inasmuch as
intellectivus, intellective, intelligent} rational
lapis, m., stone
manifestus, manifest
probare, to prove
putare, to consider, to suppose, to i1nagine
quidem, indeed
singulare, singly, separately, one by one
specialiter, specially
WORD STUDY
I. Individuatio. The development of the individual from the uni

versal or the determination of the individual in the general. The prin
ciple of individuation is variously held to be matter, form, and par
ticularity of the subject in time and space; personal or individual
existence.
2. Intellectivus. As applied to knowledge the term means that
knowledge which is obtained by the intellectual processes of abstrac
tion and comparison independent of the senses.
37
SECOND LATIN
GRAMMAR
Verbs governing other than the accusative.
a) Verbs taking their object in the genitive:
I . Verbs of remembering or forgetting may take either the genitive
or the accusative of the object. Such verbs are: meminisse, recordari,

reminisci,oblivisci.
2. Verbs denoting pity may take the genitive: Miserere mei. Have
pity on me.
b) Verbs taking their object in the dative:
I. Verbs meaning to favor, help, please, persuade, believe, and the
like take the dative. Such verbs are: parcere, to spare, subvenire, to
assist, placere, to please, servire, to serve, confiteri, to praise, credere, to
believe, indulgere, to forgive, miserere, to have pity on.
2. Verbs compounded with satis, bene, and nlale govern the dative.
For example, satisfacere, benefacere, benedicere, maledicere.
3. Many verbs COlTIpounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post,
prac, pro, sub, super admit the object in the dative. Such verbs are
inhaerere, to adhere to, convenire, to agree, to be suitable, indulgere,
to pardon, confiteri, to praise, subvenire, to assist.
4. The dative is used with esse to denote possession. Ei tuba est. He
has a trumpet.
c) Verbs taking their object in the ablative:
1. Verbs denoting plenty or want require the ablative: carere, to
lack, egere, to want, to feel the need of, opus esse, to need, usus esse,
to be necessary.
2. Certain verbs of use or enjoyment take the obj ect in the ablative:
frui, to enjoy, fungi, to perform, potiri, to get pOJsession ofJ uti, to USC J
vesci, to feed on.
EXERCISES
I. Memini caloris illius diei. 2. Regularum oblita est. 3. Miserere

mei, Domine. 4. Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis.
SECOND LATIN 39
5. Peccatis indulsit et peccatoribus pepercit. 6. Nobis subveniet. 7. Ma
tri tuae placebit hic actus. 8. Civitate vix potiti erant. 9. Vitulum in
monte invenientes, eo vescuntur. 10. Vota sacerdotum episcopo place
bant. I I. Voluntati Dei serviverunt. 12. V ocis patriarchae reminiscitur.
13. V uItus filiorum eorum cis placent. 14. Omnes gentes visceribus
brutorum animalium vescuntur. IS. Vir practicus est, et igitur tantum
visibilibus fruitur. 16. Deus vanis non benedicit. 17. Verbis ejus non
credo, quod veritate carent. 18. Ob actus suos fortitudinis regis venia
fruetur. 19. Confitebantur ei cum hymnis vespertinis. 20. Usque ad
finem mundi ei servient. 21. VItio viris malis semper placet. 22. Genti
bus non unitas est. 23. Pauperes utique rebus multis egent. 24- Tanti
mortui sunt; ideo tumulis caremus ad eos sepeliendos. 25. Eum suppli
cavimus, et tunc nobis misertus est. 26. Terra tremebat, sed exercitus
in ilIo die tremendo subvenit nobis. 27. Non tradidit, sed pepercit
tribus ex eis. 28. In trigesimo die montibus potiti sunt qui lacum
circumdabant. 29. Testem tertium sustulerunt, quod judici non satis
faciebat. 30. Throni terreni cadunt, si populo non benefaciunt. 31. Si
solum temporalibus aut materialibus inhaerent, delebuntur. 32. Tecti
domi reminiscebantur, quod novum erato 33. Argentum optabat, sed
tentatio tamen non potiebatur eo. 34. Ei qui oculis carent, in tenebris
ingrediuntur. 35. Eis quae sumpserunt uti non possunt. 36. Debitari
bus parcit et debitis indulget. 37. Aeribus suavibus patriae suae per
fruuntur. 38. Stricte functus sum omnibus quae mihi jussa sunt.
39. In mundo affiicto spe usus est. 40. Aqua opus est ad altare asper
gendum.
READING
I. lIla quae non habent materiam, non habent causam sui esse. Sed
anima habet causan1 sui esse, quia creatur a Dea. Ergo anima habet
materiam. Praeterea, quod non habet materiam, sed est farma tantum~
est actus purus et infinitus. Hoc autem solius Dei est. Ergo anima
habet materiam. Sed contra est quod Augustinus probat, quod anima
non est facta nec ex materia corporali, nec ex materia spirituali.
Respondetur quod anima non habet materiam, et hoc patest con
SECOND LATIN
siderari dupliciter. Primo quidem ex ratione animae in communi.
Aut est forma secundum se totam, aut secundum aliquam partem
sui. Secundo, specialiter ex ratione humanae animae, inquantum est
intellectiva.
2. Manifestum est enim quod omne quod recipitur in aliquo, recipi
tur in eo per modum recipientis. Sic autem cognoscitur unumquod
que, sicut forma ejus est in cognoscente. Anima autem intellectiva
cognoscit rem aliquam in sua natura absoluta, puta lapidem, inquan
tum est lapis absolute. Est igitur forma lapidis absolute secundum
propriam rationem formalem in anima intellectiva. Anima igitur
intellectiva est forma absoluta, non autem aliquid compositum ex
materia et forma. Si enim anima intellectiva est composita ex materia
et forma, formae rerum recipientur in ea ut individuales; et sic non
potest cognoscere nisi singulare, sicut accidit in potentiis sensitivis
quae recipiunt formas rerum in organo corporali. Materia enim est
principium individuationis formarum. Relinquitur ergo quod anima
intellectiva et omnis intellectualis substantia cognoscens formas ab
solute, caret compositione formae et materiae.
LESSON XI
Vocabulary
actualitas, f., reality, existence
aptitudo, f., aptitude, ability
atvero, however
complecti, -plexus (dep. 3), to embrace
concludere, -clusi, -clusus, to conclude
corruptibilis, corruptible
exemplum, fi., example
existentia, f., existence
existere, -stiti, -stitus, to exist
extensio, f., extension, extent
generatio, f., generation, reproduction
grammatice, grammatically
ibidem, in the same place
importare, to convey
indoles, f., nature
instar, fi. (indecl.), likeness, equivalent; ad instar (followed by geni
tive), like to
interitus, m., destruction, annihilation
jumentum, D., beast (of burden)
legere, legi, lectus, to read
nomen, fi., noun, name
participium, D., participle
possibilis, possible
praescindere, -scidi, -scissus, to prescind
se habet, is regarded
similis, similar
similiter, similarly
41
SECOND LATIN
spirare, to breathe
talis, such; talis ••• qualls, such • .• as
tamquam, as if
vertibllis, contlertible, liable to be turned back
WORD SruDY
I. ActuaIitas: actual or real existence of a thing so far as this is en

do\-ved with form.
2. Corruptibilis: in its widest sense of general deterioration. An
object is corrupt when it has lost its original soundness or integrity.
3. Praescindere: to cut 00; to abstract or separat~ from.
GRAMMAR
I. The Subjunctive Mood.

a) Clauses of result take the subjunctive introduced by ut (negative,
ut non).
Talis est participii indoles, ut accipi possit ut nomen. Such is th~
nature of a participle that it can be taken as a noun.
b) Sive (seu), whether, may be used to introduce a conditional
clause. If a fact is stated, the indicative is used. The subj unctive is
required when a supposition or possibility is implied.
Sive ducit sive sequitur, solet opiniones suas exprimere. Whether he
leads or whether he jolloWJ, he is accustonled to express his opinions.
Nomina exprimunt aptitudinenl alicujus rei ad existendum, sive
ilIa res actu existat sive non. Nouns express the aptitude of s01nething
to exist, whether that thing exists in reality or not.
e) Conditional clauses of comparison take the subj unctive. They
may be introduced by tanquam (tamquam), tamquam si, quasi, ac si,
ut si, velnt si, all meaning as if, and by quam si, than it. The tense is
usually present or perfect. Post hoc erimus, tanquam non fuerimus.
After this we shall be as if we had not been.
SECOND LATIN 43
d) The hortatory subj unctive is used in the present tense to express
an exhortation or a command. The negative is ne.
EJemplum sit participium intelligens. Let the participl~ intelligens
be an example. (Take, for example, th~ participle intelligens.)
Ne eant in tertio die. Let them not go on the third day.
e) After verbs of saying, thinking, perceiving, and the like, the

infinitive with subject accusative is often replaced by a quod or quia
clause carrying its verb in the subjunctive. Videtur quod anima hu
mana sit corruptibilis. It seems that th~ human soul may be subject
to corruption.
2. The dative of purpose. The dative is used to denote purpose or
end, often with another dative of the person or thing affected. Magno
usui nostris fuit. It was of great use to our men. Exemplo sit. Let it be
for an example.
EXERCISES
Talis est hominis natura, ut tentationi non semper resistat.

I.
2. Tantae civitates deletae erant, ut non aedificari iterum possent.
3. Scimus hominem moriturum esse sive malus sive bonus sit. 4. Sive
ei loquerentur sive eum in pace relinquerent, non movebat. s. Eum
supplicabit tanquam non multa jam poposcerit. 6. Sustinebant novas
calamitates suas tamquam si non multa mala passi essent. 7. Verba
tam superflua videbantur, ut nihil dicerent. 8. Sursum corda, velut
si credatis quia vita bona sit. 9. Suscipiant labores suos ut si liE non
acres sint. 10. Animal quodque spirat sive homo sive jumentum sit.
II. Videtur quod verba ejus notionem non importent quam putat.
12. Probat quod lapides in cineres igne vertibiles sint. 13. Ne sedeamus
ibidem per totum diem. 14. Cunctos modos possibiles inquirebat, ut
tandem scopum suum consequeretur. IS. Exemplo nobis sit jumentum
fidele ac patiens. 16. De passione magis sciebant, quam si multos
libros legissent. 17. De illis rebus loquitur, quasi similes sint. 18. Signo
sint haec mirabilia. 19. Sermones ej us promissioni nobis sint. 20. Sicut
dixit, fecit, i.e., quod venturus iterum esset. 21. Nubes evaserant, ut
44 SECOND LATIN
caelum nunc serenum esset. 22. Eis serviebat ac si servitutem diligeret.
23. Sciamus sequentiam materiae. 24. Videtur quod scientia et sapien
tia non eaedem sint. 25. Tanta scelera commisit, ut non securus in ilIa
civitate sit. 26. Manifestum est quia sanguis ex lapide non exprimi
possit. 27. Sperant quod salus eorum propinqua sit. 28. Tam suppliciter
rogaverunt, ut orationes suae concederentur. 29. Caelum rubebat, ut
sciremus quod inimici civitatem accendissent. 30. Faciem avertit,
velut si in reatu esset. 31. Ne recordentur id quod reliquerunt. 32. No
bis refrigerio requies erat. 33. Videbatur quod reliquias non reddi
dissent. 34. Nesciebant utrum genitrix ejus in illa civitate resideret sive
non. 35. Nos respiciebat, ac si placitus esset.
READING
I. Ens grammatice sumptum est participium praesens verbi esse,

sub quo respectu exprimit aliquid actu existens. Participium enim
praesens, qua participium, exprimit actualitatem illius formae, quam
verbum importat. Atvero, talis est participii indoles, ut accipi possit
ut nomen, et sic acceptum praescindit ab actuali existentia rei signifi
catae; nomina enim significant sine tempore, et exprimunt aptitudi
nem alcujus rei ad existendum, sive ilIa res actu existat sive non.
Exemplo si participium intelligens, quod, ut participium, exprimit
actualem intelligentiae usum, ut nomen, exprimit hominem aptum
ad intelligendum sive actu intelligat sive non. Ens ut participium et
ens ut nomen non eadem sunt atque ens actuale et ens possibile.
Ens ut participium idem valet atque ens actuale; sed ens ut nomen
complectitur in sua extensione tum actuale tum possibile, et respectu
illorum se habet ad instar generis.
2. Videtur quod anima humana sit corruptibilis. Quorum enim est
simile principium et similis processus, videtur esse similis finis. Sed
simile est principium generationis hominum et jumentorum, quia
de terra facta sunt; similis est etiam vitae processus in utrisque, quia
·similiter spirant omnia, et nihil habet homo jumento amplius," ut
dicitur Eccles., III, 19. Ergo ut ibidem concluditur, unus est interitus
hominis et jumentorum, et aequa utrisque conditio. Sed anima bru
SECOND LATIN 45
torum animalium est corruptibilis. Ergo et anima humana est corrupti
bilis. Praeterea, omne quod est de nihilo, vertibile est in nihilum;
quia finis debet respondere principia. Sed sicut dicitur Sapient., II, 2,
"Ex nihilo nati sumus," quod verum est non solum quantum ad
corpus, sed etiam quantum ad animam. Ergo, ut ibidem concluditur,
post hoc erimus, tanquam non fuerimus, etiam secundum animam.
LESSON XII
Vocabulary
adaequatus, adequat~
beatitudo, f., happiness} blessedness
complere, . . plevi, . .pletus, to complete, to fulfill

conceptus, m., concept
conjunctio, f., union} whole
constitutivus, constituent
contrarium, n., opposite
dicere, dixi, dictus, to say} to mean
difIerre, distuli, dilatus, to differ
divisibilis, divisible, separat~
dementum, n., element
essendo, essendi, in} of being: the gerund of esse used in Vulgar Latin
expresse, expressly
extra, outside of
heri, yesterday
immediatus, immediate} direct
inclinatio, f., tendency, inclination
naturalis, natural
nequire, nequivi, not to be able, cannot
nobilis, noble
nonnihil, not nothing (that is, something)
arda, m., order
pluralitas, f., plurality
postmodum, afterwards
proinde, hence, therefore
quare, wherefore
quatenus, in so far as
SECOND LATIN 47
quidditas, f., essence, II whatness"
resolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to separate
specificus, specific, relating to a species
ultimus, last, ultimate
unicus, single
unitus, united} Joined
WORD SruDY
I. Quidditas: essence; that whereby a thing is what it is; that which

answers the question "Quid est?" ({What is the thing?"
2. Differentia ultima: a term applied to man's rationality; man's
intellect which is the ultimate distinction between him and the beasts.
3. Aliud quid, another thing; something else.
GRA~{MAR
I. Subjunctive in causal clauses.
a) Quod and quia take the indicative when the reason is given on
the authority of the writer or speaker, but require the subjunctive

when the reason is given on the authority of another.
Id non possum manducare quod calidum est. I cannot eat this be
cause it is hot.
Sua mater tristis est quia non redierit. His mother is sad because he
did not return.
b) A relative clause expressing cause requires the subjunctive.

Participes poenarum nostrarum videntur qui perturbati sint. They
seem to share our sufferings because they are troubled.
c) A causal clause introduced by cum takes the subjunctive. Corpus
autem, cum sit extra essentiam animae, non videtur ad ejus speciem
pertinere. But the body, since it is outside of the soul, does not seem to
belong to its species.
2. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
a) The comparative of adjectives is regularly formed by adding
SECOND LATIN
-ior(neuter -ius), the superlative by adding -issimus(-a, -um), to the
stem of the positive.
clams (clear) clarior clarissimus
nobilis (noble) nobilior nobilissimus
simplex (simple) simplicior simplicissimus
b) Adjectives ending in -er form the superlative by adding -rimos to

the nominative.
acer (keen) aerior acerrimus
miser (wretched) miserior miserrimus
c) Six adjectives ending in -lis form the superlative by adding
-limns to the stem. These are: facilis, easy; difficilis, difficult,. similis,
similar; dissimilis, dissimilar; gracilis, graceful; humilis, ,humble.
faci1is (easy) facilior facillimus
d) Adjectives compared irregularly are:
bonus (good) melior optimus
malus (bad) pejor pessimus
magnus (great) major maximus
parvus (sm all) minor minimus
multus (much) plus pIurimus
multi (many) plures plurimi
nequam (wicked) nequior nequissimus
frugi (indecl.) frugalior frugalissimus
vetus (old) vetustior veterrimus
extems (outward) exterior extremus (extimus)
inferus (beloUl) inferior (lower) infimus (imus)
posterns posterior postremus (postumus)
following latter last
superus superior supremus (summus)
above higher highest
juvenis (young) junior minimus natu
senex (old) senior maximus natu
SECOND LATIN 49
e) The comparative degree of the adverb is the same as the neuter
comparative of the adjective. The superlative is formed by changing
the ending -us of the superlative of the adjective to e.
clare (clearly) darius darissime
nobiliter (nobly) nobilius nobilissime
acriter (keenly) acrius acerrime
facile ( easily) facilius facillime
f) The following adverbs are irregular or defective at least in one

form.
bene (well) melius optime
male (badly) pejus pessime
diu (long) diutius diutissime
saepe (often) saepius saepissime
satis (enough) satius (preferable)
secus (otherwise) setius (worse)
multum (multo) plus (magis) plurime (maxime)
much more most
parum minus minime
little less least
nuper nuperrime
recently most recently
g) Some comparative and superlative adjectives have no positive,

but are derived from prepositions or adverbs.
intra interior intimus
within tnner inmost
prae prior primus
before former first
prope propior proximus
near nearer next
ultra ulterior ultimus
beyond farther farthest, last
5° SECOND LATIN
h) Than after a comparative is expressed by quam. Especially if
the second member of a comparison contains no verb, quam may be
omitted and the noun or pronoun placed in the ablative case.
EXERCISES
I. Ecclesia propior quam domus est. 2. CogitJtiones intimas non

exprimere poterat. 3. Anima manifeste ex materia non est. 4. Legit
melius quam loquitur. 5. Sententiae utraeque falsissimae sunt. 6. Lapi
dem non videt, cum non ibidem sit. 7. Cum tam manifesti sint, existen
tiam eorum probare non opus est. 8. Potesne inter angelum et animam
praecisive distinguere? Nequeo. 9. Non poterant invenire eum, quod
nomen ejus non scirent. JO. Beatissimos putamus eos qui sapientiarn
attigerint. I I. Hodie calidius est qUJm heri. 12. Atvero, scopus ejus
nobilior est quam actus. 13. I-Iae distinctiones inter hominem et ani
Inalia bruta communiores sunt quan1 putas. 14. Cum verba ejus non
naturam idearum propriarum inlportarent, non cornprehendebant
eum. IS. Cum manibus palpemus, hae nlentem adjuvant facilius
notiones rerurn fornlare. 16. Se habet id exemplum melius esse quam
ill ud. 17. Nobis pI uribus gratj is opus est ad virtutes illas exercendas.
18. j\ngeli humiliores hominibus sunt. 19. I.-Jeges non scicbant, quod
antiquissimae essent. 20. Curn in doles aninlae non corrupt ibilis sit,
debet esse imrllaterialis. 21. Credis quod hon10 s~lpientior quan1 ju
mentum sit? Naturalissime! 22. Cum theologus opinatus sit hoc verum
esse, opinionem ej us accipieI11us. 23. Angeli graciliores quarn homines
sunt. 24. Postmoc1um sciebant eum nobilissimum inter eos esse.
25. 1--101110 conjunctio omnium virtutum nobiliorum et omniurn vi
tiorum pessirnorurn est. 26. Joannes rnelior fratre est, quare melius
quam frater agit. 27. Pater fortior quan1 filius est cun1 senior sit.
28. Amor pietatis naturalior ad hominem est qUJm inclinatio ad ma
lum. 29. Judex nl:1gnus ct praeclarus est qui multa praernia acciperiL
30. Sanctus bonus est; angelus melior est; Deus optimus est. 31. Plu
rinlum habeo; quis minimum habet? 32. Pcccator semper miserior

est quam pauper. 33. Nomen quidditas essentiam rei exprimit, cum
quaestioni, "quid est?" respondeat. 34. Multae ex Romae ecclesiis ve
SECOND LATIN
territTIis sistent adhuc. 35. Cum caelutTI clarius hodie sit, montes melius
viclere possurnus.
READING
I. Ens, quatenus definiri potest, est a) per ordinem ad existentiam;

quidquid existit vel existere potest, vel quidquid habet aliquam
realitatem; b) per ordinem ad cognitionem: quidquid per se intelligi
{X)test. Conceptui formali entis respondet unus conceptus objectivus,
adaequatus et immediatus, qui expresse non dicit substantiam neque
accidens, neque Deum neque creaturam; sed haec omnia per madum
unius, scil., quatenus sunt inter se aliquo nl0do similia, et conveniunt
in essendo. Quare idea entis sicut est omnium cornmunissima ita etiam
est omnium sirnplicissima, et proinde ens proprie definiri nequit; rem
enim definire est earn in sua elementa constitutiva resolvere, notio
autem entis unicum elementum simplicissimum(aliquam realitatem)
exprimit. Ens, res, aliquid, non re, sed ratione distinguuntur. Res
nomen habet a quidditate rata et certa, ens vero ab actu essendi. Ali
quid sunlptUI11 pro nonnihil non differt ab ente vel reo
2. \ridetur quod anima et angelus sint unius speciei. Unumquodque
enim ordinatur ad proprium finem per naturam suae speciei, per quam
habet inclinationem ad finem. Sed idem est finis animae et angeli,
scilicet beatitudo aeterna. Ergo sunt unius speciei. Praeterea, ultima
differentia specifica est nobilissinla, quia camplet rationem speciei. Sed
nihil est nobilius in angelo et anima quam esse intellectuale. Ergo
conveniunt anima et angelus in ultima differentia specifica; ergo sunt
unius speciei. Praeterea, anima ab angelo differre non videtur nisi
per hoc quod est corpori unita. Corpus autem, cum sit extra essentiam
animae, non videtur ad ejus speciem pertinere. Ergo anima et angelus
sunt unius spcciei. Sed contra, quorum sunt diversae operationes na
tur~11es, ipsa dif1erunt specie. Sed animae et angeli sunt diversae opera
tiones naturales: quia, ut dicit Dionysius, mentes angelicae simplices,
et beatDs intellectus habent, non de visibilibus congregantes divinam
cognitionem; cujus contrarium postmodum de anima dicit. Anima
igitur et angelus non sunt unius speciei.
LESSON XIII
Vocabulary
abstractio, fo, d~tachment, removal, abstraction
actu (abl. of actus), actually, in reality
actualis, actual
additio, fo, addition
alioquin, otherwise
cognoscitivus, cognizant, aware
comprehensio, fo, comprehensiveness
determinare, to determine
determinatus, definite, determined
dunltaxat, only
exclusio, fo, exclusion
illimitatus, unlimited
includere, -clusi, -clusus, to include
mediante, by means of
multiplicare, to rnultiply
multiplicatio, f., multiplication
ne ••• quidem, not even
octo, eight
praecisio, f., preciseness, precision, definiteness
proportio, f., proportion
qualis, what kind
quum (cum), since (takes subjo)
repugnare, to be inconsistent ur incompatible; to deny, to disagree
requirere, -sivi, -situs, to require
revera, indeed, truly
separatus, separate
simplicitas, fo, simplicity
SECOND LATIN 53
talis, such,. qua tale, as such
ubi, where, when
unire, to unite
utrum, whether
WORD STUDY
I. Cognoscitivus: having the power of knowing, intellectually

aware; from the verb cognoscere, to know.
2. Intellectivum principium: intellect, intelligence, mind; the men
tal principle.
3. In genere: generically speaking, as applied to a particular genus,
kind, or class; generally.
+ In potentia: having the possibility of actual existence. In actu:
having real existence. Thus an infant has the power of speech in po
tentia; an adult has it in actn.
GRAMMAR
I. Quum, a form of cum, introduces a causal clause in which the

subjunctive is required. Ens infinitum, quum in se actn complectatur
omnes pedectiones, ne cogitatione quidem, ullam potest accipere addj
tionem. Infinite being, since it actually embraces all perfections in
itself, cannot admit of any addition even in thought.
2. The subjunctive is required in an indirect question. Dixit nobis
quid fecisset. He told us what he had done. Circa hoc quaeritur utrum
intellectivum principium uniatur corpori ut forma. Concerning this
the question is asked whether the intellect is united to the body as form.
3. In a contrary to fact condition expressing present time, the im
perfect subjunctive is required in both clauses. Si intellectus uniretur
corpori ut forma, non esset omnium cognoscitivus. If the intellect
were unit~d to the body as form, it would not be cognizant of all
things.
EXERCISES
I. Quum nihil significet non aliquid, nonnihil dicit aliquid. 2. Quum

tempore careremus, indolem elementi non inquirebamus. 3. Animalia
54 SECOND LATIN
bruta difterunt specialiter hominibus, quum mentem rationalem non
habeant. 4. Quum pupilla oculi multum sensitiva sit, opus est custo
dire earn. 5. Quum tanti in nostris diebus sint qui non in Conceptionem
Immaculatam credunt, debemus hanc doctrinam de tectis predicare.
6. Dicere nequeo quid putet de mundorum pluralitate. 7. Poscit utrum
terra a sole calefiat. 8. Volebat quaerere quare pauperes in habitaculis
miserrimis habitarent. 9. Non cognoscunt ubi pridie fuerit. 10. Puer
ignorabat quando mater sua profecta esset. II. Si leges bene cog
nosceret, recte j udicaret. 12. Si nox calidior esset, militia in terra dor
miret. 13. Si hoc verum esset, in flammas projiceretur. 14. Gratissimi
essemus, si non ad invicem semper litigarent. IS. Si manus vestras
jungeretis, melius oraretis. 16. Putabant eos in domo, quum lucem
effulgentem per osti urn viderent. 17. In montibus occultae remanebant,
quum inimicos valde timerent. 18. Quum beatius sit dare quam acci
pere; saepius debemus dare. 19. Quum duodecim apostoli essent, ibant
ad duodecim terras separatas. 20. Quum praxis perfectionem faciat,
convenit operam dare ad attingendos scopos nostros. 21. Sciebasne
quae praemia ei donata essent? 22. Nescio quomodo ecclesia aedifi
canda sit. 23. Non nobis dixit quem postmodum vidisset. 24. Quaere
bat quomodo ignis extinguendus esset. 25. Cognoscent quare ad has
doetrinas adhaeserinlus. 26. Si conceptus clarior esset, comprehendere
mus eum. 27. Si lucem haberemus, nomina judicum legere possemus.
28. Si exercitus extra muros staret, civitatem facilius salvaret. 29. Si
vultus suos erigerent, signum in caelis viderent. 30. Si obstaculum hu
jusmodi mere esset, ea timorem talem non exhiberet.
READING
I. Non est confundenda notio entis in genere cum notione Entis

infiniti (i.e., Dei). Utraque notio aliquid illimitatqm exprimit; sed
ens in genere illud exprimit secundum extensionem et imperfectionem,
ens infinitum secundum comprehensionem et perfectionem. Et revera,
ootio entis in genere se extendit ad omnia sive actualia sive possibilia,
sed in sua comprehensione unam dumtaxat notam, scil., aliquam
realitatem, includit; notio eutis infiniti in se comprehendit omnes
SECOND LATIN 55
perfectiones, et proinde nunlmam extensionem habet, quum plura
hujusmodi entia repugnent. Utraque flotio summam simplicitatem
exprimit; sed simplicitas entis in genere est negativa, orta ex abstrac
tione ab omni perfectione determinata; sirnplicitas entis infiniti est
positiva. Utraque notio exprimit realitatenl cum exclusione additionis;
sed realitas expressa per ens in genere ita se habet per mentis praeci
sionem, nec potest in rerum natura sine additionibus existere; ens
infinitum, quum in se actu complectatur omnes perfectiones, ne cogi
tatione quidem, ullam potest accipere additionem.
2. Deinde considerandum est de unione animae ad corpus, et circa
hoc quaeruntur octo: 1° utrum intellectivum principium uniatur cor
pori ut forma; 2° utrum intellectivum principium numero multipli
eetur secundum multiplicationelTI corporum, vel sit unus intellectus
omnium hominum; 3° utrum in corpore, cujus forma est principium
intellectivunl, sit aliqua alia anima; 4° utrum sit in eo aliqua alia
forma substantialis; S° quale debeat esse corpus cujus intellectivum
principiurn est forma; 6° utrum tali corpori uniatur mediante aliquo
alio corpore; 7° utrunl mediante aliquo accidente; 8° utrum anima sit
tota in qualibet parte corporis. Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur
quod intellectivum principium non uniatur corpori ut forma. Dicitur
enim quod intellectus est separatus, et quod nullius corporis est actus.
Non ergo unitur corpori ut forma. Praeterea, omnis forma determi
natur secundum naturam materiae cujus est forma; alioquin non
requireretur proportio inter materiam et formam. Si ergo intellectus
uniretur corpori ut forma, cum omne corpus habeat determinatam
naturam, sequeretur quod intellectus haberet determinatam naturam,
et sic non esset onluium cognoscitivus, ut ex superioribus patet; quod
est contra rationelu intellectus. Non ergo intellectus unitur corpori ut
forma.
LESSON XIV
Vocabulary
actio, f., action

agens, m., doer) actor, agent
alteruter, one or the other
appetitus, m., appetite
attribuere, -ui, -utus, to attribute
calefactio, f., heat, heating
carpentarius, m., carpenter
competere, ..ivi, -itus, to fit, to belong to
conversus, converse,. e converso, conversely) on the contrary
discriminare, to diJtinguish
diss~rcre, -semi, -sertus, to discourse
effect1L~, m., effect
instrumentum, n., instrument
investigare, to investigate
juxta, according to
logice, 10 gically
metaphysica, f., metaphysics
motor, m., mover, motor impulse
motus, m., movement, motion
multipliciter, in many ways
ontologia, f., ontology
oppositum, n., opposite
philosophus, m., philosopher
plenius, more fully
potius, rather
praesupponere, -posni, -positus, to presuppose
praeter, beyond) besides) in addition to, outside of
56
SECOND LATIN 57
serra, f., saw
specialis, special
vanus, false
WORD STUDY
leo Ontologia: the branch of knowledge that investigates the nature,

essential properties, and relations of being (ens) as such.
%. Metaphysica: that division of philosophy which includes ontol
ogy, or the science of being, and epistemology, or the theory of knowl
edge; in a narrower sense, ontology alone.
3. Appetitus: any inherent or habitual desire for some personal
gratification, either of the body or of the mind.
GRAMMAR
I. A so-called less vivid condition requires the present subj unctive

in both clauses. More vivid conditions take the indicative in both
clauses. A more vivid condition implies less uncertainty than a less
vivid.
More vivid: Si aderit, bene erit-If he will be present, it will be well.
Less vivid: Si adsit, bene sit. If he should be present, it would be
well.
2. Some prepositions.
a) A, abe Their general meaning is from, 00 from, away from.
They govern the ablative case. They may also mean by when introduc
ing the agent after a verb in the passive voice. Ab must be used be
fore words beginning with a vowel sound; a or ab may be used before
consonants.
ARoma profectus est. He set out from Rome.
Octo res incIusae sunt ab eis. Eight things have been included by
them.
b) E, ex. Their general meaning is from the midst of, out of. Ex
must be used before vowel sounds. Either e or ex may be used before
consonants. They govern the ablative.
SECOND LATIN
Ex montibus egressi sunt. They came out of the mountains.
E pluribus unum. Out of many) one.
Duo ex hominibus iBis carpentarii erant. Two of those men were
carpenters.
c) Per: through in the widest sense. It governs the accusative.

Per civitates eunt. They go through the city.
Per diem. Throughout the day.
Per homines nobiles. Through the instrumentality of noble rnen.
Per see In and of itself (through itself).
d) Praeter: used \vith the literal meaning of along by, in front of,
and with the figurative meaning of beyond, besides, in addition to. It
governs the accusative.
Praeter vultos nostros. Before our faces.
Praeter aedihcium. In front of the building.
Praeter realitatem. Beyond reality.
e) Propter: used in the literal rneaning of near or next to) and with
the figurative meaning of on account of, because of. It governs the
accusativee
Propter me sedent. They sit near me.
Propter diei calorem dormiebant. Because of the heat of the day they
slept.
3. Ordinal numbers. The ablative of the ordinals is used as an ad

verb and is abbreviated by using a figure followed by a small 0: 3°;
primo, 1°; secundo, 2°
EXERCISES
I. Per tales actus nobis probavit qualis est simplicitas sua. 2. In
clusimus dumtaxat tres ex regulis praeter communes. 3. Per diem et
per noctem plenius investigabant qualis esset gentium voluntas. 4. Si
effectum calefactioni attribuamus, causa clara sit. 5. Si logice de meta
physica disseret, nobis docebit multas ex veritatibus quas volumus
cognoscere. 6. Si rex leges bonas abroget, gens patiatur. 7. Si alteruter
SECOND LATIN 59
carpentarius opus suum bene faciat, serra non fracta sit. 8. Actio ex
agente, motus ex motore oritur. 9. Mens hominis praeter realitatem
attingere potest. 10. Si individuum hoc juxta merita ejus judicemus,
poenas accipiat potius quam munera. II. Quum octo colores diversi
inclusi sint, effectus multipliciter repugnat. 12. Si non logice discri
minabit inter malum et bonum, philosophus nunquam erit. 13. Quaeri
tur utrum ontologia scientia sit, quae de ente tractat. 14. Subjectum
investigabimus logicae juxta regulas. IS. 1°, leges intelligemus; 2°,
gentibus docebimus eas; 3°, observabimus eas. 16. Si carpentarius
domum forte aedificet, non cadat. 17. Si per civitatem illam incedamus,
philosophum verum inveniamus. 18. Solebant adjuvari a gentium
fortiorum militiis. 19. Si plures ex notis ejus exhibeantur, objectum
clare distinguatur. 20. Propter caloris effectus multi ex viris mortui
sunt. 21. Domus sacerdotis praeter ecclesiam stat. 22. Si homines per
multos dies misericordiam Dei rogent, ipse calamitates eorum avertat.
23. Servos in lacum ejiciebant praeter regis oculos. 24. Tres e pueris
elegit ad auferendas epistolas in terram inimicam. 25. Per opera bona
virginum fidelium, pueri custoditi sunt et curati veteres. 26. Si re
frigerium aliquod nobis des, in via procedamus. 27. Si operatio ex
talibus causis oriatur, naturam ejus determinare simplex sit. 28. Si
nos spectent, lapides ad eos mittamus. 29. Si panis nimis calidus sit,
non eum manducetis. 30. Si unum ex his jumentis accipiat, non ei
opus sit Romam incedere.
READING
I. Ontologia juxta vim vocis idem sonat ac sermo de ente; juxta

rem ipsam definitur: scientia, quae tractat de ente, prout est omnibus
commune. Dicitur 1°. scientia, quia est systema veritatum, quae ex
principiis certis logice deducuntur. Dicitur 2°. quae tractat de ente,
quia ontologia non tale vel tale ens considerat, sed omne ens, et sic
discriminatur a Metaphysica Speciali, quae de mundo, de homine,
et de Deo disserit. Dicitur 3°. prout est omnibus commune; est enim
ontologiae proprietates entis ejusque suprema genera investigare.
Unde ontologia a S. Thoma definitur: scientia quae considerat ens
60 SECOND LATIN
et ea quae consequuntur ens. Quare ejus objectum materiale sunt
omnia entia realia; obj ectum formale sunt rationes omnibus rebus
communes. Porro, hae rationes possunt esse communes, aut quatenus
eaedeITI rationes omnibus entis generibus competunt (ut verum et
bonum, etc.), aut quatenus alterutra ex oppositis (v.g., substantia vel
accidens, causa vel effectus) cuique entis generi convenit. Quare
plenius definitur ontologia: scientia de ente ejusque proprietatibus
ac supremis partitionibus.
2. Quidam autem dicere voluerunt quod intellectus unitur corpori
ut motor, et sic ex intellectu et corpore fit unum, ut actio intellectus
toti attribui possit. Sed hoc est multipliciter vanum. Primo quidem
quia intellectus non movet corpus nisi per appetitum, cujus motus
praesupponit operationem intellectus. Non ergo quia movetur Socra
tes ab intellectu, ideo intelligit; sed potius e converso quia intelligit,
ideo ab intellectu movetur Socrates. Secundo, quia cum Socrates sit
quoddanl individuum in natura, cujus essentia est una, composita
ex materia et forma, si intellectus non sit forma ejus, sequitur quod
sit praeter essentiam ej us; et sic intellectus comparabitur ad totum
Socratem sicut motor ad motuln. Intelligere autem est actio quiescens
in agente, non autem transiens in alterum, sicut calefactio. Non ergo
intelligere potest attribui Socrati propter hoc quod est motus ab in
tellectu. Tertio, quia actio motoris nunquam attribuitur moto nisi
sicut instrumento, sicut actio carpentarii serrae. Si igitur intelligere
attribuitur Socrati, quia est actio motoris ejus, sequitur quod attri
buatur ei sicut instrumento: quod est contra Philosophum I De anima,
text. 12, qui vult quod intelligere non sit per instrumentum cor
poreum.
LESSON XV
Vocabulary
absens, absent
affirmare, to affirm
affirmatio, fo, affirmation
aliquando, formerly
amabilis, lovable
causare, to cause
circulus, mo, circle
dominare, to dominate
efformare, to for1n, to shape
elementaris, elementary
excedere, -cessi, -cessus, to exceed, to excel
explicare, to explain
facile, easily
immergere, -mersi, -mersus, to imnlerse, to merge
magis, more
metalIum, no, metal
minus, less
mixtus, mingled, tnixed
negare, to deny
nobilitas, £., nobility
prius, previously
quadratus, squared
qualitas, £., quality
quanto sanior ••• tanto fortior, the healthier . .. the stronger
relativus, relative
remotus, remote
sortire, to select
61
SECOND LATIN
terminare, to limit
transcendere, -scendi, -scensus, to transcend
vegetabilis, vegetable
WORD SruDY
I. Anima sensibilis: conscious existence, that is, life as it manifests

itself in the animal world (men and beasts).
2. Anima vegetabilis: vegetable life, that is, life as it manifests itself
in the plant world as distinct from men and beasts.
3. Qualitas elementaris: the simplest rudiment or characteristic of
a thing.
GRA~fMAR
I. The subjunctive mood.

a) Cum, when, regularly requires the indicative when the tense of
the verb is present, future, or future perfect. If the verb of the cum
clause is in the past tense, the indicative is used when the time of
the main clause and that of the temporal clause are absolutely identi
cal. If the temporal clause describes the circumstances that accom
panied the action of the main verb, then the subj unctive is used.
Cum is negat, affirmamus. W hen he denies, we affirm
Cum cadebat nix, sollucebat. When (at the time that) the snow was
falling, the sun was shining.
Cum metallum spectavissem, vidi quod argentum esset. When 1 had
looked at the metal, I saw that it was silver.
b) A relative clause with a negative antecedent regularly takes the

subjunctive. Nullam notam habet quae mentem determinet et termi
net. It has no feature that may determine and limit the mind.
c) The subjunctive may be used in one clause of a condition. If
one verb implies that a condition has already been fulfilled and the
other implies a probability of fulfillment, the former is put in the
indicative, the latter in the subjunctive. Si aliquando nihil fuit in rebus,
SECOND LATIN
nunc nihil esset. If formerly there has been a lack of existence in
things} there would be a lack of existence now.
2.CODlpounds of ipse. This demonstrative is often combined with
forms of the reflexive pronoun and thus replaces the usual reflexives.
Meipsum vidi in aqua. I saw myself in the water.
Nihilum per seipsum cognosci nequit. N on-existence cannot be
known by and through itself.
3. Ille, iste. These demonstratives are frequently used to express the

idea of "the former" and "the latter." Illud dicitur nihilum relativum,
istud nihilum absolutum. The former is called relatitle non-existence,
the latter absolute non-existence.
EXERCISES
I. Cum metallum videbis, cognosces non argentum esse. 2. Cum

vitia dominaverint, nobilitatem attigerint. 3. Cum id negavit, non cre
didimus ei. 4. Cum magis elementaria essent, ea facilius intelleximus.
s. Quanto magis seipsum in propriam existentiam suam immergit,
tanto minus diligitur a ceteris. 6. Cum locum sortivisset propinquum
lacui et juxta notiones suas, erexit ibi lapidibus domum parvam, ubi
solus cum jumento suo habitabat. 7. Absentes in terris remotis semper
delectabantur cum epistolas a familiis suis accepissent. 8. Quanto spes
remotior erat, tanto magis seipsum despiciebat. 9. Si tantum perdidit,
non vellet iterum probare. 10. Si utrosque ex fratribus suis excessit
actionis nobilitate, conveniret quod rex fieret. II. Possibile est putare
quod sit post vitam hanc vel alia existentia vel nihilum: illa notioni
justitiae nostrae satisfacit, ista nobis repugnat. 12. Invenimus duo
verba quae similia sonant: as (oris) atque os (ossis) ; illud pars vultus
est, istud carnem sustinet. 13. N eminem vidit qui ei auxilio esset.
14. Animal brutum cognosco nullum quod fortius sit quam illum
jumentum. 15. Poposcistine utrum omnia praeparata essent cum
sacerdos veniret? 16. N ullam causam quidenl determinare poterat,
quae explicaret poenas quas sentire solebat. 17. Seipsos muniebant
cum muris ex lapidibus atgue terra factis. 18. Qualitates bonas ex
SECOND LATIN
ercendo in personam amabilem seipsam mutaverat. 19. Potesne teip
sum justificare eo quod faeturus es? 20. Ideae dividuntur in intuitivas
et factitias secundum modum quo in mente oriuntur: illae excitantur
in mente a reali praesentia rei cognitae, istae in n1ente ef10rmantur
conjungendo plures ideas intuitivas. 21. Idea aut positiva aut negativa
est: illa aliquam realitatem, ista carentiam realitatis exhibet. 22. Philo
sophia duas partitiones habet, quarum prima speculativa, altera prac
tica nominatur: illa etiam Metaphysica dicitur, ista in Logicam et
Ethicam dividitur. 23. Cum civitatem condidissent, per multos dies
atque noctes concelebrabant. 24. Cum turbis loquebatur, lucebat
sol. 25. Cum pueros et servos omnes liberavisset, matres patresque
venerunt ad agendas ei gratias. 26. Si aliquando juravit, non nunc
abesset. 27. Si alii exercitui seipsos junxerunt, hodie fortiores essent.
28. Obstaculum nullum est quod praeveniat ne illa gens dolosa opes
magnas capiat nostrae patriae dilectae. 29. N eminem cognoscebat
quem docere posset ad spargendas doctrinas novas. 30. Cum dies
calidae sunt, veteres in umbra ecclesiae sedent.
READING
I. Quum intellectus se habeat ad opposita, ex notione entis jam data

facile colligitur notio sui oppositi, seu nihili, quod diEnitur: Carentia
entis. Jam sicut ens sumitur ad signiEcandum aliquid actu existens,
vel aliquid aptum ad existendum, ita nihilum accipi potest pro carentia
actualis existentiae, quo sensu alter mundus est nihilum; vel pro
carentia possibilis existentiae, ut cum dicimus circulum quadratum
esse nihilum. Illud dicitur nihilum relativum seu nihilum existentiae,
istud nihilum absolutum seu nihilum essentiae. Nihilum per seipsum
cognosci nequit, quum nullam notam habeat quae mentern determi
net et terminet; cognoscitur vero per suum oppositum, quatenus
mens prius fertur in ens, cuj us realitatem deinde negando, notionem
nihili sibi ef1ormat. U nde notio nihili non est falsa, quia per earn
mens non cognoscit id, quod non est, sed cognoscit ens modo speciali,
i.e., ut absens vel remotum. Affirmatio nihili universalis repugnat;
SECOND LATIN
nam qui ita affirmat dicit se esse et proinde aliquid semper fuisse, si
aliquando nihil fuit in rebus, nunc nihil esset.
2. Natura uniuscujusque rei ex ejus operatione ostenditur. Propria
autem operatio hominis, inquantum est homo, est intelligere: per
hanc enim omnia alia animalia transcendit. U nde Aristoteles in lib. X
Ethic., cap. vii, in hac operatione, sicut in propria hominis, ultimam
felicitatem constituit. Gportet ergo quod homo secundum illud spe
ciem sortiatur quod est hujus operationis principium. Sortitur autem
unumquodque speciem per propriam formam. Relinquitur ergo quod
intellectivum principiun1 sit propria hominis forma. Sed consideran
dum est, quod quanto forma est nobilior, tanto magis dominatur ma
teriae corporali et minus ei immergitur, et magis sua operatione vel
virtute excedit earn; unde videmus quod forma mixti corporis habet
aliquam operationem, quae non causatur ex qualitatibus elementari
bus. Et quanto magis proceditur in nobilitate formarum, tanto magis
invenitur virtus formae materiam elementarem excedere, sicut anima
vegetabilis plus quam forma metalli, et anima sensibilis plus quam
anima vegetabilis. Anima autem humana est ultima in nobilitate
formarum. U nde intantum sua virtute excedit materiam corporalem,
quod habet aliquam operationem et virtutem in qua nullo modo
communicat materia corporalis, et haec virtus dicitur intellectus.
LESSON XVI
Vocabulary
accidentalis, ac,·idental
amare, to love
bonitas, f., goodnesJ'
caput, fl., head; chapter
coarctare, to confine
consistere, -stiti, -stitus, to consist
deprehendere, ..prehendi, -prehensus, to find
divisio, f., division
elucescere, to shine forth, to stand out clearly
figura, f., shape
indivisibilis, indivisible
indivisio, f., oneness
indivisus, undivided
intendere, -tendi, ..tentus, to stretch out, to extend, to intend
jamvero, indeed
late, broadly, widely
opponere, -posui, -positus, to oppose
praedictus, aforementioned
quantitas, f., quantity
quoties, as often as, whenever
referre, ..tuli, ..latus, to relate, to refer
remittere, -misi, -missus, to slacken, to relax
respectus, m., respect, consideration
substantialis, substantial
transcendentalis, transcendental
triplex, threefold, triple
66
SECOND LATIN
WORD SroDY
L Indivisio: oneness; the state of being a unit that cannot be diTided.
2. Transcendentalis: relating to a reality beyond the senses, and
underlying the objects of experience.
3. Forma substantialis: that internal constitution which makes an
existing thing to be \vhat it is.
+ Forma accidentalis: not of the essence or substance of a thing.
GRAMMAR
I. Reflexive pronouns. These are the same as the object pronouns

except in the third person, where the following forms are used: sui
(gen.), of himself, herself, itself, themselves; sibi (dat.), to himself,
etc.; se (acc. and abL) , himself, etc., and by or with himself~ etc.
Sc amant. They love themselves. They love each other.
Mihi loquor.l talk to myself.
a) The preposition cum is added to these forms as an enclitic: me
cum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum. Primum matti, deinde patti
servit, et tunc secum concludit. First he serves the mother, next the
father, and then he concludes with himself.
b) Of the possessive pronouns, mens, tuus, suus, etc., suus is used
only as a reflexive referring to the subject. When his, her, its, their
refer to someone other than the subject, then ejus or corum is used
instead of suus.
Patrern suum vocant. They call th~ir (own) father.
Matrern. ejus vidit heri. He saw his (not his own, someone else's)
mother yesterday.
c) The reciprocals, one another or each oth~, are expressed by the

rdkxive pronoun or by inter se or alter ••• alterum.
Opposita juxta se posita magis elucescunt. Opposites placed next to
each other stand out more clearly.
Inter se fovebant. They cherished elUj" other.
Altera alteram expectabit. They will wait for each other.
68 SECOND LATIN
2. Some prepositions.
a) Ad always governs the accusative and is used in the sense of
to, towards, at, near, till.
Remanebat hie ad nonam horam. He rematned here until three
o'clock·
Ad civitatem eo. I go to the city.
b) Contra governs the accusative and has the general meaning of

opposite or against.
Contra haec est id quod philosophus dicit. Against this is what the
philosopher says.
Contra montem expectabat exercitus. The army waited opposite the
hill.
c) De governs the ablative and may mean from, down from, of,
concernin g, about, out of.
De caclo demissus est. He was sent down from heaven.
De ilIa re nihil cognoscimus. We know nothing about that matter.
Unus de turba venit ad loquendum ei. One of the crowd came to
speak to him.
d) In may govern the accusative or the ablative; with the former

it means into, for, till, totuard. Some idea of motion toward a goal
is conveyed. With the ablative this preposition is used in the general
sense of in, on, among.
In Jerusalem introivit. He entered l~rusalem.
In lucem ignem spectabant. They watched the fire until daybreak.
Cognoscimus quod maculae in sole apparent. We know that spots
appear on the sun.
In famulis nostris puer salvus est. The child is safe among OUT S~tI
ants.
e) Juxta as a preposition governs the accusative and may be used

literally (near, next to, close by) or figuratively (together with, con
nected with, in accordance with).
SECOND LATIN 69
Turbae juxta mnros stabant. The crowds were standing close to the
walls.
Regis juxta mandata discipuli ex civitate ejiciebantur. In accordance
with the king's commands, the disciples were driven from the city.
£) Secundum governs the accusative and may be used in the literal

sense of just behind~ following, or in the figurative sense of accord
ing to.
Ite secundum eum. Go behind him.
Secundum Lucam Christus in Bethlehem natus est. According to
L.ke~ Christ was born in Bethlehem.
g) Sub governs the accusative when there is an idea of motion,

otherwise it takes the ablative. It usually has the sense of under or up
under.
Sub montem venerunt. They came up under the hill.
Ossa sancti sub altari sunt. T he bones of a saint are under the altar.
EXERCISES
I. Se coarctaverunt in modis multis. 2. Colores diversi elucescunt

quando juxta se positi sunt. 3. Quoties se videbant, litigabant inter see
4. Exercitus gentium multarum se exercebant certaminis in artibus
et tunc late se opponebant. S. Vita homini amarissima fieri potest, si
veritatem ac bonitatem non aestimat. 6. Operam dabant ad horam
sextam et tum requiescebant. 7. Id quod alter alteri dicebat contra
ratiocinia philosophi erato 8. Quanto magis loquebantur contra eum,
tanto magis discipuli ejus diligebant eum. 9. Misit apostolos suos in
terras remotas, sed multi ex eis secundum prophetarum verba ejicie..
bantur ab inimicis ejus. 10. Volumus nobiscum omnia auferre, de
quibus in epistola vestra tractabatis. I I. Ubi invenisti librum meum
de metaphysica? In sede jamvero in qua reliquisti eum. 12. Ab obsta
cuIis inhaerentibus in natura nostra semper coarctamur. 13. Ecclesia
domusque juxta se stabunt. 14. Dixit sibi: Ubi et quando potero in
vestigare dementa in lapide illo occulta? IS. Nolite negare quod hos
viros bonos in vinculis videbatis, et tamen cis nullum adjutorium
SECOND LATIN
offerebatis. 16. Pater sub montem gregem suum maximum ducebat
ad eum de calore solis defendendum. 17. Servia mihi quandocumque
Deo servio. 18. Si te regi adjungas, non solum particeps felicitatis ejus
fias, sed etiam in calamitatibus ejus patiaris. 19. Quum ille putaverit
indolem conceptus simplicem esse, iste nihil dixit contra sententiam
illam. 20. Cum extra muros essent, revera misericordiae judicum
suorum obliviscebantur. 21. Praemia inter se dederunt. Quare fecerunt
inud? Non seio. 22. Alteri alteros adjuvabant cum monerentur ini..
micos lapides immensos contra muros civitatis missuros esse. 23. Cum
loquendum esse se audiret, non cognoscebat vocem propriam. 24. Cre
didistis vobis? Non semper. 25. Cum aqua benedicta aspersit se.
READING
I. T ranscendentales entis proprietates sunt attributa, quae end,

prout est ens, conveniunt. Hae proprietates re non distinguuntur ab
ente, sed sunt diversi respectus, sub quibus ens considerari po test.
Hine tam late patent quam ipsum ens; et sicut istud, nulli generi
rerum coarctantur, sed omnia genera transcendunt. Jamvero, ens sub
triplici respectu considerari potest: 1°. prout in seipso est, et sic con
sideratum se manifestat ut unum; 2°. prout refertur ad intelleetum,
a quo concipitur, et sic dicitur verum; 3°. prout refertur ad volunta
tem vel ad appetitum sensitivum, sub quo respectu vocatur bonum.
Tres igitur StUlt proprietates entis: unitas, veritas, bonitas. Quoniam
vero opposita (ut aiunt) juxta se posita magis ducescunt, in hoc capite
sermo erit, non solum de trmus praedictis proprietatibus, sed etiam
de notionibus, quae eis opponuntur. Ens dicitur unum, quatenus est
in se indivisum, et proinde unitas est carentia divisionis in ente.
Quoties enim deprehendimus aIiquid divisum esse in ens et ens, unum
esse ~mus; et quoties deprehendimus aliquid non esse divisum,
propter hanc indivisionem id unum nominamus.
2. Deinde considerandum est de his quae pertinent ad potentias
animae. Ad primum sic proc,editur. I. Videtur quod ipsa essentia
animae sit ejus potentia. Dicit enim Augustinus quod mens, notitia,
et amor sunt substantialiter in anima, et quod memori~ intelligentia
SECOND LATIN
et voluntas sunt una vita, una mens et una essentia. 2. Praeterea, anima
est nobilior quam materia prima. Sed materia prima est sua potentia.
Ergo multo magis anima. 3. Praeterea, forma substantialis est simpli
cior quam accidentalis: cujus signum est quod forma substantialis non
intenditur vel remittitur, sed in indivisibili consistit; forma autem
accidentalis est ipsa sua virtus. Ergo multo magis forma substantialis,
quae est anima. 4. Praeterea, potentia sensitiva est qua sentimus, et
potentia intellectiva qua intelligimus. Sed id quo primo sentimus
et intelligimus, est anima, secundum Philosophum. Ergo anima est
sua potentia. 5. Praeterea, quod non est de essentia rei, est accidens. Si
ergo potentia animae est praeter essentiam ejus, sequitur quod sit
accidens, quod est contra Augustinum qui dicit quod praedicta non
sunt in anima sicut in subj ecto, ut color aut figura in corpore, aut ulla
alia qualitas aut quantitas; quidquid enim tale est non excedit sub
jectum in quo est. Mens autem potest etiam alia amare et cognoscere.
6. Praeterea, forma simplex subjectum esse non potest. Anima autem
est forma simplex, cum non SIt composita ex materia et forma, ut supra
dictum est. Non ergo potentia animae potest esse in ipsa sicut in
subjeeto. 7. Praeterea, accidens non est principium substantialis differ
entiae. Sed sensibile et rationale sunt substantiales differentiae, et su
muntur a sensu et ratione, quae sunt potentiae animae. Ergo potentiae
animae non sunt accidentia, et ita videtur quod potentia animae sit
ejus essentia.
LESSON XVII
Vocabulary
abjieere, -jeei, -jectus, to degrade, to debase

eoextendere, -tendi, -tensus or -tentus, to have the same extensio8
eonstare, -stiti, -status, to consist, to stand firm
constat, it is certain
continuus, continuous, constant
entitativus, of the nature of an entity or real thing
forsitan, perhaps
integrans, integrating, making up a whole
lieet, from Iicere 2 (impers. verb), it is permitted, allowable; although
multiplex, manifold
mutuo, mutually
nimirum, certainly, indisputably
oportet, from oportere 2 (impers. verb), it is necessary, proper, reasoa
able
parvulus, small; (as a noun) little one, child
quantum ad, so far as concerns
quidam, a certain one
quodlibet, any whatever
saepe, often
speeifieus, specific; pertaining to a species
strepitus, m., noise
subesse, -fui, to be under, to underlie
ulterior, further, later
vere, really, truly
WORD STUDY
I. Simpliciter: in a sirnple manner or state; considered in or by

itself; without additional qualification.
72
SECOND LATIN 73
2. Secundum quid: according to something; in some one respect
only.
3. Potentia: quality of possessing inherent strength or power; power
or energy more or less free to act.
GRAMMAR
Impersonal verbs.
a) Many verbs appear only in the third person singular, infinitive,
and gerund, having as a subject the impersonal it. Still other verbs may
be used impersonally in the passive.
constat, it is plain evident
J licet, it is allowed
accidit, it happens libet, it pleases
placet, it pleases videtur, it seems
decet, it is becoming, proper oportet, it is fitting, ought
necesse est, it is needlui interest, it concerns
refert, it concerns restat, it remains
reIinquitur, it remains
b) These verbs are regularly followed by a quod or quia clause with
the subjunctive (sometimes the indicative).
EXERCISES
Quaeritur utrum anima independenter a corpore existere possit.

I.
2. Non licet, nimirunl, quod quidam opiniones diversas habeant de
definitione vera reaIitatis. 3. Oportet fOfsitan quod consideremus
naturam multiplicem hujus organismi. 4. Decet quod mutua se ament
cum alteri tantum alteros adj uvaverint. 5. Quantum ad caput se
cundum constat consideratione unitatis specierum, i.e. de unitatis
notione et divisione quaeritur. 6. Necesse est quod deprehendat id
quod notis quibuslibet subest. 7. Opera nulla complevit quae ipse
non sortiret, cum ei placeret quod independenter ab aliis judicium
suum exerceret. 8. Videtur quod afllrmatio talis bonitatem et veri..
tatem abj iciat. 9. Relinquitur quod scopos ulteriores detegatis qui
sententiis ejus expressis subsunt. 10. Vere oportet quia carpentarius
74 SECOND LATIN
usum instrumentorum multorum intelligat, specialiter, serrae. II. Vi
detur quod substantia et accidentia coextendant. 12. Si oporteret quod
istud faceret, non rem magis investigaremus. 1,3. Si deceret quod
homines istos in domum nostram acciperemus, nimirum, non eis
indulgentian1 nostratn negarernus. 14. Nobis placebat quod in familia
nostra adesses, cum nosipsos coadunaremus ad spem novam infun
dendam in socios nostros. IS. Ei placebit quod patri veteri ejus honores
collaturi sint. 16. Dicit id constare quod non aequalitatem consecuti
slnt quam diligenter quaesiverint. 17. Accidit saepe quod judices cle
mentiam tribuant eis qui non mereantur. 18. Si sonum serrae non
audimus, per totam noctem dortniemus bene. 19. Restat nunc quod
mihi enarres omnia quae feceritis ad adventum regis celebrandurn.
20. Ljbetne tibi quia pueri ecclesiam mundare velint ac decorare ante
baptismum fratris tui? 21. Cum negarent quod inimicos consolati
essent et bona eorum custodivissent, non j am nobis referebat.
22. Necesse est quod sacerdotes episcopum suum multis modis sus
tineant. 23. Videtur quod quanto n1agis sacerdos episcopuln suum
aestimat, tanto magi.; gentes illurn diligant. 24. Oportebat quia panem
et vinum hoc modo divideret: unam ex partibus pro veteribus, aliam
pro parvulis, et partem tertiam pro pa uperibus. 25. N ecesse est quod
bene dormiamus per hanc noctem; ergo ne fiant nee soni tubarum
nec operatio serrarum nec voces hymnos canentes nee alii strepitus
horrendi quilibet. 26. Ac.:idit quod tam altus esset ut tectum attingere
passet.
READING
I. Unitas est triplicis generis: unitas simplicitatis et compositionis;

unitas per se et per accidens; unitas rationis et unitas realise U nitas
simplicitatis est unitas rei, quae nee dividitur nee dividi potest. Talis
est unitas Dei, animae, actus afllrmationis, etc. U nitas compositionis
est unitas rei, quae constat partibus actu indivisis, sed tamen divisibili
bus. Unitas per se est illa, quae competit enti vere indiviso, licet for
sitan canstet partibus, seu, est unitas entis, quod est simpliciter unum
SECOND LATIN 75
et non multa; cujusmodi est unitas angeli, vel etiam hominis licet
partibus constantis. U nitas per accidens est illa, quae competit enti,
quod revera est multiplex, sed unum secundum quid. Unum per se
dicenda sunt illa composita, quorum partes in eadem genere unione
entitativa se mutua complent, nimirum, a) in genere substantiae,
compositio corporum ex materia prinla et forma substantiaE, et ex
partibus integrantibus; b) in generibus accidentium, compositio par
tium integrantium quantitatis continuae et accidentium, quae quanti
tati coextenduntur. Unitas rationis est, quae rebus convenit ex mentis
consideratione, ut unitas specifica inter homines. U nitas realis, est
quae canvenit rebus independenter a mentis consideratione, ut unitas
Petri.
2.. Respondet Philosophus dicendum, quod impossibile est dicere
quod essentia animae sit ejus potentia, licet hoc quidam posuerint; et
hoc dupliciter ostenditur quantum ad praesens. Primo, quja cum po
tentia et actus dividant ens et quodlibet genus entis, oportet quod ad
idem genus referatur potentia et actus; et ideo, si actus non est in
genere substantiae, potentia quae dicitur ad illum actum, non potest
esse in genere substantiae. Operatio autenl animae non est in genere
substantiae, sed in solo Deo operatio est ejus substantia; unde Dei
potentia, quae est operationis principium, est ipsa Dei essentia; quod
non potest esse verum neque in anima, neque in aliqua creatura, ut
supra etiam de angelo dictum est. Secunda, hoc etiam impossibile ap
paret in anima. Nam anima secundum suam essentiam est actus. Si
ergo ipsa essentia aniInae esset immediatum operationis principium,
semper habens animam, actu haberet opera vitae, sicut semper
habens animam actu est vivum. Non eninl, inquantum est forma,
est actus ordinatus ad ulteriorem actum, sed est ultimus terminus
generationis. Unde quod sit in potentia adhuc ad alium actum,
hoc non competit ei secundum suam essentiam, inquantum est
forma, sed secundum suam potentiam; et sic ipsa anima, secundum
quod subest suae potentiae, dicitur actus primus, ordinatus ad actum
secundum. Invenitur autem habens animam non semper esse in actu
SECOND LATIN
operum vitae. Unde etiam in definitione animae dicitnr, quod est
actus corporis potentia vitam habentis, quae tamen potentia non ab
jicit animam. Relinquitur ergo quod essentia animae non est ejus
potentia; nihil enim est in potentia secundum actum, inquantum est
actus.
LESSON XVIII
Vocabulary
aequalitas, fo, equality, sameneSJ
affinis, allied, related
albus, white
appetere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, to long for} to desire
appetitivus, having appetite or desire for
convenientia, £., agreement, fitness} propriety
diversificare, to nlake different, to diversify
dubitare, to doubt
extrinsecus, outward, external
fere, al1nost
gustus, mo, taste
identicus, identical
identitas, fo, identity
impedire, to prevent
logicus, logical
maxime, chiefly, to the greatest extent
niger, black
non ••• nisi, only
obliquum, Do, that which is indirect; in obliquo, indirectly
penes, with, within
plane, plainly, clearly
plures, more, several
princeps, m., prince
prohibere 2, to prohibit
quidquid, whatever
quin, except that, unless
realiter, really, outside the mind
71
SECOND LATIN
recte, correctly, properly
rectum, n., that which is right, straight, or direct; in recto, directly
removere 2, -movi, -motus, to remove
sapiens, wise, discern ing
semel, once
sibimetipsi, to itself (himself, herseln
similiter, sirnilarly
similitudo, f., resemblance
visivus, visual
visus, m., sight
WORD STUDY
I. Affirmabilitas: the state of being capable of affirmation; that

which can be declared to be true.
2. Formaliter: with respect to or according to form; essentially;
strictly speaking.
GRAMMAR
I. Quin with the meaning of but that, except that, unless, that not,
that, after negative verbs of hindering, prohibiting, doubting, or sim
ilar ideas, requires the suhjunctive.
Unum nequit affirmari in recto de altero, quin sint idem. One thing
cannot be affirrned directly concerning another, except that they be
th~ same thing.
Non dubitabat quin ei crederemus. He did not doubt that we be

lieved him.
Id non praeveniebat quin semetipsos excusarent. That did not pre

vent them from excusing themselves.
2. Ablative absolute. This construction consists in a noun or pro

noun in the ablative case with an accompanying word or words (usu
ally a past participle) in the same case. It is grammatically independent
of the rest of the sentence in which it occurs and may be used to
replace a temporal, causal, concessive, or conditional clause. Remota
SECOND LATIN 79
causa, removetur effectus. If the cause be removed, the effect is re
moved.
3. Idem, same, is composed of the demonstrative pronoun is plus
the indeclinable suffix -dem. It is declined as follows:
Singular Plural
masc. fern. neue masc. fern. neue
n. idem eadem idem idem (ei-, ii-) eaedem eadenl
g. ejusdem- eorundem earundem eorundem
d. eidem eisdem (is-, iis-) -
acc. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem
abe eodem eadem eodem eisdem (is-, iis-) -
Idem plus atque translates the English same as, same . .. as, or it
may be followed by the dative.
Puer eandem vim habet atque pater ejus. T he boy has the same
strength as his father.
Quidquid unum est, idem est sibimetipsi. Whatever is one, is the
same as itself (is similar to itself).
4. Met: This pronominal particle is inserted frequently between the

intensive and the reflexive pronoun for added emphasis.
EXERCISES
I. Id non praevenit quin credat quod nigrum sit album. 2. Quo

modo appetebamus easdem opes quibus principes fruuntur! 3. Capiti
bus cum pluribus additionibus diversificatis, non tam clara erant quam
prius. 4. Res quae sibimetipsi identica est, est res ipsa. 5. Carentia
omnium detecta, auxilium a gentibus aliis requirebant. 6. Vinum
amarum erat, sed omnino non impediebamur quin id biberemus.
7. Non dubitabant quin systema multa vitia haberet. 8. Opinarisne
quod prohibeat quin ego opinionem meam adjunganl ad sententias ap
tas philosophi veteris? 9. Notitiis iisdem in eodem die acceptis, omnes
semetipsos uniebant ad exsurgendum contra inimicos. 10. Nullum
animal cogitat, quin potentiam ratiocinii habeat. I I. Habitatione bene
80 SECOND LATIN
calefacta, parvuli ad horam nonam dormiebant. 12. Patet quod leges
non impedire possint, quin regem spectemus. 13. \1osm etipsos a n1ultis
benedictionibus exclusistis in eis repugnando qui amant vos. 14. Regu
lis simplicibus probatis, oportebat tunc minus elementares includere.
IS. Intellectus praeclarus non impedit quin homines inter se oderint.
16. Vero non dubitamus quin idem sit qui fratrem nostrum in ilIa
nocte horrenda salvabat. 17. Actibus ejus judicatis secundum leges
patriae, inquirebatur utrum alii non essent qui rei generis ejusdem
deprehensi essent. 18. Diligenter fere duas horas ideas eorum consi
deravi, prout expressas in libris eorum, et non detego scopos eosdem
atque tu. 19. Speciebus unitatis nominatis, spero quod vas non erretis
de divisionibus ontologiae disserendo. 20. Non dubitat quin latrones
removerint quodquod esse antiquum putarent. 21. Senex factus, prin
ceps usum visus ac auditus perdebat. 22. Cum soni suaves auribus
placeant atque colores clari oculis, has res easdem praeparemus eis.
23. Cum pauperibus dederis omnia quae eis necessaria sint, tunc da
tibimetipsi id quod restat. 24. Duae res non identicae sunt quin simili
tudinem exactarn in partibus omnibus habeant. 25. Actibus iisdem
prohibitis fere in omnibus terris, facile erat regulas constituere quae
universaliter aestimarentur.
READING
I. Notioni unitatis valde afhnis est notio identitatis; nam quid

quid unum est, idenl est sibimetipsi. Quare identitas definitur: Con
venientia rei cum seipso; vel: affirmabilitas in recto unius de altero.
Dicitur in recto, quia unum nequit affirmari in recto de altero, quin
sint idem; fieri autem patest, ut unum de altero affirmetur in obliquo,
quae tamen sunt plane distincta. Sic, sapientia afllrmatur in obliquo de
homine, et similiter humanitas de Verbo divino, cum dicis: homo est
sapiens, Verbum est homo, sed sapientia ab homine, et humanitas a
Verbo realiter distinguuntur. Unde identitas fundatur in reali entis
unitate, formaliter autenl constituitur, quatenus eadem res semel et
iterum concipitur, et secum coUata, sibi identica invenitur. Duplex
est: realis et logica seu rationis. Prior convenit rebus independenter
SECOND LATIN 81
a mentis consideratione, ut identitas inter S. Petrum et Principem

Apostolorum. Altera est ea, quae provenit a mentis consideratione,
lIt identitas inter Petrum et I]aulum secundum naturam specificJm.
I-Iaec minus recte dicitur identitas, revera non est nisi similitudo, i.e.,
convenientia plurium in aliqua forma. Triplex est: identitas seu sitnili
tudo secundum essentiam, ut in exemplo dato; identitas secundum
qualitatem, i.e., similitudo proprie dicta; identitas secundunl quan
titatem, i.e., aequalitas.
2. Videtur quod potentiae non distinguantur per actus et obj ecta.
Nihil enim determinatur ad speciem per illud quod posterius, vel
extrinsecum est. Actus autem est posterior potentia; objectum autem
extrinsecum. Ergo per ea potentiae non distinguuntur secundum
speciem. Praeterea, contraria sunt quae maxime differunt. Si igitur
potentiae distinguerentur penes objecta, sequeretur quod contra
riorum non esset eadem potentia; quod patet esse falsum fere in omni
bus; nam potentia visiva eadem est albi et nigri, et gustus idem est
dulcis et amari. Praeterea, remota causa, removetur effectus. Si igitur
potentiarum differentia esset ex differentia objectorum, idem ob
jectunl non pertineret ad diversas potentias; quod patet esse falsum;
nJm idem est quod potentia cognoscitiva cognoscit et appetitiva appe
tit. Praeterea, id quod per se est causa alicujus, in omnibus causat
illude Sed quaedam objecta diversa, quae pertinent ad diversas poten
tias, pertinent etiam ad aliquam unam potentiam; sicut sonus et
color pertinent ad visum et auditum, quae sunt diversae potentiae;
et tamen pertinent ad unam potentiam sensus communis. Non ergo
potentiae distinguuntur secundum differentiam objectorum. Sed con
tra, posteriora distinguuntur secundum priora. Sed Philosophus dicit
quod priores potentiis actus et operationes secundum rationem sunt;
et adhuc his priora sunt opposita, sive objecta. Ergo potentiae distin
guuntur secundum actus et objecta. Respondeo, dicendum quod po
tentia, secundum illud quod est potentia, ordinatur ad actum. Unde
oportet rationern potentiae accipi ex actu ad quem ordinatur; et per
consequens oportet quod ratio potentiae diversificetur, ut diversifica
tur ratio actus.
LESSON XIX
Vocabulary
adaequare, to be equal to, to be adequate
artifex, m., artificer, nlal(er, author
atqui, however, but, nevertheless
attamen, nevertheless
attribuere, -ui, -utus, to bestow, to grant
centrum, n., center
conformis, conformable, in conformity with
congruere, -grui, to fit, to conform to
conjunctus, connected, united with
contrarietas, f., opposite
differe, distuli, dilatus, to difJer
duo, two
exemplar, n., pattern, model, original
fundamentaliter, basically, essentially
frigidus, cold
haurire (4), hausi, haustus, to draw out, to take
humidus, wet
immutare, to change, to alter
inconvenienter, im properly
instituere, -stitui, -stitutus, to institute, to establish
magnitudo, f., size
medium, n., means, middle
passivus, passive
pauci, few
perfecte, perfectly
praenoscere, -novi, -notus, to know beforehand
primario, primarily
82
SECOND LATIN
quinque, five
relate, in relation to
reponere, -posui, -positus, to set} to place
satis, enough
siccus, dry
summe, in the highest degree
tactus, m., touch
tamquam, just as} as it were
tum ••• tum, both ... and
utpote, as being, inas1nuch as
WORD STUDY
I. Immutativum: change, alteration, modification

2. Sensibilia comrnunia: sense faculties, sensations, or perceptions
common to all beings.
GRAM~1AR
I. Ut clauses of purpose. A purpose clause introduced by ut (nega

tive ne) regularly requires the subjunctive. Natura instituit diversita
tern in organis, ut congruerent diversitati potcntiarurn. Nature has
established a difference in organs in order that they might fit a di
versity of powers.
2. Review ut with the indicative in Lesson IV.
3. Review ut clauses of result in Lesson XI.
EXERCISES
I. Natura homini attribuit quinque sensus, ut cognoscat mundum

qui ei circumstat. 2. Hauriam duo ut numerus meus tuo adaequetur.
3. Ea diligenter elegimus ut difterrent, et nunc invenimus quod essen
tialiter eadem sunt. 4. Ut habeas exemplar ad modum vivendi, tum
contempla vitas sanctorum tum confornla temetipsunl fact is eorum.
5- Ierunt ad terras remotas ut humidum ac frigidum patriae propriae
evaderent, attamen non beati erant. 6. U t perfecte praenoscat quod
volumus facere, ei epistolam mittamus quae spes nostras enarret.
84 SECOND LATIN
7. Ne artifex decorem exteriorem domus immutet, monebitur ut
lapides diligentissime reponat. 8. Dt visus sumrne sensitivus est, oculi
cllstodiri debent. 9. Dt regio haec tam sicca est, animalia bruta ob
carentiam aquae moriuntur. 10. Ex lacu aquam hauserunt ut aliud
quid haberent quam vinum ad bibendum. II. Alter ab altero tantum
differebat, ut non ej usdem speciei eos putaremus. 12.. Gustus utpote
tactus affinis isti videtur, atqui non idem sunt. 13. Ne coarctemur
praeter id quod nobis salutare sit, nosmetipsos opponamus viribus
dolosis quae ubique contra nos exsurgunt. 14. Jumenta circulos metalli
circum pedes habent, ut domini ea facile cognoscant. IS. Videbatur
quod seipsum a fratribus suis removisset, ut magis independenter
fOfsitan ageret. 16. Princeps apostolofum Roma sedem suam institue
bat, ut civitas illa semper centrum ecclesiae universalis esset. 17. Se
mutuo adj uvabant ne unusquisque solus atque abjectus moriretur.
18. Mundus tam incongruus est ad hominem sustinendum, ut plurimi
rebus carere debeant quibus opus est, ut pauci satis habeant. 19. Ideo
oportet quod gentes Deum rogent, ut eis panem quotidianum det.
20. Qualitates phantasiae plenius investigabo, ut iterum affirmem quod
semel dixie 21. Pater tum puerum laudabat tum ei praemia dabat,
ne strepitum cum serra faceret nee lapides contra ostium mitteret.
22. Quoties voluimus quantitas et qualitas adaequarentur! 23. Patet
quod organUJn auditus esse debet, ut potentia auditus fiat actus.
24. Cum sacerdos vetus philosophiam diligat, semetipsum in libros
immergit, ut omnia principia apta ad homines cognoscat. 25. Dt viri
nigri operam dabant in terris calidis, viri albi opes magnas in montibus
&igidis q uaerebant.
READING
Veritas transcendentalis seu ontologica est ipsa rei entitas, prout

ordinem habet ad intellectum. Notio veritatis transcendentalis duo
importat, scil., a) ipsam rei entitatem, et sic sumitur fundamentaliter;
b) ordinem conformitatis huj us entitatis ad intellectum; in quo ordine
consistit veritas transcendentalis formaliter considerata. Intellectus
vero, cui res, ut verae dicantur, conformari debent, est proprie et
SECOND LATIN
primario intellectus divinus, et proinde veritas ontologica prirr"lario
reponenda est in ordine rerum ad divinas ideas. AttaInen, quum
intellectus creatus sit quaedam imitatio intellectus divini, cui, ut vere
cognoscat, in cognoscendo debet esse conformis, dicendum est res
secundario veras esse relate ad ideas nostras, quae earum naturam ex
primunt. Res dicuntur primario verae relate ad intellectum, cui
essentialiter sunt conformes; atqui res omnes essentialiter conforman
tur ad intellectum divinum. Et quidem, omne ens est vel naturale,
vel artificiale, vel divinum. Jam, 1°. ens naturale est necessario con
£orn1e intellectui divino tamquam suae causae exemplari; Deus enim,
utpote sapientissimus, nihil creat vel creare potest nisi juxta ideam
exemplarern in suo intellectu existentem. 2°. Ens artificiale est neces
sario conforme intellectui divino, tum quia artifex elementa sui
exemplaris haurit ex rebus, quae intellectui divino perfecre adaequant,
tuIn quia Deus omnia opera hominis praenoscit. 3°. Denique ens
divinum (i.e., divina essentia) est summe et necessario conforme
intellectui divino, utpote cum illo identicum.
2. Videtur quod inconvenienter distinguantur quinque sensus ex
teriores. Sensus enim est cognoscitivus accidentium. Sunt autem multa
genera accidentium. Cum ergo potentiae distinguantur per objecta,
videtur quod sensus multiplicentur secundum nun1.erum qui est in
generibus accidentium.. Praeterea, magnitudo et figura et alia, quae
dicuntur sensibilia comn1unia, non sunt sensibilia per accidens. Cum
ergo plus dif1erant nlagnitudo et figura a colore, quam sonus; videtur
quod multo magis debeat esse alia potentia sensitiva cognoscitiva
magnitudinis aut figurae, quam coloris et soni. Praeterea, unus sensus
est unius contrarietatis, sicut visus albi et nigri. Sed tactus est cognosci
tivus plurium contrarietatum, scilicet calidi et frigidi, humidi et sicci,
et hujusmodi. Ergo non est sensus unus, sed plures; ergo plures sensus
sunt quam quinque. Praeterea, species non dividitur contra genus. Sed
gustus est tactus quidam. Ergo non debet poni alter sensus praeter
tactum. Sed contra est quod Philosophus dicit, quod non est alter sen
sus praeter quinque. Respondeo dicendum, quod rationem distinc
tionis et numeri sensuum exteriorum quidam accipere voluerunt ex
86 SECOND LATIN
parte organorum, in quibus aliquod elementorum dominatur, vd
aqua vel aer vel aliquid hujusmodi; quidam autem ex parte medii,
quod est vel conjunctum vel extrinsecum, et hoc vel aer, vel aqua, vel
aliquid hujusmodi; quidam autem ex diversa natura sensibilium
qualitatum, secundum quod est qualitas simplicis corporis vel sequens
complexionem. Sed nihil istorum conveniens est. Non enim potentiae
iunt propter organa, sed organa propter potentias; unde non propter
hoc sunt diversae potentiae, quia sunt diversa organa, et ideo natura
instituit diversitatem in organis, ut congruerent diversitati potentia
rum. Et similiter diversa media diversis sensibus attribuit, secundum
quod erat conveniens ad actus potentiarum. Naturas autem sensibi
lium q ualitatum cognoscere non est sensus, sed intellectus. Accipienda
est ergo ratio numeri et distinctionis exteriorum sensuum, secundum
illud quod proprie et per se ad sensum pertinet. Est autem sensus quae
dam potentia passiva, quae nata est imn1utari ab exteriori sensibili. Ex
terius ergo immutativum est quod per se a sensu percipitur, et secun
dum cujus diversitatem sensitivae potentiae distinguuntur.
LESSON XX
Vocabulary
absque, without, except
amicus, m., friend
ars, f., art, skill
aurichalcum, n., brass
aurum, n., gold
coloratus, colored
commotio, f., stirring, movement, agitation
deficere, -feci, -feetus, to fail, to forsake, to depart from
deviare, to deviate, to depart from
diametro: e - - , diametrically
difformitas, f., lack of conformity, disagreement
discedere, -cessi, -cessus, to depart from, to swerve from, to leave
elucere (2), -luxi, to shine forth, to be apparent
extrinsece, extrinsically, externally
humectare (umectare), to moisten
humiditas, f., moisture
intrinsece, intrinsically, inwardly
maxime, especially, in the highest degree
mendacium, n., lie
motus, m., motion, movement
oIfactus, m., sense of smell
pactum, n., agreement
percussio, f., striking, percussion
pertingere, to reach, to extend
post (adv.), aftertvards, later
praescriptus, prescribed, commanded
rhetorica, f., rhetoric
SECOND LATIN
sapor, m., Javor, flavor
spirare, to breathe, to exhale
subdere, -didi, -ditus, to place under, to Jubj~ct
tangere, tetigi, tactus, to touch
transmutatio, £., change, alteration
ut qUUffi, as uJhen
vendere, to sell
virtuosus, virtuous, of virtue
WORD STUDY
I. Transmutatio: change from one nature, forln, or substance into

another; transformation; conversion of one thing into another.
2. Intrinsece: in its nature; ,vithin the thing itself; essential.
3. Extrinsece: not contained in or belonging to a body; externally;
unessentially; pertaining to \vhat is outside of the thing itself.
4. Motus localis: activity localized in the brain centers correspond
ing to the several senses of sight, hearing, touch, etc.
5.. Rhetorica: the art of expressive speech or discourse, especially
the art of literary composition.
GRA~IMAR
I. Dum and quoad, until, take the present or imperfect subj unctive
in clauses irnplying intention or expectancy.
Expectamus, dum veniat. We are waiting until he comes.
Exercitus exercebatur, quoad fortis esset. The army was trained until
it was Jtron g.
2. Donee and quoad, until, require the perfect indicative to express

an actual fact in the past. Expeetavit, donee respondi. He waited until
I answered.
3. Dum, donee, and quoad, as long as, take the indicative. Legebant,
quoad poterant. They read as long as they could.
4. Dum, meaning while, frequently takes the present indicative to
denote action in the past. Dum eis gratias agit, alia praemia ad eum
SECOND LATIN 89
ducta sunt. While he was thanking them, other rewards were brought
to him.
5. Dum, modo, dummodo, tantum nt, introducing a proviso clause,
take the subj unctive. ('"fhe negative used with these conjunctions is
ne.)
Panem habeat, dum ne nimis manducet. Let him have the bread,
provided that he does not eat too much.
Munera consequentur, tantum ut ea mereantur. They will win the
rewards, provided that they deserve them.
6. Ut (negative ne) is sometimes used to introduce a proviso clause,
usually with ita in the main clause. Media probata sunt, sed ita ut om
nibus plana fierent. The means were approved, but only on condition
that they should be made plain to all.
7. 'Ut is sometimes used before another conjunction for more em
phasis. Ut quid vanitatem diligitis? W /1y do you love vanity?
EXERCISES
I. Metalla spectabunt, quoad aurum ab aurichalco distinguere

possint. 2. Volebat in dOino remanere, dum amici ejus discederent.
3. De propositione disseruerunt, donec falsitatem ej us probaverunt.
4. Dum artifex amicos multos habebat, obj ecta argenti et auri vendere
poterat, quae cum tanta arte faciebat. 5. Cum flOX calida esset, ros
cadebat, quoad totam terram humectavit. 6. Ut quid ab veritate de
vias, ut eloquentia tua magis eluceat? 7. Dum veteres poenas suas enar
rant, matres specialiter eorurn miserebantur et consolabantur eos.
8. Philosophi antiqui magnam operam dabant, dum aurichalcum in
aurum transmutarent. 9. De principiis quibuscurnque disserere pos
sunt, dummodo ne a certis regulis specificis logicae def1ciant. 10. Donec
aliqua humiditas in terra existit, vita vegetabilis non omnino moritur.
II. Tantum ne absque auxilio sint diutius quam duos dies, non eis
opus erit civitatem tradere. 12. Ut quid nobis malitiam intentionis
vestrae negatis? 13. Quoad parvuli erant in centro magni strepitus
et multae commotionis, laetabantur. 14. Princeps aurum accepit, sed
9°
SECOND LATIN
ita ut eo uteretur ad ecclesiam in nomine Sanctae Agathae aedifican
dam. 15. 'Vixit in felicitate, dum falsitatem amicorum suorum ignorat.
16. Dum in habitatione remanebamus, odores non ad olfactum nos

trum pertingebant. 17. Dum res non palpamus, sensum tactus non
exercere possumus. 18. Dt quid librum novum tetigisti, dum manus
tuae non mundae sunt? 19. Jamvero, ei epistolas huj usn10di scribam,
dum mihi plenius respondeat. 20. Dixit se pactum factum cum anlico
suo tenturum esse, dum iste moriretur. 21. Modo ne odorem illum in
recto spires, non sufficit causare capitis dolorem. 22. Dt quid christiani
psalmos non canent, ut solem orientem salutent? 23. Homo rationi
suae sensus suos subdere potest, dummodo voluntate utatur quae ei
a Deo data est. 24. Principe virtuoso et praeclaro electo, gentes expecta
bant, dum leges bonae constituerentur. 25. Donec nobis se opponunt
mendaciis dolosis, intentionem eorum vere non sciemus.
READING
I. Falsitas e diametro opponitur veritati. Sicut igitur veritas ontolo

gica est conformitas rei cum intellectu, ita falsitas ontologica est
diftormitas, et quidem positiva, rei ab intellectu. Res esse aliquo modo
falsas elucet ex communi modo loquendi; dicimus enim falsos ami
cos, falsos deos, etc. Sed quum omne ens sit verum, in quantum est
ens, nulla res dici potest falsa, nisi in quantum est non-ens; et ideo
dum veritas competit rebus per se et intrinsece, falsitas eis attribuitur
solum per accidens et extrinsece. Hoc magis elucebit ex triplici modo,
quo falsitas de rebus dici solet. 1°. Falsum dicitur aliquid, quatenus
aptum est nobis apparere id, quod non est; quo pacto aurichalcum
dicitur falsum aurum. 2°. Falsum dicitur aliquid, quatenus est ob
jectun1 falsi judicii, ut quum Jupiter dicitur falsus deus, quia judi
cium, Jupiter est Deus, est falsum. 3°. Falsum dicitur aliquid, quatenus
deficit a regulis artis vel moralitatis, sicut falsa dicitur eloquentia, si
discedit a rhetoricae praeceptis, et in ordine morali, falsus dicitur
actus, qui deviat a reguIis a Deo praescriptis. Hinc peccata falsitates
et mendacium dicuntur in Scripturis secundum illud psalmi: Dt quid
diligitis vanitatem et quaeritis mendacium? sicut per oppositum,
SECOND LAlIN 91
operatio virtuosa veritas vitae nominatur, in quantum subditur ordini
divini intellectus ; sicut dicitur: Qui facit veritatem venit ad lucem.
2. Duplex est itTImutatio: Una naturalis et alia spiritualis. Naturalis
quidem, secundum quod forma immutantis recipitur in immutato
secund urn esse naturale, sicut calor in calefacto; spiritualis autem,
secundum quod forma immutantis recipitur in immutato secundum
esse spirituale, ut forma coloris in pupilla, quae non fit per hoc
colorata. Ad operationem autem sensus requiritur immutatio spiri
tualis, per quam intentio formae sensibilis fiat in organo sensus, alio
quin, si sola irnmutatio naturalis sufhceret ad sentiendum, omnia
corpora naturalia sentirent, dum alterantur. Sed in quibusdam sensibus
invenitur immutatio spiritualis tantum, sicut in visu; in quibusdam
autem cum immutatione spirituali etiam naturalis, vel ex parte objecti
tantum, vel etiam ex parte organi. Ex parte autem obj ecti invenitur
transmutatio naturalis secundum locum quidem in sono, qui est ob
jectum auditus; natn sonus ex percussione causatur, et aeris commo
tione: secundurn alterationetTI vero in odore, qui est obj ectum olfactus;
oportet enim per calidum alterari aliquo modo corpus, ad hoc quod
spiret odorem. Ex parte autem organi est immutatio naturalis in
tactu et gustu; nam et manus tangens calida calefit, et lingua humecta
tur per humiditatem saporum. Organum vero olfactus aut auditus
nulla naturali immutatione immutatur in sentiendo, nisi per accidens.
Visus autem, qui est absque immutatione naturali organi et objecti,
est maxime spiritualis et perfectior inter omnes sensus et communioc,
et post hunc auditus, et deinde olfactus, qui habent immutationem
natllralem ex parte objecti. Motus autem localis est perfectior et natu
raliter prior quam motus alterationis. Tactus autem et gustus sunt
maxime naturales, de quorum distinctione post dicetur. Et inde est
quod alii tres sensus non fiunt per medium conjunctum, ne aliqua
naturalis transmutatio pertingat ad organum, ut accidit in his duobus
sensibus.
LESSON XXI
Vocabulary
addere, -didi, -ditus, to add
adhibere (2), to apply, to employ, to use
adnexus (annexus), connected
augere (2), auxi, auctus, to increase
beneficium, no, benefice
canon, £., canon; ecclesiastical rule or edict
capax, capable
comedere, -edi, -esus, to eat
comestio, £., eating
condonare, to condone, to pardon
construere, -uxi, -uctus, to construct
consuetudo, fo, custom
conventio, £., agreem ent
declarare, to make clear, to show, to demonstrate
dubius, doubtful
eleemosyna, fo, alms
emere (3), emi, emptus, to buy
emptio, fo, buying
etsi, although
ex. gr. (e.g.), abbro for exempli gratia, for example
exponere, -posui, -positus, to expound, to set forth, to explain
ex parte, in part} from the viewpoint of
ex toto, wholly
fraus, fo, fraud, deceit
fructus, mo, fruit, profit} benefit
fundamentum, n., foundation
fuse, at length} in much detail
92
SECOND LATIN 93
horologium, n., clock
imprimis, first of all, chiefly
indicare, to indicate
inscius, not knowing, unaware ..
inservire (4), -servivi, -servitus, to serve
iterare, to repeat
jus, n., law, right
lucrum, n., profit, money
ministrare, to administer, to wait upon, to Jerve
mixtus, mixed
nec ••• nec, neither . . . nor
niti (dep. 3), nisus (nixus), to endeavor
obstare, -stiti, -status, to hinder, to prevent, to be in the way
operans, m., worker, agent
opportune, fittingly
paucis, in a few words
periculum, n., danger
permutatio, f., exchange
praecipuus, special, extraordinary
pretium, n., price
prohibere (2), to prohibit, to forbid
provisus, m., provision, precaution
recognoscere, -cognovi, -cognitus, to recognize
recolere, -colui, -cultus, to survey, to sum up
rejicere, -jeci, -jectus, to reject, to abandon
satisfacere (io), -feci, -factus, to satisfy
simoniacus, simoniacal
statuere, statui, statutus, to decide, to ordain, to appoint
studiosus, zealous, eager, assiduous
sublevare, to support, to assist
tacitus, tacit, assumed
tendere, tetendi, tentus (tensus), to tend, to strive, to bend one's course
titulus, m., title
totidem, just so many
94 SECOND LATIN
venditio, f., setling
vetare, vetui, vetitus, to forbid
victus, m., a living~ nourishment
voluptas, f., pleasure
WORD STUDY
I. Causa motiva: a cause \vhich includes an incentive or an in

ducement to action; an efficient or moving cause; the actual effort in
volved in achieving an end.
2. Principium: beginning; hence the foundation of a thing; from
this comes the idea of elements or basic principle.
3. Rationalis: having reason or understanding; of or pertaining to
the reason or reasoning processes; based upon, derived from, con
cerned with, or characterized by reason, as rational insight, rational na
ture, rational faculty, rational conduct.
GRAM~fAR
Concessive clauses.
I. Cum, although, requires the subjunctive. Cum propositionem
iteraret, non audiebamus eam. Although he repeated the proposition,
we did not hear it.
2. Quamvis, ut, although, even if, take the subjunctive.
Quamvis horologium spectaret, horae non meminerat. Although he
looked at the clock, he did not remember the time.
Ut neminem aIium rogasset, non satisfacti fuissent. Even if he had
besought no one else, they would not have been satisfied.
3. Licet, although, takes the present or perfect subjunctive. Licet
conventio prudens sit, non nobis omnino satisfacit. Although the
agreement is a wise one, it does not altogether satisfy us.
4. Etsi, etiam si, even if, follow the general construction of si clauses.
Etsi pretium magnum est, non id vetabimus. Although the pric~ is
great, we shall not forbid it.
SECOND LATIN 95
Etiam si eum sublevarent, semetipsum salvare non niteretur· Even
if they should aid him he would make no effort to save himself.
J
5. Quamquam, altllougll requires the indicative. Quamquam

J
periculum partiale tantum erat, statim judicem alium statuit. l~hough

tile danger was only partial, he immediately appointed anotller judge.
6. Tametsi, even if, usually takes the indicative. Tametsi obstant,
scopos suos attingent. Even if many tilings stand in the way tlley will
J
achieve their aims.
EXERCISES
Cun1 pretia serrarum augeat, jus non prohibebit quin vendat eas.
I.
2. Quamvis circumstantiae magis propitiabiles fuissent, pater meus
lucrum non adhibuisset ad domum novam construendalTI. 3. Dt cau
sas scire numquam possimus, quae miseriis pauperum subsint, spem
perdere non debemus, sed sperare ut paucum, quod uni damus, in
aliquo modo, multiplicetur ad plurium beneficium. 4. Licet corneda
mus ad vitae conservationen'1, Deus non nobis voluptatem in comes
tione vetat. S. Etsi periculum praecipuum sit, non nitatur ut id evadat.
6. Etiam si princeps jus diligenter administraret, aliqui essent qui ob
starent quin ageretur. 7. Quamquam nos operibus nostris non suble
vavit tam studiose quam speraveramus, artamen omnes actus ejus
subsequentes firmi ac propitiabiles fuerunt. 8. Cum et prudentiam et
provisum in permutatione sua observavissent, fraus ex parte sociorum
tandem declarabatur. 9. Quamvis provisiones emptionis atque vendi
tionis fuse exposuerit, non dubium est quin multi non eum intellexe
rint. 10. Dt dominis suis restitutionem lucri facerent, opera alia poeni
tentiae ex eis requirebantur. I I. Licet prudentia et bonitas virtutes
praeclarae virgini sint, ista debet etiam actibus positivis amoris cari
tatisque fungi. 12. Etsi error magnus ac haereticus erit, non rejicient
eum. 13. Etiam si nec eleemosynas nec munera episcopo suo praestent,
non deficiantur in curis et poenis suis. 14. Quamquam omnia media
rationalia recoluit ut motivum lucri maximi ex toto deleret, a certis
principiis fu.ndamentalibus non deviabit. IS. Cum Deo suo profunda
96 SECOND LATIN
reverentia interna inserviat, mundus hujus devotionis forsitan inscius
est. 16. Tametsi opus carpentarii non est ad horologia facienda, atqui
saepe volui ut omnes viri docerentur ad res plures bene agendas.
17. Quamvis filii consuetudines patrum rej ecissent, futuri erant crea
tores capaces legum novarum quae conditiones societatis meliores
facerent, in qua vivebant. 18. Dt pro victu suo dependeat de iUo con
tractu, fraudem adnexam ad eum administrandum non condonavit.
19. Cum nimis comedere poena propria sit, quanto magis comedimus,
tanto maj or poena est nostra. 20. Etiam si lucra ann ua pauca sint,
nobis domos construere velint.
READING
I. Cum theologia moralis hominem doceat viam, qua ad finem suum

pervenire possit, imprimis de fine hominis ultimo agit, tum ut cog
noscat finem, in quem suis actibus tendere debet, tum ut fundamen
tum et supremum principium theologiae moralis pateat; a fine enim
omnia dependent atque reguntur. Attamen de fine ultimo ita agendum
est, ut ea quae in philosophia moraE fuse exponuntur, hoc loco paucis
recolantur, deinde addantur ea, quae theologiae morali propria sunt.
Omne agens rationale propter finem agit. Finis est id, propter quod
aliquid fit, seu est id, in quod aliquis tendit. Finis multipliciter dis
tinguitur; sufllciat hie finem operis et finem operantis declarasse.
Finis operis est illud bonum, in quod res vel actio natura sua tendit:
horologium ad indicandum tempus, eleemosyna ad sublevandulTI
pauperem. Finis operantis est iUud bonum, quod agens per actionem
suam intendit seu obtinere nititur, eleemosyna ad satisfaciendum pro
peccatis. Finis operantis est causa, quae operantem ad agendum movet.
Finis operantis potest esse idem ac finis c?eris et potest a fine operis
esse diversus. Si artifex domum construit, finis operis seu domus est,
ut ad inhabitandum inserviat; finis operantis potest esse idem, ut
habitacula construat, sed potest etiam esse alius: ut lucrum faciat, ut
victum sibi comparet. Si haec ad Deun1 et res ab eo creatas referimus
et de fine creatoris (operantis) nec non de fine creationis (operis)
SECOND LATIN 97
quaerimus, patet imprimis sermonem esse non posse de causa motiva
creationis, cum Deus nullo bono, nec externo nec interno, ad agendum
moveri possit, sed solum de ratione, ob quam Deus voluerit, ut ex
sistant creaturae. Deinde certum est, etiam Deum ad extra agentem
aliquod bonum intendere, quod per opera sua seu per creaturas ob
tinere nititur. Differunt invicem finis et motivum actionis. Motivum
enim est illud bonum, quod agentem ad actionem movet; finis dicitur
tum illud bonum, ad quod obtinendum actio natura sua ordinata est,
tum illud bonum, quod agens sua actione obtinere intendit. Hoc
bonum agentem ad actionem ponendam movet. Ideo solum finis hoc
altero sensu est motivum actionis, non item finis priore sensu ac
ceptus, nisi agens ilIa bono ad actionem ponendam moveatur. Sic
finis (internus) comestionis est conservatio vitae. In eo, qui comedit
propter voluptatem, voluptas est motivum comestionis; in eo, qui
comedit ad vitam conservandam, finis simul est morivum comestionis.
2. Can. 726
Res de quibus in hoc libro agitur quaeque totidem media sunt ad
Ecclesiae finenl consequendum, aliae sunt spirituales, aliae temporales,
aliae mixtae.
Can. 727
Studiosa voluntas emendi vel vendendi pro pretio temporali rem
intrinsece spiritualem, ex. gr., Sacramenta, ecclesiasticam iurisdic
tionem, consecrationem, indulgentias, etc., vel rem temporalem rei
spirituali adnexam ita ut res temporalis sine spirituali nullo modo esse
possit, ex. gr., beneficium ecclesiasticum, etc., aut res spiritualis sit
obiectum, etsi partiale, contractus, ex. gr., consecratio in calicis conse
crati venditione, est simonia iuris divini.
Dare vero res temporales spirituali adnexas pro temporalibus spiri
tuali adnexis, vel res spirituales pro spiritualibus, vel etiam ternporales
pro temporalibus, si id ob periculum irreverentiae erga res spirituales
ab Ecclesia prohibeatur, est simonia iuris ecclesiastici.
SECOND LATIN
Can. 728
Cum de simonia agitur, emptio-venditio, permutatio, etc., late

accipiendae sunt pro qualibet conventione, licet ad effectum non de
ducta, etiam tacita, in qua scilicet animus simoniacus expresse non
manifestetur, sed ex circumstantiis colligatur.
Can. 729
Firmis poenis in simoniacos iure statutis, contractus ipse simoniacus
et, si simonia committatur circa beneficia, officia, dignitates, subse
quens provisio omni vi caret, licet simonia a tertia persona commissa
fuerit, etiam inscio proviso, dummodo hoc non fiat in fraudem eius
dem provisi aut eo contradicente. Quare:
1°. Ante quamlibet iudicis sententiam res simoniace data et accepta,
si restitutionis sit capax nee obstet reverentia rei spirituali debita,
restitui debet, et beneficium, officium, dignitas dimitti.
2°. Simoniace provisus non facit fructus suos; quod si eos bona fide
perceperit, prudentiae iudicis vel Ordinarii permittitur fructus per
ceptos ex toto vel ex parte eidem condonare.
Can. 730
Non habetur simonia, cum tern porale datur non pro re spirituali,
sed eius occasione ex iusto titulo a sacris canonibus vel a legitima
consuetudine recognito; item cum datur res temporalis pro re tem
porali, quae tanquam subiectum habeat adnexum aliquid 3pirituale,
ex. gr., calix consecratus, dummodo pretium non augeatur propter
adnexam renl spiritualenl.
Can. 731
Cum omnia Sacramenta Novae Legis, a Christo Domino Nostro
instituta, sint praecipua sanctificationis et salutis media, summa in iis
opportune riteque administrandis ac suscipiendis diligentia et reveren
tia adhibenda est.
Vetitum est Sacramenta Ecclesiae rnin lstrare haereticis aut schis
SECOND LATIN 99
maticis, etiam bona fide errantibus eaque petentibus, nisi prius, error i
bus reiectis, Ecclesiae reconciliati fuerint.
Can. 732
Sacranlenta baptismi, confirmationis et ordinis, quae characterem
imprimunt, iterari nequeunt.
Si vera prudens dubium exsistat num revera vel num valide coHata
fuerint, sub conditione iterun1 conferantur.
LESSON XXII
Vocabulary
ablutio, f., ablution} washing
accedere, -cessi, -cessus, to accede} to approve
adjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to add
appellare, to call
assequi (dep.), assecutus, to obtain
asservare, to preserve" to guard) to protect
casus, m., case
chirurgus, m., surgeon
clavis, f., key
elericus, ill., cleric} clerk
eoena, f., supper
collatio, f., can ferrin g
comitari (dep.), to attend} to accompany
commode, conveniently
eomplures, several
concurrere, -curri, -cursus, to concur} to agree
eonficere, -feci, -feetus, to effect) to produce
consentaneus, suited} proper
continere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to contain
copia, f., quantity} amount} supply
cras, tomorrow
debitus, due
decens, suitable} proper
deferre, -tuli, -latus, to submit} to bring} to bear
destinare, to destine
diaconus, n1., deacon
ediscere, -didici, to learn
tOO
SECOND LATIN 101
elicere, ..licui, ..licitus, to elicit, to call forth

et ejusmodi, and the like
exigere, ..egi, ..actus, to demand, to require
femina, £., woman
feria, f., day of the week; - quinta (V), Thursday
habitus, m., habit
incola, m. and f., inhabitant, resident
indigere (2), ..igui, to need
inesse, ..fui, to be in or engaged in
infusus, instilled
instruere, ..struxi, ..structus, to instruct
insuper, besides, in addition
isque, and that, too,. and that indeed
janua, f., entrance, door, gate
laieus, m., layman
lieentia, f., permission
medieus, m., physician
mora, f., delay
mox, afterwards, at a later period
nondum, not yet
noseere, novi, notus, to know
obstetrix, £., midwife
oleum, n., oil
oliva, f., olive, olive tree
ordinarius, m., ordinary, bishop
ornare, to adorn
parochus, m., parish priest
paroecia, f., parish
peculiaris, special
peregrinus, m., stranger
perficere, ..feci, ..feetus, to perfect
perieulum, n., danger
potissimum, chiefly, above all
praeferre, ..tuli, -latus, to prefer
102. SECOND LATIN
praesertim, particularly
praesto, present
probe, properly
proles, f., oOspr£ng, child
proportionatus, related
pudor, ID., propriety, modesty
quasi, in a certain sense or degree, quasi
retinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to keep
ritus, m., rite
saltern, at leaJt
secus, otheruJise
servare, to ob:serve, to save
statutum, n., statute, law
subdiaconus, m., subdeacon
suppcditare, ~o furnish, to supply
tutus, safe
urgere (2), ursi, to impel, to be urgent
Idion1s
I. ab hac parte, on this side
2. ad tempus, at the ti1ne, on time
3. ad hunc moduln, in this uJay
4~ quem ad modum, how, as
5. ad hoc, besides, tor this purpose

6. ad dienl, on the day
7. salvo praescripto, except as directed
GRA]viMAR
16 Days of the weekll The days are designated as follows:

dominica, Sunday feria quinta, Thursday
feria secunda, Monday feria sexta, Friday
feria tertia, Tuesday sabbatum, Saturday
feria quarta, TVednesday
SEC0ND LATIN 1°3
2. Locative case.
a) This case was used to indicate the place where a thing was lo
cated, but has come to be replaced by the ablative, usually with in,
except in the names of towns, small islands, and a few other words.
Romae, at Rome militiae, in n1ilitary sert'ice
Philippis, at Philippi humi, on the ground
Athenis, at Athens domi, at hOfne
Rhodi, at Rhodes foris, out of doors
Cypri, at Cyprus ruri, in the country
Capreis, at Capri terra marique, by land and s~a
belli, at war
A few adverbs of time are locative.
heri, yesterday vesperi, in the ~vening
b) In the singular of the first and second declensions the locative

has the same form as the genitive. This includes domi, which has
forms in both second and fourth declensions. In the plural and in the
third declension the locative has the same form as the dative or
ablative.
c) From the fifth declension have come a few adverbs and expres
sions of time ending in e.
hodie, today die quarto, the fourth day
perendie, day after tomorrow pridie, the day before
mane, in the morning
3. Future perfect tense. This tense is much commoner in Latin than
in English.
a) The future perfect denotes action as completed in the future.
D t statuta servaveritis, ita pace fruemini. As you keep the laws, so
will you enjoy peace.
Perendie noverit quid fecerint. By the day after tomorrow he will

know what they have done.
1°4 SECOND LATIN
b) The future perfect is represented in the subj unctive by the per
fect or pI uperfect.
Probat si media consentanea adhibita sint, eos jura sua civilia saltern
retenturos. 1-/e proves that if proper 1neans are employed} they will
at least keep their civil rights.
EXERCISES
Dominica proxima Romae duodecim dies commorati erimus.

I.
2. Ad hunc modum Lucia viderit Athenis omnia templa vetera prae
claraque. 3. Constat, si necessitas urserit, ut tUtTi medicus tum chirur
gus ritos aptos ediscant. 4. Mox praetulerint prolem ad parochum
paroeciae propriae adducere. Nondum noverit januas vesperi non
apertas esse. 6. Dico, si multi peregrini terra marique venerint, ipsis
humi dormire necesse futurum. 7. Velimus ruri habitare, si domum
Capreis habeamus. 8. Probabant, si gentes dolosi non fuissent, non
bella futura. 9. Heri feria quinta fuit,; hodie feria sexta est, cras erit
sabbatum. 10. Venimus ad tempus ut videremus quem ad modum
subdiaconus baptismum administraret. II. Complures ex clericis mili..
tiae Philippis fuerant. 12. Diaconus oleum in ecclesia retinuerit pro
usn posteriore. 13. Sciunt, si copiam debitam assecutus sis, non te totam
tibimctipsi reservaturum esse. 14. Pudor meritorius potissimum eas
tutas servaverit de periculis territorii illius. IS. Viri et feminae operam
dederint ad oleum ex olivis exprimendum. 16. Ab hac parte n1edici
negaverint ut bellum mala indolis novae adduxerit. 17. Mane foris
clavem quaeram, quoniam januam non aperire possum sine ea.
18. Etiam si feria secunda nobis suppeditaverit omnia quibus indi
geamus, non omnino tuti erimus. 19. Non secus casum Ordinario
ad diem praescriptum detulerit. 20. Si nulli adulti praesto erunt, labor
noster ministrum appellando vero cassus fuerit.
READING
I. Dt homo finem, ad quem destinatus est, assequi possit, Deus

ilIum aptis mediis atque potentiis instructum voluit, quae quidem
duplicis generis sunt, media naturalia et supernaturalia, et tum natu.,
SECOND LATIN l°S
ralia tum supernaturalia sunt alia externa, alia interna. Media naturalia
externa sunt: a) res creatae praeter hominem exsistentes, quae ei vitae
necessaria suppeditant; b) diversae societatum formae, familia et
societas civilis. 11edia naturalia interna, quibus anima instruitur, sunt
potissimum intellectus et voluntas, quibus summum bonull1 suum
cognoscere et amare patest. Media supernaturalia externa, quae Chris
tus Dominus in hunc finem instituit, sunt ecclesia, sacrificium, sacra
menta et ejusmodi. Media supernaturalia interna, quibus anima in
struitur, ut ad finem supernaturalem tendere possit, sunt: a) gratia
sanctificans, quae animae substantiae inhaeret hominemque elevat ad
naturam et vitam supernaturalem fini supernaturali, ad quem desti
natus est, proportionatam; b) habitus infusi, qui animae potentiis,
intellectui scilicet et appetitui, inhaerent hominemque instruunt viri
bus et potentiis, quibus opera fini supernaturali proportionata exer
cere possit; c) gratiae actuales, quibus Deus ad singulas hOlllinis
actiones supernaturales concurrit, eo quod eas auxilio suo praevenit,
comitatur et perficit.
Dt homo actibus suis moralibus in finem ultimum tendere possit,
potentiae, quibus actus morales eliciuntur, instructae esse debent
dispositionibus et qualitatibus ex se stabilibus, quibus aptae reddantur
ad actus fini consentaneos eliciendos; ideo Deus potentiis indidit ha
bitus eosque supernaturales. Porro ut potentiae habitibus instructae
supernaturaliter agere possint, insuper indigent gratia actuali, qua ad
actus excitentur. Tandem ut earum actus meritorii sint vitae aeternae,
anima ornata esse debet gratia sanctificante. His continentur omnia
media interna, quae homini necessaria sunt, ut vitam moralem £lni
ultimo consentaneam agere possit.
2. Can. 733
In Sacramentis conficiendis, administrandis ac suscipiendis accurate
serventur ritus et caeremoniae quae in libris ritualibus ab Ecclesia
probatis praecipiuntur.
Unusquisque autem ritum suum sequatur, salvo praescripto can.
85 1, § 2, 866.
106 SECOND LATIN
Can. 734
Sacra olea quae quibusdam Sacrarnentis administrandis inserviunt,
debent esse ab Episcopo benedicta feria V in Coena Domini proxime
superiore; neque adhibeantur vetera, nisi necessitas urgeat.
Mox deficienti oleo benedicto aliud oleum de olivis non benedictum
adjiciatur, etiam iterato, minore tamen copia.
Can. 735
Parochus olea sacra a suo Ordinario petere debet et in ecclesia in
tuta ac decenti custodia sub clavi dil igentur asservare; nee ea domi
retineat, nisi propter necessitatem aliamve rationabilem causam, acce
dente Ordinarii licentia.
Can. 736
Pro administratione Sacralnentorum minister nihil quavis de causa
vel occasione sive directe sive indirecte exigat aut petat, praeter obla
tiones de quibus in can. 1507, § I.
Can. 737
Baptismus, Sacramentorum janua ac fundamentum, omnibus in re
vel saltern in vota necessarius ad salutem, valide non confertur, nisi
per ablutionem aquae verae et naturalis cum praescripta verborum
forma.
Cum ministratur servatis ornn ibus ritibus et caeremoniis quae in
ritualibus libris praecipiuntur, appellatur sollemnis; secus, non sollern
nis seu privatus.
Can. 738
Minister ordinarius baptismi sollemnis est sacerdos; sed ejus colla
tio reservatur paracha vel alii sacerdoti de ej usdem parochi vel Or
dinarii loci licentia, quae in casu necessitatis legitime praesumitur.
Etiam peregrinus a paracha proprio in sua paroecia sollemniter
SECOND LATIN ICY)
baptizetur, si id facile et sine mora fieri potest; secus peregrinum
quilibet parochus in suo territorio potest solemniter baptizare..
Can. 739
In alieno territorio nemini licet, sine debita licentia, baptismum
sollemnem conferre ne sui q uiden1 loci incolis.
Can. 740
Ubi paroeciae aut quasi-paroeciae nondum sunt constitutae, statu
torum peculiarium et receptarum consuetudinum ratio habenda est,
ut constet cuinam sacerdoti praeter Ordinarium, in universo territorio
vel in ejus parte jus insit baptizandi.
Can. 741
Extraordinarius baptismi sollemnis minister est diaconus; qui ta
men sua potestate ne utatur sine loci Ordinarii vel parochi licentia,
justa de causa concedenda, quae, ubi necessitas urgeat, legitime prae
sumitur.
Can. 742
Baptismus non sollemnis, de quo in can. 759, § I, potest a quovis
n1inistrari, servata debita materia, forma et intentione; quatenus vero
fieri potest, adhibeantur duo testes vel saltern unus, quibus baptismi
collatio probari possit.
Si tamen adsit sacerdos, diacono praeferatur, diaconus subdiacono,
clericus laico et vir feminae, nisi pudoris gratia deceat feminam po
tius quam virum baptizare, vel nisi fen1ina noverit melius forrnam et
modum baptizandi.
Patri aut matri suam prolem baptizare non licet, praeterquam in
mortis periculo, quando alius praesto non est, qui baptizet.
Can. 743
Curet parochus ut fideles, praesertim obstetrices, medici et chirurgi,
rectum baptizandi modum pro casu necessitatis probe ediscant.
101 SECOND LATIN
Can. 744
Adultorum baptismus, ubi commode fieri possit, ad loci Ordinarium
deferatur, ut, si voluerit, ab eo vel ab ej us delegato sollemnius con
feratur.
LESSON XXIII
Vocabulary
abortivus, abortive, prematurely born

accensere (2), censui, -censitus, to recl{on, to number
adeo,even
adipisci (depo 3), adeptus, to reach, to obtatn, to achieve
admonere (2), -nlonui, -monitus, to warn, to admonish
aetas, f., age
amens, insane, idiot
amittere, -nlisi, -rnissus, to lose
antea, before
antequam, before
assentire, to assent
augere (2), auxi, auctus, to increase, to augIn ent
avia, £., grandmother
avus, mo, grandfather
career, mo, jail
cautum, no, concern
cedere, cessi, cessus, to yield
eensere (2), censui, census, to reckon, to count, to judge
eerto, certainly
elaudere, clausi, clausus, to close
coactio, fo, com pulsion
eonsentire, to consent, to be in agreement
eonstringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to constrain
eonvalescere, -valui, to regain health or strength
deesse, -fui, to be lacking
delinquere, -Hqui, -Hetus, to transgress
1°9
110 SECOND LATIN
denuo, once more, again
discrimen, n., hazard} risk
dolere (2), doIui, dolitus, to suffer
dubie, doubtfully
dummodo, as long as, provided that
edere, -didi, -ditus, to bring forth, to deliver
educatio, f., training
egressus, m., departur~
electio, f., election, c hoic~
evolvere, -voIvi, -volutus, to develop
extrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to release, to ~xtract
fetus, m., fetus
firmare, to strengthen
generatim, generally, in general
gradatim, gradually
illecebra, f., allurement
imminere (2), to be imminent, to threaten
impugnare, to assail, to attack
inlpugnatio, f., attack
imputare, to impute
includere, -clusi, -clusus, to confine, to imprison
infantes expositi et inventi, foundlin gJ
infelix, unhappy
inferre, -tuli, HIatus, to infer, to bring, to carry, to wag6
infidelis, faithless, in fidel
influxus, m., stream, rush
ingenitus, inborn} innate
invitus, unwilling
jugiter, always
mern.brum, ll., member, limh
monstrum, D., monstrosity
negotium, ll., trouble, difficulty, husiness
nempe, namely, certainly, to be sure
nequaquam, by no means
SECOND LATIN III
norma, f., rule, precept

ostentum, n., prodigy
parvulus, m.7child
peragere, -egi, -actus, to accomplish
permanere (2), -mansi, -mansus, to remain to stand
7
postulare, to demand7 to require

praeditus, possessed of7 provided with
praevidere (2), -vidi, -visus, to foresee
prolabi (dep. 3) -lapsus, to lapse7 to fall away
quamvis, although
quire (eo), to be able
rursus, agatn
status,nn.,state
trahere, traxi, tractus, to drag, to draw 7 to bring
tutor, m., guardian
usurpare, to use
viator, m., wayfarer
Idioms
I. in dies, daily
2. qua tale, of any sort
3. in genere, in general7 generally speaking
4. sub conditione, conditionally
s. contra haec, in answer to this
6. haec contra, this in reply
7. contra autem, but on the other hand
8. nullo pacto, in no way
GRAMMAR
I. Antequam, priusquam, before.

a) These conjunctions are followed by the perfect indicative to
state a fact in past time.
112 SECOND LATIN
Priusquam epistolam tuam legit, de tlla salute quaesivit. Before he
read your letter, he inquired about your health.
b) When the action denoted did not actually take place, the im
perfect subj unctive is used.
Antequam in carcere clauderetur, libertatem consequebatur. Before
he could be confined in jail, he achieved his freedom.
c) When referring to the future, the present or future perfect in

dicative is generally used, although the present subjunctive may be
used, particularly if the statement is to be taken in a general sense.
Priusquam admonuerimus eos, prolabentur. Before we warn them,
they will fall away.
Baptismus generatim administratur antequam infans usum rationis
attingat. Baptism is usually administered before the child reaches the
age of reason.
2. In a contrary to fact condition in past time, the pluperfect sub
junctive is used in both clauses.
Si adulti parvulis cautum demonstravissent, isti non amissi essent. If
the adults had shown concern for the children, the latter would not
have been lost.
EXERCISES
I. Si avus non amens fuisset, non in apostasiam tam horrendam

prolapsus esset. 2. Priusquam philosophiae comprehensionem auge
rent, logicae elementa ediscere debebant. 3. Dicit nihil se postulare
sibimetipsi, antequam alii suscipiant quae eis desint. 4. Antequam
tutor ad carcerem rursus tractus erit, feminae filii intercedent pro
eo.s. Serio et prudenter scopos suos peregerunt, priusquam statum
verum tutamentorum civitatis revelaverunt. 6. Si judices antea de
valore legum inquisivissent, gentes in genere non qua tale fraudes
postmodum commisissent. 7. Priusquam avia januam claudit, parvuli
omnes ex domo egredientur. 8. Dixit, quamvis mater convaluisset
satis ut infantes in dies curaret, earn nequaquam paratam esse ad ne
gotia difl1ciliora suscipienda, antequam medicus licentiam daret.
SECOND LATIN 113
9. Si libertate physica praeditus fuisset, non tam infelix sensisset.

10. Parochus infantes expositos baptizaverat, priusquam normas in
libris ritualibus inveniremus. II. Si obligationem illam jugiter ha
buisses, non negavisses earn. 12. Antequam quidam praevidere possit,
quae vel quoties sint necessaria, occasio amissa erit. 13. Si tam fideles
quam infideles rebus caeli fuissent, nunc sancti saltern essent. 14. Con
tra haec respondebo, priusquam adversarii mei occasionen1 ceperint
impugnandi motiva mea. IS. Si pauperibus pretium non auxisset,
tantum lucrum non adeptus esset. 16. Priusquam nobis adeo aetatem
suam diceret, in militiam accensitus erato 17. Antequam ulla coactio
usurpari posset, reus evasit. 18. Avia sciet id quod parvulis optimum
sit, priusquam eis emerit omnia quae ipsi velint. 19. Modis multis
infideles fuerunt, contra autem antequam mortui sunt, omnia lucra
dederunt infantibus inventis. 20. Quod contra, consideremus quod
dixit heri episcopus in epistola sua.
READIN(;
I. Cum in dies augeatur numerus eorum, qui libertatem voluntatis

non solum theoretice impugnent, sed ex ejus negatione etiam prac
ticas consequentias inferant atque contendant delicta commissa de
linquentibus imputari non posse eosque propterea poena nequaquam
dignos esse, necessitas postulat, ut exsistentia libertatis demonstretur
atque ab adversariorum impugnationibus vindicetur.
Libertas in genere significat immunitatem a vinculo, et cum varia
sint vincula, quae nos constringere possunt, vario etiam sensu terminus
libertatis usurpatur. a) Libertas a peccato, quae in hac vita est im
munitas a peccato, qua possunlus non peccare et vocatur libertas gra
tiae; in altera vita est immunitas a peccato, qua non possumus peccare
et vacatur libertas gloriae. In hac vita possibilitas et per gratiam
facilitas peragendi bonum morale nobis praesto est, quamvis obstent
diversae difficultates; in altera vita cessant difficultates et impedimenta,
quae hic electionem boni moralis etiam iis, qui in statu gratiae sunt,
quandoque difficilem reddunt. Haec libertas (gratiae), quae quan
doque moralis vacatur, jugiter evolvi ac perfici patest et debet, adeo ut
SECOND LATIN
homo jam in hac vita gradatim ad libertatem filiorum Dei perveniat,
nec a difficultatibus in eligendo bono amplius impediatur. Quandoque
enim jam hic in terris fit, ut voluntas per gratiam Dei firmata nullis
tentationibus cedat, sed rejectis illecebris sensuum nullo negotio bo
num virtutis eligat, in quod verba Domini promittunt: veritas libera
bit vas, ab influxu nempe determinante passionum. b) Libertas ab
obligatione (a lege), quae etiam libertas moralis vocatur, est immuni
tas ab obligatione (morali) faciendi id, quod a superiore potestate
praecipitur. Patet hominem hac libertate praeditum non esse: physi
cam libertatem agendi contra legem habet, moralem non habet.
Libertas moralis vocatur etiam libertas eligendi inter bonum et malum.
c) Libertas a coactione seu a necessitate externa est immunitas a vi
extrinseca illata contra inclinationem voluntatis. Patet coactionem
inferri posse tum agere nolenti, ut cum q uis ad carcerem invitus tra
hitur, tum agere volenti, ut cum in carcere incluso egressus prohibetur;
libertatem a coactione potius esse libertatem agendi quam libertatem
volendi; voluntatem a coactione immunem esse, cum actus voluntatis
coactus impossibilis sit. d) Libertas a necessitate interna est immunitas
a vi interna, quae voluntatem determinet ad agendum vel sic agen
dum. Haec libertas humanae voluntati propria est. Necessitas interna
esset ergo determinatio ipsi voluntati ingenita ad volendum vel sic
volendum. Ej usmodi determinatio inest voluntati humanae relate
ad bonum in genere, quod velIe debet, ita ut malum qua tale velIe
non possit, et relate ad felicitatem, quam unusquisque necessario vult,
ita ut non possit velIe infelicem esse.
2. Can. 745
Subjectum capax baptismi est omnis et solus homo viator, nondum
baptizatus.
Cum agitur de baptismo:
Parvulorum seu infantium nomine veniunt, ad normam can. 88,
§ 3, qui nondum rationis usum adepti sunt, eisdemque accensentur
amentes ad infantia, in quavis aetate constitutL
SECOND LATIN lIS
Adulti autem censentur, qui rationis usu fruuntur; idque satis est
ut suo quisque animi motu baptismum petat et ad illum admittatur.
Can. 746
Nemo in utero matris clausus baptizetur, donee probabilis spes sit
ut rite editus baptizari possit.
Si infans caput emiserit et periculum mortis immineat, baptizetur
in capite; nec postea, si vivus evaserit, est iterum sub conditione bapti
zandus.
Si aliud membrum emiserit, in ilIa, si periculum immineat, baptize
tur sub conditione; at tunc, si natus vixerit, est rursus sub conditione
baptizandus.
Si mater praegnans mortua fuerit, fetus ab iis ad quos spectat
extractus, si certo vivat, baptizetur absolute; si dubie, sub conditione.
Fetus, in utero baptizatus, post ortum denuo sub conditione bap
tizari debet.
Can. 747
Curandum ut omnes fetus abortivi, quovis tenlpore editi, si certo
vivant, baptizentur absolute; si dubie, sub conditione.
Can. 748
Monstra et ostenta semper baptizentur saltern sub conditione; in
dubio autem unusne an plures sint homines, unus absolute baptizetur,
ceteri sub conditione.
Can. 749
Infantes expositi et inventi nisi, re diligenter investigata, de eorum
baptismo constet, sub conditione baptizentur.
Can. 750
Infans infidelium, etiam invitis parentibus, licite baptizatur, cum
116 SECOND LATIN
in eo versatur vitae discrimine, ut prudenter praevideatur moriturus,
antequam usum rationis attingat.
Extra mortis periculum, dummodo catholicae ejus educationi cau
tum sit, licite baptizatur:
1°. Si parentes vel tutores, aut saltern unus eorum, consentiant.
2°. Si parentes, idest pater, mater, avus, avia, vel tutores desint, aut
jus in eunl amiserint, vel illud exercere nullo pacta queant.
Can. 751
Circa baptismum infantium duorum haereticorum aut schismatico
rum, aut duorum catholicorum qui in apostasiam vel haeresim vel
schisma prolapsi sint, generatim serventur normae in superiore canone
constitutae.
Can. 752
Adultus, nisi sciens et volens probeque instructus, ne baptizetur;
insuper admonendus ut de peccatis suis doleat.
In mortis autem periculo, si nequeat in praecipuis fidei mysteriis
diligentius instrui, satis est, ad baptismum conferendum, ut aliquo
modo ostendat se eisdem assentire serioque promittat se christianae
religionis mandata servaturum.
Quod si baptismum ne petere quidem queat, sed vel antea vel in
praesenti statu manifestaverit aliquo probabili modo intentionem
inum suscipiendi, baptizandus est sub conditione; si deinde conva
luerit et dubium de valore baptismi collati permaneat, sub conditione
baptismus rursus conferatur.
LESSON XXIV
Vocabulary
adjunctum, n., condition, limitation
admiscere (2), -miscui, -mixtus, to mix
affectus, m., affection
aspersio, f., sprinkling
assistere, -stiti, to attend
assuetudo, £., custom, habit
compos mentis (or compos animi) sane, sound
debilitare, to t~eaken
deficere, -feci, -fectus, to be wanting, to be lacking
detneritum, n., defect, demerit
desiderium, n., desire
diIucidus, lucid, sane
diu, long, for a long time
efficere, -feci, -fectus, to make, to bring about
efHuere, -fluxi, to flow out
exercitium, n., exercise
expedite, readily, prornptly
expendere, -pendi, -pensus, to weigh, to ponder
furiosus, m., mad man
hinc, hence
imminuere, -minui, -minutus, to lessen, to diminish
impendere (2), to threaten, to impend
imputabilitas, f., responsibility
incommodum, n., inconvenience, discomfort
inculpabilis, innocent) guiltless
inde, thence
influxus, m., influence
117
118 SECOND LATIN
infusio, £., pouring
insanire, to be insane
invaleseere, -valui, to become strong
jejunus, fasting
languere (2), langui, to faint, to be feeble
lethargus, m., lethargy, coma
liber, free
maneus, defective} imperfect} infirm, maimed
minuere, minui, minutus, to lessen, to diminish
momentum, n., element} essential point, motion
nitidus, clean
nutrimentum, n., food
obnubilare, to becloud} to dim
perscribere, -seripsi, -seriptus, to write down
phrensis, f., delirium
plene, fully
praeter, beyond} bej"ides
praetermittere, -misi, -missus, to neglect} to omit
progenies, fe, lineage, family
proponere, -posni, -positus, to propose, to expose} to display
quamprimum, as soon as possible
quivis, any ulhatever
quominus (introduces clauses after verbs of hindering), so as not, from
repetere, -petivi, -petitus, to repeat
reprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to check, to repress
respuere, to reject
sanus, in good health
semita, f., path
sin, but if, if however
statim, immediately
subito, suddenly
suflleere, -feci, -feetus, to suffice
supplere (2), -plevi, -pletus, to supply
temperies, f., temperature, climate
SECOND LATIN 119
tenuis, slight
transigere, -egi, -actus, to pass, to spend
uterque, either one, either of two, both
vehemens, strong, violent
vicissim, on the contrary, on the other hand, in turn
vigilare, to watch
vitiosus, vicious
Idioms
I. plus minusve, more or less
2. eo ••• quo, the . . . the
3. tam ••• quam, both ... and; as well as
4. alter ••• alter, one . . . the other
s. multis de causis, for many reasons
6. qua de causa, therefore
7. de industria, on purpose, by labor
GRAMMAR
I. Alius and alter.

a) Alius means other or another of an indefinite number, whereas
alter means the other of two.
Dixerunt se aliam rationem nullam habere. They said they had no
other reason.
Ex his libris duobus retinebo unum; tibi dabo alterum. Of these two
books I shall keep one; I shall give the other to you.
b) Alter ••• alter and alius ••• alius may be used in pairs to
denote either division of a group or reciprocal action.
Alterae semitam quaerunt, alterae ingemiscentes juxta viam sedent.
One group seeks the path, the others sit tnoaning by the roadside.
Alii activitatem diligunt, alii apparent energia carere. Some love ac
tivity, others seem to lack energy.
Pater alterum puerum alteri auxilio esse admonuerat. The father had
admonished the boys to help each other.
Alius alium spectamus. We look at each other.
120 SECOND LATIN

c) Alius and alter are often used to express one as well as another
of the obj ects referred to.
Alter consulum mortuus est, alter adhuc Londinium habitat. One of
tile consuls has died, the other still lives in London.
Aliud est sententias exprimere, aliud probare ease It is one thing to
express opinions, another to prove thetn.
d) Alius repeated in a different case may express a double state

ment in a brief form.
Alius aliud respuit. One man rejects one thing, another another.
Alii in alia parte dies transigunt. Some spend the days in one part,
others in anol/zer.
2. Conjunctions governing the indicative.

a) Such are:
quamquam, although ut semel, as soon as
ut, as, when ut primum, as soon as
quod, because siroul, as soon as
quia, because simul atque, as soon as
quoniam, because simul ac, as soon as
postquam, after ubi, when, where
posteaquam, after quando, when
b) It must be remembered, however, that all subordinate clauses
in indirect discourse require the subjunctive.
EXERCISES
I. Quamquam alii semper insaniunt, alii plus minusve dilucidi

sunt. 2. Postquam impedimentum inventum et curatum erat, avi
activitas magnopere augebat. 3. Ubi vidit quod energiae eorum de
bilitarentur, statuit ut multo plus exercitii eis imponeretur. 4. Dt semel
alter fratrum desiderium exprimebat, alter casum expendebat quo
modo illi serviret. s. Ut sacerdos aquam et vinum admiscuit, id suscipit.
6..Alteri in baptisterium introierunt qui infantis baptismi testes essent,
alteri prope januam stabant munera in manibus trahentes. 7. Quia
SECOND LATIN 121
affectus ejus pro illecebris hujus mundi tam vehementes erant, multis
de causis dubium erat an semitam virtutis diu quaereret. 8. Medicus
plene convaluit a phrenesi qua laborabat, quia amicus fidelis multos
dies transigebat seipsun1 tradendo ad ej us curam. 9. Alii aliis resistunt.
10. Posteaquam illi nationi suppleveramus omnia quae proposuerat,
vidimus nos res nostras tum sociales tum politicas praetermisisse.
II. Urget ut alter alterum constringat. 12. Quando cognovit periculum
mortis impendere, virum statim baptizavit. 13. Quoniam avus diu
jejunus fuit, nunc in statu lethargi est. 14. Ubi malae assuetudines
inveteratae fiunt, voluntas languet. IS. Simul atque avia manca facta
erat, domi permanebat libros liturgicos legens. 16. Alius aliud elegit.
17. De peccatis nosmetipsos retinemus, quod noscimus ea sensum mo
ralem obnubilare. 18. Ut primum habitus imprudentcs et irrationales
rejiciunt, vita moralis invalescit, qua de causa e multis incommo
dis, difficultatibus, impedimentis erroribusque prioribus vindicantur.
19. Scio alios aliis nutrimentunl supplevisse ubi deficeret. 20. Nobis
dixerunt, simul multam aquam veram et naturalem biberent, inter
valla poenae nimis minuere.
READING
I. Liberam activitatem moralem hic consideramus, qua voluntas

eligit inter bonum et malum. Exercitium libertatis perfectum est, si
voluntas plene ex se sine alio influxu praeter eum, quem natura volun
tatis exigit, ad actum se determinat; quod tum accidit, cum intellectus
objectum adaequate cognoscit, et voluntas secundum normam ra
tionis expedite ad illud volendum vel respuendum se movet. lam vero
multa sunt sive in ipso homine sive extra hominem, quae in ejus
liberam activitatem seu in ej us electionem influxum exercent eamque
plus minusve determinant. Et haec quidem voluntatis libertatem
actionisque imputabilitatem minuunt, earn tamen non auferunt.
Intellectus rem appetendam ita exhibere debet, ut tum ejus merita
(perfectionem, bonitatem, utilitatem) tum ej us demerita, (imperfec
tionem, detrimentum, incomn10dum), quae pro nobis habet, cogo#
noscamus. Haec cognitio eo perfectior est, quo accuratius utriusque
122 SECOND LATIN
partis momenta apprehenduntur. His suppeditantur rationes et mo
tiva, quae in electione facienda nos dirigant. Hinc quo magis adae
quate rei merita atque demerita exhibentur, eo facilius electio institui
potest, quae sit secundum rationem. Quodsi rei propositae magis
merita quam demerita aut vicissim magis demerita quam merita
cognoscuntur, electio quidem libera erit, at minus secundum rationem.
Impossibilis fit electio, si unum tantum motivum cognoscitur. Ex his
intelligitur in liberas hominis electiones omnia ea determinantem
inRuxum exercere, quae impediunt, quominus rerum appetendarum,
praesertim moralium, merita atque demerita adaequate cognoscantur.
Quamvis libertatem(physicam) electionis ipsa non auferant, attamen
efficiunt, ut electiones imprudentes, irrationales, moraliter malae sint.
Ejusmodi momenta sunt praesertin1 educatio et adjuncta socialia et
politica temporum, quae vivimus. Cum in multis hominibus manca
atque inadaequata cognitio rerum et actionum propter haec adjuncta
plus minusve sit involuntaria et inculpabilis, etiam actiones moraliter
malae, quae ex ea procedunt, non poterunt eis secundum totam earum
rnalitiam imputari.
Objecto sufficienter proposito in voluntate necessario oritur propen
sio (aversio), quae quandoque tenuis, quandoque autem vehementior
est. Propensiones istae, quan1vis inveteratae et vehementes necessita
tem non inducunt, sed voluntas potestatem retinet eis resistendi; id
quod experientia omnium illorum docet, qui post vitam diu in pecca
tis transactam ad semitam virtutis redierunt. Attamen voluntatem tra
hunt, ut libera determinatione veEt id, ad quod vehementer jam in
clinatur, ideoque electionem moraliter bonam difllcilem reddunt,
eoque difl1ciliorem, quo intensior est propensio opposita. Affectus vi
tiosi liberam electionem tum solun1 impossibilem reddunt, si in casu
particulari subito orti mentem adeo obnubilant vel impediunt, ut
contraria motiva expendere amplius non possit. Ex his intelligitur in
electiones morales omne id inRuxum exercere, quod efficit, ut hinc
quidem propensiones malae et vitia in appetitu oriantur atque in
valescant, inde vero energia voluntatis in reprimendis malis propen
sionibus langueat et debilitetur.
SECOND LATIN 123
2. Can. 753
Tam sacerdotem qui adultos baptizaturus est, quam ipsos adultos
qui sani sint, decet esse jejunos.
Nisi graves urgentesque causae obsint, adultus baptizatus statim
Missae sacrificio assistat et sacram communionem percipiat.
Can. 754
Amentes et furiosi ne baptizentur, nisi tales a nativitate vel ante
adeptum rationis usum fuerint; et tunc baptizandi sunt ut infantes.
Si autem dilucida habeant intervalla, dum mentis compotes sunt,
baptizentur, si velint.
Baptizentur quoque, imminente periculo mortis, si, antequam in
sanirent, suscipiendi baptismi desiderium ostenderint.
Qui lethargo aut phrenesi laborat, vigilans tantum et volens bapti
zetur; at si periculum mortis impendeat, servetur praescriptum § 3.
Can. 755
Baptismus sollemniter conferatur, salvo praescripto can. 759.
Loci Ordinarius potest gravi et rationabili de causa indulgere ut
caeremoniae praescriptae pro baptismo infantium adhibeantur in
baptismo adultorum.
Can. 756
Proles ritu parentum baptizari debet.
Si alter parentum pertineat ad ritum latinum, alter ad orientalem,
proles ritu patris baptizetur, nisi aliud jure speciali cautum sit.
Si unus tantum sit catholicus, proles hujus ritu baptizanda est.
Can. 757
In baptismo sollemni adhibenda est aqua ad hoc benedicta.
Si aqua benedicta in baptisterio adeo sit imminuta, ut minus vi
deatur sufhcere, alia non benedicta admisceatur, etiam iterato, minore
tamen copia.
SECOND LATIN
Si vero corrupta fuerit, aut efHuxerit, aut quovis modo defecerit,
parochus in fontem, bene mundatum ac nitidum, recentem aquam
infundat ac proprio ritu in suis liturgicis Ebris praescripto benedicat.
Can. 758
Licet baptismus conferri valide possit aut per infusionem, aut per
immersionem, aut per aspersionem, primus tamen vel secundus mo
dus, aut mixtus ex utroque, qui magis sit in usu, retineatur, secundum
probatos diversarum Ecclesiarum rituales libros.
Can. 759
In mortis periculo baptismum privatim conferre licet; et, si con
feratur a ministro qui nee sacerdos sit nee diaconus, ea tantum po
nantur, quae sunt ad baptismi validitatem necessaria; si a sacerdote
vel diacono, serventur quoque, si tempus adsit, caeremoniae quae
baptismum sequuntur.
Extra mortis periculum baptismum privatum loci Ordinarius per
mittere nequit, nisi agatur de haereticis qui in adulta aetate sub con
ditione baptizentur.
Caeremoniae autem quae in baptismi collatione praetermissae qua
vis ratione fuerint, quamprimum in ecclesia suppleantur, nisi in casu
de quo in § 2.
Can. 760
Cum baptismus sub conditione iteratur, caeremoniae, si quidem in
priore baptismo omissae fuerunt, suppleantur, salvo praescripto can.
759, § 3; sin autem in priore baptismo adhibitae sunt, repeti in altero
aut omitti possunt.
Can. 761
Curent parochi ut ei qui baptizatur, christianum imponatur nomen;
quod si id consequi non poterunt, nomini a parentibus imposito ad
dant nomen alicujus Sancti et in libro baptizatorum utrumque nomen
perscribant.
LESSON XXV
Vocabulary
alias, otherwise
citare, to quote, to cite
clericus, m., cleric, clergyman
cognatio, f., relationship
conditionatus, conditional
conducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead
conjux, m. and f., husband, wife, spouse
connaturaliter, in a natural way
consulere, -ui, -tus, to consult
contrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to contract
criminosus, crim inal
degradatus, deprived of office or dignity
depositus, divested
dimanare, to emanate, to flow from
factum, 11., deed, fact
forte, perchance
infamis, infamous, dl:sreputable
inserere, -semi, -sertus, to implant, to embody, to insert
interdictus, interdicted
interesse, -fui, to take part in, to be present
juvare, to aid
levare, to lilt
mos, ffi. custom
novitius, m. novice
patrinus, m., sponsor
perire (eo), -ii or -ivi, -itus, to perish
praehere (2), -hui, -hitus, to show, to exhibit
12 5
SECOND LATIN
praevius, previous
procurator, m., proxy
promanare, to emanate, to derive from
quapropter, wherefore, on which account
recuperare, to recover
spondere (2), spopondi, sponsus, to pledge, to sponsor
suppetere, -petivi, -petitus, to be sufficient
susceptio, f., reception
tangere, tetigi, tactus, to touch
tridentinus, of Trent
vetustissimus, very ancient
Idioms
I. ad summum, at the most
2. necne, or not
3. ex aequo, justly, on a par
4. ex improviso, unexpectedly
s. magna ex parte, in a great degree
6. ex usu, expedient
7. in perpetuum, forever
8. hunc in modum, in this u/ay
9. est ei in animo, he has in nlind, he intends
GRA~1MAR
I. Numerals. These may be grouped in four classes.

a) Cardinal numerals answering the question, "how many?" unus,
one; duo, two.
b) Ordinal numerals answering the question, "Which in order?"
primus, first; secundus, second.
c) Distributive numerals answering the question, "How many at a
time?" singuli, one at a time; bini, in twos.
d) Numeral adverbs answering the question, "how often?" semel,
once; bis, twice.
SECOND LATIN 7
12
Cardinals Ordinals Distributives Adverbs

unus, una, unum primus singuli semel
duo, duae, duo secundus bini bis
tres, tria tertius terni ter
quattuor quartus quaterni quater
qUInque quintus quini quinquies
sex sextus senl seXles
septem septimus septeni septies
octo octavus octoni octies
novem nonus novenl nOVles
decem (ten) decimus deni decies
undecim undecimus undeni undecies
duodecim duodecimus duodeni duodecies
tredecim decitTIus tertius terni deni terdecies
q uattuordecim decim us q uartus quaterni deni q uaterdecies
quindecim decimus quintus quini deni quindecies
sedccim decimus sextus seni deni sedecies
septendecim decimus septi- septeni deni septiesdecies
n1US
duodeviginti duodevigesimus d uodeviceni duodevicics
undeviginti undevigesimus undeviceni undevicies
viginti (twenty) vigesinlus Vlcenl VlCles
viginti unus vigesimus viceni singuli semel vicies
prImus
triginta (thirty) tricesinlUS triceni tricies
quadraginta q uadragesim us quadrageni quadragies
quinquaginta quinquagesimus quinquageni qUlnquagles
sexaginta sexageslmus sexageni sexagles
septuaginta septuagesimus septuageni septuagies
octoginta octogesim.us octogeni octogies
nonaginta nonagesimus nonageni nonagies
centum centesimus centeni centies
(hundred)
ducenti ducentesimus duceni ducenties
128 SECOND LATIN
Cardinal~' Ordinals Distributives Adverbs
trecenti trecentesimus treceni trecenties
quadringen\.i q uadringentesi- quadringeni quadringenties
mus
quingenti quingentesimus quingeni q uingenties
sexcenti sexcentesimus sexceni sexcenties
septingenti septingentesi- sepringeni septingenties
mus
octingenti octingentesimus octingeni octingenties
nongenti nongentesimus nongeni nongenties
mille (thou- millesimus milleni millies
sand)
Note. Duo and tres have duobus, duabus, and tribus in the dative
and ablative plurals; mille is an indeclinable adjective, whereas its
plural, millia, is- a noun and is followed by the genitive.
De mille libris, e.JJncerning a thousand books.
Quattuor millia hominum, four thousand men.
EXERCISES
I. Nos mille N~dis juvavit, et igitur media omnia adhibebimus

ut ex infamia illiu~ sententiae condemnatoriae magna ex parte vin
dicetur. 2. SedecirTI conjuges parochum hodie consuluerunt, qui secum
octoginta quinque proles conducebant, qui in paroechiae scholas
accenserentur. 3. In diebus tribus judex de munere degradatus erit
propter actus CriITiinosos suos, et tunc forte facta sua notoria gentes
e lethargo excitent, ut leges naturales recuperare nitantur. 4. Bini
incesserant discipuIi per viam difficilem et calidam, quoad ad montem
altum olivis multis praeditum venerunt, sub quibus humi dormiebant.
5. Tantum mala cornpetebant, ita ut perirent una die viginti tria millia.
6. Caput quadragesimum nondum legimus, sed cras sine mora id
legemus. 7. Mater vetat ut filii egrediantur donec ediscant usque non
gentos numerare. 8. Janua templi tam magna erat, ut diaconi quini
intrare possent. 9. Jam vobis ter dixit se non plus quam quattuordecim
SECOND LATIN
circulos aurichalci yelle, sed fecistis duodeviginti. 10. Viri fortes vi
ceni in murum ascendere coeperunt, et mox civitate potiti sunt. II. Or
dinarius septingentos triginta novem sacerdotes instituit ut exercitui
in tempore necessitatis serviant. 12. Sermonem undecies de subj ecto
eodem praedicavit, attamen semper eum audimus aequale cum gau
dio. 13. Dt puer facta simplicissima doceatur, necesse est repetere non
solum semel vel bis, sed quidem sexties aut septies, antequam verba
vestra in eum impressionem permanentem relinquant. 14. Novenan1
faciebat, id est, ibat ad ecclesiam novies ad certas orationes designatas
recitandas. 15. Si mihi scribat in octo diebus, statim te admoneam.
16. Patres matresque dies quinquaginta duo in terra aliena transege
rant in filiis suis quaerendis, sed denique invenerunt eos ex improviso
in die quinquagesimo tertio. 17. Cum theologus jam relationem inter
theologiam et philosophiam bis exposuerit, non postulabimus ut
rursus de ea disserat. 18. Non dubium est quin ille clericus vetus
octogesin1um quintum suae aetatis annum attigerit. 19. Cum actiones
ejus magna e desperatione ejus promanavissent, atqui, quia mentis
compos erat, non omnino e scelere excusabatur. 20. Ex usu est quod
sermonem servet, quem quater spopondit.
READING
I. Virtutes supernaturales sunt habitus a Deo infusi, quibus homo

actus supernaturales connaturaliter exercere possit. Ej USIllOdi virtutes
a Dco in£undi ratione theologica demonstratur et ex concilio triden
tino constat. Requiritur, ut natura ad statum supernaturalem elevata
actus, quibus in finem supernaturalem tendit, connaturaliter efhcere
possit; atqui ad hoc requiritur, ut non solum principium externum et
transiens (gratia actualis), sed etialll principium internum et perma
nens (potentia) sit supernaturale, id quod suppeditant habitus infusi.
Ideo Deus ornavit hominem habitibus virtutum supernaturalium.
Quod ergo in ordine naturae sunt animae potentiae, intellectus et
voluntas, id in ordine supernaturali sunt habitus infusi, nempe prin
cipium proximum vitae supernaturalis, sicut gratia sanctificans, ex
qua habitus infusi promanant, dicenda est vitae supernaturalis prin
130 SECOND LATIN
clplum remotum. Si solum in genere quaeritur, num sint virtutes
infusae, responderi debet ex revelatione certum esse, animae infundi
virtutes supernaturales; ex concilio enim tridentino novimus hominem
in ipsa justificatione cum remissione peccatorum haec (dona) omnia
silTIul infusa accipere per Jesum Christum, cui inseritur, fidem, spem
et caritatem. Virtutes infusae aliae sunt virtutes theologicae, aliae
virtutes morales.
Virtutes theologicae illac dicuntur, quarum motivum (objectum
formale) est Deus seu aliqua perfectio divina. Tres sunt virtutes
theologicae, nempe fides, spes et caritas, quae quidem requiruntur et
sufllciunt, ut ad finem ultimum pervenire possimus. Virtutes theolo
gicas a Deo nobis infundi complures de fide certum dicunt ex loco
citato concilii tridentini. Infunduntur autem omnes simul una cum
gratia sanctificante, at non omnes simul amittuntur. Quoties gratia
sanctificans augetur, simul cum ea etianl virtutes theologicae cum
reliquis virtutibus augentur: tanta enim est can nexio inter gratian1
et virtutes, ut cum illa infundantur, conserventur et augeantur;
sed gratia sanctificans susceptione sacralnentorum et bonis operibus
augetur.
Quamvis virtutes theologicae cum gratia sanctificante omnes si
mul infundantur atgue ex ea dim anent, non tamen omnes cum ea
amittuntur, sed pereunt per actus ipsis oppositos. CaritJs cum gratia
sanctificante per quodvis peccatum mortale amittitur, fides autem et
spes solum per peccatum mortale his virtutibus directe oppositunl
amittuntur; fides enim et spes natura praecedunt caritatem, ad earn
disponunt atgue conducunt, quapropter amissa caritate non amittun
tur ej us praeviae dispositiones, sed remanent in peccatore, ut eum in
recuperanda caritate juvent. Per peccatum mortale desperationis
amittitur spes cum caritate et gratia sanctificante, non autem fides,
quae est praevia dispositio ad spem et fundamentum omnium virtu
tum supernaturalium. Tandem per peccatum mortale haeres is amitti
tur fides cum gratia sanctificante et otnnibus virtutibus infusis.
SECOND LATIN 13 1
2. Can. 762
Ex vetustissimo Ecclesiae more nema sollemniter baptizetur, nisi
suum habeat, quatenus fieri possit, patrinum.
EtialTI in baptismo privata patrinus, si facile haberi queat, adhi
beatur; si non interfllcrit, adhibeatur in supplendis baptismi caeremo
niis, sed hoc in i;itSU nullam contrahit spiritualenl cognationem.
Can. 763
Cum baptismus iteratur sub conditione, idem patrinus, quatenus
fieri possit, adhibeatur, qui in priore baptismo forte adfuit; extra hunc
casum in baptismo conditionato patrinus non est necessarius.
Iterato baptismo sub conditione, neque patrinus qui priori baptismo
adfuit, neque qui posteriori, cognationem spiritualem contrahit, nisi
idem patrinus in utroq ue baptismo adhibitus fuerit.
Can. 764
Patrinus unus tantum, licet diversi sexus a baptizando, vel ad sum
mum unus et una adhibeantur.
Can. 765
{]t quis sit patrinus, oportet:
1°. Sit baptizatus, rationis usum assecutus et intentionem habeat
id In unus gerendi.
2°. Ad n ullam pertineat haereticatTI aut schismaticam sectam, nec
sententia condemnatoria vel declaratoria sit excommunicatus aut in
famis infamia juris aut exclusus ab actibus legjtimis, nee sit elerieus
depositus vel degradatus.
3°. Nee sit pater vel nlater vel eonjux b;lptizandi.
4°. Ab ipso baptizando ej usve parentibus vel tutaribus aut, his
deficientibus, a ITlinistro sit designatus.
5°. Baptizandum in aetu baptistni rer se vel per procuratarem
physiee teneat aut tangat vel statim levet seu suseipiat de sacra fonte
aut de manibus baptizantis.
SECOND LATIN
Can. 766
Ut autem quis licite patrinus admittatur, oportet:
1°. Decimum quartum suae aetatis annum attigerit, nisi aliud
justa de causa ministro videatur.
2°. Non sit propter notorium delictum excommunicatus vel ex..
clusus ab actibus legitimis vel infamis infamia juris, quin tamen sen
tentia intercesserit, nee sit interdictus aut alias publice crirninosus vel
infamis infamia facti.
3°. Fidei rudimenta noverit.
4°. In nulla religione sit novitius vel professus, nisi necessitas urgeat
et expressa habeatur venia Superioris saltern localis.
So. In sacris ordinibus non sit constitutus, nisi accedat expressa
Ordinarii proprii licentia.
Can. 767
In dubio utrum quis valide vellicite admitti possit, necne, ad patrini
munus, parochus, si ternpus suppetat, consulat Ordinarium.
Can. 768
Ex baptismo spiritualem cognationem contrahunt tantun1 cum bap
tizato baptizans et patrinus.
Can. 769
!)atrinorum est, ex suscepto munere, spiritualem filium perpetuo
sibi commendatum habere, atque in iis quae ad christianae vitae in
stitutionem spectant, curare diligenter ut ille taleln in tota vita se prae..
beat, qualem futurum esse sollemni caeremonia spoponderunt.
LESSON XXVI
Vocabulary
acquisitus, acquired
arbitrium, no, judgment} will
cardinalis, cardinal, principal} chief
collatus, mo, conferring
comitatus, mo, company
commoditas, fo, convenience
commonere (2), -monui, -monitus, to warn, to admonish
comprobare, to prove} to establish
concionator, mo, preacher
conscientia, f., conscience} consciousness, au'areness
cumulativus, accruing
destruere, -struxi, -structus, to destroy
divinitus, divinely
effective, efficaciously
evanescere, -vanui, to t!anish, to disappear
excellere, -celui, -celsus, to excel
exceptio, £., exception
gaudere (semidep. 2), gavisus, to rejoice, to enjoy
ignotus, unknown
impudicus, shameless
inscribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to inscribe
liberum arbitrium, free will
major, greater
memoratus, mentioned
meritorie, meritoriously
nepos, m. and fo, grandchild} nephew, descendant
non-usus, mo, disuse
133
134 SECOND LATIN
oratorium, n., oratory, chapel

paroecialis, parochial
Pascha, D., Easter
paulatim, gradually
penitus, wholly
pervigilium, n., tJigil
praecipue, especially
praejudicium, n., objection
pravus, evil
principatus, m., public office
pugna, £., struggle
pugnare, to struggle, to fight
punctum, n., point, moment
reprobare, to reject
revocare, to call back, to revoke, to reduce
sacellum, n., chapel, sanctuary
sane, soundly
scotista, rn., Scotist (follovvcr of the doctrine of Duns Scotus)
scriptum, n., uJritin g
sedulo, carefully, diligently
subjectivus, subordinate", subjectit/e
succedere, -cessi, -cessus, to succeed
supremus, highest
transferre, -tuli, -I~tus, to convey, to transport
Idionls
I. puneto temporis, in an instant
2. sponte sua, of one's Of-un free will
3. nee ••• nec, neither . . . nor
4. certiorem reddere, to in jorrn
5. per se, in and of itself
6. pro hac vice, for tlzis once
7. supra Inorem, n10re than usual
8. supra quod, besides
SECOND LATIN 135
GRAMMAR
I. Enclitics. -ce, -ne, -ci, -nam, -pte, -pse, -que, -ve, added to the end
of a word, give the word special force or significance.
a) -ce is frequently attached to the demonstrative pronouns and to
some adverbs for emphasis.
istace, these; hisce, by these; hujusce, of this; iIlaece, those; nuncce,
now, at this time; sicce, thus, so; hincce, hence; hucce, hither; illicce,
there; hicce, here
b) -ne may be added to any word, usually the first of a sentence, to

indicate a question.
Dubitasne? Do you doubt? Nonne sic est? IJ it not thus? Utrumne?
Whether? Anne? Or? Quantane? How much? Quone pacto? In
what way? Necne, or not.
c) -ci frequently precedes -ne for more emphasis: hiccine, siccine,

nunccine.
Haeccine vera sunt? Are these things true?
Siccine semper erat? lVas it alt-uays thus?
Nunccine loquitur? Is he now speaking?
d) -nam is frequently attached to pronouns for emphasis.

Quisnam? }Vho, pray?
Cujusnam modi? Of what sort, indeed?
Quanam? Where, indeed?
Quianam? Why?
e) -pte is sometimes appended to pronouns. It has the force of self,
own.
suopte, by himself; mepte, n1e myself
nostrapte culpa, by our own fault
suumpte amicum, his otvn friend
f) -pse is similarly employed.
SECOND LATIN
eapse, even this; eopse, by this itself
reapse, in fact
g) ..que or ..cumque added to a relative pronoun or pronominal ad
verb gives an indefinite or universal sense.
quisque, each, every quodcumque, whatever
quandoque, whenever, sometimes undique, everywhere
uterque, each, both denique, at length
ubique, wherever qualiscumque, of whatever sort
Note...que enclitic may also mean and. Aqua ignique, with fire and
water.
h) -ve enclitic means or, giving a choice between alternatives.
plus minusve, more or less
sive, if either, whether
2. Prefixes for emphasis. Such are:
a) per: permagnus, very large; perpauci, very few; peramanter,
very lovingly; percupidus, very desirous; permultus, very much.
b) prae: praelongus, very long; praeclarus, eminent, outstanding;
praecalidus, very warm; praecelsus, tier,} high; praecalvus, very bald;
praecipue, chiefly; praedives, very rich; praegravis, very burdensome;
praevalidus, very strong.
c) re: revera, in reality; reipse, the very
d) ec (ecce): ecce, behold; ecquando, ever, at any time; ecquis,
whether any, if any person or thing; eccilla, that; eccos, them
Ecquid disces? Won't you learn a little?
Ecquis venit? Won't anyone come?
Eccos spectatis? Won't you look at them?
EXERCISES
I. Nobis revelat nihil sponte sua nec verbo nec scripto. 2. Nepotes
certiores reddere debemus, quia avus haec fecit tantum per see 3. Quan
SECOND LATIN 137
doque puncto temporis cogitamus id quod in vitam nostram influxum
perpetuum habeat. 4. Populus suapte culpa multa privilegia naturalia
perdit, quonian1 pro justitia pugnare nolit. 5. Theologus revera scotista
praeclarus est, et ideo multas doctrinas haereticas rejicit, quae in dies
augent inter nos. 6. Quanam invenitur quis actus pravos reprobet pro
virtutibus praecelsis? 7. Siccine nepotes avi arbitrium complent, cum
bona penitus destruunt quae ille diligenter per vitam praelongam
acquisivit? 8. Quisnam mihi dicet sive ei in animo sit honestatem suam
cornprobare, necne? 9. Con1itatus uterque ibi praesens est, ut cum
concionatore vetustissimo gaudeat, quod electus est ad regis filium
baptizandum. 10. Pueri educatio supra morem curata est, ut, cum
vigesimum primum aetatis annum attigerit, penitus comparatus sit
ad munera principatus supremi suscipienda. II. Romani sane age..
bant, ubi leges pravas revocaverunt quae prohibebant quin christiani
primitivi doctrinas fidei suae exercerent. 12. Si non aviae commoditati
sit ex loco tam remoto venire, nepotes pro hac vice aeroplano eant ad
earn videndanl antequam moriretur. 13. Hicce habemus omnes com..
moditates atque libertates omnes, e contrario, illicce videmus dumtaxat
incommoda, sacrificia praegravia, adeo scelera vitiosa; ergo diligamus
et foveamus hanc terram nostram. 14. Supra quod, populi nixi sunt, ut
sacellum transferrent ad locum quo juxta baptisterium staret, sed non
satis fortes sunt. IS. Tandem in reipsum errorem cecidit ob quem diu
arnicos suos reprehenderat. 16. Me repug-nat cogitatio in illam re..
gionem intrandi, ubi aeris temperies praecalida est, et ubi mihi tam
novum et inauditum videtur nutrimentum. 17. Eccistuln sacelluml
Stetit per duo millia annorum in istoce loco eodem. 18. Quianam
haecce accipis, quando scis omnes socios tuos ea rejecisse? 19. Quo
modo determinare possent ecquis immunitatem a tentatione attigisset,
necne? 20. Haeccine omnia discipuli bene intellexerunt? Si non,
semetipsos sedulo immergant in ea, quoad omne planum fiat.
READING
I. Virtutes morales illae dicuntur, quarum objectum forrnale est

actionum honestas. Cum de fide certum non sit, etiam virtutes rno..
SECOND LATIN
tales a Dea nobis infundi, sunt theologi (scotistae), qui id negant;
corum tamen doctrina ab aliis ut erronea rejicitur. Et sane cum vir
tutes theologicas infundi constet, id de moralibus negari non potest:
si enim Deus infundit virtutes theologicas, ut earum actus per interna
principia connaturaliter exerceantuf, ex eadem ratione etiam virtutes
morales infundere debet. Ideo catechismus romanus docet: "Huic
(gratiae) additur nobilissimus omnium virtutum comitatus, quae
in animam cum gratia divinitus infunduntur." Quot sint virtutes mo
rales infusae, non constat. Dicendum videtur quatuor virtutes cardi
nales infundi, sed non plures: cum enim reliquae virtutes morales
ad virtutes cardinales revoeentur tamquam earurn partes integrales
aut subjeetivae, illarum habitus etiam ad harum actus eliciendos suffi
ciunt.
Habitus infusi ex communiore et veriore theologorum sententia
dant ipsam potestatem, non etiam faeilitatem supernaturales actus
eliciendi, quia inclinant quidem ad suos actus, eorum impedimenta
autem non removent. Ex his jam patet potissimum discrimen, quod
inter virtutes infusas et acquisitas intercedit: a) virtutes enim infusae
dant ipsam faeultatem, at non etiam facilitatem supernaturaliter ope
randi: cum enim infunduntur, non auferunt in1pedimenta operandi,
quae proveniunt ex coneupiscentia et ex malis habitibus. Facilitas
operandi per exercitium habitus infusi comparatur. Virtutes autem
acquisitae non tribuunt potestatem sed facilitatem operandi: potestas
enim operandi jam a natura adest; cum vero repetitis actibus nee sine
pugna comparentur, eo ipso minuunt vel etiam penitus auferunt
difllcultates operandi, quae ex coneupiscentia vel ex prava consuetu
dine proveniunt. b) Virtutes infusae cum gratia sanctifieante puncto
temporis infunduntur, suis actibus non effective sed meritorie augen
tur et per peccatum mortale cum gratia sanctificante puncta temporis
destruuntur. Virtutes autem acquisitae non uno actu sed repetitis
actibus acquiruntur iisdemque effective augentur et non-usu vel acti
bus contrariis paulatim minuuntur ac tandem evanescunt. Hinc
quandoque homines peccatores e.g. impudicos in aliqua virtute e.g.
in justitia excellere videmus: nam per peccatum mortale non destruun
SECOND LATIN 139
tur omnes virtutes acquisitae: Econtrario homines justos videmus
contra diversas easque vehementes in malum propensiones pugnare
debere: virtutes enim infusae non auferunt naturales habitus pravos,
qui actibus contrariis paulatim debilitantur.
2. Can. 770
Infantes quamprimum baptizentur; et parochi ac concionatores
frequenter fideles de hac gravi eorum obligatione commoneant.
Can. 771
Baptismus privatus, urgente necessitate, quovis tempore et loco
administrandus est.
Can. 772
Etiam sollemnis baptismus qualibet die administrari potest; decet
tamen adultorum baptismum, secundum antiquissimum Ecclesiae ri
tum, conferri, si fieri commode queat, in pervigilio Paschatis et Pen
tecostes, praecipue in metropolitanis aut cathedralibus ecclesiis.
Can. 773
Proprius baptismi sollemnis administrandi locus est baptisterium in
ecclesia vel oratorio publico.
Can. 774
Quaelibet paroecialis ecclesia, revocato ac reprobato quovis contrario
statuto vel privilegio vel consuetudine, baptismalem habeat fontem,
salvo legititTIo jure cumulativo aliis ecclesiis jam quaesito.
Loci Ordinarius potest pro fidelium commoditate permittere vel
j ubere ut fons baptismalis ponatur etiam in alia ecclesia vel publico
oratorio intra paroeciae fines.
Can·77S
Si ad ecclesiam paroecialem, aut ad aliam quae jure fontis gaudeat,
baptizandus, propter locorum distantiam aliave adj uncta, sine gravi
SECOND LATIN
incommodo aut periculo, accedere aut transferri nequeat, baptismus
sollemnis a parocho conferri potest et debet in proxima ecclesia aut
oratorio publico intra paroeciae fines, licet haec baptismali fonte ca
reant.
Can. 776
In domibus autem privatis baptismus sollemnis administrari non
debet, nisi h isce in adj unctis :
I. Si baptizandi sint filii aut nepotes eorum qui supremum actu
tenent populorum principatum vel jus habent succedendi in thronum,
quoties isti id rite poposcerint.
2. Si loci Ordinarius, pro suo prudenti arbitrio et conscientia, justa
ac rationabili de causa, in casu aliquo extraordinario id concedendum
censuerit.
In memoratis casibus baptismus conferendus est in sacello domus
aut saltem in alio decenti loco, et aqua baptismali de more benedicta.
Can. 777
Parochi debent nomina baptizatorum, mentione facta de ministro,
parentibus ac patrinis, de loco ac die collati baptismi, in baptismali
libro sedulo et sine ulla mora referre.
Ubi vero de illegitimis filiis agatur, matris nomen est inserendum,
si publice ej us maternitas constet, vel ipsa sponte sua scripto vel coram
duobus testibus id petat; item nomen patris, dummodo ipse sponte
sua a parocho vel scripto vel coram duobus testibus id requirat, vel
ex publico authentico documento sit notus; in ceteris casibus inscri
batur natus tanquam filius patris ignoti vel ignotorum parentum.
Can. 778
Si baptismus nee a proprio parocho nee eo praesente administratus
fuerit, minister de ipso collato quamprimum proprium ratione do
micilii paroehum baptizati certiorem reddat.
SECOND L.A.TIN
Can. 779
Ad collatum baptismum comprobandum, si nemini fiat praejudi
cium, satis est unus testis omni exceptione major, vel ipsius baptizati
jusjurandum, si ipse in adulta aetate baptismum receperit.
LESSON XXVII
Vocabulary
abbas, mo, abbot
abluere, -lui, -lutus, to wash
administratio, fo, administering
appropriatio, fo, appropriation
auctor, mo, author
bacuIus, mo, staff, crozier
chrisma, no, chrism, consecrated oil
circiter, about
consilium, no, advice
durante, during
erga, towards
excipere, -cepi, -ceptus, to receive
expedire, to expedite, to hasten
explere (2), -plevi, -pletus, to fulfill, to complete
extraneus, mo, outsider
frons, fo, fore head
fnlctuose, fruitfully, beneficially
graviter, seriously, gravely
illustrare, to ilIumine
illustratio, fo, illumination
imo (immo), by all means
impulsivus, impelling
indultum, no, dispensation, indult
inspiratio, fo, inspiration
instinctus, mo, instinct
mitra, fo, miter
nefas, unlawful
142
SECOND LATIN 143
negligere, -lexi, -lectus, to neglect
nihilominus, nevertheless
oboedire, to obey
pollere (2), -lui, to be strong, to be efficacious
praelatus, m., prelate
presbyter, m., priest
providere (2), -vidi, -visus, to provid~
quanquam (quamquam), although
quinquennium, n., period of five years
rationabiliter, reasonably
septem, seven
septenarius, m., septenary} seven
septiformis, seven fold
subditus, m., subject
unctio, £., anointing
vicarius, m., vicar, assistant
Idioms
I. aeque ac, as well as
2. haud minus ac, just as
3. quamprimum, as soon as possible
4. ultra fidem, incredible
5. ultra modum, immoderate
6. minime vero, by no n2eans
7. ad id quod, besides that
8. ad verbum, literally; word for word
GRAMMAR
I. Some prepositions.
a) Adversus (-urn), against, governs the accusative.
adversus legem, against the laws
It sometimes follows a pronoun.
hanc adversum, against this
SECOND LATIN
b) Ante, in front of, before) takes the accusative.
ante sacellum, in front of the chapel
ante bellum, before the war
It may be used in the sense of ago.
ante quinquennium, fitle years ago
c) Apud governs the accusative and may signify before, among, at
the house of.
apud gentes, before the nations
apud Romanos, among the RonJans
apud Petrum, at Peter's house
d) Circa, about, around, governs the accusative and may indicate
either time or place.
circa bapisterium, near the baptistery
circa horam nonam, about the ninth hour
It may also be used figuratively.
circa quae loquitur, about whic.h he speaks
e) Circum, about, around, likewise governs the accusative, but re
fers only to place.
circum ecclesiam, around the church
circum subditos, to his subjects round about
f) Circiter means about, speaking of time or number.
circiter mediam noctem, about midnight
circiter trecentos homines, about three hundred men
2. 1~he optative subjunctive.
a) This subjunctive is used to express a wish. The present indicates
the wish as possible; the in1perfect, as unaccomplished at the present
nloment; the pluperfect, as unaccomplished in the past. The negative
is nee
SECOND LATIN 145
Mox veniant. May they come soon.
N e Inceret sol. I wish that the sun were not shining.
Emisset septem. I wish he had bought seven.
b) The particle ntinam usually introduces the imperfect and plu

perfect.
Utinam ne nefas esset! Would that it were not unlawful!
Utinam mihi promptins scripsisset! Would that he had written to me
sooner!
c) The present and imperfect subj unctives of velIe, nolle, and malle
are often equivalent to an optative subjunctive~
Velim sicce id excipias. I should like you to receive it thus.
Nollem nobis consilium talem dedisset! Would that he had not given
us such advice!
Mellem manus suas abluissent. I had rat/ler that they had u'ashed
their hands.
EXERCISES
I. Utinam eis lucrum aeque ac consilium bonum daret! 2. Regis

subditi ei semper oboediant et numquam officiorum apud Deum
regnumque obliviscantur. 3. Utinam presbyter juvenis quinquennium
apud Romanos transigere potuisset! 4. Velim hae res haud minus ac
promissae fiant. s. Nobis loquebatur quatuor horas circa experientias
in terris remotis periculosisque, quae apparerent ultra fidem. 6. Uti
nam pollerent ut providerent quod indigeamus adversum calamitatum
diem, qui certe adveniet. 7. Episcopi visitatio ante bellum acciderat,
et in occasione ilIa ante ecclesiam cathedralem stiterat ad popu
lum benedicendum. 8. Utinam adolescentes temporum nostrorum ne
sermane, actibus, moribus vestibusque tam ultra modum essent.
9. Strepitus horrendus circum habitaculum fuit, velut si multi lapides
praemagni de caelis caderent. 10. Vellem erga te egisset, ut ita nuncce
inclinares ad ei indulgendum. II. Circiter duodecim epistolas habe
bant, quas expedire negligebant, nihilominus, simul atque eas recepi
mus, quamprirnum aperuimus et eas legimus. 12. Utinam praescripta
SECOND LATIN
ad verbum citavisset, ut ego te certiorem redderem, quod theologus
circa confirmationem dixit. 13. Malim avus tuus testis filii mei unc
tionis sit. 14. Nollem ei facuItates attribuissent, quas nunquam posse
derit. IS. Utinam gentes mundi ratiocinium formale adhiberent loco
virium brutarum in controversiis componendis. 16. Ullamne falsitatem
in exemplis detegere solitus es, quae hominis illius a testibus suppe
ditata sunt? Minime vero. 17. Cum ante civitatis interitum venirent,
nihil pro incolis facere poterant. 18. Putabamus hunc librum facies
philosophiae omnes complecti. Minime vero. 19. Mens ejus tam dilu
cida est, ut in utramque partem effectivissime disserere possit. 20. Ve
lim hinc ne talibus erroribus obnubilentur.
READING
I. Praeter virtutes theologicas et morales a Deo infusas homini

justo conferuntur septem dona Spiritus Sancti. Ex mente s. Thomae
dona definiuntur: Qualitates habituales animae potentiis inhaerentes,
quibus hae supernaturaliter disponuntur ad prompte et perfecte oboe
diendum motionibus seu inspirationibus Spiritus Sancti. Pertinent
dona aeque ac virtutes ad dispositiones supernaturales, quibus Deus
hominern justum instructum esse voluit, ut per eas finem suum super
naturalem attingeret. Simul cum gratia sanctificante et virtutibus
animae infunduntur et cum gratia et virtutibus per peccatum mortale
amittuntur. Potentiae, quibus inhaerent, sunt intellecus et voluntas,
in quibus sunt etiam virtutes, quae per dona complentur et perficiun
tur. Siquidem hominis potentiae a duplici principio moventur ad
opera bona, scilicet a naturali ratione per fidem elevata atque illustrata
et immediate a Spiritu S. Jam vero ut prompte et perfecte has mo
tiones sequantur, certis qualitatibus et dispositionibus a Deo instructae
sunt; et quidem ad oboediendum motionibus naturalibus rationis
aptae fiunt per virtutes infusas, ad oboediendum motionibus super
naturalibus Spiritus S. aptae fiunt per dona.
Esse dona sancti patres et theologi compluribus argumentis con
firmant. Natura et finis donorum in hunc modum explicari potest.
SECOND LATIN
Homo justus instructus est virtutibus infusis, ut per eas opera super
naturalia peragat et finem supernaturalen1 vitae aeternae n1ereatur.
Jam vero ut opus virtutis supernaturalis exercere possit, indiget mo
tione seu inspiratione Spiritus S., qua ad virtutem exercendam super
naturaliter excitetur et aptus evadat. Hinc Spiritus S. hominem j ustum
illustrationibus intellectus et n10tionibus voluntatis tum ad ordinarias
vitae christianae virtutes tum quandoque etiam ad opera perfectiora
et sublimiora divino instinctu inspirare atque excitare solet. Sed ut
homo aptus reddatur, qui motiones Spiritus S. sive ad ordinaria sive
ad sublimiora exercitia virtutum excipiat eisque prompte et perfecte
oboediat, ei conceduntur dona Spiritus Sancti. Septem numerantur
dona Spiritus Sancti: donum intellectus, sapientiae, scientiae, consilii,
pietatis, fortitudinis, et timoris Domini: cum enim haec dona con
ferantur ad virtutes perficiendas, et septem sint praecipuae virtutes,
oportuit, ut etiam septem dona infunderentur. U nde Spiritus Sanctus,
cui haec dona tamquam auctori per appropriationem tribuuntur, ab
ecclesia septiformis munere appellatur, idemque rogatur, ut suis fideli
bus det sacrum septenarium.
Quamvis dona cum virtutibus in ratione habitus conveniant, du
pliciter tamen a virtutibus diflerunt. a) Ratione causae impulsivae:
nam ad bene agendum homo excitatur propria ratione sive naturali
sive supernaturali, et habitibus virtutum disponitur ad prompte his
motibus oboediendum; ad bene agendum etiam a Spiritu Sancto mo
vetur, et habitibus donorum disponitur ad prompte oboediendum
huic inspirationi. b) Ratione objecti seu actuum, ad quos disponunt:
virtutes enim disponunt hominenl ad opera, quae secundum ordinem
communem vitae christianae fiunt; dona autem disponunt hominem
etiam ad opera, quae ordinem communem virtutis excedunt.
2. Can. 780
Sacramentum confirmationis conferri debet per manus imposi
tionem cum unctione chrismatis in fronte et per verba in pontificalibus

libris ab Ecclesia probatis praescripta.
SECOND LATIN
Can. 781
Chrisma, in sacramento confirmationis adhibendum, debet esse ab
Episcopo consecratum, etian1si sacramentum a presbytero, ex jure vel
ex apostolico indulto, ministretur.
Unctio autem ne fiat aliquo instrumento, sed ipsa ministri manu
capiti confirmandi rite imposita.
Can. 782
Ordinarius confirmationis minister est solus Episcopus.
Extraordinarius minister est presbyter, cui vel jure communi vel
peculiari Sedis Apostolicae indulto ea facultas concessa sit.
Hac facuItate ipso jure gaudent, Abbas vel Praelatus nullius, Vi
carius et Praefectus Apostolicus, qui tamen ea valide uti nequeunt,
nisi intra fines sui territorii et durante IT1Unere tantum.
Presbyter latini ritus cui, vi induIti, haec facultas competat, con
firmationem valide confert solis fidelibus sui ritus, nisi in indulto
aliud expresse cautum fuerit.
N efas est presbyteris ritus orientalis, qui facuItate vel privilegio
gaudent confirmationem una cum baptismo infantibus sui ritus
con£erendi, eandem ministrare infantibus latini ritus.
Can. 783
Episcopus in sua dioecesi hoc sacramentum etiam extraneis legitime
ministrat, nisi obstet expressa proprii eorum Ordinarii prohibitio.
In aliena dioecesi indiget licentia Ordinarii loci saltern rationabiliter
praeSulnpta, nisi agatur de propriis subditis quibus confirmationem
conferat privatim ac sine baculo et mitra.
Can. 784
Presbytero quoque licet, si apostolico locali privilegio sit munitus,
in designato sibi territorio confirnlare etiam extraneos, nisi id ipsorum
Ordinarii expresse vetuerint.
SECOND LATIN 149
Can. 785
Episcopus obligatione tenetur sacralnentum hoc subditis rite et
rationabiliter petentibus conferendi, praesertim tempore visitatjonis
dioecesis.
Eadem obligatione tenetur presbyter, privilegio apostolico donatus,
erga illos quorum in favorem est concessa facultas.
Ordinarius, legitima causa impeditus aut potestate confirmandi
earens, debet, quoad fieri possit, saltem intra quodlibet quinquennium
providere ut suis subditis hoc sacramentum administretur.
Si graviter neglexerit sacramentum confirmationis suis subditis
per se vel per alium ministrare, servetur praescriptum can. 274, n. 4.
Can. 786
Aquis baptismi non ablutus valjde confirmari nequit; praeterea, ut
quis Iicite et fructuose confirmetur, debet esse in statu gratiae constitu
tus et, si usu ration is polleat, sufficienter instructus.
Can. 787
Quamquam hoc sacramentum non est de necessitate n1edii ad sa
lutem, nemini tamen licet, oblata occasione, illud negligere; imo
parochi curent ut fideles ad illud opportuno tempore accedant.
Can. 788
Licet sacramenti confirmationis administratio convenienter in Ec
clesia Latina differatur ad septimun1 circiter aetatis annum, nihilomi
nus etian1 antea conferri potest, si infans in mortis periculo sit
constitutus, vel ministro id expedire ob j ustas et graves causas videatur.
Can. 789
Confirmandi, si plures sint, adsint primae manuum impositioni seu
extensioni, nee nisi expleto ritu discedant.
LESSON XXVIII
Vocabulary
adnotatio, £., conzment) annotation
adscribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to enroll
applicare, -avi or -ui, -atus, to apply
assistentia, f., assistance
cernere, crevi, cretus, to discern
colere, colui, cultus, to worship
conjunctus, m., kinsman) relative
delectatio, f., delight
etsi, although
excedere, -cessi, -cessus, to exceed
fiducia, f., confidence, trust
hebdomada, f., tveek
impellere, -puli, -pulsus, to im pel~ to urge
inchoare, to begin
licet, although
mensura, f., measure
modo, provided that
mundanus, mundane, of the uJorld
nexus, m., relationship) connection
obsecundare, to obey
omnimodus, of every sort) complete
perspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to perceive
praesentare, to present
procidere, -cidi, to fall prostrate
progredi (dep. 3, io), -gressus, to progress, to advance
propterea, on that account
pulchritudo, f., beauty, excellence
I~O
SECOND LATIN
refugere, -fugi, -fugitus, to flee from, to escape
renuere, -nui, to refuse} to decline
reverentialis, ret/erent
stultus, foolish
suadere (2), suasi, suasus, to recommend, to persuade
superare, to overcome} to surmount
tennerarius, rash
Idioms
I. eo quod, to the extent that
2. ad summum, on the whole} in general
3. ad extremum, finally
4. ad postremum, lastly
s. ad ultimum, to tIle last degree, utterly
6. usque ad, up to, as far as
7. multis post annis, after 1nany years
GRAMMAR
a) Cis, citra, this side of, within governs the accusative and may
J
refer to time or place.

cis annos paucos, within a few years
citra Rhenum, on this side of the Rhine
b) Erga, towards, governs the accusative and may be used literally
or figuratively.
erga Italiam, towards Italy
erga nos amici, friendly totvards us
c) Extra, outside of, besides} governs the accusative and may be
used literally or figuratively.
extra muros~ outside the walls
extra consuetudinem, besides the usual custom
SECOND LATIN
d) Infra governs the accusative and means below, beneath,. farther
dot,vn, literally; and later than, less than>. figuratively.
infra caelum, beneath the sky
infra Pontium Pilatum, later than J)ontius Pilate
infra tres pedes, less than three feet
e) Inter, betu'een, among, governs the accusative. With reflexive
pronouns it has reciprocal force.
inter nos, between you and me
inter multos, among many
inter se loquebantur, they were talkJng to each other
f) Intra, inside of, within, governs the accusative and may refer to
place or time. It n1ay also be used figuratively.
intra fines, inside the boundaries
intra decem dies, within ten days
intra lege.m, within the law
2. The deliberative subjunctive.
This subjunctive is used in questions implying doubt, indignation,
or an impossibility of the thing's being done.
Quid agant? W flat are they to do?
An non iret? What, should he not have gone?
Quis autem inimicurn tam fortem superaverit ? Who could overcome
so strong an enemy?
EXERCISES
I. Quo nos vertamus circumdati undique tamquam sumus viribus

furiosis? 2. Etiamne eis indulgeam, etsi occasionem quamque rapue
runt ad tradendum me? 3. Quid iUo latrone facerent? Nonne venia
indignus sit? 4. Quid dicerem? quia donum negligenter perdideram,
quod mihi emerant? s. An ego non eis suadere niterer? 6. Quis enim
tantum cis annos paucos fecerit? 7. Mihi umquam tantas difl1cultates
infra caelum obstaturas crederem? 8. Quid vero nobismetipsis dica
SECOND LATIN 153
mus? Nonne erga nos ut extranei agant? 9. An avus non sic loquere
tur? Immo. 10. Quis enim impediverit quin haec acciderent? I I. Quis
vero ad extremum dubitaverit an stultus fuisset? 12. Possirnusne
determinare utrum isti extra muros vel illi intra muros feliciores
sint? 13. An is non revelaret quod exercitus erga se progrediebantur?
14. Quomodo hoc oleum per distantiam praelongam transferam, quae
inter civitatem et lacum jacet? IS. Quid faciant pauperes, quos
omnes ad interitun1 eorum defecerint? 16. Quis enim temerarius
fuerit eo quod cautum nullum nee pro se nee pro familia sua haberet?
17. Quid faciamus, ubi nos certiores reddiderint inimicos citra Rhe
num esse? 18. Quomodo eis suadeamus ut reverentialiores sint erga
pulchritudinem virtutum theologicarum? 19. Quo refugiant? Nonne
omnes viri justi renuerunt eos recipere in domus suas? 20. 1rfultis
post diebus militia usque ad centrum montis progressa est, ubi prin
cipem parvulum occultum inter olivas aliquas invenit.
READING
I. De natura singulorum donorum theologi non consentiunt; haec

tamen ex doctrina eorum, qui s. Thomam sequuntur, dicenda viden
tur. Dona, quae intellectum perf1ciunt, eo tendunt, ut intellectus illus
trationes Spiritus Sancti ad res fidei pertinentes prompte suscipiat,
earum ope de Deo et de rebus mundanis recte judicet atque haec
judicia ad operationes vitae humanae rite applicet. Dona vero, quae
voluntatem perficiunt, eo referuntur, ut voluntas inspirationibus et
motionibus Spiritus Sancti prompte obsecundet. a) Donum intellectus
mentem supernaturaliter disponit ad prompte suscipiendas illustra
tiones, quibus veritates fidei tum quoad sensum tum quoad earum
nexum clarius et profundius percipiantur et penetrentur atque ope
rationes juxta easdem ordinentur. b) Donum sapientiae, supposita
fide veritatum revelatarum, mentem supernaturaliter disponit ad
prompte suscipiendas inspirationes, quibus de rebus divinis recte ju
dicet earumque pulchritudinem perspiciat. c) Donum scientiae, sup
posita fide, mentem supernaturaliter disponit ad pronlpte suscipiendas
inspirationes, quibus de rebus humanis et creatis juxta revelationem
154 SECOND LATIN
divinam rite judicet. d) Donum consilii mentem supernaturaliter
disponit, ut prompte sequatur illustrationes Spiritus Sancti ad eli
genda ea, quae in singulis vitae adjunctis juxta veritates fidei facienda
vel omittenda sunt ad progrediendum in via salutis et perfectionis.
Quoniam vero Spiritus Sanctus altiora eligit quam prudentia hu
mana, accidit, ut justum quandoque ad ea impellat, quae hominibus
stulta apparent, et magis admiranda quam indiscriminatim imitanda
sunt. e) Donum pietatis voluntatem supernaturaliter disponit, ut
pronlpte sequatur Spiritum Sanctum moventem ad colendum Deum
ut patrem nostrum omnesque alios, qui ad Deum ut patrem referun
tur, ut sunt parentes, conj uncti, pauperes, immo etiam ecclesia, sancti
et scriptura sacra. f) Donum fortitudinis voluntatem supernaturaliter
disponit et perficit, ut sequatur Spiritum Sanctum moventem ad com
plendum quodvis opus bonunl inchoatum, etsi propterea superandae
sint difficultates et ferenda mala. A virtute fortitudinis donum dupli
citer differt. I. Virtutis motivum est naturalis honestas, quae in supe
randis difhcultatibus cernitur; motivum doni est fiducia in motionem
et assistentiam Spiritus Sancti. 2. Virtus respicit mensuram virium
naturae; donum vires naturae excedit et audet ea, quae rationi naturali
temeraria apparent. g) Donum timoris voluntatem supernaturaliter
disponit, ut sequatur nl0tiones Spiritus Sancti ad filialem reverentiam
atque oillnimodam subjectionem Deo exhibendam, eo quod refugit
quamcunque delectationem, quae separat a Deo. Timor enim intelli
gitur reverentialis erga divinam majestatem, cui etiam Christus Do
minus reverentiam exhibuit et coram quo teste s. scriptura procidunt
angeli in facies suas.
2. Can. 790
Hoc sacramentum quovis tempore conferri potest; maxime autem
decet illud administrari in hebdomada Pentecostes.
Can. 791
Licet proprius confirmationis administrandae locus ecclesia sit, ex
causa tamen quam minister justam ac rationabilem judicaverit, potest
hoc sacramentum in quolibet alio decenti loco conferri.
SECOND LATIN 155
Can. 792
Episcopo jus est intra fines suae dioecesis confirmationem adminis
trandi in locis quoque exemptis.
Can. 793
Ex vetustissirno Ecclesiae more, ut in baptisrno, ita etiam in con
firmatione adhibendus est patrinus, si haberi possit.
Can. 794
Patrinus unum tantum confirmandum aut duos praesentet, nISi
aliud justa de causa ministro videatur.
Dnus quoque pro singulis confirmandis sit patrinus.
Can. 795
Dt quis sit patrinus, oportet:
1°. Sit ipse quoque confirmatus, rationis usum assecutus et inten
tionem habeat id munus gerendi.
2°. Nulli haereticae aut schismaticae sectae sit adscriptus, nee ulla
ex poenis de quibus in can. 765, n. 2 per sententiam declaratoriam aut
condemnatoriam notatus.
3°. Non sit pater, mater, conjux confirmandi.
4°. A confirmando ejusve parentibus vel tutoribus vel, hi si desint
aut renuant, a ministro vel a parocho sit designatus.
5°. Confirmandum in ipso confirmationis actu per se vel per pro
curatorem physice tangat.
Can. 796
Ut quis licite ad patrini munus admittatur, oportet:
1°. Sit alius a patrino baptismi, nisi rationabilis causa, judicio mi
nistri, aliud suadeat, aut statim post baptismum legitime confirmatio
conferatur.
2°. Sit ejusdern sexus ac confirmandus, nisi aliud ministro in casibus
particularibus ex rationabili causa videatur.
3°. Serventur praeterea praescripta can. 766.
SECOND LATIN
Can. 797
Etiam ex valida confirmatione oritur inter confirmatum et patrinum
cognatio spiritualis, ex qua patrinus obligatione tenetur confirmatum
perpetuo sibi comn1cndatum habendi ej usq ue christianam educa
tionem curandi.
Can. 798
Nomina ministri, confirmatorum, parentum et patrinorum, diem
ac locum confirmationis parochus inscribat in peculiari libro, praeter
adnotationen1 in libro baptizatorum de qua in can. 470, § 2.
Can. 799
Si proprius confirmati parochus praesens non fuerit, de coHata
confirmatione minister vel per se ipse vel per alium quamprimum eun
dem certiorem faciat.
Can. 800
Ad collatam confirmationem probandam, modo nemini fiat praeju
dicium, satis est unus testis omni exceptione major, vel ipsius con
firmati jusjurandurn, nisi confirmatus fuerit in infantili aetate.
LESSON XXIX
Vocabulary
abstinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to abstain, to refrain

adstare, to be present, to attend
agnoscere, -novi, -notus, to acknowledge
annulus, m., ring
apprime, especially
commendatitius, of recommendation or introduction
confessarius, m., confessor
conscius, conscious, aware
conservus, m., fellow servant
cur, why
domina, f., mistress
econtra, on the other hand
elicere, -Bcui, -licitus, to elicit, to call forth
excipcre, -cepi, -ceptus, to except
existimare, to think, to deem
expiare, to expiate, to do penance for
festus, f~stal; dies - - , holy day
impertire, impertiri, to grant, to bestow
indutus, clothed
integer, tlirtuous, wholly right
interim, in the meantime
jejunium, D., fasting
Iitare, to ofJer a sacrifice; Sacrum - - , to offer the Holy Sacrifice of the
Mass
littera, f., letter (of alphabet); plur., epistle
mediate, indirectly
mulier, f., woman
157
SECOND LATIN
notabilis, important, notewortllY
penuria, f., want, lack
perducere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring, to conduct
pileolus, m., skull cap
pluries, frequently
pontificale, n., pontifical (book of rites performed by a bishop)
probitas, f., honesty, integrity
quantumvis, however (much)
revereri (dep. 2), -veritus, to respect, to revere
rubrica, f., rubric
signare, to sign
talus, m., ankle
ter, three times
vestis, f., vestment, attire
Idioms
I. se habere, to be, to be in respect to
2. ex longinquo, from a distance
3. et cetera, and so forth
4. de cetero, as for the rest
s. gratias agere, to give thanks
6. agitur, to be in question, to be at stake
7. dies festos agere, to spend holy days
8. quartum annum agit, he is four years old
9. se agere, to behave
GRAM~{AR
a) Ob, towards, on account of, takes the accusative, and may be
either literal or figurative in usage.
ob Romam, towards Rome
ob rem, for gain
ob earn causam, for that reason
quam ob rem, wherefore
SECOND LATIN 159
b) Penes, in the power of, governs the accusative.
penes inimicos suos, in the potver of his enemies
penes aliquem esse, to be in the possession of one's faculties
c) Pone, behind, governs the accusative.
Pone altare, behind the altar
d) Post, after, behind, governs the accusative and rnay indicate
place or time.
post agnos, after the lambs
post carcerem, behind the jail
post meridiem, after noon
e) Prope, near, takes the accusative and refers to time or place. It
may be literal or figurative.
prope lucem, towards daybreak
prope ecclesiam, near the church
prope peccatum mortale, close to a mortal sin
f) Supra, above, over, beyond, before, governs the accusative, refers
to time, place, or number, and is used in a literal or a figurative senser
supra memoriam meam, beyond my recollection
supra caelos, beyond the heavens
supra millia hominum, above a thousand men
supra intelligentiam, beyond understanding
2. The potential subjunctive.
This subj unctive indicates an act as possible or conceivable.
a) It is used in the first person singular of the present or perfect
subj unctive in a cautious or modest assertion with verbs of wishing,

thinking, or saying.
Velim sic existiment. I should like them to think so.
Putaverim eum veterem esse. I should imagine llim to be old.
Licentia vestra dicam. I would say with your permission.
160 SECOND LATIN

b) It may also be used in the indefinite second singular of the pres..
ent or imperfect subjunctive of similar verbs.
Credas vitam ejns agi. You would thin k that his life is at stake.
Audires voces. You might have heard voices.
c) When some word in a sentence implies that the action is merely
possible, all persons of any verb may be used. Quisquam exigat. Any
one may demand.
d) Forsitan, forte, perhaps) regularly take the potential subjunctive.
Forsitan sapientiam actionnm ejns dubites. You may perhaps doubt
the wisdom of his acts.
EXERCISES
I. Dixerim eum se bene egisse, etiam si solum quintum annum

agate 2. De cetero existimem nos in dies gratias agere debere. 3. Vos
velim ei interim munera impertiamini quae valde meretur. 4. Non
audeam eas certiores reddere quam ob rem annuli venditi sint. 5. Pu
taverim eos homines esse qui leges integras effectivasque instituere
possint. 6. Credas quod hunc diem festum numquam cognoverit.
7. Existimares quia ex jejunio ob excellentiam habituum suorum ex
cepti essent. 8. Videres episcopos presbyteri vestibus indutos, econtra
nunlquam vidcbis presbyteros episcopi vestibus indutos. 9. Posses exis
tin1.are eos jej unio et oratione dies £estos acturos esse. 10. Religiosus ob
Romam incedebat, cum post meridiem prope templum vetustissimum
ornamentum sacrum invenerit. II. Aliquis dicat doctrinan1. purgatorii
non sufficienter in scripturis exponi. 12. Quis contendat quoniam
litterae non authenticae sint, et ob eam causam non admitti possit,
dum nomen et officium in libro signet. 13. Probabilius penes latrones
sit, quam apud amicos. 14. Quidam credat puerum post tantas poenas
se bene acturum. IS. Quivis existimaret ob vestem peregrinam quod
ex longinquo venisset. 16. Forsitan religiosa librum sacelli pone
januam posuerit, dum altare mundaret. 17. Forsitan rector tam vetus
sit, ut res illae supra memoriam suam sint. 18. Forsitan vellet rex te
abstineres a mendaciis ac actibus impudicis ut nepotibus exemplum
SECOND LATIN 161
bonum exhiberes. 19. Forte domina non postulet cur litteras ejus non
agnoveritis ante hanc hebdomadam. 20. F orsitan vestes non induere
soliti essent quae ad talos pertingerent.
READING
I. Ordo moralis consistit in relationibus essentialibus, quibus homo

refertur ad Deum, ad semetipsum et ad alias creaturas. Hae relationes
ab homine exigunt complures, easque diversas operationes, quibus
ex voluntate Dei contendere debet ad finem suum; quam ob rem ordo
moralis consistit etiam in operationibus, quibus homo tendit in finem
suum. Tandem accedit ordo mediorum ad finem, quibus Deus ho
minem juvat, ut ad finem suum perveniat. Ordo igitur moralis
complete spectatus comprehendit finem ultimum, Deum, in cuj us
possessione homo perfectam felicitatem consequitur, relationes, quibus
homo refertur ad Deum, ad semetipsum, ad alios; operationes, quae
relationibus hominis essentialibus consentaneae sunt, ac tandem n1edia,
quae ex institutione divina ad obtinendum finem inserviunt. Ordo
igitur moralis a Deo institutus via est, qua ad finem tendimus, et me
dium, cujus observatione finem nostrum adipiscimur; unde s. Au
gustinus docet: Ordo est, quem si tenueris in vita, perducet ad Deum.
Cum ordo in genere sit relatio unius ad alterunl, ad constituendum
ordinem moralem imprimis considerandae sunt relationes, quibus
homo refertur ad alterum; porro tres sunt ej usn10di relationes in ipsa
natura humana fundatae, relatio religiosa, relatio individualis et
relatio socialis. Homo enim refertur ad Deum, primum suum prin
cipium et ultimum finem; refertur ad semetipsum: compluribus enim
iisque diversis instructus est inclinationibus et potentiis, quae natura
sua ita comparatae sunt, ut inferiores referantur ad superiores et
vicissim superiores ad inferiores; homo tandem refertur ad alias crea
turas sive rationales sive irrationales: homo enim ut pars universi
hinc quidem ad societatem cum aliis hOluinibus constituendam natura
sua ordinatur, inde vero jure instructus est utendi rebus materialibus,
in quantum ad consequendum finem suum id requiritur. Patet ordi
nem moralem natura sua esse ordinem finalem, cum tota hominis
SECOND LATIN
natura cum omnibus suis relationibus ad Deum, finem ultimum, or..
dinata sit; relatio quidem religiosa immediate, relatio autem indi
vidualis et socialis mediate. Ex hoc nempe intelligitur dignitas atque
excellentia naturae rationalis, quae sola immediatam relationem ad
Deum habet; econtra creaturae irrationales immediate ad hominem
et mediate per hominem ad Deum referuntur.
Cum homo natura referatur ad Deum ut creatura ad creatorem,
ordo exigit, ut homo creatorem ac dominum suum agnoscat, eum
revereatur, ei serviat eumque diligat. Cum corpus se habeat ad ani
mam ut instrulnentum ad agens principale, ordo exigit, ut vires
inferiores subj iciantur ac serviant superioribus, superiores vero diri
gant inferiores. Ideo s. Gregorius M. rationem vocat don1inam farniliae
multae. Denique curn hon1o referatur ad alios homines ut ad socios
et conservos ej usdem naturae participes atgue ad eundem finem des
tinatos, ordo exigit, ut alios sicut semetipsum diligat atgue in vita
sociali j ustitiam servet.
2. Can. 801
In sanctissima Eucharistia sub speciebus panis et vini ipsernet Chris

tus Dominus continetur, of!ertur, surnitur.
Can. 802
Potestaterrl offerendi Missae sacrificium habent soli sacerdotes.
Can. 803
Non licet pluribus sacerdotibus concelebrare, praeterquam in Missa
ordination is presbyterorum et in Missa consecrar.ionis Episcoporum
secundum Pontificale RonJ.anum.
Can. 804
Sacerdos extraneus ecclesiae in qua celebrare postulat, exhibens
authenticas et adhuc validas litteras commend3titias sui Ordinarii, si
sit saecularis, vel sui Superioris, si religiosus, vel Sacrae Congregationis
pro Ecclesia Orientali, si sit ritus orientalis, ad Missae celebrationem
SECOND LATIN
3dmittatur, nisi interim aliquid eum comtnisisse constet, cur a 1Yfissae
,,~c lebratione repelli debeat.
Si iis litteris careat, sed rectori ecclesiae de ejus probitate apprime
constet, poterit admitti; si vero rectori sit ignotus, adrnitti adhuc patest
semel vel bis, dummodo, ecclesiastica veste indutus, nihil ex celebra
tione ab ecclesia in qua litat, quovis titulo, percipiat, et nonIen, offici urn
suan1que dioecesim in peculiari libro signet.
Peculiares hac de re normae, salvls huj us canonis praescriptis, ab
Ordinaria loci datae, servandae sunt ab ornnibus, etiam religiosis
exelnptis, nisi agatur de admittendis ad celebrand~m religiosis in
ecclesia suae religionis.
Can. 805
Sacerdotes ornnes obligatione tenentur Sacrum litandi pluries per
annum; curet autelTI Episcopus vel Superior religiosus ut iidem saltern
singulis diebus dom inicis aliisque festis de praecepto divinis operentur.
Can. 806
Excepto die Nativitatis Domini et die Commemorationis omnium
fidelium defunctorum, quibus facultas est ter offerendi Eucharisticum
Sacrificium, non licet sacerdoti plures in die celebrare Missas, ni~i ex
apostolico indulto aut potestate facta a loci Ordinario.
Hanc tarrlen facultatern impertiri nequit Ordinarius, nisl cum,
prudenti ipsius judicio: propter penuriam sacerdotum die festa de
l
praecepto notabilis fidelium pars Missae adstare non possit; non est
auten1 in ejus potestate plures quanl duas ~v1issas eidem sacerdoti
permittere.
Can. 807
Sacerdos sibi conscius peccati nl0rtalis, quantumvis se contritum
existimet, sine praemissa sacran1entali confessione Missarn celebrare
ne audeat; quod si, deficiente copia confessarii et urgente necessitate,
elicito tamen perfectae contritionis actu, celebraverit, quamprirnurn
confiteatur.
SECOND LATIN
Can. 808
Sacerdoti celebrare ne liceat, nisi j ej unio naturali a media nocte
servato.
Can. 809
Integrum est Missam applicare pro quibusvis tum vivis, tum etiam
defunctis purgatorio igne admissa expiantibus, salvo praescripto can.
2262, § 2, n. 2.
Can. 810
Sacerdos ne omittat ad Eucharistici Sacrificii oblationem sese piis
precibus disponere, eoque expleto, gratias Deo pro tanto beneficio
agere.
Can. SII
Sacerdos, Missam celebraturus, deferat vestem convenientem quae

ad talos pertingat et sacra ornamenta a rubricis sui ritus praescripta.
Abst.ineat autem a pileolo et annulo, nisi sit S.R.E. Cardinalis,
Episcopus vel Abbas benedictus, aut nisi apostolicum indultum eorum
dem usum in Missa celebranda eidem permittat.
Can. 812
Nulli sacerdoti celebranti, praeter Episcopos aliosque praelatos usu
pontificalium fruentes, licet, sola honoris aut sollemnitatis causa, ha
bere presbyterum assistentem.
Can. 813
Sacerdos Missam ne celebret sine ministro qui eidem inserviat et
respondeat.
Minister Missae inserviens ne sit mulier, nisi, deficiente viro, justa
de causa, eaque lege ut mulier ex longinquo respondeat nec ullo pacta
ad altare accedat.
LESSON XXX
Vocabulary
advertentia, fo, knowledge~ U1arnlng

ambulare, to walk
antimensium, no (in the E3stern Church, a consecrated cloth used
in place of an altar, or, sometimes, in the Syrian Church a slab of
wood so used)
attentus, attentive
aurora, fo, dawn
azymus, ttnleat'ened
cavere, cavi, cautus, to betvare
citins, Jooner, earlier, before
conficere, -feci, -fectus, to nlake, to effect
consensus, mo, consent
conventualis, conventual, of a convent
cubiculum, no, bedrootn
fas, lawful
fermentatus, fermented
genimen, no, fruit
Graecus, Greek
honestus, decent, proper
imperare, to command, to govern
imperium, no, command, rule
indeliberate, involuntarily, without deliberation
irrescindibilis, irrevocable
latissimus, widest
licitus, licit, latvful
mare, n., sea
merces, £., wag~s
166 SECOND LATIN
meridies, m., noon
miscere (2), -cui, mixtus, to mix
modicissimus, a very little
modicus, a little
nuncupare, to name, to call
odium, n., hate
pendere (2), pependi, to hang, to depend
petra, £., stone, rock
portatiIis, portable
privare, to deprive
proinde, therefore, accordingly
promerere (2), -merui, -meritus, to obtain, to deserve
rependere, -pendi, -pensus, to pay, to reward
requisitum, n., requisite
rescindere, -scicli, -scissus, to cut off, to rescind, to revoke
rescindibilis, revocable
retributio, f., reward
secumferre, -tuli, -latus, to bear tllith oneself, to take along
serius, later, after
sero,late
triticeus, u' heaten
ubicunque (ubicumque) wherever, tllhenever
ulterior, further
vitis, £., vine
votum, D., vow, prayer
Idioms
I. quam pJurimi, as rnany as possible
2. quam maxime, as much as possible
3. sera nacte, multa nocte, late at night
4. surnmus mons, the top of the hill
S. id ipsum, that very thing
6. quod ipsum, which of itself alone
7. per modum actus, by tlJay of specific instances, not habitually
SECOND LATIN
GRAMMAR
a) Trans governs the accusative and means across, through,
throughout.
trans lacum, across the lake
trans media varia, through various means
trans vitam longam, throughout a long life
b) Ultra governs the accusative, means beyond, further, on the
other side, and may express time, place, or measure.
ultra annos infantiles, beyond the years of childhood
ultra Tiberim, on the other side of the Tiber
ultra mensuram, beyond measure
c) Versus, towards, takes the accusative and may be used literally
or figuratively to denote place.
versus Galliam, toward France
versus vitam meliorem, touJard a better life
d) Absque, without, but for, except for, governs the ablative.
Absque me (te, etc.) is sometimes used with the imperfect subjunctive
to introduce a contrary to fact condition.
absque normis, without rules
absque paucis casibus, except for a few cases
absque nobis esset, if it were not for us
e) Coram, in the presence or before the eyes of, takes the ablative.
coram rege, in the presence of the king
f) Cum governs the ablative and may mean with, together with, at.
It is always attached to personal obj ect pronouns and often to relatives..
cum sacerdote, with the priest
prima cum luce, at daybreak
niecum, with me,· tecum, with you; quibuscum, with which
168 SECOND LATIN
2. The gerundive in an ablative absolute. A clause may be com
pactly expressed by using an ablative absolute made up of the gerun
dive and the past participle of the sanle verb
servatis servandis, after having observed the things that are to be ob
served (literally, the-to-be-observed having-been-observed)
EXERCISES
I. Scriptis scribendis, litteras ad regem tulit, qui nigro indutus in

throno ex auro sedebat. 2. Fas est, factis faciendis, rescindere quaepiam
jura, quae prius concessa sint. 3. Nobis recenter ostendit quod rependi
promeret, proinde retributionem donabimus ei. 4. Secum tuleruntne
altare portabile, ut Missam trans mare celebrare possent? S. Per tem
pora difficilia et trans terras frigidas ac siccas apostoli Evangelium
versus gentes haereticas adducebant. 6. Id ipsurn faciemus, ut vites
quam plurimas in locum istum latissimum ponamus. 7. Sera nocte
ad summum montem accesserunt, sed vero ob tenebras profundas
nihil viderunt. 8. Multae gentes infideles ultra mare habitabant, quod
ipsum satis erat, ut impedirentur ne ad fidem christianam converteren
tur. 9. Productis quam maxime producendis, requirebatur quod
omnes panem triticeum comedere desinerent. 10. Mixtis miscendis,
serva atque domina octo panes albos conficient, quos serius pauperibus
impertient. II. Absque iis esset, tu nuncce coram judice stares. 12. Abs
que normis talibus, mundus in statu perpetuo confusionis esset, etiam
si media infinita progressus materialis haberet. 13. Nefas est, rejectis
rej iciendis, conditiones ulteriores condonare, quae ad curas ultra
mensuram adducent. 14. Ubicunque mecum eat, semper se agit cum
energia et cum eloquentia loquitur. IS. Absque Petro Dominus non
super petram ecclesiam suam constituere potuisset. 16. Mulier, quacum
nos ambulantes versus oratorium videbatis, abbatis mater erat. 17. Sa
cerdos Graecus cum praelato ex Gallia loqui poterat, quoniam uterque
linguam latinam cognoscebat. 18. Absque vobis esset, parvulus sub
pedes bruti cecidisset. 19. Provisis providendis, non jam ullum timorem
sentiebant, eorum quae eis serius acciderent. 20. Scisne quod mare
nuncupatum sit ab antiquis 1nare nostrum?
SECOND LATIN 169
READING
I. In finem ultimum supernaturalem homo suis actibus tendere

debet: beatitudo enim aeterna tamquam merces et praemium laboris
nobis rependitur. Jam vero ut actus nostri ad finem supernaturalem
ultimum promerendum apti sint, humani, moraliter boni, supernatu
rales et meritorii esse debent: finis enim obtineri nequit nisi actibus,
qui fini sunt proportionati; sed hi soli actus £lni ultimo supernaturaIi
sunt proportionati; quare ordine agendum est de actibus humanis,
de actibus moralibus, supernaturalibus et nleritoriis.
Actus humani latissimo sensu dicuntur, qui ab homine fiunt; divi
duntur in actus honlinis et in actus stricte et proprie humanos. Actus
hominis illi dicuntur, qui homini et brutis communes sunt, quia non
pendent a libera voluntate, quales sunt actus sentiendi, actus cogitandi,
actus volendi, qui indeliberate fiunt. Actus humani dicuntur, qui
hominis proprii sunt, quia a libera voluntate dependent, quorum
proinde homo est dom.inus, et definiri solent: actus, qui a deliberata
voluntate procedunt, i.e. qui fiunt cum advertentia mentis et cum
libero consensu voluntatis, ut sunt actus liberi tum intelligendi et
volendi tum etiam sentiendi.
Actus eliciti, qui a voluntate procedunt et in ipsa perficiuntur ut
actus amoris, odii, desiderii, imperati dicuntur, qui ex imperio volun
tatis ab alia potentia, sive interna ut actus cogitandi sive externa
ut actus ambulandi, exercentur. Alii sunt interni, alii externi, alii
mixti: interni vocantur, qui ab animae potentiis mere internis per
ficiuntur ut actus cogitandi; externi vocantur, qui (a voluntate) per
organa corporis externa perficiuntur ut actus ambulandi, videndi;
mixti dicuntur, qui a potentiis externis et internis simul exercentur
ut attenta oratio vocalis, devota adoratio per genuflexionem.
Actus boni, nlah, indif1erentes: boni, qui rectae rationi sunt con
formes; mali, qui rectae rationi repugnant; indif1erentes, qui rectae
rationi nec conformes sunt nec repugnant; hi boni vel mali evadunt
potissimum ex fine, propter quem fiunt. Actus bonus aut indif1erens
vocatur etiam licitus, quia nulla lege prohibetur; malus vero nuncu
patur illicitus, quia legi vel divinae vel humanae opponitur. Alii actus
SECOND LATIN
sunt naturales, alii supernaturales: naturales illi vocantur, qui solis
naturae viribus producuntur; supernaturales illi, qui auxilio divinae
gratiae perficiuntur. Actus tum naturales tum supernaturales dicuntur
meritorii, prout digni sunt, quibus aliqua retributio rependatur. In
quibusdam actibus (qui ponuntur ad specialern efIectum producen
dum) ulterior distinctio est in validos et invalidos: validi dicuntur
qui gaudent omnibus requisitis ad proprium suurn effectum produ
cendum: invalidi autem, quibus deest aliqua condicio ad id necessaria;
sic votum dicitur validum, quod necessarias condiciones habet ad
inducendam obligationem. Validi sunt aut rescindibiles aut irrescindi
biles prout humana voluntate rescindi seu vi sua privari possunt ut
vota, contractus, aut non possunt ut sacramenta.
2. Can. 814
Sacrosanctum Missae sacrificium offerri debet ex pane et vino, cui
modicissima aqua miscenda est.
Can. 8IS
Panis debet esse mere triticeus et recenter confectus, ita ut nullum
sit periculum corruptionis.
Vinum debet esse naturale de genimine vitis et non corruptum.
Can. 816
Missae celebratione sacerdos, secundum proprium ritum, debet
panem azymum vel fermentatum adhibere ubicunque Sacrum litet.
Can. 817
Nefas est, urgente etiam extrema necessitate, alteram materiam
sine altera, aut etiam utramque, extra Missae celebrationem, conse
crare.
Can. 818
Reprobata q uavis contraria consuetudine, sacerdos celebrans accu
l"ate ac devote servet rubricas SHorum ritualium librorum, caveatque
ne alias caerenl0nias aut preces proprio arbitrio adjungat.
SECOND LATIN
Can. 819
Missae sacrificium celebrandum est lingua liturgica sui cuiusque
ritus ab Ecclesia probati.
Can. 820
Missae sacrificium omnibus diebus celebrari potest, exceptis iis qui
proprio sacerdotis ritu excluduntur.
Can. 821
Missae celebrandae initium ne fiat CItIUS quam una hora ante
auroram vel serins quam una hora post meridiem.
In nocte Nativitatis Domini inchoari media nocte potest sola Missa
conventualis vel paroecialis, non autem alia sine apostolico induIto.
In omnibus tamen religiosis seu piis domibus oratoriun1 habentibus
cum facuItate sanctissimam Eucharistiam habitualiter asservandi,
nocte Nativjtati~ Domini, unus sacerdos tres rituales Missas vel, ser
vatis servandis, unam tantum quae adstantibus omnibus ad praecepti
quoque satisfactionem valeat, celebrare potest et sacram communio
nem petentibus ministrare.
Can. 822
Missa celebranda est super altare consecratum et in ecclesia vel
oratorio consecrato aut benedicto ad normam juris, salvo praescripto
can. 1196.
Privilegium altaris portatilis vel jure vel indulto Sedis tantum Apos
tolicae conceditur.
Hoc privilegium ita intelligendum est, ut secumferat facultatem
ubique celebrandi, honesto tan1en ac decenti loco et super petram
sacram, non autem in mari.
Loci Ordinarius aut, si agatur de domo religionis exemptae, Su
perior major, licentiam celebrandi extra ecclesiam et oratorium super
petram sacram et decenti loco, nunquam autem in cubiculo, concedere
potest justa tantum ac rationabili de causa, in aliquo extraordinario
casu et per modum actus.
SECOND LATIN
Can. 823
Non Hcet Missam celebrare in templo haereticorum vel schismati
corum, etsi olim rite consecrato aut benedicto.
Deficiente altari proprii ritus, sacerdoti fas est ritu proprio celebrare
in altari consecrato alius ritus catholici, non autem super Graecorum
antimensiis.
In altaribus papalibus nemo celebret sine apostolico indulto.
LESSON XXXI
Vocabulary
accessus, In., access
adversari (dep.), to be opposed
aliunde, hence
ailoqui (dep. 3), -locutus, to address
antiquatus, archaic, out-dated
arcanus, secret, sacred
aspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to look toward
blandiri (dep.), to flatter
bravium, n., prize
castigare, to chastise, to punish
cohortari (dep. I), to encourage, to exhort
compati (dep. 3, io), -passus, to suffer lvith
deserere, -semi, -sertus, to desert, to forsal(e
discere, didici, to learn
haeres, m., heir
insinuare, to hint at, to suggest
interpres, In., expounder, translator
intueri (ciep. 2), -tuitus, to behold} to have in view
jugum, n., yoke
levis, light, slight
obtemperare, to obey
onus, n., burden
peritus, s,killed, expert
plerique, most, very many
praedicare, to preach
praefatus, aforesaid
pronus, prone, inclined
protoparens, m., first parent
173
174 SECOND LATIN
quamdiu, as long as
redigere, -egi, -actus, to bring bac k, to reduce
reprobus, cast 00, rejected
resipiscentia, f., repentance
siquidem, inasmuch as
sobrie, soberly
stadium, n., racecourse, race
testari (dep.), to testify
theophania, f., manifestation of God in human form
verax, true
verberare, to beat
versiculus, m., verse
V. Test. (abbr.), Old Testalnent
vocabulum, n., name
Idioms
I. de hac re hactenus, so much for that
2. ire obviam, to go to 1n eet
3. jam non, no longer
4. jam diu, for a long time
5. jam dudum, long, a long tim~
6. jam jamque, now at this very moment
GRAMMAR
a) Prae, before, in comparison with, takes the ablative.
Crucem prae se fert. He bears the cross before him.
Prae templo id parvum est. 1"1his is small in comparison tvith the
temple.
b) Pro, in front of, for the sake of, in behalf of, instead of, takes the
ablative.
pro sacello, in front of the chapel
SECOND LATIN 175
pro avo, in behalf of the grandfather
pro consule, instead of the consul (proconsul)
c) Sine, tvithaut} governs the ablative.
sine consensu, without the consent
d) Tenus, as far as} up to} governs the ablative. It follows its object
and is frequently attached to the feminine of an adjective pronoun to
form an adverb.
Sinis tenus, as far as China
tecto tenus, up to the roof
hactenus, hitherto
quatenus, so far as
e) Sub, under} governs the accusative when motion is indicated,
but the ablative when it denotes rest in a place.
Ea sub sedem posuit. He put them under the chair.
Aqua sub terra est. There is tvater under the ground.
f) Subter, beneath} below} usually governs the accusative, but may
take the ablative.
subter montem, below the hill
subter lacu, below tile lake
g) Super, over} above} governs the accusative to indicate place.
With the meaning of concerning or about} it takes the ablative.
super capita nostra, over our heads
super socordia, concerning sloth
2. In Latin the present indicative with expressions of duration
of time is used where English requires the present perfect. The im
perfect, therefore, is replaced in English by the pluperfect.
Jam diu credit quoniam filius suus adhuc vivit. He has long believed
that his son is still living.
Jam dudum loquebantur. They had been talking for a long time.
SECOND LATIN
EXERCISES
I. Eos jam dudum cohortamur, ut notiones suas falsas de hereditate

rejiciant. 2. Quatenus scimus septem annos de hac re non agitur. 3. Pa
ter vir justus atque humilis erat, qui non solum filiis compatiebatur,
sed etiam conjunctis ac amicis. 4. Super coenam suam duas horas
remanebant, nam non alii alios jam dudum videbant. S. Multos jam
annos satagunt, cum modica necessitas tanti sac:rificii fuerit. 6. Super
virtutibus theologicis jam diu legimus, et jam jamque non eas nomi
nare possumus. 7. Ea matri suae obvianl venit, quia eam accedentem
ex longinquo viderat. 8. Olim propter domini amorem laboraverunt,
sed jam diu solum mercedem intuentur. 9. De hac re hactenus, nisi
vobis est in animo totam noctem agere super praedestinatione disse
rendo. 10. Prope montem modicum aurum invenerunt, quod effecit,
ut amplius subter petras quaererent. II. Mercedes hujus mundi tenues
sunt prae remunerationibus quas in caelis expectaturi sumus. 12. Dia
conus incensum prae se ferens in oratorium introivit, ubi nunlerus
praenlagnus ex incolis circumstabant. 13. Sine parochi licentia nemini
summa turre tenus ascendere licet. 14. Jam dudum in stadio currit,
sed nondum bravium accepit. IS. Conservis suis jam diu blandiebatur,
proinde serius iis sine difficultate suasit ut dominum traderent.
READING
I. Nemo, quantumvis justificatus, liberum se esse ab observatione

mandatorum putare debet, nemo temeraria illa et a patribus sub
anathemate prohibita voce uti, Dei praecepta homini justificato ad
observandum esse impossibilia. Nam Deus impossibilia non jubet,
sed jubendo monet, et facere quod possis et petere quod non possis, et
adjuvat ut possis; cujus mandata gravia non sunt, cujus jugum suave
est et onus leve. Qui enim sunt filii Dei, Christum diligunt; qui autem
diligunt eum (ut ipsemet testatur), servant sermones ejus, quod utique
cum divino auxilio praestare possunt. Licet enim in hac mortali vita
quantumvis sancti et justi in levia saltenl et quotidiana, quae etiam
venialia dicuntur, peccata quandoque cadant, non propterea desinunt
SECOND LATIN 177
esse justi. Nam justorum ilIa vox est et humilis et verax: Dimitte nobis
debita nostra. Quo fit, ut j usti ipsi eo magis se obligatos ad ambulan
dum in via justitiae sentire debeant, quo liberati jam a peccato, sertli
autem facti Deo, sobrie et juste et pie viventes, proficere possint per
Christum Jesum, per quem accessum habuerunt in gratiam istam.
Deus namque sua gratia semel j ustificatos non deserit~ nisi ab eis
prius deseratur. Itaque nemo sibi in sola fide blandiri debet, putans fide
sola se haeredem esse constitutum haereditatemque consecuturum,
etiamsi Christo non compatiatur, ut et conglorificetur. Nam et Chris
tus ipse (ut inquit Apostolus), cunl esset Filius Dei, didicit ex iis,
quae passus est, obedientiam, et consummatus factus est omnibus
obtemperantibus sibi causa salutis aeternae. Propterea Apostolus ipse
monet justificatos dicens: Nescitis quod ii, qui in stadio currunt,
omnes quidem currunt, sed unus accipit bravium? sic currite, ut
comprehendatis. E'go igitur sic curro, non quasi in incertuln, sic
pugno; non quasi aerem verberans, sed castigo corpus meum et in
servitutem redigo; ne forte, cum aliis praedicaverim, ipse reprobus
efficiar. Item princeps apostolorum Petrus: Satagite, ut per bona
opera certam vestraln vocationem et electionem faciatis; haec enim
facientes non peccabitis aliquando. U nde constat, eos orthodoxae
religionis doctrinae adversari, qui dicunt, justum in omoi bono opere
saltem venialiter peccare, aut, quod intolerabilius est, poenas aeternas
mereri; atque etiam eos, qui statuunt, in omnibus operibus justos
peccare, si in i11is suam ipsorum socordiam excitando et sese ad curren
durn in stadio cohortando, cum hoc, ut in primis glorificetur Deus,
mercedem quoque intuentur aeternam, cum scriptum sit: lnclinavi
cor meum ad faciendas justificationes tuas propter retributionem, et
de Moyse dicat Apostolus, quod aspiciebat in remuneratione.
Nemo, quamdiu in hac mortalitate vivitur, de arcano divinae prae
destinationis mysterio usque adeo praesumere debet, ut certo statuat
se omnino esse in numero praedestinatorum, quasi verum esset, quod
justificatus aut amplius peccare non possit, aut, si peccaverit, certam
sibi resipiscentiam promittere debeat. Nam nisi ex speciali revelatione
sciri non potest, quos Deus sibi elegerit.
SECOND LATIN
2. Deus Judaeis mysterium SSe Trinitatis expresse proponere noluit,
ne forte putarent ibi tres deos proponi colendos; historia enim constat
eos, propter nationes paganas quibus circumdabantur, ad polytheis
mum maxime pronos fuisse; sed, tum verbis tum theophaniis aliquam
esse pluralitatem in divinis primum indigitavit, posteaque magis dilu
cide secundam saltern esse personam in Deo esse gradatim manifesta
vit, ut ita via pararetur plenae hujus mysterii revelationi. In nonnullis
V. Test. locis pluralitas in Deo insinuatur. Praetermittimus ea quae
nonnulli Patres de primis versiculis Genesis exposuerunt: dicebant
siquidem in principio idem sonare ac in Filio) et vocabulum spiritus
Dei de tertia SSe T rinitatis persona intelligebant; sed apud linguae
hebraicae peritos, haec expositio jam est antiquata. Neque ex plurali
forma Elohim aliquid certi deduci potest: Judaei enim et plerique
interpretes dicunt plurale hoc esse majestaticum, indicans in divinae
essentiae unitate multiplicem esse virtutem. Aliis tamen in locis haec
pluralitas indigitatur. Deus, antequam hominem crearet, dixit: F a U
ciamus hominem ad imaginem et similitudinem nostram",. itenl,

quando jam in eo erat ut expelleret protopJrentes ex paradiso, ait:
"Ecce Adam quasi unus ex nobis",. tandem post aedificationem turris
Babel, Deus ita loquitur: UVenite igitur, descendamus et confundamus
ibi linguam eorum." Atqui, licet stricte loquendo, illud plurale in
lingua hebraica adhiberi possit ab unica persona, vel majestatis causa,
vel ad intensitatem exprimendam, melius tamen explicatur si de
facto admittantur plures in Deo personae praesertim ubi dicitur unus
ex nobis; revera plerique Patres ita praefata verba intellexerunt; ait
enim Faustinus, presbyter Ronlanus: "Non est unius personae dicere
faciamus ad imaginem et similitudinem nostram, sed neque diversae
deitatis. Nam pluralitas horum verborum, i.e. faciamus et nostram,
Patris et Filii personas significat. Quod autem singulariter imaginem
dicit, una deitas, una virtus utriusque personae manifestatur." Nec
dici potest hic Deum alloqui Angelos; nam nulla neque praecessit,
neque sequitur Angelorun1 mentio. Aliunde, ut notat Augustinus,
homo ad imaginem Dei, non angelorum factus est.
LESSON XXXII
Vocabulary
Adae, gen. of Adam, m., Adam

aegre, with hardship
confugere (io), -fugi, to flee
contingere, -tigi, -tactus, to touch, to extend to
dissentire, -sensi, -sensus, to disagree, to dissent, to refuse to give assent
figmentum, n., fiction
formaliter, jortnally
fusius, more extensively, at greater length
gehenna, f., hell
generare, to beget, to create
inanime, inanifnately
innuere, -nui, -nutus, to intirnate
invehere, -vexi, -vectus, to bring into, to introduce
metus, m., fear
obumbrare, to overshadotll
pejor, worse
permissive, permissively
poenitere (2), -itui, to repent
proditio, fo, treason
recensere (2), -censui, -censitus, to enumerate
renasci (depo 3), -natus, to be born again
satanas, mo, Satan
subobscure, somewhat obscurely
textus, m., text
uterus, m., womb
vehementius, earnestly
119
180 SECOND LATIN
Idioms
I. nihil aliud, nothing else
2~ nulla ex parte, in no way
3. ex eo quod, because, fron1 the fact that

4. ex fide, in good faith
5. non nisi, only
GRA~1MAR
I. Vocative case. This is the case of direct address.
a) The vocative is the same as the nominative in form except in
the singular of nouns and adjectives in -us of the second declension.

These have e in the vocative.
b) Proper names in -ius of the second declension have -i in the
vocative; so also filius, fiIi; genius (divine guardian), genie
Audi, mi filL Hear, my son.
\Tergilius, Vergili
c) Adjectives in -ius form the vocative in -ie.

Lacedaetllonie, 0 Spartan
d) The vocative singular of meus is mi or meus.
Attendite, popule meus, legem meam. Attend, 0 my people, to my law.
e) Deus has the vocative the same as the nominative.
Audi me, Deus Domine. Hear me, 0 Lord God.
f) Jesus has the vocative Jesu.
Tu solus Altissimus, Jesu Christe. Thou only, 0 Jesus Christ, art mosl
high.
2. The imperative mood.
a) The imperative is used in commands and entreaties.
SECOND LATIN 181
Dic, mi fili. Speak, my son.
Exsurgite, Romani. Arise, Romans.
Miserere nobis, Domine. Have mercy on us, 0 Lord.
b) The third person of the imperative is formal and declamatory..

Terram amanto. They shall love the earth.
1~his form of the imperative is often replaced by the hortatory sub
junctive.
Terram ament. Let them love the earth.
c) The future imperative is used \vhere there is a definite reference
to the future, or where the command implies permanency.
Cras adstato. Tomorrow thou shalt be present.
Estote semper fideles. Be ye ever faith ful.
d) Scire, meminisse, and habere usually take the future imperative

instead of the present.
Scito jugum non leve esse. K'now that the yoke is not light.
Occasionis hujus mementote, amici mei. Remember this occasion, my
friends.
Id habeto utpote motivum bonum. Regard this as a good motive.
e) Quin with the present indicative n1ay replace the imperative.

Quin bravium accipis. Here, take the prize (why not take the prize).
Quin eos agnoscitis. Acknowledge them.
f) The simple imperative may also be replaced by such introductory
words as cura ut, take care that; fac (fac ut), do that; velim, 1 should
like, followed by the subjunctive.
Cura ut id discas bene. T ake care to learn it well.
Facite ut humiles sitis. Try to be hZ!1nble.
Velim citius venias. Please come earlier.
SECOND LATIN
EXERCISES
I. Velim facere desinas ea quae non nisi aegre peragantur. 2. Quin

hanc vestetn albam induis; nigra non indigebis usque ad feriam quar
tam. 3. Curate ut genuflexionem faciatis, ubique ad altare accedatis.
4. Fac eis n1ercedem pendas, qua familias suas proprie et decenter
sustineant. 5. Memento, fllia mea, gustus alienos considerare potius
quam tuos. 6. Scitote avum vestrum fortitudinis non satis habere,
ut pericula laboresque hujus terrae novae ferat. 7. Jace, Paule, petram
in aquam, et circulos paulatim extendentes usque ad terram videbis.
8. Tecum fer omne quod relictum est, ut nihil perdatur. 9. Audi,
sancte Laurenti, orationem meanl, qui magna cum fortitudine renun
tiare Christum noluisti. 10. Due, mi pater, et in fines ipsos inimicorum
te sequi promitto. I I. Reveremini, Latini, patrum opera praeclara
vestrorurn, et majora vera perficere poteritis in annis venturis. 12. Sus
cipite, rei, certitudinelTI de poenis dignis, cum omnia delicta vestra
inventa sint. 13. Scito semitam, quae sapientia tenus ducat, petris
sparsa est. 14. Cllra ut copia nutrimenti pueris ac mulieribus praebea
tur in iBis civiratibus praesertim quae novissime destructae sint.
IS. 1fonemini ad ten1pus, homines, nam dubium est an regis prae
judicia permittant, ut subditis suis privilegia concedat, quae jam diu
sperent.
READING
I. Si quis dixerit, hominem suis operibus, quae vel per humanae

naturae vires, vel per legis dactrinam fiant, absque divina per Chris
tum Jesum gratia posse j ustificari coram Dea: anathema sit.
Si qllis dixerit, ad hoc solum divinam gratiam per Christum Jesum
dari, ut facilius homo j uste vivere ac vitam aeternam promereri
possit, quasi per liberum arbitrium sine gratia utrumque, sed aegre
tamen et diB1culter possit: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, sine praeveniente Spiritus Sancti inspiratione atque
ejus adjutorio hominetn credere, sperare et diligere aut poenitere posse,
sicut oportet, ut ei j ustificationis gratia conferatur: anathema sit.
SECOND LATIN
Si quis dixerit, liberum haminis arbitrium a Deo motum et ex
citatum nihil cooperari assentiendo Dea excitanti atque vacanti, quo
ad obtinendam justificationis gratiam se disponat ac praeparet, neque
posse dissentire, si velit, sed velut inanime quoddam nihil omnino
agere mereque passive se habere: anathema sit.
Si quis liberum hominis arbitrium post Adae peccatum amissum
et extinctum esse dixerit, aut rem esse de solo titulo, immo titulum
sine re, figmentum denique a satana invectum in ecclesiam: ana
thema sit.
Si quis dixerit, non esse in potestate hominis vias suas malas facere,
sed mala opera ita ut bona Deum operari, non permissive solum, sed
etiam proprie et per se, adeo ut sit proprium ejus opus non minus
proditio Judae quam vocatio Pauli: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, opera omnia, quae ante justificationem fiunt, qua
cumque ratione facta sint, vere esse peccata vel odium Dei mereri, aut
quanta vehementius quis nititur se disponere ad gratiam, tanto eum
gravius peccare: anatherna sit.
Si quis dixerit, gehennae metum, per quem ad misericordiam Dei
de peccatis dolendo confugimus vel a peccando abstinemus, peccatum
esse aut peccatores pejores facere: anathema sit.
Si q uis dixerit, sola fide impiun1 justificari, ita ut intelligat, nihil
aliud requiri quod justificationis gratianl consequendam cooperetur,
et nulla ex parte necesse esse eum suae voluntatis motu praeparari
atque disponi: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, homines sine Christi justitia, per quam nobis meruit,
justificari, aut per earn ipsam formaliter j ustos esse: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, homines justificari vel sola imputatione justitiae
Christi, vel sola peccatorunl remissione, exclusa gratia et caritate, quae
in cordibus eorum per Spiritum Sanctum diffundatur atque illis
inhaereat, aut etiam gratiam, qua justificamur, esse tantum favorem
Dei: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, fidem justificantem nihil aliud esse quam fiduciam
divinae misericordiae, peccata remittentis propter Christ.um, vel earn
fiduciam salam esse, qua justificamur: anathema sit.
SECOND LATIN
Si quis dixerit, omni homini ad remissionem peccatorum assequen
dam necessarium esse, ut credat certo et absque ulla haesitatione
propriae infirmitatis et indispositionis, peccata sibi esse remissa: ana
then1a sit.
Si quis dixerit, hominem a peccatis absolvi ac justificari ex eo, quod
se absolvi ac j ustificari certo credat, aut neminem vere esse j ustifica
tum, nisi qui credit se esse justificatum, et hac sola fide absolutionem et
j ustificationem perfici: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, hominem renatum et justificatum teneri ex fide ad
credendum, se certo esse in numero praedestinatorum: anathenla sit.
Si quis Inagnum illud usque in finem perseverantiae donum se
certo habiturum absoluta et infallibilj certitudine dixerit, nisi hoc ex
speciali revelatione didicerit: anathema sit.
Si quis justificationis gratiam non nisi praedestinatis ad vitam con
tingere dixerit, reliquos vero omnes, qui vocantur, vocari quidem sed
gratiam non accipere, utpate divina potestate praedestinatos ad ma
lum: anathema sit.
2. 1vfagis dilucide secunda persona, a prima distincta, eique coae
qualis, in nonnullis locis, a tempore Prophetarum, jam commemora
tur: praecipua solum recensemus, de illis fusius infra disputaturi.
In Psalmis duo numerantur Domini plane distincti, quorum unus
generat alterum, unus sedet ad dexteram alterius: "Filius meus es tu,
ego hodie genui tee ... Dixit Dominus Domino meo, sede a dextris
meis": atqui in his locis probabiliter saltem apparet non solum existen
tia secundae personae, sed etiam ejus divinitas et consubstantialitas;
nam Filius, qui generatur a Patre, debet non solum ab eo distingui,
sed etiam possidere eamdem naturam ac Pater; et quum in Deo unica
sit numerice natura, ut patet ex multis aliis Scripturae locis, perfecta
naturae identitas inveniri debet in Patre et Filio. Eadem doctrina
clare invenitur in prophetia de Emmanuel, et in libris Proverbiorum
et Ecclesiastici, in quibus asseritur existentia Sapientiae cujusdam in
creatae, a Deo distinctae et tamen omnes divinitatis characteres prae
se ferentis. Trinitas personarum in ipso mysterio Annuntiationis satis
clare enuntiatur; ibi enim videmus Angelum a Deo Patre rnissum:
SECON'D LATIN 18s
"Missus est Angelus Gabriel a Deo in civitatem Galilaeae"; deinde ex
hibetur Spiritus Sanctus ut efformaturus aninlam et corpus Christi in
utero Virginis: "Spiritus Sanctus superveniet in te, et virtus Altissimi
obumbrabit tibi"; tandem Filius annuntiatur ut ex virgine nasciturus:
"Ideoque et quod nascetur ex te Sanctum vocabitur Filius Dei."
Earumdem consubstantialitas non potest quidem evidenter demon
strari ex hoc solo textu; sed jam innuitur, quia secunda persona vaca
tur Filius Dei; atqui Filius verus et proprie dictus particeps esse debet
et quidem substantialiter naturae Patris; quod confirn1atur ex eo quod
infra Maria vocatur mater Domini, seu mater Dei; ergo ejus Filius
est vere Deus. Divinitas autem Spiritus S. subobscure significatur ver
bis quibus vocatur Spiritus Altissimi, sicut Filius dicitur Altissimi
Filius.
LESSON XXXIII
Vocabulary
aditus, m., approach, access, gate

alibi, elsewhere
aliquomodo, somehow, in some manner
assumere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to take
augmentum, n., increase
columba, f., dove
confestim, immediately
consecutio, f., attain ment
decedere, -cessi, -cessus, to depart, to die
denique, at length, precisely, no less
derogare, to detract from, to derogate
edocere (2), -docui, -doctus, to instruct
exsolvere, -solvi, -soIutus, to loose
fidere (semidep. 3), fisus, to trust
hucusque, hitherto
infidelitas, f., unbelief
intuitus, nl., view, attention
labi (dep. 3), lapsus, to slip, to fall
nudus, bare, sole
paulo, a little while, shortly
plenius, more fully
sane, truly, indeed, very
solummodo, only
synodus, f., council
Idioms
I. aliqua ex parte, in some respect
2. fiat, so be it, very good
186
SECOND LATIN
3. ut fit, as is commonly the cas~
4. quanto opere, how greatly, how much
s. quin etiam, yea indeed
6. quin immo, yea rather
GRAMMAR
I. Prohibition or negative command.

a) This may be expressed by noli \vith the infinitive, by cave with
the present subjunctive, or by ne with the perfect subjunctive.
Noli iis fidere. Do not trust them.
Cave labaris. Do not slip.
Illud ne dixeritis. Do 110t say that.
b) The future imperative with ne is more formal.
N e jus civile negligitote. Do not disregard the civillaw.
c) '""fhe future \vith non is sometimes used in general precepts in
tended for all time.
Non oeeides. 1 hou shalt not kill.
Non furtum faeies.Thou shalt not steal.
2. The future participle.

a) The chief use of the future participle is to form the active peri
phrastic with esse.
Deeessuri sunt. They are about to die.
Ignem tacturus erat. He uJas about to touch the fire.
b) Without esse the future participle may be used in agreement with
a noun to denote future likelihood or intention.
Servos jamvero egressuros ejecit. He ejected the servants who already
intended to leave.
EXERCISES
I.Cavete laborem difficilem inehoetis, quoad ideam elaram habeas,

quomodo faciendus sit. 2. Nolite onera vobiscumferre; alii felici
188 SECOND LATIN
tatem habeant de iis participandis. 3. Ea decreta ne rescinditote; iis
indigemus ut usque ad salvationen1 nostram dirigamur. 4. Ne homi
nem mercede justa privaveris; unus est modus mittendi panem tuum
super aquas. S. Non loqueris contra proximum tUUlTI falsum testi
monium. 6. Scito eos qui trans mare iverint, ut pro libertate pugnarent,
ad patriam suam redituros esse. 7. Memento, mi amice, de die festo;
Luciae ecclesiae ad januam obviam ituri sumus non serius quam una
hora post auroram. 8. In annis venturis multas res intelligemus quae
nobis nunc obscurae videantur. 9. Cum eum denique invenissent,
dormiebat in cubiculo obscuro ac frigido, et statim videbant eum
moriturum esse. 10. Semetipsos lacus in aquas immersuri erant, curn
expedite ignis Hammae extinguerentur. I I. Non assumes nornen
Domini Dei tui in vanum; hoc mandatum secundum est. 12. Cavete
indiscriminatim loquamini de rebus alienis. 13. Noli desinere geni
mina vitis colligere, donee sol altus in caelis est. 14. N e dixeris, mi
pater, te stultas sententias mundanas accipere post tantos annos sa
pienter vivendi. Minime, filia mea. IS. Inter petras refugituri eran1US,
cum furiosos leonis oculos effulgentes in tenebris videremus.
READING
I. Si quis dixerit, Dei praecepta homini etiam justificato et sub

gratia constituto esse ad observandum impossibilia: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, nihil praeceptum esse in evangelio praeter fidem,
cetera esse indifferentia, neque praecepta, neque prohibita, sed libera,
aut decem praecepta nihil pertinere ad Christianos: anathema sit.
Si q uis hominem justificatum et q uantumlibet perfectum dixerit
non teneri ad observantian1 mandatorum Dei et ecclesiae, sed tantum
ad credendum, quasi vero evangelium sit nuda et absoluta promissio
vitae aeternae, sine conditione observationis mandatorum: anathema
sit.
Si quis dixerit, Christum Jesum a Deo hominibus datum fuisse ut
redemptorem, cui fidant, non etiam ut legislatorem, cui obediant:
anathema sit.
Si quis hominem semel justificatum dixerit amplius peccare non
SECOND LATIN
posse, neque gratiam amittere, atque ideo eum, qui labitur et peccat,
nunquam vere fuisse justificatum; aut contra, posse in tota vita peccata
omnia, etiam venialia vitare, nisi ex speciali Dei privilegio, quemad..
modum de beata Virgine tenet ecclesia: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, justitiam acceptam non conservari atque etiam non
:'\ugeri coram Deo per bona opera, sed opera ipsa fructus solummodo
et signa esse j ustificationis adeptae, non autem ipsius augendae cau
sam: anathema sit.
Si quis in quolibet bono opere justum saltern venialiter peccare dixe
rit, aut, quod intolerabilius est, mortaliter, atque ideo poenas aeternas
mereri, tantumque ob id non damnari, quia Deus ea opera non im
putet ad damnationern: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, justos non debere pro bonis operibus, quae in Deo
fuerint facta, exspectare et sperare aeternam retributionem a Deo per
ej us misericordiam et Jesu Christi meritum, si bene agendo et di
vina mandata custodiendo usque in finem perseveraverint: anathema
sit.
Si quis dixerit, nullum essemortale peccatum nisi infidelitatis, aut
nullo alia quantumvis gravi et enormi praeterquanl infidelitatis pec
cato semel acceptanl gratiam amitti: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, amissa per peccatum gratia simul et fidem semper
amitti, aut fidem, quae remanet, non esse veram fidem, licet non sit
viva, aut eum, qui fidem sine caritate habet, non esse Christianum: ana
thema sit.
Si quis dixerit, eum, qui post baptismum lapsus est, non posse per
Dei gratiam resurgere; aut posse quidem, sed sola fide, amissam justi
tiam recuperare sine sacramento poenitentiae, prout sancta Romana
et universalis ecclesia, a Christo Domino et ejus apostolis edocta, hu
cusque professa est, servavit et docuit: anathema sit.
Si quis post acceptam justificationis gratiam cuilibet peccatori
poenitenti ita culpam remitti et reatum aeternae poenae deleri dixerit,
ut nullus remaneat reatus poenae temporalis, exsolvendae vel in hoc
saeculo vel in futuro in purgatorio, antequam ad regna coelorum aditus
patere possit : anathema sit.
19° SECOND LATIN
Si qui3 dixerit, justificatum peccare, dum intuitu aeternae mercedis
bene operatur: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit~ hominis j ustificati bona opera ita esse dona Dei, ut
non sint etiam bona ipsius justificati merita, aut ipsum justificatum
bonis operibus, quae ab eo per Dei gratiam et Jesu Christi meritum,
cujus vivum membrum est, fiunt, non vere mereri augmenturn gra
tiae, vitam aeternam et ipsius vitae aeternae (si tamen in gratia de
cesser it) consecutionem, atque etiam gloriae augmentum: anathema
sit.
Si quis dixerit, per hanc doctrinam catholicam de justificatione, a
sancta synodo hoc praesenti decreto expressam, aliqua ex parte gloriae
Dei vel meritis Jesu Christi Domini nostri derogari, et non potius
veritatem fidei nostrae, Dei denique ac Christi Jesu gloriam illustrari:
anathema sit.
2. In Baptismo Christi clare etiam apparet realis distinctio trium

personarum, non solum ex variis nominibus quibus designantur, sed
etiam ex operationibus plane distinctis quas efficiunt; sjquidem Pater
loquitur de coelo: "E~t ecce vox de coelis dicens: hic est Filius dilectus,
in quo mihi complacui"; Filius autem baptizatur a Joanne Baptista et
ascendit de aqua: "Baptizatus autem Jesus confestim ascendit de
aqua"; tandem Spiritus Sallctus ab utroque distinguitur, nam dum
Pater de coelo loquitur, Ipse descendit super Christum, et quidem
sub corporali specie columbae: "Et descendit Spiritus Sanctus corpo
rali specie sicut columba in ipsum"; evidens est igitur i110s tres non
esse unam personam, sed tres personas realiter distinctas. Unitas autem
naturae ibi non quidem tam clare sed tamen aliquomodo apparet; nam
Christus asseritur Filius Dei; et quidem additur: "in quo mihi com
placui," ut declaretur eum esse Filium proprium et prae omnibus di
lectum. Spiritus autem vacatur Spiritus Dei, seu a Deo ipso procedens,
ut plenius alibi explicabitur, ac proinde substantiae divinae particeps.
Nec minus clare apparet trium personarum realis distinctio in pro
missione Spiritus Sancti a Christo facta in Coena ultima. Ait enim
Christus: "Ego rogabo Patrem, et alium Paraclitum dabit vobis ut
SECOND LATIN 19 1
maneat vobiscum in aeternum ..." ceparaclitus autem Spiritus Sanc

tus, quem tnittit Pater in nomine meo, ille vos docebit omnia ...."
Sane realis esse debet distinctio inter Patrern qui mittit Spiritum, et
Filium qui rogat Patrem ut Spiritus mittatur, et Spiritum ipsum qui
mittitur a Patre, in nomine Filii; nam mittens a misso, Pater a Filio
distinguitur; aliunde Spiritus dicitur alius a Filio; et ita tres habemus
personas vere distinctas. Ex contextu apparet etiam trium personarurn
consubstantialitas: paulo enim antea Christus dixerat: "qui videt me,
videt et Patrem • ••• Non creditis quia ego in Patre et Pater in me est?
Alioquin propter opera ipsa credite": quae quidem verba perfectam
aequalitatem Patris et Filii important, praesertim si sumantur cum
toto contextu, et loco parallelo apud Joannem: "Ego et Pater unum
surnus. . . . Si non facio opera Patris mei, nolite credere mihi; si
autem facio, et si mihi non vultis credere, operibus credite."
LESSON XXXIV
Vocabulary
aequaliter, equally
auctoritas, f., authority
brevis, short
consuetus, accustomed
contemnere, -tempsi, -temptus, to despise
diserte, distinctly} clearly} expressly
insuper, moreover
libitum, n., pleasure} liking
nutrire, to nourish
obex, m. and f., hindrance} obstacle
par, equal
poenitentia, f., penance
praedicatio, f., sermon} preaching
signare, to mark, to stamp
singuli (rarely in singular), separate} individual
ungere, unxi, unctus, to anoint
Idioms
I. ex professo, avowedly} openly
2. pro libito, at pleasure
3. summo opere, in the highest degree
4. satis superque, enough and more than enough
5. immo maxime, tnost certainly not
6. non modo, not only
7. ne ••• quidem, not even
8. ex opere operato. A sacrament that is administered validly and
19 2
SECOND LATIN 193
received by a person who is capax has its effect; it works ex opere
operato. If the effect of a good work (e.g., use of the sacranlentals)
depends on a person's spiritual disposition, it works ex opere operantis.
GRAMMAR
I. The supine.
a) The supine in -um is used after verbs of motion to express pur
pose.
Venit remotum obicem. He came to remove the obstacle.
b) The supine in -u is used with a few adjectives and with the nouns
fas, nefas, and opus.
Res factu prava est. It is a wicked thing to do.
2. So-called relative clauses of characteristic require the subj unctive.
These may be identified as follows.
a) The antecedent of the relative pronoun may be indefinite. Res
quasdam fecit, quas non explicare possim. He has done certain things
that I cannot explain.
b) The antecedent filay be negative.
Nihil habent quod velimus videre. They have nothing that we wish
to see.
c) Unus or solus may be the antecedent or modify the antecedent
of the relative pronoun.
Immutatio est sola quae effecta sit. That is the only change that has
been brought about.
d) Quam ut or quam qui may introduce the relative clause.

Vestis brevior est quam ut usque ad talos pertingat. The garment is
too short to reach the ankles (shorter than it should be in order to
reach).
Magis laboris pueris dederunt quam quem desiderarent. T hey gave
the boys too much work to do (more than what they desired).
194 SECO!'4TI LATIN
e) 1ne adjectives dignus, indignus, aptus, and idoneus may take a

relative clause in the subjunctive. The negative is non.
Hie casus non dignus est quem consideremus. This case is not worth
collsiderin g.
EXERCISES
I. Progressi sunt alienis suasurn, sed ad extremum ipsis suasum est

ut doctrinas novas acciperent. 2. Venit pro libito contemptum, sed,
priusquam exivit, occasionem habebat sobrie cogitandi. 3. Multa
exercitia, quae corpus forte efl1ciant, eum delectabant. 4. Nullam
opinionern expressit, quae penitus probari possit. 5. Judex est unus,
cui unusquisque fidat. 6. Hoc nefas est dictu, non igitur necesse est,
ut te acimoneam contra. 7. Stultum est vetitu quod non cogi possit.
8. Abbas vetustior erat quam ut concilia tridentino adstaret. 9. Coronae
majores erunt quam quas parvuli super frontes suas ponant. 10. Orna
mentum solum quo se induisset, annulus ex argenta erato II. IUud
opus est memoratu, aliter omnes passiones vestrae vanae fuerint.
12. Non modo fas est indultu, sed etiam maxime essenriale. 13. Haec
dioecesis summo opere meritoria est, ut labores episcopi minuantur,
cum venit auxilium petitum. 14. Ne scio quidem quare interim vene
rint fraudem suam confessum. IS. Satis superque dedit, tt nuUis operis
pepercit, quae alios impellerent ad exemplum ejus nobile sequendum.
READING
I. 5i quis dixerit, sacramenta novae legis non fuisse omnia a Jesu

Christo Domino nostro instituta, aut esse plura vel pauciora quarn
septem, videlicet baptismum, confirmationem, Eucharistiam, poeni
tentiam, extremam unctionem, ordinem et matrimonium, aut etiam
aliquod horum septem non esse vere et proprie sacramentum: ana
thema sit.
Si quis dixerit, ea ipsa novae legis sacramenta a sacramentis antiquae
legis non differre, nisi quia caeremoniae sunt aliae et alii ritus externi:
anathema sit.
SECOND LATIN 195
Si quis dixerit, haec septem sacramenta ita esse inter se paria, ut
nulla ratione aliud sit alia dignius: anathema site
Si quis dixerit, sacramenta novae legis non esse ad salutem neces-
saria, sed superflua, et sine eis aut eorum voto per solam fidem homines
a Deo gratiam justificationis adipisci~ licet omnia singulis necessaria
non sint: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, haec sacramenta propter solam fidem nutriendam
instituta fuisse: 3nathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, sacramenta novae legis non continere gratiam quam
significant, aut gratiam ipsam non ponentibus obicem non conferre,
quasi signa tantum externa sint acceptae per fidem gratiae vel justitiae,
et notae quaedam Christianae professionis, quibus apud homines dis
cernuntur fideles ab infideliblls: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, non dari gratiam per hujusmodi sacramenta semper
et omnibus, quantum est ex parte Dei, etiam si rite ea suscipiant, sed
aliquando et aliquibus: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, per ipsa novae legis sacramenta ex opere operata
non conferri gratiam, sed salam fidem divinae promissionis ad gra
tiam consequendam sufl1cere: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit> in tribus sacranlentis, baptismo scilicet, confirma
tione et ordine, non imprirni characterem in anima, hoc est signum
quoddam spirituale et indelebile, uncle ea iterari non possunt: ana
thema sit.
Si quis dixerit, Christianos omnes in verbo et onlnibus sacrarnentis
administrandjs habere potestatem: anathema sit.
Si q uis dixerit~ in n1inistris, durn sacramenta conficiunt et con
ferunt, non requiri intentionem, saltern faciendi quod facit ecclesia:
anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, ministrum in peccato rnortali exsistentem, modo
omnia essentialia, quae ad sacran1entum conf1ciendum aut conferen
dum pertinent, servaverit, non conficere aut conferre sacramentum:
anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, receptos et approbatos ecclesiae catholicae ritus in
~olemni sacramentorum administratione adhiberi consuetos aut con
SECOND LATIN
temni, aut sine peccato a ministris pro libito omitti, aut in novos alios
per quemcumque ecclesiarum pastorem mutari posse: anathema sit.
2. Tandem trinitas personarum manifeste apparet in forma Bap
tismi a Christo tradita: "Euntes ergo docete omnes gentes baptizantes
eos in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti"; nam in textu graeco
tum conjunctio tun1 articulus repetuntur ante nomen cujuslibet per
sonae; quod quidem ridiculum esset si unica tantum esset in Deo
persona, triplici virtute praedita; repetitio enim articuli tam em
phatica non patest explicari sine reaIi distinctione personarum; insuper
Pater certo est alius a Filio, et si ita est, tertius terminus, seu Spiritus S.,
debet esse persona a duabus aliis distincta. Ex iisdem verbis deducitur
etiam naturae unitas; nam agitur hic de ritu baptismali, per quem con
fertur gratia sanctificans: jam vero gratia non potest dari nisi in
nomine, seu virtute, seu auctoritate Dei; ergo tres personae, in q uarum
nomine datur gratia, sunt realiter Deus, ac proinde unius divinae
naturae aequaliter particeps. Constat enim Apostolos, statilTI post
Pentecosten, divinitatem Christi praedicavisse ex professo, et divinita
tern Spiritus Sancti data opportunitate, ac proinde tres personas in
Deo agnovisse. Ita v.g. S. Petrus, in prima praedicatione, quam ad
Judaeos habuit, aperte declarat Christum esse ilIum quem David
Dominum (i.e. Deum) vocat; in secunda praedicatione Christum vo
cat "Auctorem vitae"; alibi eum vocat "Dominum omnium"; porro
haec omnia soli Deo conveniunt; ergo. S. Paulus non minus diserte
divinitatem Christi docet, de eo scribens: "Qui est super omnia Deus
benedictus in saecula"; "Omnia per ipsum, et in ipso creata sunt."
Aliunde iidem Apostoli divinitatem Spiritus S. non obscure praedica
verunt. Imo non desunt textus, in quibus tres divinae personae simul
connumerantur: "J ustificati estis in nomine Domini nostri I. Christi,
et in Spiritu Dei nostri. . . . Qui autem confirmat nos vobiscum in
Christo, et qui unxit nos Deus, qui et signavit nos et dedit pignus
Spiritus in cordibus nostris." Ex his omnibus colligitur tres esse in
Deo personas realiter distinctas, et simul aequales.
LESSON XXXV
Vocabulary
adolescentia, f., adolescence
adolescere -levi, to grow up
arcere (2), -cui, to prevent, to exclude
articulus, m., point, moment
attenuare, to weaken, to diminish
caput, n., chapter
catechesis, f., oral instruction
classicus, classic
computare, to number
conservator, m., preserver
creatrix, creative
desumere, -sumpsi, to choose, to select
detorquere (2), -torsi, -tortus, to tUJist
detrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to detract
emollire, to soften, to render mild
injurius, unjust, insulting
inspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to examine
irritus, void, null
lapidare, to throw stones at
multifariam, in many places
otiosus, idle, useless, empty
polliceri (dep. 2), -Hcitus, to promise
rebaptizare, to rebaptize
recordatio, f., remembrance
resipiscere, -ivi, to repent
sequens, following
sinus, m., bosom
SECOND LATIN
Idiolns
I. ratum habere, to ratify, .to approve
2. nihil est quod, there is no reason why
3. unus solusque, the sale and only
4. quod sciam, so far as 1 knoUI
5. hoc est, that is
6. nescio quis, some sort of, certain
7. a fortiori, with the greater force, the more so
8. sicut et, just as
GRA1vlMAR
I. Verbs of admonishing, ,varning, persuading, and the like are

followed by an ut clause (negatjve ne) with the subj unctive.
Admonebit ut eos recordet. 1-1e t,(Jill admonish him to re1nember them.
Suasit ne regnum destruerent. lie persuaded thern not to destroy the
kingdofn.
2 .. Verbs of asking, requesting, beseeching, and the like take an ut
cIa use with the subj unctive (negative ne).

Rogo ut me juvetis. I beg you to help me.
Petierant ne cum contemneremus" They had asked us not to despise
lJi1n.
EXERCISES
I. Suadent ut ipse non modo diem fest urn ratum habeat, sed etiam
annuam ejus observantiam. 2. Monebimus ne SerlTIOneS ejus ad meta
phoras otiosas detorqueant. 3. Nonne persuasisti ut magistra servos
suos doctrinam christianam doceret eorum durante adolescentia?
4. Quando denique admonebitis ut omnes obices positos in viam
suan1 superent? S. Petivi ut semetipsum ab actibus omnibus arceret
qui furorem apud indulti auctorem excitarent. 6. Rogabamini ut as
sumeretis nescio quae onera levia dum pastor Romae esset. 7. Christus
SECOND LATIN 199
obsecravit ut peccator unusquisque resipisceret. 8. Quis poposcit ut
catechesis pueris daretur priusquam adolescerent? 9. Quod scian1, non
monebunt ne illa vinum nec aquam cum oleo misceat. 10. Dixit eum
medicum unum solumque esse quem tu in civitate ista invenias.
II. Nihil est quod non fiat; quaerent igitur ut nomina sua in libris
paroechialibus inscribantur. 12. Poscit ut artifex capax norlllis ac
materiis novis fiat, antequam eas exponere carpentariis nitatur.
13. Postlllabisne ut quasdam res polliceantur, quas non servare pos
sint? 14. Suadebo ut ante meridiem veniant, ne aviam contristemus,
quae jam dudum nos expectat. 15. Petebat ne emptionem et vendi
tionem colerent eo quod nullum tempus haberent ad ultimum hominis
finem contemplandum.
READING
I. Si quis dixerit, baptismum Joannis habuisse eamdem vim cum

baptisnlo Christi: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, aquam veram et naturalem non esse de necessitate
baptismi, atque ideo verba illa Domini nostri Jesu Christi : Nisi quis
renatus fuerit ex aqua et Spiritu Sancto ad metaphoram aliquam detor
serit: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, in ecclesia Romana, quae omnium ecclesiarum mater
est et magistra, non esse veram de baptismi sacramento doctrinam:
anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, baptismum, qui etiam datur ab haereticis in nomine
Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti; cum intentione faciendi quod facit I
ecclesia, non esse verum baptismum: anathema sit. I
Si quis dixerit, baptismum liberum esse, hoc est, non necessarium:
ad salutem: anatherna sit. :
Si quis dixerit, baptizatum non posse, etiamsi velit, gratiam amittere,

I
quantumcumque peccet, nisi nolit credere: anathema sit. :

Si quis dixerit, baptizatos per baptismum ipsurn solius tantum I
fidei debitores fieri, non autem universae legis Christi servandae::

anathema sit. :
Si quis dixerit, baptizatos liberos esse ab omnibus sanctae ecclesiael
200 SECOND LATIN
praeceptis, quae vel scripta vel tradita sunt, ita ut ea observare non
teneantur, nisi se sua sponte illis submittere voluerint: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, ita revocandos esse homines ad baptismi suscepti
menloriam, ut vota omnia, quae post baptismum fiunt, vi promissionis
in baptismo ipso jam factae irrita esse intelligant, quasi per ea et fidei,
quam professi sunt, detrahatur, et ipsi baptisrno: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, peccata omnia, quae post baptisrllum fiunt, sola
recordatione et fide suscepti baptismi vel dimitti vel venialia fieri:
anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, verum et rite collatum baptismum iterandum esse
illi, qui apud infideles fidem Christi negaverit, cum ad poenitentiam
convertitur: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, neminem esse baptizandum nisi ea aetate qua Chris
tus baptizatus est, vel in ipso mortis articulo: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, parvulos eo quod actum credendi non habent, SllS
cepto baptismo inter fideles computandos non esse, ac propterea, cum
ad annos discretion is pervenerint, esse rebaptizandos, aut praestare
omitti eorum baptisma, quam eos non actu proprio credentes baptizari
in sola fide ecclesiae: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, hujusmodi parvulos baptizatos, cum adoleverint,
interrogandos esse, an ratum habere velint, quod patrini eorum no
mine, dum baptizarentur, polliciti sunt, et ubi se nolle responderint,
suo esse arbitrio relinquendos nee alia interim poena ad Christianam
vitam cogendos, nisi ut ab Eucharistiae aliorumque sacramentorum
perceptione arceantur, donee resipiscant: anathema sit.
Si q uis dixerit, confirmationem baptizatorum otiosam caeremoniam
esse et non potius verum et proprium sacramentum, aut olim nihil
aliud fuisse quam catechesim quamdam, qua adolescentiae proximi
fidei suae rationem coram ecclesia exponebant: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, inj urias esse Spiritui Sancto eos, qui sacra confirma
tionis chrismati virtutem aliquam tribunt: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, sanctae confirmationis ordinarium ministrum non
esse solum episcopum, sed quemvis simplicem sacerdotem: anathema
sit.
SECOND LATIN 201
2. Alius locus vere classicus ille est ubi Christus ipse suam divinita
tern aperte declarat; cum enim Judaei ab eo inquirerent quis esset,
utrum Messias vel non, respondit: "Ego et Pater unum sumus." Jam
vera illa verba intelligenda sunt de unitate naturae, non autem de
unitate morali tantum; nam ita intellecta sunt a Judaeis ipsis, qui
sustulerunt lapides ut Christum lapidarent "quia tu, homo cum sis,
facis teipsum Deum." Nec dicatur postea Christum sua verba emolli
visse, citando textum Scripturae, in quo etiam homines dicuntur dii;
hoc enim, inspecto contextu, est argumenturn a minori ad majus, quasi
diceret: si homines, quibus Deus locutus est, possunt aliquo sensu
vocari filii Dei, nonne a fortiori vocari possum Filius Dei, et quidem
in sensu proprio? N am, addit: "si non facio opera Patris mei, nolite
credere mihi; si autem facio, operibus credite, ut cognoscatis et cre
datis, quia Pater in me est et ego in Patre"; quae quidem verba im
portant Christum vere Filium Dei esse, aequalem Patri, cum faciat
ipsa opera Patris, et in Patre, i.e. in sinu Patris habitet., ex dictis supra;
argumentum enim Christi ad hoc reduci potest: Quorunl eadem sunt
opera, ii idem unumque sunt; atqui mea et Patris mei opera eadem
sunt; ergo ego et Pater meus unum sumus. Quod Judaei ipsi inrel
lexerunt; nam "quaerebant ergo eum apprehendere, et exivit de man i
bus eorum."
Objiciunt quidem Unitarii vocem I{unum" interpretari posse de
unitate morali, nam Christus ipse in ultima coena dixit: "Sint unum
sieut et nos unum sumus." Respondetur autem hoc ultimo loco vim
nativam voeis "unum" attenuari per particulam sicut, eadem fere
modo ac in sequenti phrasi Seripturae: "Estate igitur perfecti sicut
et Pater vester eoelestis perfeetus est"; sed quando vox I{unum}}
non eorrigitur per aliud vocabulum, unitatem naturae signifieat:
aliunde eontextus id postulat; vult enim Dominus probare in hoc loco
neminem posse de manu sua aves eripere, quia, ipse ait, "Ego et Pater
unum sunlus," i.e. ejusdem potentiae, ac proinde ejusdem naturae.
Nee minus validunl est argumentum ex epistola ad Hebraeos de
sumptum: "Multifariam multisque modis olim Deus loquens patribus
in prophetis, novissime diebus istis locu t us est nobis in F ilio quem con
202 SECOND LATIN
stituit haeredem universorum, per quem fecit et saecula .. e" hie enim
S. Paulus loquitur de Verba Incarnato et ejus divinitatem probat as
serendo: (a) ipsum esse haeredem universorum" i.e~ ea omnia pos
fi
sidere quae Deus ipse habet, nec simplicem esse prophetam, sed Filium
Dei; (b) eumdem habere tlim creatricem "per quem fecit et saecula";
(c) eum esse perfectam et substantialetn imaginem Patris "qui cum sit
splendor gloriae, et hgura substantiae ejus"; (d) eumdem esse con
servatorem omnium "portansque omnia verbo virtutis suae"; (e) ip
sum esse Angelis superiorem, quia est Filius Dei, dum .A . ngeli sunt
tantum ministri ei us, etc; hinc Angeli eum adorare jubentur: "et
adorent eum omnes Angeli Dei." Atqui haec omnia veram divinita
tern important et perfectam cum Patre aequalitatem; ergo.
LESSON XXXVI
Vocabulary
afferre, attuli, allatus, to bring, to apply
alioqui, in other respects, otherwise
almus, august, benign
aperte, openly
apertissime, most openly
assidere (2), -sedi, -sessus, to sit
brachium, no, arm
circumincessio, f., coexistence
columna, fo, pillar
commentum, no, falsehood
conjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to join together
constantissime, most firmly
convellere, -velli, -vulsus, to pluck, to tear up
cultus, m., u10rship
cupire, to uJish
defluere, -fluxi, -fluxus, to flow from
desiderare, to desire
digitus, mo, finger
disertus, fluent, clear
divus, m., saint
ductus, mo, leadership
eruditus, informed, instructed
exagitare, to harass, to disturb
excogitare, to devise, to invent
flagitium, n., shameful thing
gubernatio, fo, government
interdicere, -dixi, -dictus, to forbid
2°3
SECOND LATIN
majores, m., forefathers, elders
misere, wretchedly
nuncius, m., nuncio
perspicuus, clear, definite
praesidere (2), -sedi, -sessus, to preside
praestantissimus, most excellent
processio, f., source, origin, procession
profiteri (2), to profess
quoad, up to, as far as, as many as, as to
Salvator, m., Savior
sane, truly, indeed, very
scindere, scidi, scissus, to split, to rend
similiter, simiIarly
stirpitus, utterly, by the roots
suggerere, -gessi, -gestus, to suggest, to bring to mind
superseminare, to sow, to oversow
symbolum, n., syn1bol, creed
testari (dep.), to testify
tropus, m., trope, figure of speech
zizania, n. pI., cockle, weeds
Idioms
I. absit, far from it, God forbid
2. mirum quam, 1narvelously
3. mirum quantum, tre1nendously
4. imnlane quantum, monstrously
S. sane quam, enormously
6. valde quam, immensely
7. ad extra, external, outward, outwardly
GRAMMAR
I. Verbs of wishing may take either the infinitive or the subjunc

tive. When the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the
main verb, the subj unctive is preferable. VelIe, nolle, and malle often
SECOND LATIN 2°5
take the subjunctive without ute Other verbs frequently omitting ut
are licet, oportet, and the imperatives die and fac.
Desiderat ut adsimus. He desires us to be present.
Vult ease He wishes you to go.
Licet praesideat.lt is lawful for him to preside.
Dic assideat. Tell him to be seated.
2. Names of the months in Latin are:

Januarius Majus September
Februarius Junius October
~'1artius Julius November
Aprilis Augustus December
A 11 are masculines of the second declension except Aprilis and the last
four, which are of the third declension. Those ending in -ber have
the genitive in -bris.
3. Names of the seasons are:
ver, n., spring
aestas, f., summer
autumnus, m., fall
hiems, f., winter
EXERCISES
I. Mattes sane quam cupiebant ut filii domum Decernbri venirent.

2. V 010 ut hac aestate proxima non calores sint. 3. Optabimus ut Mar
tius et Aprilis non frigidi sint. 4. Pastor almus mavult ut paroechiae
mulieres media suggerant ad coenam praestantissiman1 episcopo
comparandam. 5. Nonne vultis nepotes nos visitent autumno potius
quam hieme? 6. Si valde quam volent cantem, sic faciam. 7. Fac
januam claudas, ne aer frigidus introeat. 8. Si malint aperte de flagitiis
testari, judex cras eos audiat. 9. Si majores nostri hodie viverent, res
multas ab homine moderno immane quantum excogitatas detestaren
tur. 10. Si cupiisses ut columnam ex aurichalco honoris clivi causa
erigerent, citius conclusissent. II. Opto vera ne tam promptus sit, ut
206 SECOND LATIN
veritates meas ad commenta mirum quam detorqueat. 12. Desidera..
bitne ut pericula fictitia ac imaginaria praesentemus potius quam
vera? 13. (Visne sic agat, ut omnes libertates et privilegia ei inter..
dicantur? 14. Non optaverant ut ore fidem profiteretur cui non corde
crederet. IS. Nolebasne zizania stirpitus convellerent? 16. Cupiebamus
ut mirum quantum pugnarent, ut impedirent quominus viri pravi
nostram gubernationem serenam exagitarent.
READING
I. Sacrosancta oecumenica et generalis Tridentina synodus, in

Spiritu Sancto legitime congregata, praesidentibus in ea eisdem sanc
tae Sedis Apostolicae legato et n unciis, etsi in eum finem non absque
peculiari Spiritus Sancti ductu et gubernatione convenerit, ut veram
et antiquam de fide et sacramentis doctrinam exponeret, et ut haeresi
bus omnibus et aliis gravissimis incommodis, quibus Dei ecclesia
misere nunc exagitatur et in multas ac varias partes scinditur, reme
dium afIerret, hoc praesertim jam iude a principia in votis habuit,
ut stirpitus convelleret zizania exsecrabilium errorum et schismatum,
quae inimicus homo his nostris calamitosis temporibus in doctrina
fidei, usu et cultlJ sacrosanctae Eucharistiae superseminavit, quam
alioqui Salvator noster in ecclesia sua tamquam symbolum reliquit
ejus unitatis et caritatis, qua Christianos omnes inter se conjunctos et
copulatos esse voluit. Itaque eadem sacrosancta synodus, sanam et
sinceram illam de venerabili hoc et divino Eucharistiae sacramento
doctrinam tradens, quam semper catholica ecclesia ab ipso Jesu Christo
Domino nostro et ejus apostolis erudita., atgue a Spiritu Sancto illi
omnem veritatem in dies suggerente edocta retinuit et ad finem usque
saeculi conservabit, on1nibus Christi fidelibus interdicit, ne posthac de
sanctissima Eucharistia aliter credere, docere aut praedicare audeant,.
quam ut est hoc praesenti decreto explicaturn atque definitum.
Principio docet sancta synodus et aperte ac simpliciter profitetur,
in almo sanctae Eucharistiae sacramento post panis et vini consecra
tionem Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum verum Deum atque
hominem vere, realiter ac substantialiter sub soecie ilIa rum rerum
SECOND LATIN 2°7
sensibilium contineri. Neque enim haec inter se pugnant, ut ipse Sal
vator noster semper ad dexteram Patris in coelis assideat juxta modum
exsistendi naturalem, et ut multis nihilominus aliis in loeis sacramen
taliter praesens sua substantia nobis adsit, ea exsistendi ratione, quam
etsi verbis exprimere vix possumus, possibilem tamen esse Deo, cogi
tatione per fidem illustrata assequi possumus et constantjssime credere
debemus. Ita enim majores nostri Olnnes, quotquot in vera Christi
ecclesia fuerunt, qui de sanetissimo hoc sacramento disseruerunt, aper
tissime professi sunt, hoc tam admirabile sacramentum in ultima
coena Redemptorem nostrum instituisse, cum post panis vinique
benedictionem se suum ipsius corpus illi praebere ac suum sanguinem
disertis ac perspicuis verbis testatus est; quae verba a sanctis evan
gelistis commernorata et a divo Paulo postea repetita, cum propriam
illam et apertissimam significationem prae se ferant, secundum quam
a patribus intellecta sunt, indignissimum sane flagitium est ea a
quibusdam contentiosis et pravis hominibus ad fictitios et imaginarios
tropos, q uibus veritas carnis et sanguinis Christi negatur, contra uni
versum ecclesiae sensum detorqueri, quae, tamquam columna et fir
mamentum veritatis, haec ab impiis hominibus excogitata commenta
velut satanica detestata est, grato semper et memore animo praestan
tissimum hoe Christi beneficium agnoscens.
2. Admittenda est divinarum personarum circumincessio. Circum
incessio est mutua divinarum personarum in invicem coexistentia et
cohabitatio, ita ut Pater sit in Filio, Filius in Patre, et uterque in
Spiritu S., pariterque Spiritus in Patre et Filio. Haec mutua cohabita
tio defluit ex dictis; nam si eadem numerice natura est in Patre, Filio
et Spiritu S., neeesse est ut Pater sit in Filio et viee versa: et idem
dicendum de Spiritu Saneto. Insuper illud directe asseritur in Scrip
tura pro Patre et Filio: "Non creditis quia ego in Patre et Pater in me
est?" Idem implicite doeet Paulus quoad Spiritum S., dum tradit Eum
in Deo esse, sicut spiritus hominis in homine est. Res declaratur alibi
quoad tres personas: "Propter hane unitatem Pater est totus in Filio,
totus in Spiritu S.: Filius totus est in Patre, totus in Spiritu S.: Spiritus
totus est in Patre, totus in Filio." Quod sic optime declarat S. Thomas~
208 SECOND LATIN
"In Patre et Filio tria est considerare, scilicet, essentiam, relationem et
originem; et secundum quodlibet illorum Filius est in Patre, et e con
verso.
1°. Secundum essentiam enim, Pater est in Filio et f'ilius in Patre,
quia Pater est sua essentia, et communicat earn FiEa, non per ali
quam suam transmutationem. Unde sequitur quod, cum essentia
Patris sit in FiEo, in Filio sit Pater. Et similiter, cum Filius sit sua
essentia, sequitur quod sit in Patre, in quo est ej us essentia. 2°. Secun
dum etiam relationes manifestum est quod unum oppositorum rela
tive est in altero, secundum intellectum. 3°. Secundum originem
etiam manifestum est quod processio Verbi intelligibilis non est ali
quid extra, sed manet in dicente. Id etiam quod verbo dicitur, in verbo
continetur. Et eadem ratio est de Spiritu S. In Deo una eademque est
operatio ad extra, quae tribus personis communis est. Etenim opera
tiones ad extra producuntur ab omnipotentia, ac proinde a natura, in
qua omnipotentia residet; atqui ex dictis, est una natura in Deo;
ergo est una operatio ad extra. lIla autem unica operatio ad extra,
tribus divinis personis, sicut natura ipsa, communis est.
In sacris Litteris eadem opera nunc Patri, nunc Filio, nunc Spiri
tui S. ascribuntur; ita v.g. creatio Patri et Filio tribuitur; hinc Chris
JJ
tus ait: "Pater meus usquemodo operatur, et ego operor i.e. eadem ;
opera ac Pater operor; pariter prophetiae seorsum tribuuntur Patri:

"Multifariam multisque modis olim Deus loquens Patribus in pro
phetis"; simulque Spiritui S.: "Spiritu S. inspirati locuti sunt sancti
Dei homines." Hanc veritatem Patres variis illustrant compara
tionibus: "Ut lux omnia splendore illuminat, nihilque sine splen
dore potest illuminari: ita et Pater veluti per manum omnia in Verbo
efl1cit nihilque sine illo facit." Alii vocant Filium brachium seu
manum Patris, et Spiritum Filii digitum, ut sic melius significent
Patrem per Filium in Spiritu S. on1nia operari. Hinc in Symbolo
Athanas.legitur: "Omnipotens Pater, omnipotens Filius, omnipotens
Spiritus S.: et tamen non tres omnipotentes, sed unus omnipotens."
LESSON XXXVII
Vocabulary
admodum, very, exceedingly, quite

adstringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to bind
aestus, m., heat
alere, alui, alitus, to nourish
arctissimus, closest, very tight
cibus, m., food
circumferre, -tuli, -latus, to carry around
conari (dep.), to try
confortare, to strengthen
divitiae, f. pI., riches
fateri (dep. 2), fassus, to avow, to confess
Gallia, f., France
Gallus, m., Frenchlnan
Germanus, m., German
Hispanus, m., Spaniard
honorifice, honorably, ulith honor
hypostaticus, hypostatic, essential, substantial
invasor, m., invader, usurper
latria, f., worship (the highest kind of worship or that paid to God
only)
libenter, freely, willingly
Iicet, although
locutio, f., phrase, expression
Lugdunensis, of Lyons
Nicaenus, Nicene
persuasum, n., conviction, firm belief
pignus, n., pledge
praecelsus, sublime
209
210 SECOND LATIN
praefatus, aforesaid
praeservare, to preserve
quapropter, wherefore
reperire, reperi, repertus, to find
sancire, sanxi, sanctus, to ratify, to sanction
spiratio, £., spiration breath
J
sumptio, f., reception) participation

tantumdem, as much J just as much
Idioms
I. nisi vero, unless indeed
2. nisi forte, unless to be sure
3. nuper admodum, very recently
4. nihil admodum, nothing at all
5. nullus admodum, none at all
6. annos admodum octo, fully eight years
7. operam dare, to take pains
8. successu temporis, in the course of time
GRAMMAR
I. Verbs of determining, decreeing, resolving, and bargaining may

take either the subjunctive or an infinitive.
Pactum fecerunt ut illo loco eodem singulis annis convenirent. They
made an agreement to meet in that same place each and every year.
Rex lucra ad caritatem afferre statuit. The king resolved to apply th~
profits to charity.
2. Verbs of caution and effort take the subj unctive with ut or uti.
However, the verb conari, to trYJ is usually followed by the infinitive.
Providit uti nihil eis desit. He has seen to it that they lack nothing.
Conabimur venire. We shall try to come.
EXERCISES
I.Majores censuerunt ut omnes adolescentes plus quam duodevige

simum annum agentes, inscribi debeant. 2. Decreverant uti parvuli
SECOND LATIN 211
doctrinam christianam docerentur, nisi vero amentes vel stulti admo

dum erant. 3. Statuo, ait rex, subditi universi mei pignore hoc arctis
sime adstringantur. 4. Deus constituet uti angeli ad ipsius sanctos
ministrent. s. Pacturn faciunt ut alter alterius persuasum aestimet.
6. Curabo ut nulla admodum zizania in triticum superseminem.
7. Impellisne ut nihil admodum revelet, nisi forte culpae magnae
apud se conscius est? 8. Date operam ut infantes cibo alantur et mu
lieres verbis gaudii confortentur. 9. Processio statuta est ut triumphus
praecelsus nostri exercitus fortis honorifice celebretur. 10. Per annos
admodum decem patris tumulum reperire conabantur. II. Nonne
pugnabitis ut nihil admodum nuncium exagitet, dum in civitate ista
cOlnmoretur? 12. Nuper admodum providerunt ut luces extingueren
tur ante nlediam noctem. 13. Patroni nisi sunt ut alii incolae alios
juvarent, nisi vera penitus ab inimicis deleri malunt. 14. Cura, mi
fiji, ut teipsum a mendaciis arceas. IS. Quis providebit ut chirurgus
accipiat mane medicinas quas heri praescripsit?
READING
I. Ergo Salvator noster, discessurus ex hoc mundo ad Patrem, sacra

mentum hoc instituit, in quo divitias divini sui erga homines amoris
velut effudit, memoriam faciens mirabilium suorum, et in illius sump
tione colere nos sui mernoriam praecepit, suamque annuntiare mortem
donec ipse ad judicandum mundum veniat. Sumi autem voluit sacra
mentum hoc tamquam spiritualem animarurn ciburn, quo alantur et
confortentur viventes vita illius, qui dixit: Qui rnanducat rne et ipse
tJivet propter nle et tamquam antidotum, quo liberemur a cllipis
J
quotidianis, et a peccatis mortalibus praeservemur. Pignus praeterea

id esse voluit futurae nostrae gloriae et perpetuae felicitatis, adeoque
symbolum unius illius corporis, cuj us ipse caput exsistit, cuique
nos, tamquam membra, arctissima fidei, spei et caritatis connexione
adstrictos esse voluit, ut id ipsunl 01nnes diceremus, nee essent in nobis
sehismata.
Commune hoc quidem est sanctissimae Eucharistiae cum ceteris
sacramentis, symbolum esse rei sacrae et invi<)ibilis gratiae formam
212 SECOND LATIN
visibilem; verum illud in ea excellens et singulare reperitur, quod
reliqua sacramenta tunc primum sanctificandi vim habent, cum quis
illis utitur., at in Eucharistia ipse sanctitatis auctor ante usum est.
Nondum enim Eucharistiam de nlanu Domini apostoli susceperant,
curn vere tamen ipse afhrmaret corpus SUUlTI esse quod praebebat; et
semper haec fides in ecclesia Dei fuit, statim post consecrationem ve
rurn I)on1ini nostri corpus verumque ejus sanguinem sub panis et vini
specie una CUITI ipsius anima et divinitate exsistere; sed corpus quidem
sub specie panis et sanguinem sub vini specie ex vi verborum, ipsum
autem corpus sub specie vini et sanguinem sub specie panis, animam
que sub utraque, vi naturalis ilEus connexionis et concomitantiae,
qua partes Christi Domini, qui jam ex mortuis resurrexit non amplius
moriturus, inter se copulantur, divinitatem porro, propter admira
bilem illam ejus cunl corpore et anima hypostaticam unionem. Qua
propter verissimum est, tantumdem sub alterutra specie atque sub
utraque contineri. 1"1otus enim et integer Christus sub panis specie
et sub quavis ipsius speciei parte, totus item sub vini specie et sub ejus
partibus exsistit.
Quoniam autem Christus Redemptor noster corpus suum id, quod
sub specie panis offerebat, vere esse dixit, ideo persuasum semper
in ecclesia Dei fuit, idque nunc denuo sancta haec synodus de
clarat, per consecrationem panis et vini conversionenl fieri totius
substantiae panis in substantiam corporis Christi Domini nostri,
et totius substantiae vini in substantiam sanguinis ejus. Quae con
versio convenienter et proprie a sancta catholica ecclesia transsub
stantiatio est appellata. Nullus itaque dubitandi locus relinquitur,
quin omnes Christi fideles pro more in catholica ecclesia semper
recepto latriae cultum, qui vero Deo debetur, huic sanctissimo sacra
mento in veneratione exhibeant. Neque enim ideo minus est adoran
dum, quod fuerit a Christo Domino, ut sumatur, institutum. Nam
inurn eumdem Deum praesentem in eo adesse credimus, quem Pater
aeternus introducens in orbem terrarum dicit: Et adorent eum omnes
angeli Dei} quem magi procidentes adoraverunt, quem denique in
Galilaea ab apostolis adoratum fuisse scriptura testatuf.
SECOND LATIN 21 3
Declarat sancta synodus, pie et religiose admodum in Dei ecclesiarn

inductum fuisse hunc morem, ut singulis annis peculiari quodam et
festo die praecelsum hoc et venerabile sacramentum singulari venera
tione ac solemnitate celebraretur, utque in processionibus reverenter
et honorifice illud per vias et loca publica circumferretur. Aequissi
munl est enim sacros aliquos statutos esse dies, cum Christiani omnes
singulari ac rara quadam significatione gratos et memores testentur
animas erga communem Dominum et Redemptorem pro tam inefTJ
bili et plane divino beneficio, quo mortis ej us victoria et triumph us
repraesentatur. Ac sic quidem oportuit victricem veritatem de menda
cio et haeresi triumphum agere, ut ejus adversarii in conspectu tanti
splendoris, et in tanta universae ecclesiae laetitia positi vel debilitati
et fracti tabescant, vel pudore effecti et confusi aliquando resipis
cant.
2. Doctrina Catholica est Spiritum procedere tum a Patre tum a
Filio. Jamvero olim Eunomiani et Macedoniani, negaverunt Spiritum
S. a Patre procedere; sed quum contrarium expressis verbis in Scrip
tura doceatur, "mittens vobis a Patre Spiritum veritatis, qui a Patre
procedit, statim ille error damnatus est. Postea Theodoretus et post
eum Monothelitae processionem Spiritus S. a Filio impugnarunt,
quin tamen res ex professo disputata fuerit: tunc enim temporis totus
controversiae aestus circa unionis hypostaticae quaestionem terebatur.
Ille tamen error ob Iconoclastis renovatus fuit, et in quibusdam con
ciliis in Gallia habitis, quaestio ventilata fuit inter Graecos et Ro
manos utrum Spiritus S. sicut procedit a Patre, ita procedat a Filio.
U nde factum est ut apud I-lispanos, Gallos et Germanos particula
Filioque Symbolo Nicaeno addita fuerit, ut expresse declararetur
Spiritum tum a Patre tum a Filio procedere. Quam quidem addi
tionem Leo III primum sancire noluit, licet explicite fidem suam de
processione Spiritus S. ab utroque professus fuerit, ne Ecclesiae particu
lares in recitatione Symboli ab Ecclesia Romana different; successu
tamen temporis Romani Pontifices earn receperunt et approbarunt.
Eodem saeculo Photius, iniquus Sedis Constantinop. invasor, et
a Nicolao I juste damnatus, a Latina Ecclesia sese sejunxit, inter alios
SECOND LATIN
errares docens Spiritum S. a Filio non procedere; post ejus mortem,
unio inter utramque Ecclesiam restituta est, sed iterum fracta Michae
lis Coerularii pessima ambitione; et licet praefatus error in Cone.
CEcumenicis Lugdunensi et Florentino quibus Graeci aderant, dam
natus fuerit, adhuc in Orientali Ecclesia hodie retinetur.
De fide est: "Fatemur quod Spiritus Sanctus aeternaliter ex Patre
et Filio, non tanquam ex duobus principiis, sed tanquam ex uno
principio, non duabus spirationibus, sed unica spiratione procedit."
Spiritum S. a Patre procedere disertis verbis exprimitur, (in Scriptura)
et insuper ex iis textibus infertur quibus declaratur Spiritus Patris:
"Non eninl vas estis qui loquimini, sed Spiritus Patris vestri qui loqui
tur in vobis." Quod a Graecis libenter conceditur; remanet igitur
probandum Spiritum S. etiam a Filio procedere; triplici utemur ar
gumento.
a) In pluribus Scripturae locis, Spiritus vocatur Spiritus Filii, vel
Spiritus Christi Jesu: "Misit Deus Spiritum Filii sui ..." "Non
permisit eos Spiritus Jesu"; atqui illae expressiones Spiritum S. a
Patre procedere important, nam fatentibus ipsis Graecis, idem Spiri
tus vocatur Spiritus Patris quia procedit a Patre; ergo a pari Spiritus
dicitur Spiritus Filii quia procedit a Filio; quod confirmatur ex loco
parallelo; ubi S. Paulus, postquam Spiritum S. vocavit Spiritu1n Dei,
addit: "Spiritum, qui ex Deo est," quasi illae duae locutiones syno
nynlae essent.
LESSON XXXVIII
Vocabulary
adorator, m., adorer
aptissime, most aptly
ascribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to ascribe, to apply, to attribute
assererc, -serui, -sertus, to assert
cedere, cessi, cessus, to grant, to yield, to allow
celebritas, f., solemnity
circumgestare, to carry around
clarificare, to glorify
festivus, fe stive~ feast
gravare, to burden~ to oppress
idololatra, m., idolater
imperare, to command
indigne, unworthily
influxus, m., a fiowing in, inpouring
laudabilis, laudable
mandare, to order
manere (2), mansi, mansurus, to remain
particula, f., particle~ small part or bit, phrase
pertinaciter, obstinately
proponere, -posui, -positus, to set before, to propose
quantumcumque, hotvever much
realiter, really
sacramentaliter, sacram entally
sacrarium, n., sacred place, sacrarium
superesse, -£Oi, to remain) to be left over
tantummodo, only
215
216 SECOND LATIN
Idioms
I. una cum, together with, conjointly f>vith
2. in usu, at the moment of usage, in the act of using
3. eo ipso, because of this very thing
4. quam diu, as long as
s. numquam non, always
6. nostrum omnes, all of us
7. unusquisque vestrum, each one of you
GRAMMAR
I. Verbs of permitting take either the subj unctive or the infinitive.

Patior regularly takes the infinitive with subject accusative. The iIn
personallicet may take the subjunctive with or without ut, or the in
finitive with subject accusative, or the infinitive with dative as in
English.
Permittit ut maneamus. fIe permits us to remain.
Praeparationes fieri non patiuntur. l 'hey do not allow preparations to
be made.
Licet ut loquatur.
I..icet loquatur.
Licet eum loqui.
Licet ei loqui.
} He is allowed to speak.
2. Verbs of commanding take the subiunctive with or without ute

The negative is De. Jubere and vetare take the infinitive with subject
accusative.
Ordinavit ne discedant. He has ordered them not to depart.
Vetasne me id asserere? Do you forbid me to assert this?
EXERCISES
I. Mandatum est ut scopos deponeret, quantumcumque illos lau

dabiles existimet. 2. Quam diu licet in terra ista nobis manere, societate
hujus populi boni gaudere volumus. 3. Quare imperavit ut isti viri
SECOND LATIN 21 7
inculpabiles numquam non in carcere obscuro ac frigido inclusi ex
sisterent? 4. Exiget ut ad susceptionem afferan1us rem unam solam
que, videlicet, fiduciam nostran1. 5. Vetabant peregrinos accedere ad
sacrarium positum in summo n10nte. 6. Nonne indulsisti ut filiae ad
celebritatem una cum filiis adstarent? 7. Quis jubet tabernaculum per
noctes diesque vigilari, nisi parochus sit? 8. N onne jussi clavem relin
qui ubi nostrum omnes earn inveniamus? 9. Donabitis vero ut pau
peres totum panem recipiant, cum nihil aliud exspectare possint.
10. Passi sunt majorum divitias labi de manibus suis. II. Tribue, Deus
Domine, ut animae nostrae in vitam aeternan1 custodiantur. 12. Con
cesserunt uti idololatrae in patria manerent, dummodo omnes con
suetudines pravas dejicerent. 13. Episcopus imperat ut hostia sacra
per vias publicas circumgestetur, ut incolae procidentes earn adorent.
14. Reges qui permittant ut onera inutilia subditos ipsofum gravent,
tantundem mali sunt quam filii qui parentes veteres neglegi patiantur.
15. Non assentiemus ut unusquisque vestrum Julio discedat, quia hic
quopiam indigemus, ut ornamenta ac vestes vigilet.
READING
I. Si quis negaverit, in sanctissilnae Eucharistiae sacramento con

tineri vere, realiter et substantialiter corpus et sanguinem una cum
anima et divinitate Domini nostri Jesu Christi, ac proinde totum
Christum; sed dixerit, tantummodo esse in eo, ut in signo, vel figura
aut virtute: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, in sacrosancto Eucharistiae sacramento remanere
substantiam panis et vini una cum corpore et sanguine Domini nostri
Jesu Christi, negaveritque mirabilem illam et singularem conver
sionem totius substantiae panis in corpus, et totius substantiae vini in
sanguinem, manentibus dumtaxat speciebus panis et vini, quam
quidem conversionem catholica ecclesia aptissime transsubstantia
tionem appellat: anathema sit.
Si quis negaverit, in venerabili sacramento Eucharistiae sub unaqua
que specie, et sub singulis cujusque speciei partibus, separatione facta,
totum Christum contineri: anathema sit.
218 SECOND LATIN
Si quis dixerit, peracta consecratione in admirabili Eucharistiae
sacramento non esse corpus et sanguinem Domini nostri Jesu Christi,
sed tantum in usu, dum sumitur, non autem ante vel post, et in hostiis
seu particulis consecratis, quae post communionem reservantur vel
supersunt, non remanere verum corpus Domini: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, vel praecipuum fructum sanctissimae Eucharistiae
esse remissionern peccatorum, vel ex ea non alios effectus provenire:
anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, in sancto Eucharistiae sacramento Christum uni
genitum Dei Filium non esse cultu latriae etiam externo adorandum,
atque ideo nec festiva peculiari celebritate venerandum, neque in
processionibus secundum laudabilem et universalem ecclesiae sanctae
ritum et consuetudinem solemniter circumgestandum, vel non publice,
ut adoretur, populo proponendum, et ejus adoratores esse idololatras:
anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, non licere sacram Eucharistiam in sacrario reservari,
sed statim post consecrationem adstantibus necessaria distribuendam;
aut non licere, ut ilIa ad infirmos honorifice deferatur: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, Christum in Eucharistia exhibitum spiritualiter
tantum manducari, et non etiam sacramentaliter ac realiter : anathema
sit.
Si quis negaverit, omnes et singulos Christi fideles utriusque sexus,
cum ad annos discretionis pervenerint, teneri singulis annis saltern in
Paschate ad communicandum juxta praeceptum sanctae matris ec
clesiae: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, non licere sacerdoti celebranti se ipsum communi
care: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, solam fidem esse sufficientem praeparationem ad
sumendum sanctissimae Eucharistiae sacramentum: anathema sit.
Et, ne tantum sacramentum indigne atque ideo in mortem et con
demnationem sumatur, statuit atgue declarat ipsa sancta synodus,
illis, quos conscientia peccati mortalis gravat, quantumcumque etiam
se contritos existiment, hahita copia confessoris, necessario praemitten
dam esse confessionem sacramentalem. Si quis autem contrarium
SECOND LATIN
doeere, praedieare vel pertinaeiter asserere, seu etiam publiee dispu
tando defendere praesumpserit, eo ipso exeommunieatus exsistat.
2. Iterum Spiritus dieitur missus a Filio sieut a Patre: "Si abiero,
inquit Christus, mittam eum ad vos. . . ." "Cum venerit Paraeletus,
quem ego rrlittam vobis a Patre"; atqui missio in divinis importat
proeessionen1 personae missae a mittente; nam missio supponit quem
dam influxum mittentis in missum: jamvero in Dea nullus alius est
influxus unius personae in aliam nisi ille qui venit ex origine seu
proeessione: nam, praeter relationes originis, omnia sunt tribus per
sanis eommunia, ex supra dictis. Hine ait S. Augustinus: "Pater non
dieitur missus; non enim habet de quo proeedat," sic diserte deelarans
missionem sine processione fieri non posse.
Leguntur verba Christi de Spiritu S. loquentis: "Ille me elarifiea
bit, quia de meo aceipiet et annuntiabit vobis. Omnia quaeeumque
habet Pater mea sunt; propterea dixi: quia de meo aeeipiet, et annun
tiabit vobis." lJ nde sic; hie clare asseritur Spiriturn S. aliquid a Filio
aeeipere; atqui in divinis persona ab altera aliquid aeeipere nequit,
nisi ab ipsa proeedat, quum, praeter relationem originis, omnia sint
tribus personis ~ommunia. Nee dicatur hie agi tantum de eommuniea
tione seientiae futurorum, "et annuntiabit tJobi/'; nam Spiritus nequit
a Filio aecipere seientiam illam, nisi simul ab eo aeeipiat divinam
naturam, quae in Deo cum seientia identifieatur. Confirmatur ex
verbis sequentiblls: "omnia quaeeumque habet Pater, mea sunt etc,"
quorum hie est sensus: hueusque ex V. Test. edoeti fuerant diseipuli
futurorum scientiam soli Jehovae tribuere; dieendo autem: "omnia
quaeeumque habet Pater ... ," Christus sibi hane seientiam aseribit;
et addendo: "propterea dixi: de meo aeeipiet, et annuntiabit vobis,"
reddit rationem cur Spiritus S., qui de Verbo aeeipit, eamdem divinam
seientiam, proindeque eamdem naturam partieipet. Haec est Patrum
interpretatio; Didymus ait: ((non enim loquetur ex semetipso; qui non
ex se est, sed ex Patre et ex me; hoc enim ipsum quod subsistit et loqui
tur, a Patre et a me illi est."
LESSON XXXIX
Vocabulary
affectatus, tloluntary, choice, select
annumerare, to number
anteponere, -posui, -positus, to place before, to prefer
apertius, more openly, more plainly
coelibatus, m., celibacy
connubium, n., marriage
crudelis, cruel
damnare, to condemn
decernere, -crevi, -cretus, to decree
diflundere, -fudi, -fusus, to spr~ad
dirimere, -emi, -emptus, to dissoltle
dispar, unlike, different
ethnicus, m., heathen
exterminare, to destroy
firmitas, f., firmness
flatus, m., blowing, breath
gradus, m., degree
innuere, -nui, -nutus, to intimate
insignior, principal, more outstanding
intelleetio, f., intellect, understanding
jactura, f., loss, harm
merito, justly, with good reason
molestus, irksome
nuptiae, f. pI., marriage
perfector, m., perfecter
pernitiosus, pernicious
perperam, falsely
praecognitus, known beforehand
220
SECOND LATIN 221
praedictus, aforesaid
proficisei (dep. 3), -fectus, to set out, to arise
spirans, that which breathes
spirare, to breathe, to exhale
spirativus, breathing
subjungere, -junxi, -junetus, to add
temeritas, f., boldness
trahere, traxi, tractus, to draw, to attract
uxor, f., wife
vereri (dep. 2), veritus, to fear
volitus, wished, wanted
Idioms
I" Dullusdum, none as yet
2. Dullus unus, no one

3. Dullus alter, no other
4. Dum quid, anything further, anything else
5. res gestae, deeds
6. aliter atque, otherwise than
7. alia de causa~ for another reason
GRAMMAR
I. Verbs and other expressions of emotion (except fear) take the

infinitive with subjective accusative or a quod or quia clause with the
verb in the indicative.
Eis molestum est se horologium non videre. T hey are annoyed that
they cannot see the clock.
Guademus quia venit. We are glad that he is coming.
2.Verbs of fearing take the subjunctive with ne affirmative and

ne non or ut negative.
Verebar ne servus domino crudeli venderetur. I feared that the slave
would be sold to a cruel master.
Timent ut judex eligatur. They fear that the judge will not be elected.
222 SECOND LATIN
EXERCISES
Timesne merito ut jacturam molestam quam fecerunt expient?

I.
2. Gavisi sumus quod nullusdum est institutor qui plures normas
matrimonii sacramento subj unxerit. 3. i\ via tristis est nepotes non
inter pueros insignes annumerari. 4. Laetabuntur, quia homines perni
tiosi qui perperaln locuti sint, damnantur. 5. Vereor ne non connubium
Martio celebretur, cum conjux juvenis terram hanc nondum attigerit,
et non ante Aprilem veniat. 6. Filii delectabantur, quia eorum pater
praetextum excogitaverat ad adducendos eos ut animalia enormia
atque peregrina viderent, qui recenter ab Africa tracta erant. 7. Sacer
dotes dolent, quod solulnmodo pauci valent ut vitam catholicam du
cant. 8. Verebamini ne temeritas eorum apertior lieret, etiam si rex
leges graves adversus illos decrevisset. 9. Quomodo procedemus llt
non timeamus ne inimici obstacula insuperabilia trans semitam nos
tram jaciant? 10. Contristaverunt se quia haeresis contagio per totam
Europam diffudit. II. Mater humilis irascitur filias suas aliter atgue
reverenter coram avo vetusto egisse. 12. Si nunc timeat ne numquam
scopum suum attingat, quid postea sperare possit? 13. Incolae exsul
tant quia episcopo in animo est visitare parvulam eorum ecclesiam.
14. Timuitne ut ideas ejus anteponerent super omnes alias? 15. Gau
deamus multa onera praevia non jam gravare nos.
READING
Matrimonii perpetuum indissolubilemque nexum prin1us hu

I.
mani generis parens divini Spiritus instinctu pronunciavit, CUIn dixit:
/-10c nunc os ex ossibus meis, et caro de carne mea. Quamobrem
relinquet homo patrem suum et rnatrem, et adhaerebit uxori suae et
erunt duo in carne una. I-Ioc autem vinculo duos tantummodo copulari
et conjungi, Christus Dominus apertius docuit, cum postrema ina
verba talnquam a Deo prolata referens dixit: ltaque jam non ,funt duo,
sed una caro, statimque ejusdem nexus firmitatem ab Adamo tanto
ante pronunciatam his verbis confirnlavit: Quod ergo Deus conjunxit,
homo non separet. Gratiam vera, quae naturalem inurn amoren1 per
SECOND LA TIN 223
ficeret, et indissolubilem unitatem confirmaret conjugesque sanctifi

caret, ipse Christus venerabilium sacramentorum institutor atque per
fector sua nobis passione promeruit, quod Paulus Apostolus innuit
dicens: Viri} diligite uxores tlestras} sieut Christus dilexit eeelesiam}
et se ipsum tradidit pro ea} mox subjungens: Saeramentu1n hoc mag
num est} ego autem dieo in Christo} et in eeelesia. Cum igitur matri
monium in lege evangelica veteribus connubiis per Christum gratia
praestet, merito inter novae legis sacramenta annumerandum sancti
patres nostri, concilia et universalis ecclesiae traditio semper docuerunt,
adversus quam impii homines hujus saeculi insanientes non solulTI
perperam de hoc venerabili sacramento senserunt, sed de more suo
praetextu evangelii libertatem carnis introducentes, multa ab ecclesiae
catholicae sensu et ab apostolorum temporibus probata consuetudine
aliena, scripto et verbo asseruerunt non sine magna Christi fidelium
jactura; quorum temeritati sancta et universalis synodus cupiens oc
currere, insigniores praedictorum schismaticorum haereses et errores,
ne plures ad se trahat perniciosa eorum contagio, exterminandos duxit,
hos in ipsos haereticos eorumque errores decernens anathematismos.
Si quis dixerit, matrimonium non esse vere et proprie unum ex
septem legis evangelicae sacramentis a Christo Domino institutunl,
sed ab hominibus in ecclesia inventum, neque gratiam conferre: ana
thema sit.
Si quis dixtrit, licere Christianis plures simul habere uxores, et hoc
nulla lege divina esse prohibitum: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, cos tantum consanguinitatis et affinitatis gradus,
qui Levitico exprimuntur, posse impedire matrimonium contrahen
dum et dirimere contractum, nec posse ecclesiam in nonnullis illorum
dispensare, aut constituere, ut plures impediant et dirimant: anathema
sit.
Si quis dixerit, ecclesiam non potuisse constituere impedimenta
matrinlonium dirimentia, vel in iis constituendis errasse: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, propter haeresim, aut molestam cohabitationem, aut
affectatam absentiam a conjuge dissolvi posse matrimonii vinculum:
anathema sit.
SECOND LATIN
Si quis dixerit, matrimonium ratum non consummatum per solem
nem religionis professionem alterius conjugum non dirimi: anathema
sit.
Si quis dixerit, statum conj ugalem anteponendum esse statui virgini
tatis vel coelibatus, et non esse melius ac beatius manere in virginitate
aut coelibatu, quam jungi matrimonio: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, prohibitionem solemnitatis nuptiarum certis anni
temporibus superstitionem esse tyrannicam ab ethnicorum supersti
tione profectam; aut benedictiones et alias caeremonias, quibus ecclesia
in illis utitur, damnaverit: anathema sit.
Si quis dixerit, causas matrimoniales non spectare ad judices eccle
siasticos: anathema sit.
2. Si Spiritus S. a Filio non procederet, nullomodo posset ab eo
distingui. Etenim personae in divinis non distinguuntur realiter ab
invicem nisi per relationes oppositas: quidquid enim in Deo absolute
dicitur ad unitatem essentiae pertinet; aliunde relationes dispares, sed
non oppositae, non sufficiunt ad multiplicandas personas; ita v. g.
generatio activa et spiratio activa, quae sunt relationes dispares, non
constituunt duas personas, sed unam tantum. Atqui relationes opposi
tae non dantur in divinis nisi relationes originis, quatenus una persona
ab alia procedit; ergo Spiritus S. non realiter a Filio distinguitur, nisi
ab eo procedat. "Quod ex hoc patet, ait S. Thomas, quia Pater habet
duas relationes quarum una refertur ad Filium et alia ad Spiritum S.:
quae tamen quia non sunt oppositae, non constituunt duas personas,
sed ad unam tantum personam pertinent. Si autem in Filio
et Spiritu S. non esset invenire nisi duas relationes, qui bus uterque
refertur ad Patrem, illae relationes non essent ad invicem oppositae,
sicut neque duae relationes, quibus Pater refertur ad illos. U nde sicut
persona Patris est una, ita sequeretur quod persona Filii et Spiritus S.
esset una, habens duas relationes oppositas duabus relationibus Patris.
Hoc autem est haereticum, cum tollat fidem Trinitatis." Ex dictis in
thesi generali, Spiritus S. procedit per modum volitionis seu amoris;
atqui amor, etiam in homine, procedit non solum a voluntate sed etiam
a cognitione obj ecti amati, juxta illud: "nil volitum quin praecogni
SECOND LATIN 225
tum." Ergo in Deo Spiritus S. debet procedere non solum a Patre:

sed etiam a divina intellectione, seu a Verbo. Spiritus S. procedit a
Patre et Filio tanquam ab unico principio et unica spiratione, licet
sint duo spirantes. De fide est, ex dennitione Cone. Florentini jam
citata. Sensus hujus corollarii est, non esse in Patre et Filio duplicem
vim spirativam, sed unam tantum, quae utrique communis est; etenim
in Deo omnia communia sunt, ubi non obstat relationis oppositio;
atqui in producendo Spiritum S., Pater et Filius non sibi mutuo op
ponuntur; ergo producunt Spiritum S. per modum unius principii.
Ex quo sequitur eos producere Spiritum unica spiratione; quum
enim unica sit vis spirandi, utrique communis, exerceri nequit nisi
ab utroque simul agente. IUe autem actus vocatur spiratio, quia fit
per modum volitionis seu amoris; amor enim est motus voluntatis
ad rem amatam tendentis, qui imitatur flatum seu motum spirantis.
Animadvertit S. Thomas dici posse Spiritum S. a Patre procedere per
Filium non quidem eo sensu quod Filius sit instrumentum, aut mi
J
nister Patrem adjuvans in processione Spiritus, sed quia Filius est ori
gine medius inter Patrem et Spiritum, et a Patre habet quod possit
spirare Spiritum.
LESSON XL
Vocabulary
animadvertere, -verti, -versus, to notice, to recognize
annullare, to annul
arbor, f., tree
attentare, to attem pt
clam, secretly
clandestinus, clandestine
cohabitare, to live together
consiliare, to advise
consiliarius, ro., counselor
consilium, n., advice
corruptela, f., corruption
denunciatio, f., prohibition, publication
efl1cax, efficacious
egressio, f., egress, departu~e
flos, ill., flower
hortari (dep.), to exhor't
immemorabilis, immemorial
imperium, ro., command
impulsio, f., force, impulsion
inhabilis, incapable
inobedientia, f., disobedience
malitie, maliciously
mansio, f., home, house
minoratio, f., lessening, diminishing
missio, f., act of sending, emission
palam, openly, publicly
pcrpendere, -pendi, -pensus, to weigh, to conslder
226
SECOND LATIN
punire, -ivi, -itus, to punish
radius, m., ray
rohnr, 11., strength, eCect, force
sponsus, m., betrothed
suspendere, -pendi, -pensus, to Juspend
vestigium, n., footstep
Idioms
I. in postenlffi, in the future
2. non obstante, notttJithstandin g
3. tamdiu ... quamdiu, till such time aJ, until
4. robur habere, to take effect
5. ex illo, since then
6. illud quidem ... sed autem, to be sure . .. but Jtill
7' pridie quam, the day before
GRAf..f~1AR
I" A clause in the subjunctive \v ith or wit hout ut follows quam

after a comparative.
IIi viri veterioles sunt quam ut ad munus eligantur. 1;/Jese tnen ar~
too old to be elected to office.
Injurias patiebatur potius quam clam ageret. He endured persecu~
lion rathf'r than act sccrt,tly.
2. ~rantum abest, it is so far fro In (being the case), takes two clauses
in the subjunctive, each introduced by ut; one is the real subject of
ahest, the other depends on tantum.
1""antum abest ut superbus sit ut semetipsum defendere nolit. He is
so far from being proud that ht"J iJ unu/l"lling to defend himself.
3. Pridie quam, the day before, governs the subjunctive.
Pridie quam crrorem animadverterent, denunciatio jam facta erat.
T Ize day before they notzced their mistake, the publication had already
been made.
SECOND LAI1N
EXERCISES
Amici nostri meliores fuerint quam ut aetate vetusta negligantur.

I.
2. Tantum abest ut scopum suum attingant, ut eis vanum sit ulterius
procedere. 3. Ex illo existimavimus periculum majus esse quam ut
militia in territorio hoc retineatur. 4. Tantum abest ut tamdiu ex
spectet quanldiu lucrum justum facere possit, ut oleum ex olivis statim
vendere velit. 5. Tantum abest ut clerici tuti sint in ilIa terra im
pudica, ut onlnes in dies tTIortem infamem exspectent. 6. Sacerdos
nomina sponsorum descripserat, pridie quam parochus novus ad
veniret. 7. Tantunl abest ut rei malitiose puniti sint, ut aeque atque
benigne a custodibus acti sint, 8. Tantum abest ut tacitus sit, ut per
triginta annas falsis eorum tutoribus carcerem minetur. 9. Ille quidem
aliquod pauperibus dederat, pridie quam episcopus adveniret, sed
autem multo magis sibi servaverat. 10. Illud quidem pactum peculiare
erat, sed autem per£1cere posset id quod polliceretur, si vehctTIentius
niteretur. II. Legibus tyrannicis se subjecerunt potius quam domos
suas perderent. 12. Pridie quam chirurgus baptizaretur, uxor sua
quoque convertebatur. 13. Tantum abest ut virgines istae stultae sint,
ut sapientiarTI praestantem exhibuerint. 14. Tantum abest ut liberi
simus, ut onlnes nostrum servi ex nativitate usque ad mortem simus.
IS. Ex illo, pueri imprudentiores sunt quam ut magistra eis fidat.
READING
I. Tametsi dubitandum non est, clandestina matrimonia, libero

contrahentium consensu facta, rata et vera esse matrimonia, quamdiu
ecclesia ea irrita non fecit, et proinde jure damnandi sunt illi, ut eos
sancta synodus anathemate damnat, qui ea vera ac rata esse negant,
quique falso affumant, matrimonia a £1liis familias sine consensu pa
rentum contracta irrita esse, et parentes ea rata vel irrita facere posse:
nihilominus sancta Dei ecclesia ex justissimis causis illa semper de
testata est atque prohibuit. Verum, cum sancta synodus animadvertat,
prohibitiones illas propter hominum inobedientiam jam non prodesse,
et gravia peccata perpendat, quae ex eisdem clandestinis conjugiis
SECOND LA~rIN 229
ortum habent, praesertim vero eorum, qui in statu damnationis per

n1anent, dum priore uxore, cum qua clam contraxerant, relicta cum
alia palam contrahunt, et cum ea in perpetuo adulterio vivunt; cui
malo cum ab ecclesia, quae de occultis non j udicat, succurri non possit,
nisi efllcacius aliquod remedium adhibeatur, idcirco sacri Lateranensis
concilii sub Innocentio III celebrati vestigiis inhaerendo praecipit, ut
in posterum, antequam matrimonium contrahatur, ter a proprio con
trahentium parocho tribus continuis diebus festivis in ecclesia inter
missarum solemnia publice denuncietur, inter quos matrin10nium sit
contrahendum; quibus denunciationibus factis, si nullum legitimum
opponatur impedimentum, ad celebrationem matrimonii in facie
ecclesiae procedatur, ubi parochus, viro et muliere interrogatis, et
eorum mutuo consensu intellecto, vel dicat: Ego vos in matrimonium
conjungo in nomine Patris et F'ilii et Spiritus Sancti, vel aliis utatur
verbis, juxta receptum uniuscujusque provinciae ritum.
Quod si probabilis fuerit suspicio, matrimonium malitiose impediri
posse, si tot praecesserint denunciationes, tunc vel una tantum de
nunciatio fiat, vel saltern parocho et duobus vel tribus testibus praesen
tibus tnatrimonium celebretur. Deinde ante illius consun1mationem
denunciationes in ecclesia fiant, ut, si aliqua subsunt impedimenta,
facilius detegantur, nisi ordinarius ipse expedire judicaverit, ut prae
dictae denunciationes relnittantur, quod illius prudentiae et judicio
sancta synodus relinquit. Qui aliter, quarn praesente parocho vel alio
sacerdote, de ipsius parochi seu ordinarii licentia, et duobus vel tribus
testibus matrimonium contrahere attentabunt, eos sancta synodus ad
sic contrahendum omnino inhabiles reddit, et hujusmodi contractus
irritos et nullos esse decernit, prout eos praesenti decreto irritos facit
et annullat. Insuper parochum vel alium sacerdotem, qui cum minore
testium numero, et testes, qui sine parocho vel sacerdote hujusmodi
contractui interfuerint, necnon ipsos contrahentes graviter arbitrio
ordinarii puniri praecipit. Praeterea eadem sancta synodus hortatur,
ut conjuges ante benedictionem sacerdotalem, in templo suscipiendam,
in eadem domo non cohabitent, statuitque benedictionem a proprio
parocho fieri, neque a quoquam, nisi ab ipso parocho vel ab ordinaria
23° SECOND LATIN
licentiam ad praedictam benedictionem faciendam alii sacerdoti con

cedi posse, quacurnque consuetudine, etiam immemorabili, quae
potius corruptela dicenda est, vel privilegio non obstante. Quod si
quis parochus vel alius sacerdos, sive regularis sive saecularis sit,
etiamsi id sibi ex privilegio vel immeITIorabili consuetudine licere
contendat, alterius parochiae sponsos sine illorum parochi licentia
matrinl0nio conjungere aut benedicere ausus fuerit, ipso jure tamdiu
suspensus maneat, quamdiu ab ordinario ejus parochi, qui n1atrimonio
interesse debebat seu a quo benedictio suscipienda erat, absolvatur.
Habeat parochus librum, in quo conjugum et testium non1ina, diem
que et locum contracti matrimonii describat, quem diligenter apud se
custodiat.
Postremo sancta synodus conjuges hortatur, ut antequam contra
hant, vel saltern triduo ante matrimonii consummationern, sua pec
cata diligenter confiteantur, et ad sanctissimum Eucharistiae sacra
mentum pie accedan t. Si quae provinciae aliis ultra praedictas
laudabilibus consuetudinibus et caererrloniis hac in re utuntur, eas
omnino retineri sancta synodus vehementer optat. Ne vero haec tam
salubria praecepta quemquam lateant, ordinariis omnibus praecipit,
ut, quam prilTIUIIl potuerint, curent hoc decretU111 populo publicari
ac explicari in singulis suarun1 dioecesum parochialibus ecclesiis,
idque in primo anna quam saepissime fiat, deinde vero quoties expe
dire viderint. Decernit insuper) ut hujusmodi decretum in unaquaque
parochia suurn rabur post triginta dies habere incipiat, a die primae
publicationis in eadeln parochia factae numerandos.
2. Quum duae sint missionum species in Deo, scilicet missio in
visibilis, et missio visibilis, dicemus: a) de missionibus in genere, b) de
missione invisibili, c) de missione visibili. Missio in genere est motio
vel egressio alicuj us cntis ab alio cunl destinatione ad aliquem ter
minuln. Triplex distinguitur: a) physica quae fit per physicam
impulsionem, v. g. lapis missus a brachia; b) moralis, quae fit per
inlpulsionem moralem sive per inlperiun1, sive per consilium; sic
v. g. servus mittitur a domino per imperium; rex mittitur a consiliariis
per consiliun1; c) substantialis, quae fit per quanldam originem, seu
SEC01'41) LATIN 23 1
emanationem ex ipsa substantia mittentis, sic fIos emittitur ab arbore,
radius a sole. Missiones divinae sunt missiones substantiales, sine defec
tibus tamen quae in creaturis inveniuntur; in humanis "missio im
portat nlinorationem in eo qui mittitur, secundum quod importat
processionem. a principio mittente aut secundum imperium aut secun~
dum consilium, quia imperans est major, et consilians est sapientior.
In divinis non importat nisi processionem originis, quae est se.cun
dum aequalitatem." Missio in divinis est processio unius personae ab
alia, cum destinatione ad aliquem temporalem eftectum, seu CUI11
novo existendi nlodo. Dicitur a) processio unius personae ab alia,
vel a duabus aliis, nam missio importat influxum realem personae
mittentis in personam missam; atqui, in Dea, nullus est influxus
unius personae in alteram nisi per processionem; ergo n1issio supponit
processionem. b) Curn des6natione etc.; missio enim supponit desti
nationem ad aliquern terminum. seu ad aliquid novun1 faciendurn, et
quum in Deo nihil novi sit faciendum, destinatio illa est ad aliquem
temporalem effectum. c) Cum novo exL\tendi nlodo,. temporalis ille
efIectus non potest consistere in mutatjane loci, quum divinae personae
jam slut ubique, neque in productione alicuj us substantiae, nam talis
productio con1ffiunis est tribus personis et opus naturae divinae;
consistit igitur in eo quod persona missa not10 modo existat in crea
turis, vel per manifestatjonem pracsentiae, vel per specialem con
junctionem cum creatura; sic v. g. rrlissio Filii per Incarnationem
consistit in eo quod 'Verburn Divinunl, quod jam antea erat super
terram, novo modo incoepit esse in aliqua parte terrae, sese hypostatice
uniendo humanae naturae. Pater mitti nequit. Non enilli legltur in
Scriptura quod mittatur, sed solurn quod veniat ad nos: "Ad eum
tJeniemus et mansionem apud curn faciemus." Jamvero magnum
discrimen est inter venire et 1nitti: Pater ad nos venire patest, aliquem
effectunl grariae producendo; at mitti non intelligitur ex dictis nisi
ea persona quae ab altera procedit. Hine S. Augustinus ait: "Salus
Pater legitur non missus: quia solus non habet auctorem, de quo sit
genitus, vel a quo procedat." Cujus rationem sic reclait S. Thomas:
"In omni missione oportet quod ponatur aliqua auctoritas alicujus ad
23 2 SECOND LATIN
ipsum missum. In divinis autem personis non est auctoritas nISI
secundum originem. Et ideo nulli personae divinae convenit mitti
nisi ei quae est (i.e. procedit) ab alio, respectu cujus potest in alio
designari auctoritas, et ideo Spiritus S. et Filius dicuntur mitti, et
non Pater vel Trinitas ipsa."
VOCABULARY
A accidens, n., accident

accidentalis, accidental
a, ab, from, by; ab hac parte, on this accidere, -cidi, to happen, to take place
side accipere, -cepi, -ceptus, to receive, to
abbas, 1n. abbot
7 take, to accept
abesse, -fui, to be absent; absit, far acclinis, leaning, bowing
from it, God forbid accurate, accurately
abjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to degrade, to accuratius, more accurately
debase acquisitus, acquired
abluere, -lui, -lutus, to wash, to cleanse actio, fo, action
ablutio, to, ablution, washing, pouring activitas, fo, activity
on actu, abl. of actus; actually, in reality
abortivus, abortive, prematurely born actualis, actual
abrogare, to revoke, to abrogate actuaJitas, fo, reality, existence
absens, absen t actus, mO) act
absentia, f07 absence ad, to, unto, at, toward, against, near;
absolute, absolutely, fully, completely - diem, on the day; - extra, ex
absolutio, fo) absolution ternal, outward, outwardly; - ex
absolutus, absolute, coo1plete tremum, finally; - hoc, besides;
absolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to absolve - hunc Dlodum, in this way; - id
absorbere (2), -ui, to absorb quod, besides that; - postremum,
absque, without, except lastly; quem - rrlodunl, as, how;
abstergere (2), -tersi, -tersus, to wipe - summum, on the whole, in gen
away eral, at the most; - tempus, at the
abstinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to ab time, in time; - ultimum, to the
stain, to refrain last degree, utterly; usque - , up to,
abstractio, to, detachment, removal as far as; - verbum, literally, word
ac, and; aeque - , as well as; haud for word
minus - , just as Adae, gen. of Adam, mo,Adam
accedere, -cessi, -cessus, to accede, to adaequare, to be equal to, to be ade
approve quate
accendere, -cendi, -census, to kindle adaequa~, adequa~
accensere (2), -censui, -censitus, to Adamus, m0 Adam
7
reckon, to number addere, -didi, -ditus, to add

acceptabilis, acceptable addicere, -dixi, -dicms, to doom to, to
acceptus, agreeable, welcome, worthy adjudge
accessus, m., access additio, fo, addition
233
234 SECOND LATIN
addueere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring, to adstringere, .-strinxi, -strictus, to bind
adduce adultus, m.} adult
adeo, even adunare, to unite
adequate, adequately advenire (4), -veni, -ventus, to come
adesse, -fui, to attend, to be present, to adventus, m.} coming, arrival
be nlindful adversari (dep. I), to be opposed
adhaerere (2), . .haesi, -haesus, to ad. adversarius, rn.} adversary, opponent
here, to cleave to advertentia, t.} knowledge, warning
adhibere (2), to apply, to employ aedificare, to build
adhue, yet, still, now, as aegre, with hardship
adipisci (dep. 3), adeptus, to reach, to aequalitas, I.} equality, sameness
obtain, to achieve aequaliter, equally
adituc;, m.~ approach, access, gate aeque, equally; - ac, as ~:ell as
adjicere, -jeci, -jectus, to add aequus, right) equal; ex aequo, justly,
adjunctio, f.} limitation, restriction on a par
adjunctunl, n.} addition, accessory cir. aer, m.} air
curns tance aestas, I.} summer
adjungere, -junxi, .. junctus, to add, to aestimarc, to esteern, to consider
attach aestimator) m.} one \vho esteems
adjutorium, n.} help aestus, m.} heat
adjuvare, -juvi, -jutus, to aid aetas, I.} age
administrare, to administer aeternaliter, eternally
administratio, I.} administering aeternus, everlasting, eternal; in aeter
admiscere (2), -miscui, -mixtus, to num, forever
n1ix affectatus, voluntary
admittere, -misi, -missus, to admit, to affectus:, m.} affection
join affinis, allied, related
admodum, very, exceedingly, quite; affinitas, I.} affinity
annos - octo, fully eight years; affirmare, to affirm
nihil - , nothing at all; nullus - , affirmatio, I.} affirmation
none at all; nuper - , very recently affiigere, -Roo, -flictus, to rrlortify, to
admonere (2), -monui, ..monitus, to punish
warn, to admonish agens, m.} doer, actor, agent
adnexus (annexus), connected agere, egi, actus, to do, to act, to deal,
adnotatio, f.} cornrnent, annotation to put in motion; dies festos - , to
adolescentia, I.} adolescence spend holy days; gratias - , to give
adolescere, -levi, to gro\v up thanks; quartum annum agit, he is
adorare, to adore, to \vorship, to bow four years old; se - , to behave;
dO\\'fl before agitur, it is a question of
adoratio, t.} adoration aggregare, to add to, to join with
adorator, m.} adorer agnoscere, -novi, -notus, to acknowl
adscribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to enroll edge
adscriptus, approved agnus, m.} lanlb
adstare, to be present, to attend ait, he speaks, he says
SECOND LATIN 235
albus, white animal, n., animal
alere, alui, alitus, to nourish animus, m., heart, mind, spirit; est ei
alias, otherwise in animo, he has in mind, he in
alibi, elsewhere tends
alioqui, in other respects, otherwise anniversarius, anniversary
,alioquin, otherwise annuere, -nui, to assent, to grant
aliquando, formerly annullare, to annul
aliqui, some, any; aliqua ex parte.. in annulus, m., ring
some respect annumerare, to number
aliquid, to some extent, somewhat annuntiare, to announce, to declare,
aliquis, some one, somebody to show forth, to relate
~liter, otherwise; - atque, otherwise annus, m., year; annos admodum
than octo, fully eight years; multis post
aliunde, hence annis, after many years; quartum
alius, other; nihil aliud, nothing else annum agit, he is four years old
aliquomodo, somehow, in some man annuus, annual, yearly, year by year
ner ante, before, ago
alloqui (dep. 3), -locutus, to address antea, before
almus, august, benign anteponere, -posui, -positus, to place
altare, n.~ altar before, to prefer
alter, the other; nullus - , no other; antequam, before
- . . . - , the one the other antidotum, n.~ antidote
alterare, to change antimensium, n. (in the Eastern
aIteratio, f.~ change, alteration Church, a consecrated cloth used in
alteruter, one or the other place of an altar; or sometimes in
altus, high, deep the Syrian Church. a slab of wood
amabilis, loveable so used)
amare, to love antiquatus, archaic, outdated
amarus, bitter antiquissimus, very ancien t
amator, m., lover antiquus, ancient
ambulare, to walk antistes, m.~ bishop
amens, insane, idiot aperire (4), -perui, -penus.. to open
amicus, m., friend aperte, openly
amittere, -misi, -missus, to lose apertissimus, most open, most plain
arnodo, from henceforth apertius, more openly, more plainly
arnor, m.~ love apostasia, t., apostasy
amplius, yet more apostolicus, apostolic
anathema, n.~ anathema apostolus, m.~ apostle
anathernatismus, m., anathema apparere (2), to appear
angelicus, angelic appellare, to call
angelus, m.~ angel appetere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, to long for.
anima, f., soul, life to desire
animadvertere, -verti, -versus, to no-· appetitivus, having appetite or desire
tice, to recognize for
SECOND LATIN
appetitus, m.} appetite attamen, nevertheless
appicare, -avi or -ui, -atus, to apply attentare, to attempt
apprime, especially attentus, attentive
appropriatio, f.} appropriation attenuare, to weaken, to diminish
aptissime, most aptly attingere, -tigi, -tactus, to arrive at, to
aptitudo, f.} aptitude attain
aptus, fit, suited to, correct attribuere, -ui, -utus, to attribute, to
apud, to, wi th, in the presence of, bestow, to grant
among, at the house of atvero, however
aqua, f.} water auctor, m.} author
arbitrium, n.} judgment, will auctoritas, f.} authority
arbor, f.} tree audere (semidep. 2), ausus, to dare, to
arcanus, secret, sacred risk, to make bold
arcere (2), -cui, to prevent, to exclude audire (4), to hear
archangelus, m.} archangel auditio, f.} hearing
arctissimus, closest, very tight auditus, m.} hearing
argentum, n.} silver auferre, abstuli, ablatus, to take away
argumentum, n.} arguluent augere (2), auxi, auctus, to increase,
ars, f.} art to augment
articulus, m.} article, point, moment augmentum, n.} increase
artifex, m.} artificer, maker, author aurichalcum, n.} brass
artificialis, artificial, man-made auris, f.} ear
ascendere, -cendi, -census, to ascend aurora, f.} dawn
ascensio, f.} ascension aurum, n.} gold
ascribere, -scripsi, -scriptus.. to ascribe, autem, however, whereupon, but, and
to apply, to attribute also, and; illud quidem . . . sed
aspergere, -spersi, -spersus, to sprinkle - , to be sure . . but still; contra
0
aspersio, f.} sprinkling - , but on the other hand

aspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to look authenticus, authentic
toward auxilium, n.} help, assistance
assentire (4), to assent aversio, f.,} aversion
assequi (dep. 3), assecutus, to obtain avertere, -verti, -versus, to turn away
asservare, to preserve, to guard, to avia, fo} grandluother
protect avus, m.} grandfather
assidere (2), -sedi, -sessus, to sit, to be azymus, unleavened
seated
assistentia, f.} assistance, presence B
assistere, -stiti, to attend
assuetudo, f.} custom, habit baculus, mO} staff
assumere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to take baptisma, n.} baptism
at, but baptismalis, baptismal
atque, and, and in addition; aliter-, baptismus, m.} baptism
otherwise than baptisterium, nO} baptistery
atqui, however, but nevertheless baptizare, to baptize
SECOND LATIN 237
beatitudo, fo, happiness, blessedness caput, nO} head, chapter
beatus, blessed, happy carcer, mO} jail
bene, well cardinalis, cardinal, principal, chief
benedicere, -dixi, -dictus, to bless carentia, f.} lack
benedictio, fo} benediction carere (2), to lack, to be devoid of
benedictus, blessed caritas, f.} charity
benefactor, mO} benefactor caro, f.} flesh, meat
beneficium, fo} benefice carpentarius, mO} carpenter
benigne, favorably castigare, to punish
benignus, favorable, merciful, good, cassus, vain
benign, loving casus, mO} case
bibere, bibi, bibitus, to drink catechesis, fo} oral instruction
blandiri (dep. 4), to flatter catechismus, mO} catechism
bonitas, f.} goodness cathedralis, cathedral
bonus, good; bona, no plo} goods; in catholicus, catholic
bonum, for good causa, f.} cause, n1eans, matter; alia de
brachium, n.} arm causa, for another reason; multis de
bravium, n. prize
J causis, for many reasons; qua de
brevis, short causa, for which reason
brutus, brute, irrational causare, to cause
cautum, n., concern
c cavere (2), cavi, cautus, to beware
cedere, cessi, cessus, to yield, to grant,
cadere, cecidi, cassus, to fall, to fall to allow
down, to beat celebrare, to celebrate
caelestis, heavenly celebratio, f.} celebration
caelum (coelum), nO} heaven, sky celebritas, fo} solemnity
caeremonia, fo} ceremony censere (2), censui, census, to reckon,
calamitas, fo} calamity, disaster, dis to count
tress centrum, nO} center
calamitosus, calamitous cernere, crevi, cretus, to discern
calculus, mo, coal certamen, nO} strife
calefacere, -feci, -factus, to heat certitudo, fo} certainty
calefactio, f.} heat, heating certo, certainly
calidus, hot certus, certain; certiorem reddere, to
calix, mO} chalice inform
calor, mo, heat cessare, to cease
canere, cecini, cantus, to sing, to blow ceterus, other; et cetera, and so forth;
canon, fo} canon (ecclesiastical rule or de cetero, as for the rest
edict) character, m., character, spiritual
capax, capable mark, sign
capere (io), cepi, captus, to receive, to cherub, m., cherub
obtain;, to contain, to take, to un chirurgus, m., surgeon
derstand chorus, m., choir
SECOND LATIN
chrisma, no, chrism, consecrated oil cogitare, to think
christianus, Christian cogitatio, fo, thought
Christus, mo, Christ cognatio, f., relationship
cibus, lno, food cognitio, f., knowledge, idea
cinis, tn., ashes, embers cognoscere, -novi, -nitus, to know
circa, about, in respect to cognoscitivus, cognizant, aware
circiter, about cohabitare, to live together
circulus, mo, circle cohabitatio, f., cohabitation
circumdare, -dedi, -datus, to encom cohortari (dep. I), to encourage, to
pass, to surround exhort
circumferre, -tuli, -latus, to bear or colere, colm, cultus, to worship
carry around collatio, f., gathering, conferring
circumgestare, to carry around collatus, m., conferring, compared
circumincessio, fo, coexistence colligere, -legi, -lectus, to assemble. to
circumstantia, fo, circumstance collect
circwnstare, -steti, to be present, to color, tn., color
stand around coloratus, colored
cithara, f., harp columba, fo, dove
citius, sooner, earlier, before columna, fo, pillar
civilis, civil comedere, -edi, -esus, to eat
clam, secret!y comestio, f., eating
clamare, to cry out, to proclaim comitari (dep. I), to attend, to ac
clamor, mo, cry, shout company
clandestinus, clandestine comitatus, m., company
clarificare, to glorify commemorare, to conlmemorate
claritas, f., light, clarity commemoratio, f., commemoration
classicus, classic commendare, to comrnend
claudere, clausi, clausus, to close commendatitius, of recommendation
cIavis, f., key or introduction
clemens, merciful commentum, no, falsehood
clementer, mercifully, graciously committere, -nlisi, -missus, to bring to
clementia, f., clemency, mercy gether, to unite
clericus, mo, clerk, cleric, clergyman commixtio, fo, mingling
coactio, f., compulsion commode, conveniently
coadunare, to unite commoditas, f., convenience
coaequalis, coequal commonere (2), -monui, -monitus, to
coarctare, to confine warn, to admonish
coelibatus, mo, celibacy commorari (dep. I), to stay, to tarry
coena, fo, supper commotio, f., stirring, movement, agi
coenare, to sup, to dine tation
coextendere, -tendi, -tc:nsus or -tentus, communicare, to communicate, to re
to have the same extension ceive in communion
cogere, coegi, coactus, to lead, to communio, f., COillmunion
bring, to assemble, to compel communis, common
SECOND LATIN
commuruter, commonly conferre, ·tuli, collatus, to accom
comparare, to prepare, to furnish, to pany, to grant, to confer, to ponder,
obtain, to compare to gain
compati (dep. 3, io), -passus, to suffer confessarius, m.} confessor
competenter, fi tly confessio, f., confession, praise
competere, -ivi, -itus, to be capable of, confessor, m.} confessor
to fi t, to belong to confestim, immediately
complecti (dep. 3), -plexus, to em conficere, -feci, -fectus, to confer, to
brace make
complere, -plevi, -pletus, to complete, confirmare, to confirm, to strengthen,
to fulfill to ratify
completus, complete confirmatio, f.} confirmation
complures, several confiteri (dep. 2), -fessus, to confess,
componere, -posni, -positus, to com to praise, to give thanks or glory
pose conformare, to conform
compos, sane, sound conformis, conformable, in conform
compositio, f.} composition ance with
comprehendere, -hendi, -hensus, to conformitas, f.} conformity
comprehend, to obtain, to appre confortare, to strengthen
hend, to take confugere (io), -fugi, to flee
comprehensio, f.} comprehensiveness confundere, -fudi, -fusus, to confound
comprobare, to prove, to establish conglorificare, to glorify
conlputare, to nunlber congregare, to gather, to gather to
conari (dep. I), to try gether
concedere, -cessi, -cessus, to grant congregatio, f.} company, congrega
concelebrare, to celebrate together tion
conceptus, m.} concept congruere, -grui, to fi t, to confonn to
concilium, n., council congruus, proper, suitable
concionator, m.} preacher conjugalis, conjugal, Inarried
concipere, -cepi, -ceptus, to conceive conjunctio, f.} union, whole, conjunc
concomitantia, f., concomitance tion
concupiscentia, f.} concupiscence conjunctus, connected, united with;
concurrere, -curri, -cursus, to concur, (as noun), kinsman, relative
to agree conjungere, -junxi, -junctus, to join, to
condemnatio, f., condelnnation have affinity with
condemnatorius, condemnatory conjux, m. and f.} husband, wife,
condere, -didi, .ditus, to create, to spouse
found commixtio, f., mingling
conditio, f.} condition, nature; sub complexio, f.} combination
conditione, conditionally concludere, -clusi, -clusus, to conclude
conditionatus, conditional connaturaliter, in a natural way
conditor, m.} founder, creator connexio, f.} connection, relation
condonare, to condone, to pardon connubium, n.} marriage
conducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead connumerare, to nunl ber amongst
SECOND LATIN
consanguinitas, f 0' consanguinity contagio, f., contagion

conscientia, f., conscience contemnere, -tempsi, -temptus, to de~
conscius, conscious, aware spise
consecrare, to consecrate contemplatio, fo, contemplation
consecratio, fo, consecration contendere, -tendi, -tentus, to contend
consecratus, consecrated contentiosus, contentious
consecutio, fo, attainment contextus, mo, context
consensus, mo, consent continere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to con
consentaneus, suited, proper tain
consentire (4), to consent, to be in contingere, -tigi, -tactus, to touch, to
agreement extend to
consequentia, f., consequence continuus, continuous, constant
consequi (dep. 3), -secutus, to obtain, contra, against, before; e - , on the
to follow contrary, over against, opposite;
conserere, -semi, -sertus, to connect - autem, but on the other hand;
conservare, to preserve - haec, in answer to this; haec - ,
conservatio, 10' preservation this in reply; quod - , whereas on
conservator, mo, preserver the other hand
considerare, to consider contractus, mo, contract, bargain
consideratio, f., consideration contradicere, -dixi, -dictus, to contra
consiliare, to advise dict
consiliarius, mo, counselor contrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to contract
consiIium, no, advice contrarietas, fo, opposite
consistere, ~stiti) -stitus, to consist contrarium, n., opposite
consolari (dep. I), to comfort contribulatus, troubled
consors, having a common lot, par~ contristare, to sadden, to afHict, to
taking trouble
consortium, no, consort, company contritus, contrite
conspectus, m., sight, presence conturbare, to disquiet, to disturb, to
constantissime, most firmly trouble
constare, -stiti, -status, to consist convalescere, -valui, to regain health
constituere, -ui, -utus, to constitute, to or strength
decree, to appoint, to set, to ordain convellere, -velli, -vulsus, to pluck or
constitutivus, constituent tear up
constringere, -strinxi, -strictus, to con convenientia, fo, agreement
strain convenire (4), -veni, -ventus, to agree
construere, -uxi, -uctus, to construct conventio, fo, agreelnent
consubstantialis, consubstantial conventualis, conventual, of a con
consubstantialitas, fo, consubstantial~ vent
ity, state of being one and the same conversatio, fo, intercourse, conversa
essence tion
consuetudo, fo, custom conversio, 10' conversion, change
consuetus, accustomed conversus, turned, converse; e con
consulere, -ui, -00, to consult verso, conversely, on the contrary
SECOND LATIN
convertere, -verti, -versus, to convert, custodire (4), to protect, to preserve,
to change to keep, to guard, to wa tch over
cooperare, to cooperate custos, mo and fo, guard, keeper
copia, fo, quantity, amount, plenty
copiosus, plentiful
D
copulare, to unite
cor, no, heart damnare, to condemn
coram, in the presence of, before, face damnatio, fo, damnation, condemna
to face tion
cornu, no, horn dare, dedi, datus, to give, to grant, to
corollarium, no, corollary yield; operam - , to take pains
coronare, to crown de, from, out of, concerning, against,
corporalis, corporal, corporeal, bodily by; de cetero, as for the rest; multis
corporeus, bodily, corporeal de causis, for many reasons; qua de
corpus, no, body, carcass causa, for which reason; de indus
corruptela, f., corruption ria, on purpose
corruptibilis, corruptible dealbare, to make white
corruptus, corrupt, spoiled debere (2), owe, ought, must, due
eras, tomorrow debilitare, to weaken
creare, to create debitor, m.} debtor
creatio, fo, creation debitus, mO} due
creator, mo, creator debitum, nO} trespass, debt
creatrix, creative decedere, -cessi, -cessus, to depart, to
creatura, f., creature die
credere, -didi, -ditus, to believe, to decens, decent, suitable, proper
trust decernere, -crevi, -cretus, to decree
cremare, to burn decet, it is becoming
criminosus, criminal declarare, to make clear, to show, to
crucifixus, crucified demonstrate
crudelis, cruel declaratorius, declaratory
crux, I.} cross declinare, to incline, to go aside, to
cubiculum, n.} bedroom turn away
culpa, lo} fault, guilt, blame, sin decor, mo, beauty
cuItor, m.} professor, server, worshiper decorare, to adorn, to honor
cuItus, mO} worship decretum, nO} decree
cum, with, when, while, whereas, al deducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead, to
though, since; una - , together conduct
with, conjointly ,;vith deesse, -fui, to be lacking
cumulativus, accruing defendere, -fendi, -fensus, to defend
cunctus, all deferre, -tull, -latus, to submit
cupire (4), to wish deficere, -feci, -feetus, to fail, to for
cur, why sake, to depart from, to be wanting
cura, I.} care definire, to define
custodia, fo} watch, custody definitio, fo} definition
SECOND LATIN
defIuere, -fIuxi, -fIuxus, to flow or pro destinatio, '., destination
ceed from destruere, -struxi, -structus, to destroy
defunctus, dead desumere, -sumpsi, to choose, to select
degradatus, deprived of office or dig detegere, -texi, -teetus, to uncover, to
nity detect
deinde, then, finally detestari (dep. I), to detest
Deitas, to, Deity, godhead, divinity determinare, to determine
delectare, to delight determinatio, f., determination
delectatio, to,
delight determinatus, definite, determined
delegatus, m., delegate detorquere (2), -torsi, -tortus or -tor
delere (2), -evi, -etus, to blot out, to sus, to twist
wash away, to destroy detrahere, -traxi, -tractus, to detract
deliberatus, deliberate detrimentum, no, detriment
delictum, no, crime, sin Deus, mo, God
delinquere, -liqui, -Hctus, to transgress deviare, to deviate, to depart from
demeritum, n., defect, demerit devotio, fo, devotion
demonstrare, to demonstrate, to prove devotus, devout
denique, at length, lastly dexter, right
denunciatio, to,
prohibition, publica diaconus, mo, deacon
tion diametro; e - , diametrically
denuo, once more, again dicere, dixi, dietus, to say, to tell, to
dependere (2), to depend call, to mean
depositio, f., burial dicitur, it is called, it is said to be
depositus, divested dictum, no, \vord
deprecari (dep. I), to beseech dies, m. and f., day; de die in diem,
deprecatio, f., prayer, supplication frorn day to day; in dies, daily; ad
deprehendere, -prehendi, -prehensus, diem, on the day; dies festos agere,
to find to spend holy days
deputare, to appoint, to depute differentia, f., difference, differential
derogari (dep. I), to detract from, to differe, distuli, dilatus, to differ
derogate difficilis, difficult
descendere, -scendi, -scensus, to come difficultas, fo, difficulty
down, to descend difficulter, with difficulty
describere, -seripsi, -scriptus, to de difformitas, fo, lack of conformity,
scribe, to record disagreement
deserere, -serui, -sertus, to desert, to difIundere, -fudi, -fusus, to spread
forsake digitus, m., finger
desiderare, to desire dignari ( depo I) , to vouchsafe, to
desiderium, no, desire grant
designare, to designate digne, worthily, rightly
desperatio, f., desperation, despair dignitas, fo, worth, n1erit
despieere (io), -pexi, -pectus, to de dignus, worthy, becolning, deserved
spise diligenter, carefully
destinare, to destine diligentia, t., diligence
SECOND LATIN 243
diligere, -lexi, -lectus, to love diversitas, t., difference, diversity
diluddus, lucid, sane divers us, different
dimanare, to emanate, to Bovv from dividere, -visi, -visus, to divide
dimittere, -misi, -missus, to forgive, to divinitas, t., divinity
distniss, to put or send avvay, to dis divinitus, divinely
solve, to leave, to let down divinus, divine
dioecesis, t., diocese divisibilis, divisible, separate
directe, directly divisio, f., division
directus, direct; in mrecto, in the di divitiae, f. pl., riches
rect way divus, m., saint
dirigere, -rexi, -rectus, to direct docere, (2), docui, doctus, to teach
dirimere, -emi, -en1ptus, to dissolve docunlentum, n.) document
discedere, -cessi, -cessus, to depart, to dolere (2) , dolui, dolitus, to suf
swerve from, to leave fer
discere, didici, to learn dolosus, deceitful
discernere, -c.revi, -eretus, to distin don1ina, f., nlistress
guish, to discern dominare, to dominate
discipulus, m., disciple dominatio, f., dominion
discretio, t., separation, discretion dominus, nz., Lord, lord, master
discrimen, n., hazard, risk dOlnne (vocative), rn., sir
discriminare, to distinguish domus, i.) house
diseussio, f., dispersal donare, to give, to grant, to forgive
discutere, -cussi, -cussus, to disperse donum, n.} gift, present
diserte, distinctly, clearly, expressly dormire, to sleep
disertus, fluent, clear dormitio, f., sleep, repose
dispar, unlike, different drachma, t., drachma (small Greek
dispensare, to dispense coin)
disponere, -posui, -positus, to dispose, dubie, doubtfully
to order dubitare, to doubt
dispositio, f., disposition, providence dubius, doubtful
disputare, to dispute, to argue ducere, duxi, ductus, to lead, to bring,
dissentire (4), -sensi, -sensus, to dis to dispose, to reckon, to con
agree, to dissent, to refuse to give sider
assent ductus, m., leadership
disserere, -serui, -sertus, to discourse dudum, not long since, just now; jam
dissolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to dissolve - , long, a long tin1e
distantia, f., distance dum, while
distincte, clearly, plainly, distinctly dummodo, as long as, provided that
distinctio, f., distinction dumtaxat, only
distinguere, -stinxi, -stine tus, to dis duo, two
tinguish duodecim, twelve
diu, long, for a long time; quam - , duplex, double
as long as; jam - , for a long time dupliciter, doubly, in a double sense
diversificare, to be different, to vary durante, during
SECOND LATIN
elevatio, f., elevation, lifting
E elicere, ..Hcui, ..licitus, to elicit, to call
e, frolTI, out of forth
ecce, behold eligere, ..legi, ..lectus, to elect, to
ecclesia, f., church choose
ecclesiasticus, ecclesiastical, pertaining eloquentia, f... eloquence, oratory
to the church elucere (2), ..luxi, to shine forth, to be
eeontra, on the other hand apparent
edere, -didi, -ditus, to bring forth, to elueeseere, to shine forth, to stand out
deliver clearly
ediscere, -didici, to learn emanatio, f., emanation
edoeere (2) , -docui, -doctus, to in emere, emi, emptus, to buy
struct emittere, ..misi, -missus, to send out,
educatio, t., training to put forth
educere, -duxi, -ductus, to take away, emollire (4), to soften, to render mild
to bring forth emphaticus, emphatic
effective, efficaciously emptio, t., buying
effectus, m., effect enarrare, to tell, to relate, to show
efficax, efficacious forth
effieere (io), -feci, -feetus, to make, to energia, t., energy
bring about enim, for
efHuere, -fluxi, to flow out or away enormis, enormous
efformare, to form, to shape ens, n., being
effulgere (2), -fulsi, -fulsus, to shine entitativus, entitative, of the nature of
upon an entity or real thing
effundere, -fudi, ..£USus, to shed, to episcopus, m., bishop
pour out epistola, f., epistle
e.g. (abbrev. for exempli gratia), for erga, towards
example ergo, therefore, then
ego, I erigere, -rexi, -rectus, to raise up, to
egredi (dep. 3), ..gressus, to come out, erect
to go out, to go forth eripere, ..ripui, ..reptus, to rescue, to de
egressio, t., egress, departure liver from
egressus, tn., depa.rture errare, to err
ejicere (io), -jeei, ..jeetus, to cast out, erroneus, erroneous
to bring forth error, m., error
ejusmodi, of this sort; et ejusmodi, eruditus, infonned, instructed
and the like eruere, -rui, -rutus, to deliver
electio, f., election, choice esse, fui, to be; est ei in animo, he has
electus:, m., elect in mind, he intends
eleemosyna, f., alms essendi, essendo, of, in being (gerund
elementaris, elementary of esse used in Vulgar Latin)
elemelltum, n., element essentia, f., essence
elevare, to elevate, to lift up essentialis, essential
SECOND LATIN 245
cssentialiter, essentially excogitare, to devise, to invent
et, and, even, then; also; - cetera, excommunicatus, excommunicated
- ceteri, and so forth; - ejusmodi, excusare, to excuse
and the like; - ••• - , both ..• excusatio, f., excuse
and exemplar, nO} pattern, model, original
ethnicus, m., heathen exemplunl, no, example
etiam, also, certainly, yea, although; exemptus, exempt, exempted
quin - , yea indeed exercere (2), -cui, -citus, to exercise,
etsi, although to operate
Eucharistia, fo} Eucharist exercitium, no, exercise
eucharisticus, eucharistic exercitus, m., army, host
evadere, -vasi, -vasus, to escape, to ex. gr. or e.g. (abbrev for exempli
0
evade, to move, to pass, to take place gratia), for example

evanescere, -vanui, to vanish, to disap exhibere (2), to show, to exhibit
pear exigere, -egi, -actus, to demand
Evangelium, nO} Gospel existentia, f., existence
evangelicus, of the Gospel existere, -stiti, -stitus, to exist
evidenter, evidently existimare, to think, to deem
evolvere, -volvi, -volutus, to develop exorare, to beseech, to pray
ex, from, out of; - aequo, justly; expectare (exspectare), to look for, to
- eo quod, because, from the fact expect, to wait for
that; - fide, in good faith, as a expedire (4), to deliver, to detach, to
rna tter of fai th; - improviso, sud be expedient, to expedite, to hasten
denly, on the spur of the moment; expedite, readily, promptly
- illo, since then; - longinquo, expendere, -pendi, -pensus, to weigh,
from a distance; - opere operato to ponder
(see Lesson XXXIV); - parte, in experientia, fo, experience
part; - professo, openly, avowedly; expers, devoid of, without
- usu, expedient; - toto, v/holly expiare, to cleanse, to expiate, to atone
exagitare, to harass, to disturb for, to do penance for
exaudire (4), to hear explicare, to explain
excedere, -cessi, -cessus, to exceed, to explieite, explicitly
excel exponere, -posui, -positus, to expound,
excellentia, fo, excellence to set forth, to explain
excellere, -celui, -ceIsus, to excel expresse, expressly
excelsus, high, lofty, most high, in ex exseerabilis, execrable
celsis, in the highest; in excelso, on exsolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to loose
high exstare, -stiti, to stand forth
exceptio, fo, exception exsultare, to rejoice, to exult, to extol
excipere (io), -cepi, -ceptus, to receive, exsultatio, fo} exultation, joy, gladness
to except exsurgere (2), to arise
excitare, to excite, to arouse extensio, fo} extension, extent
excludere, -clusi, -clusus, to exclude exterior, external
exclusio, fo, exclusion exterminare, to destroy
SECOND LATIN
externus, external festus, feastal, festive; dies - , holy
extinguere, -tinxi, -tinctus, to extin day; dies festos agere, to spend holy
guish, to des troy days
extra, outside of; ad - , external, out fetus, m fetus
O}
ward, outwardly fictitius, fictitious

extrahere, -traxi, ..tractus, to release, to fidere (semidepo 3), fisus, to trust
extract fides, f.} faith; ex fide, in good faith,
extraneus, mO} outsider, stranger as a matter of faith; ultra fidem,
extrenlus, last; ad extremum, finally incredible
extrinsece, extrinsically, externally fiducia, f.} confidence
extrinsecus, outward, external fieri, factus, to becolne, to be made;
exuere, -ui, -utus, to free from, to de factum est, it came to pass; fiat, so
liver be it, very good; ut fit, as is com
monly the case
figmentwn, nO} fancy
F
figura, fo} shape
facere, feci, factus, to make, to cause, filia, fo} daughter
to grant, to yield, to bring forth filialis, filial
facies, fo} face, appearance, aspect; filius, mO} son, child
a facie, because of, frarn before; finis, mo and fo} end, confine, limit;
facie ad faciem, face to face sine fine, ceaselessly
facile, easil y firmamentum, nO} firmament, strength
facilitas, fo} n1eans, facility, ease firmare, to strengthen
factitius, factitious, artificial firmitas, fO} firmness
factor, mO} nlaker firmus, firm, inflexible
factum, nO} deed, act flagitium, nO} shameful thing
facultas, fo} facul ty flamma, fo} flan1e
falsitas, fo, falseness flatus, mO} blowing, breath
falsus, false Florentinus, of Florence
familia, f.} family, household flos, mO} flower
famula, fo} servant fons, mO} fountain, source, \vell, spring
famulus, tnO} servant foras, out of doors, forth, out, outside
fas, la\vful forma, fo} form
fateri (depo 2), fassus, to avow, to con formalis, formal, essential
fess formaliter, forn1ally
fa villa, fo} ashes formare, to train, to guide, to fonn
favor, mO} favor forsitan, perhaps
felicitas, fo, happiness, bliss forte, perchance; nisi - , unless to be
femina, f.} woman sure
fere, almost fortis, strong, valiant, mighty, griev
feria, f.} day of the week; - quinta ous; a fortiori, with the greater
(V), Thursday force
fermentatus, fermented fortitudo, f., fortitude, strength,
festivus, festive, feast power
SECOND LATIN
fovere (2), fovi, fotus, to cherish gradatim, gradually
fragilitas, f., frailty gradus, n1., degree
frangere, fregi, fractus, to break Graecus, Greek
frater, rn., brother grammatice, grammatically
fraus, t., fraud, deceit gratia, fo, grace, thankfulness; gratias,
frequenter, frequently thanks; gratis, free; gratiarum actio,
frigidus, cold thanksgiving; gratias ague, to give
frons, f., forehead thanks
fructuose, fruitfully, beneficially gratus, gracious, thankful
fructus, m., fruit, profit, benefit gravare, to burden, to oppress
fundamentalis, fundamental graviter, seriously, gravely
fundamentaliter, basically, essentially grex, m., flock
fundamentum, n., foundation gubernatio, /., government
furiosus, tn., madman gustus, m., taste
fuse, at length, in much detail
fusius,tnore extensively, at greater H
length
futurus, future habere (2), to have; se - , to be; se
male --, to be sick; rohur - , to
take effect; se habet, is regarded
G
habitaculum, no, dwelling, house,
Gallia, I., France habitation
Gallus, m., Frenchman habitatio, t., dwelling
gaudere (semidep. 2), gavisus, to en habituaIiter, habitually, regularly
joy habitudo, t., habitual association, close
gaudium, n., joy relationship
gehenna, f., hell habitus, mo, habit
generalis, general hactenus, hitherto; de hac re - , so
generare, to beget, to create much for that
generatitn, generally, in general haedus, mo, kid
generatio, f., generation, reproduction haereditas, fo, heredity
genimen, n., fruit haeres, m., heir
genitrix, fo, mother haeresis, f.~ heresy
genitus, begotten haereticus, heretic, heretical
gens, t., nation, gentile, heathen haesitatio, fo, hesitation
genuflexio, fo} genuflection haurire (4), hausi, haustus, to draw,
genus, 11., class, species, kind; in ge to take
nere, in general, generally speaking hebdomada, t.} week
gerere, gessi, gestus, to bear, to reign hebraicus, Hebrew
Germanus, m., German heri, yesterday
gestus, done; res gestae, deeds hie, this, here; hoc est, that is; ad hoc,
gloria, t.} glory besides; ah hac parte, on this side;
glorifieare, to glorify hune in modum, in this way; con
gloriosus, glorious tra haec, in answer to this; haec
SECOND LATIN
contra, this in reply; ad hune mo identificare, to identify, be identical
dum, in this way with
hinc, hence identitas, f., identity
Hispanus, Spaniard ideo, therefore
historia, f., history idololatra, m., idolater
hodie, today, this day ioe. (abbrevo for id est), that is
holocaustum, n., holocaust, burnt of. igitur, therefore, accordingly
fering ignis, mo,. fire
homo, m., man, husband ignitus, burning
honestas, f., honesty ignorantia, f., ignorance
honestus, decent, proper ignorare, to be ignorant, not to know
honor, m., honor ignotus, unknown
honorare, to honor ille, that, the former; ex ilia, since
honorifiee, honorably, with honor then
horologium, n., clock illeeebra, f., allurement
horrendus, dreadful illegitimus, illegitimate
hortari (dep. I), to exhort illibatus, unblen1ished
hostia, fo, host, sacrifice, victim, of illie, there
fering illicitus, illicit
hueusque, hitherto illimitatus, unlimited
hujusmodi, of this kind illud, that; - quidem ••• sed au
humanitas, fo, humanity, kindness tern, to be sure . 0 but still
0
humanus, hun1an illunlinare, to illuminate, to enlighten!,

humeetare, to moisten to make or cause to shine
humiditas, f., moisture illustrare, to illumine
humidus, wet illustratio, f., illumination
humiliatus, humbled imaginarius, imaginary
humllis, humble imitari (dep. I), to imitate
humilitas, f., humility, abjection immaeulatus, spotless, undefiled, im
hymnus, m., hymn maculate
hypostaticus, hypostatic, essential, sub immaterialis, immaterial
stantial inunediate, immediatel y
hyssopus, mo, hyssop immediatus, immediate, direct
immemorabilis, immemorial
immergere, -mersi, -,mersus, to 11n
nnerse, to nnerge
I
immersio, f., immersion
ibidem, in the same place imminere (2), to be imminent, to
id, this; eo ipso, because of this very threaten
thing; eo • • • quo, the . . the;
0 imminuere, -minui, -minutus, to
ad - quod, besides that; - ipsum, lessen, to dinlinish
that very thing immolare, to immolate, to sacrifice
idem, same immortalitas, f., immortality
identicus, identical immunis, free, immune
SECOND LATIN 249
immunitas, f., freedom, immunity incedere, -cessi, -cessus, to go, to
immutare, to change walk
immutativum, n.) change, alteration, incensum, n., incense
modification incertum, n., uncertainty
imo (immo) , by all means; quin - , inchoare, to begin
yea rather; - maximo, nl0st cer inelinare, to incline, to bow
tainly not inclinatio, f., tendency, inclination
impedimentum, n., impediment includere, -clusi, -clusus, to include, to
impedire (4), to prevent, to impede confine, to imprison
irnpendere (2), to threaten, to impend ineola, 1n. and f., inhabitant, resident
impellere, -puli, -pulsus, to impel, to incolatus, m., sojourn, residence
urge incolumitas, f., safety
imperare, to command, to govern incommodum, n' J inconvenience, dis
imperfectio, t./ imperfection comfort
itnperium, n., command, rule inconvenienter, inlproper!y
impertiri (dep. 4), to grant, to bestovv incorporeus, incorporeal
impius, ~Nicked increatus, uncreated, not begotten
implicite, irnplicitly inculpabilis, innocent, guiltless
implorare, to implore inde, hence
imponere, -posui, ·positus, to lay or indelebilis, indelible
put upon indeliberate, involuntarily, without
importare, to convey deliberation
impositio, t., irnposition, laying on independenter, independently
irnpossibilis, inlpossible indicare, to indicate
imprimere, -pressi, -pressus, to im indifferens, indifferent
press indigere (2), -gui, to need
imprimis, first of all, chiefly indigitare, to indicate
imprudens, ill1prudent indigne, unworthily
impudieus, shameless indignus, unworthy
impugnare, to assail, to attack indirecte, indirectly
impugnatio, f., attack indiscriminatim, indiscriminately
impulsio, f., force, impulsion indispositio, t., indisposition
irnpulsivus, impelling indissolubilis, indissoluble
imputabilitas, f.J responsibility individualis, individual
imputare, to impute individuatio, t., individuation
imputatio, f., imputation individuum, n., individual
in, in, into, unto, upon, for, to, against, indivisibilis, indivisible
among, at, toward; - genere, in indivisio, f., indivision
general, generally speaking; - per.. indivisus, undivided
petuum, forever; -usu, at the mo indoles, f., nature
ment of usage, in the act of using inducere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead, to
inadaequatus, inadequate bring into
inanime, inanimately indulgentia, I., pardon, forgiveness,
incarnatus, incarnate indulgence
SECOND LATIN
indulgere (2), -<luIsi, -dultus, to for injurius, unjust, insulting
give, to grant innocens, innocent
indultum, n., dispensation, indult innovare, to renew
industria, f., diligence; de industria, innuere, -nui, -nutus, to intirnate
on purpose innumerabilis, innurnerable
indutus, clothed inobedientia, f., disobedience
inesse, -fui, to be in or engaged in inquantus, inJsITluch as
infallibilis, infallible inquirere, -quisivi, -quisitus, to seek
infamia, f., infan1y, bad repute insanire (4), to be insane
infamis, infamous, disrepu table inscius, not knov\'ing, una\vares
infans, m. and f., infant, babe; in inscribere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to in
fantes expositi et inventi, found scribe
lings inserere, -semi.. -sertus, to inlplant, to
infantia, f., infancy, childhood en1body
infantilis, infantile, of infancy inservire (4), -servivi, -scrvitus.. to
infelix, unhappy serve
infernus, infernal, of hell insignior, principal, more outstanchng
inferre, -tuli, illatus, to infer, to bring, insignitus, signed, known
to carry, to wage insinuare, to hint at, to suggest
inferns, below inspicere, -spexi, ~spectus, to exalnine
infidelis, faithless, infidel inspiratio, t., inspira tion
infidelitas, f., unbelief instar, n. (indecl.), likeness, equIva
infinitus, infinite lent
infirmitas, t., weakness instinctus, m., instinct
infirm us, sick instituere, -stitui, -stitutus, to insti
influxus, m., flowing in, inpouring, tute, to establish
streanl, rush, influence institutio, t.. institution
infundere, -fudi, -fusus, to pour, to in instruere, -struxi, -structus, to instruct
fuse, to water instrumentum, n., instrurnent
infusio, f., pouring insuper, besides, in addition, more
infusus, instilled over
ingemiscere, -gemui, to groan integer, virtuous, wholly right
ingenitus, inborn, innate integralis, integral
ingredi (dep. 3), -gressus, to walk integrans, integrating, making up a
along, to come in whole
inhabilis, incapable intellectualis, intellectual
inhabitare, to chvell intellectivus, intellective, intelligent
inhaerentia, f., inherent quality intellectus, m., intellect
inhaerere (2), -haesi, -haesus, to ad intelligere, -lexi, -lectus, to perceive,
here to to understand
inimicus, m., enemy intendere, -tendi, -tentus or -tensus,
iniquitas, t., iniquity to stretch out, to extend, to hearken,
iniquus, unjust to be attentive
illitium, n.} beginning intensitas, f.~ emphasis
SECOND LATIN
intensus, intense ira, f., wrath, anger
intentio, t., intention ire, ivi or ii, itus, to go; - obviam. to
inter, among, between go to meet
intercedere, -cessi, -cessus, to inter irrationalis, irrational, unreasonable
cede irrescindibilis, irrevocable
intercessio, f., intercession irreverentia, f., irreverence
interdictus, interdicted irritus, void, null
interesse, -fui, to take part in, to be is, that, he; eo quod, to the extent that
present isque, and that, too; and that, indeed
interim, in the rneanwhile iste, th is, tha t, the latter
interitus, In., destruction, annihilation ita, so, even
internus, internal item, likewise, also
interpres, In., expounder, translator iterare, to repeat
interpretatio, f., interpreta-tion iterum, again
intervallum, n., interval
intolerabilis, in tolerable
intra, among, within
J
intrare, to enter jacere (2), to lie down
intrinsece, intrinsically, inwardly jacere, jeci, jactus, to throw
introire, to go in jactura, t., loss, harnI
intueri (dep. 2), -tuitus, to behold, to jam, now, already; - non, no longer;
have in vie\\' - diu, for a long time; - dudum,
intuitivus, in tuiti ve for a long time; - jalnque, now at
intuitus, In., vic\v, attention this very mornent
inultus, unpunished, unavenged jamvero, indeed
invalescere, -valui, to become strong janua, f., entrance, door, gate
invalidus, invalid jejunium, n., fasting
invasor, m., invader, usurper jejunus, fasting
invehere, -vexi, -vectus, to bring into, jubere (2), jussi, jussus, to command,
to introduce to ask, to pray
invenire, -veni, -ventus, to effect, to Judaeus, m., Jew
bring about, to find, to come upon judex, n1., judge
investigare, to investigate judicialis, judicial
inveteratus, inveterate, of long stand judicium, n., judgment
ing judicare, to judge
invicem: ad - , reciprocally, among jugiter, always
thernselyes jugum, n., yoke
invisibilis, invisible jumentum, n., beast (of burden)
invitus, unwilling jungere, junxi, junctus, to join, to
invocare, to call upon, to invoke bind, to unite
involuntarius, involuntary jurare, to swear
ipse, self; eo ipso, because of this very jurisdictio, f., jurisdiction
thing; id ipsum, that very thing; jus, n., law
quod ipsum, \vhich of itself alone jusjurandum, n., oath
SECOND LATIN
jussus, m., order, command lectio, I., lesson, reading
juste, righteously, justly legatus, m., legate
justificare, to justify legere, legi, lectus, to read
justificatio, I., justification legislator, m., legislator
justitia, I., justice legitime, legitimately
justus, right, just legitimus, legitimate
juvare, to aid leo, m., lion
juvenis, young lethargus, m., lethargy, coma
juventus, 10' youth levare, to lift
juxta, according to levis, light, slight
lex, I., law
libenter, freely, willingly
liber, mo, book
L
liber, free
labi (dep. 3), lapsus, to slip, to fall liberare, to free, to deliver
labium, n., lip libertas, I., freedom
labor, mo, labor libitum, nO) pleasure, liking; pro libito,
laborare, to labor, to suffer at pleasure
laboriosus, laborious, toilsome Iicentia, I., permission
lacrimosus, tearful licere (2), inlpers.; to be permitted, to
lacus, m., lake, pit, den be allowable
laetificare, to give joy licet, although
laetitia, I., gladness lieite, legitirnately
laetari (depo I), to rejoice licitus, licit, legitin1ate
laicus, mo, layman lingua, I., tongue, language
languere (2), langui, to fain t, to be litare, to offer a sacrifice; Saerum - ,
feeble to offer the Sacrifice of the Mass
lapidare, to throw stones litigare, to quarrel, to strive
lapis, m., stone littera, I., letter
largiri (dep. 4), to grant, to bestow liturgicus, liturgical
largitor, m., giver, bestower localis, local, localized
lassus, fain t, tired locus, m., place, room
late, broadly, widely locutio, I., phrase, expression
latere (2), -ui, to lie hidden logice, logically
latinus, Latin logicus, logical
latissimus, widest longinquus, far; ex longinquo, from
latria, 10' worship (the highest kind of a distance
worship or that paid to God only) loqui (dep. 3), locutus, to speak, to
latro, m., thief profess, to converse
latus, n., side lucere (2), luxi, to shine
laudabilis, laudable lucrum, n., profit, money
laudare, to praise Lugdunensis, of Lyons
laus, I., praise lumen, n., light
lavare, to wash lux, I., light
SECOND LATIN 253
M mediante, by means of
mediate, indirectly
macula, fo, stain medicina, fo, remedy
magis, more medicus, mo, physician
magistra, fo, mistress medium, no, means
magnitudo, f., size membrum, no, member, limb
magnus, great, large; magna ex parte, meminisse, to be mindful, to remem
in a great degree ber
majestas, fo, majesty memor, mindful
majestaticus, majestic, sublime memorari (depo I), to remember
major, greater memoratus, mentioned
majores, mo plo, forefathers, elders mendacium, no, lie
maledictum, no, wicked thing, wick mens, fo, mind
edness, curse mensura, f., measure
malitia, fo, malice, evil mentio, fo, mention
malitie, maliciously merces, fo, wages
malum, no, evil mere, merely
malus, bad, evil mereri (depo 2), meritus, to be worthy
mancus, defective, imperfect, infirm, meridies, m., noon
maimed merito, justly, with good reason
mandare, to order meritorio, meritoriously
mandatum, n., command rneritorius, meritorious, worthy
manducare, to eat meritum, n., merit
manere (2), mansi, mansus, to remain metalluID, no, metal
manifestare, to manifest metaphora, f., metaphor
manifeste, manifestly metaphysica, fo, metaphysics
manifestus, n1anifest metropolitanus, rnetropolitan
mansio, fo, home, house metus, m., fear
manus, f., hand migrare, to depart
mare, n., sea militia, f., army, soldiers
martyr, m., martyr mille, thousand
mater, f., nlother minime, least; - vero, by no means
nlateria, f., matter minister, mo, minister
materialis, material ministrare, to adrninister
maternitas, f., motherhood minoratio, f., lessening, diminishing
matrimonialis, matrimonial minuere, minui, minutus, to lessen, to
matrimonium, n., matrimony diminish
matutinus, Inorning minus, less; plus minusve, more or less
maxime, chiefly, to the greatest ex mirabilis, wonderful
tent, especially, in the highest de mirabiliter, wonderfully
gree; quam - , as much as possible mirabilium, n., wonder
maximus, very great, greatest, griev mirum, n., wonder, marvel; - quam,
ous marvelously; quantum, tre
medela, t., remedy, healing mendously
254 SECOND' LATIN
mirus, wondrous, wonderful motivum, n.} motive
miscere (2), -cui, mixtus, to mix motor, m., mover, motor in1pulse
miser, wretched motus, mo, movernent, Inotion
misere, wretchedly movere (2), movi, matus, to move
miseratio, fo, mercy mox, after\vards, at a later period,
misereri (dep. 2), misertus, to have presently
mercy on mulier, f., woman
miseria, f., wretchedness multifariam, in many places
misericordia, fo, mercy multiplex, manifold
misericors, merciful multiplicare, to multiply
missa, f., Mass multiplicatio, f., multiplication
missio, f., act of sending, emission multipliciter, in many ~lays
mitra, f., miter multitudo, f., multitude
mittere, misi, missus, to send, to cast, multus, much; nlulta nocte, late at
to put, to lay night; multis post annis, after rnany
mixtus, mingled, mixed years; multis de causis, for many
modicissimus, a very little reasons
modicus, a little mundanus, mundane, of the world
modo, provided that; non - , not only mundare, to cleanse
modus, m., manner; hunc in modum, mundus, m.} world
in this way; ultra modum, in1mod munire (4), to defend, to strengthen,
erate; ad hunc modum, in this way; to preserve
quem ad modum, how, as munus, no, gift, offering, bounty, office
molestus, irksome mums, m., wall
momentum, n., elelTIent, essential mutare, to change
point mutua, mutually
monere (2), to warn, to teach, to ad mysterium, n.} mystery
VIse
nlonitum, no, precept N
mollS, m., hill, ITIOunt, mountain;
summus - , the top of the hill nam, for
monstrum, no, monstrosity nasci (dep. 3), natus, to be born, to
mora, fo, delay spring up
moralitas, f., morality nativitas, f., nativity, birth
llloraliter, morally natura, f., nature
mori (dep. 3, io), mortuus, to die naturalis, natural
mars, f., death naturaliter, naturally
mortalis, mortal ne, not, lest; • quidem, not
mortalitas, f., mortal life even
mortaliter, mortally nec, neither; , neither
mos, m., custom; supra morem, more . . . nor; - non, and also, nor less
than usual necne, or not
mosaicus, Mosaic, pertaining to Moses necessario, necessarily
motio, f., motion necessitas, f.} necessity, need
SECOND LATIN 255
nefas, unlawful nonnihil, not nothing (that is, son1e
negare, to deny thing)
negatio, /'} negation, denial non-usus, m.} disuse
neglegere, -lexi, -Iectus, to neglect norma, f.} rule, precept
negligentia, f.} negligence noscere, novi, notus, to know
negotium, n.} trouble, difficulty noster, our; nostrum omnes, all of us
nemo, m. and f.} no one nota, f.} mark, feature
nempe, namely, certainly, to be sure notabilis, important, noteworthy
nepos, m. and f.} grandchild notio, /.} notion
nequaquam, by no means notitia, f.} kno\vledge, acquaintance
neque, and not, neither, nor notorius, notorious
nequire, nequivi, not to be able, can notus, known; an acquaintance
not novitius, m.} novice
neseire (4), -seivi or -seii, -scitus, not novus, new; novissimus, latest, last
to know; nescio quis, some sort of, nox, f.} night; sera nocte, late at night;
certain multa noete, late at night
nexus, m ... relationship, connection nubes, f.} cloud
Nicaenus, Nicene nudus, bare, sale
niger, black nullus, not any; -admodum, none at
nihil, nothing; - admodum, nothing all; - alter, DO other; nulla ex
at all; - aliud, nothing else; - est parte, in no way; - unus, on one
quod, there is no reason why nullusdum, none as yet
nihilominus, nevertheless num (interrogative word used when a
nihilum, n.} nothing negative answer is expected);
nimirum, certainly, indisputably quid, anything further, anything
nimis, exceedingIy else
nisi (ni), if not, unless, except, but; numerare, to number
non - , only; non. , not numerus, m.} number
anIy; - vero, unless indeed; nunc, now
forte, unless to be sure nuneius, m.} nuncio
niti (dep. 3), nisus or nixus, to en nuncupare, to name, to call
deavor nunquam (numquam), never;
nitidus, dean non, always
nix, f.} snow nuntiare, to proclaim
nob il is, noble nuper, recently; - admodum, very
nobilitas, /.} nobility recently
nolle, nolui, to be unwilling nuptiae, f. pl.} marriage
nomen, n., name, noun nutrimentum:) n.} food
nominare, to call nutrire (4), to nourish
non, not; no; - modo, not only;
nisi, only; - obstante, notwith o
sta:lding; - solum, not only; jam
- , no longer ob, for, on account of
nondum, not yet obex, m. and t., hindrance, obstacle
SECOND LATIN
objectum, n.} object omittere, -misi, -missus, to omit
oblatio, f.} oblation, offering omnimodus, of every sort, complete
obligatio, f.} obligation omnino, altogether, entirely
obliquum, n.} that which is indirect; omnipotens, omnipotent, aimighty
in obliquo, indirectly omnis, all; nostrum omnes, all of us
oblivisci (dep. 3), oblitus, to forget ontologia, f.} ontology
obnubilare, to becloud, to dim onus, n.} burden
oboedire (4), to obey opera, f.} work; operam dare, to work
obscurus, dark hard at, to devote oneself to
obsecrare, to beseech, to implore operans, m.} worker, agent
obsecundare, to obey operatio, f.} operation, action
obsequium, n.} homage, service, wor opinari (dep. I), to think
ship opinio, f.} opinion
observantia, f.} observance oportere (impers., 2), to be necessary,
observare, to observe, to mark, to proper, reasonable
watch opponere, -posui, -positus, to oppose
obstaculum, n.} hindrance opportune, fittingly
obstante: non - , notwithstanding opportunus, opportune
obstare, -stiti, -status, to hinder, to pre oppositum, n.} opposite
vent, to be in the way ops, f.} help, power, support; ope, with
obstetrix, f.} midwife the help
obtemperare, to obey optimus, best
obtinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to obtain optare, to desire
obumbrare, to overshadow opus, n.} deed, work; wages; - esse,
obviam, on the way; ire - , to go to to need, to be necessary; ex opere
meet operato, by its own power; summo
occasio, f.} occasion opere, in the highest degree; quanta
occultum, n.} hidden thing opere, hO'N greatly, how much
occultus, hidden orare, to pray, to beseech
occurrere, -curri, -eursus, to meet, to oratio, f.} prayer
go meet, to come to; to restrain oratorium, n.} oratory, chapel
octo, eight orbis, m.} world
oculus, m.} eye ordinare, to order, to ordaUl
odisse, to hate ordinatio, f.} ordination
odium, n.} hate ordo, m.} order
odor, m.} savor, odor, smell organismus, m.} organism
oecumenicus, ecumenical, universal organum, n.} organ
offensio, f., offense oriens, Orient, east
offerre, obtuli, oblatus, to offer orientalis, oriental
officium, n.} favor, kindness; duty oriri (dep. 4), ortus, to rise
oleum, n.} oil onamentum, n., ornament
olfactus, m.} sense of smell ornare, to adorn
olim, former!y, once orthodoxus, orthodox
oliva, f.} olive, olive tree os (oris), n.} mouth
SECOND LATIN 257
os (ossis), n.} bone parvulus, small; (as a noun), little
ostendere, -tendi, -tensus or -tentus, to one, child
show Pascha, n.} Easter
ostentum, n.} prodigy passibilis, passible
ostium, n.} door passio, I.} passion, suffering, martyr
otiosus, idle, useless, empty dom
ovis, I.} sheep passive, passively
passivus, passive
p passus, suffered
pastor, m.} pastor
pacificare, to pacify, to grant peace pater, m., father
pactum, n.} agreement patere (2), to be visible, to be obvious
paganus, pagan pati (dep. 3), passus, to suffer
palam, openly, publicly patria, I., home, homeland
palpare, to feel patriarcha, m.} patriarch
panis, m.} bread, loaf patrinus, m.} sponsor
Papa, m.} Pope patronus, m.} defender, advocate
papalis, papal pauci, few; paucis, in a few words
par, equal paulatim, gradually
Paracletus, m.} Paraclete, Holy Ghost paulo, a little while, shortly
Paradisus, m.} paradise pauper, poor
parallelus, parallel, similar pax, I.} peace
parare, to prepare peccare, to sin
parce, madera tely peccator, m.} sinner
parcere, peperci, parcitus, to spare, to peccatum, n.} sin
forbear peculiaris, special
parens, m. and f.} parent pejor, worse
pariter, at the same time, together pendere (2), pependi, to hang, to de
parochus, m.} parish priest, pastor pend
paroecia, I.} parish penes, with, within
paroecialis, parochial penitus, wholly
pars, I.} part, portion; ab hac parte, on Pentecoste, I.} Pentecost
this side; aliqua ex parte, in some penuria, I.} want, lack
respect; magna ex parte, in a great per, through, by; - se, in and of itself
degree; nulla ex parte, in no way; peragere, -egi, -actus, to accomplish
ex parte, in part perceptio, I.} partaking, reception
partialis, partial percipere (io), -cepi, -ceptus, to take,
particeps, m. and I.} partaker, fellow to partake, to receive, to attain, to
participare, to participate, to share in seize; to experience
participatio, I.} participation percussio, I.} striking, percussion
participium, n.} participle perdere, perdidi, perditus, to lose, to
particula, I.} particle, small part or bit, destroy
phrase perducere, -duxi, -ductus, to bring to,
partitio, f., division to lead to, to conduct
SECOND LA.TIN
peregrinus, m., stranger petcre, petivi or -ii, petitus, to entrealt
perennis, eternal to beseech, to request
perfecte, perfectly petra, f.} stone
perfectio, f.} perfection, correctness phantasia, f.} image, representation
perfector, m.} perfecter philosophia, f., philosophy
perferre, -tull, -latus, to carry up, to philosophus, m.} philosopher
bring phrasis, f.} phrase, sentence
perficere, -feci, -fectus, to perfect phrenesis, f.} delirium
perfrui (dep. 3), -fructus, to enjoy physice, physically
perh:ibere (2), -hibui, -hibitus, to re physicus~ physical
port; to bear witness pie, mercifully, piously
periculum, n.} danger pietas, f.} goodness, piety, pity
perire (eo), -ii or -ivi, -itus, to perish pignus, n.} pledge
peritus, skilled, expert pileolus, m.} skull cap
permanens, permanent pius, just, n1erciful, tender
permanere (2), -mansi~ -mansus, to placatio, f.} propitiation
remain, to stand placere (2), placui, placatus, to be
permissive, permissively pleasing
permittere, -misi, -missus, to permit, plane, plainly, clearly
to suffer Plato, m., Plato (Greek philosopher,
permutatio, f.} exchange 427-347 B.C.)
perpendere, -pendi, -pensus, to weigh, plebs, f., people
to consider plene, fully
perperam, falsely plenius, more fully
perpetuo, perpetually, forever plenus, full
perpetuus, perpetual~ everlasting, un plerique, most, very n1any
failing; in perpetuum, forever pluralis, plural
perscrihere, -scripsi, -scriptus, to write pluralitas, f.} plurality
do\vn plures, more, several
perseverantia, I.} perseverance pluries, frequently
persona, f.} person plurinlus, most, very much; quam
perspicere, -spexi, -spectus, to perceive plurimi, as many as possible
perspicuus, clear, definite plus, more; - nlinusve, more or less
persuasUlll, n.} conviction, firnl be poena, f., pain, punishment
lief poenitentia, f.} penance
pertinaciter, obstinately poenitere (2), -itui, to repent
pertinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to per politicus, political
tain pollere (2), -lui, to be strong, to be
pertingere, to reach, to extend efficacious
perturhatio, f.} disturbance polliceri (dep. 2), -licitus, to promise
pcrvenire, -veni, -ventus, to attain, to polytheismus, m.} polytheism, wor
come to ship of several gods
pervigilitml, n.} vigil ponere, posui, positus, to put, to set, to
pes, m., foot lay, to make
SECOND LATIN 259
pontifex, m., pontiff, bishop, high praedicatio, f., sermon, preaching
priest praedictus, aforementioned
pontifitalc, n., pon tifical (book of rites praeditus, possessed of, provided with
performed by a bishop) praefatus, afore3aid
pontificalis, pontifical praefectus, m., prefect
populus, m., people praeferre, -tuli, -latus, to prefer
porro~ next praegnans, pregnant
porta, f., gate praeire (eo), to go before
portabilis, portable praejudicium, n., objection
poscere, poposci, to ask praemittcre, -misi, -lnissus, to set
posse, potui, to be able forth as a prenlise
possessio, f., possession praemiurn, n., gift, reward
possibilitas, f., possibility, ability praenoscere, -novi, -notus, to kno\"
possidere (2), -sedi, -·sessus, to possess beforehand
post, after, after\vards, later; multis praeparare, to prepare
- annis, after ITlany years praeparatio, j., preparation
posterior, the latter praescindere, -scicli, -scissus, to pre
posterum: in - , in the future scind
postmodum, afterv/ards praescriptus, prescribed, cOlnmanded
postquarn, after, as soon as praesens, present
postremus, last; ad postren1Uffi, lastly praesentarc, to ?-psent
postulare, to den1and, to require praesentia, f... presence
potare, to drink praesertiIrt, parti ell lar1y
potentia, f., po\ver, potentiality praeservare, to preserve
potestas, f.] po\ver, authority praesidere (2), -sedj, ..sessus, to preside
potissimum, chiefly, above all praestantissirnus, Illost excellent
potius, ra ther praestare, -stiti, -stitus, to acconlplish,
practicus, practical to surpass, to give, to grant, to be
praeberc (2), -bui, -bitus, to sho\v. to stow, to keep hold
exhibit praesto, pres en t
praecedere, -cessi, -cessus, to go before, praesumere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, to pre
to preced e, to prepare sume
praecelsus, sublime praesupponere, ..posui, -positus, to pre
praeceptum~ n., precept, command suppose
pracciperc (io), -cepi, -ceptus, to in practer, beyond, besides, in addition to
struct, to teach, to comlnand praeterea, besides, moreover
praecipuc, especially praeteritus, past
praecipulls, special, extraordinary praetermittere, ..misi, -missus, to neg
praecisio, f., preciseness lect, to onlit
praecisive, precisely praeterquam, beyond, besides
praeclarus, excellent, outstanding praetextus, m., pretext
praedestinare, to predestine praevenire, -veni, -ventus, to prevent,
praedestinatio, f., predestination to anticipate, to predispose, to guide»
praedicarc, to preach to direct
260 SECOND LATIN
praevidere (2), -vidi, -visus, to foresee proditio, f., treason
praevius, previous producere, -duxi, -ductus, to produce
pravus, evil productio, t., production, creation,
praxis, m., practice, exercise producing
precari (dep. I), to beseech, to pray proferre, -tull, -latus, to bring out, to
premere, pressi, pressus, to press upon, lay before, to display, to speak, to
to oppress utter
presbyter, m., priest professus, professed; ex professo,
pretiuln, n., price avowedly, openly
prex, f., prayer proficere (io), -feci, -fectus, to avail,
pridie, on the day before; - quam, to increase, to contribute to, to ad
the day before vance, to go forth
primario, primarily proficisci (dep. 3), -fectus, to set out,
primitivus, early to arise
primo, first, first! y profiteri (dep. 2), to profess
primum, first; in primis, in the first profundum, n., depth
place profundus, deep
princeps, m., prince progenies, t., lineage, family
principalis, perfect, principal progredi (dep. 3, io), -gressus, to pro
principatus, m., public office gress, to advance
principium, n., beginning, founda prohibere (2), to prohibit, to forbid
tion, principle, sovereignty, princi prohibitio, t., prohibition
pality proinde, hence, therefore, accordingly
prior, the former projicere (io), -jeci, -jectus, to cast
prius, previously do\vn, to cast away
priusquam, before prolabi (dep. 3), -lapsus, to lapse, to
privare, to deprive fall away
privatim, privately proles, f., offspring, child
privativus, deprived of, lacking promanare, to emanate, to derive
privatus, private from
privilegium, n., privilege promerere (2), -merui, ..meritus, to
pro, for, through, in behalf of, as a obtain, to deserve
result of, instead of; - llbito, at promissio, f., promise
pleasure; - hac vice, for this once promittere, ..misi, -missus, to promise
probare, to prove, to test, to examine prompte, promptly
probe, properly pronunciare, to pronounce, to express
probitas, f., honesty, integrity pronus, prone, inclined
procedere, -cessi, -cessus, to proceed propheta, m., prophet
from prophetia, f., prophecy
processio, f., source, origin, procession propitiatio, f., propitiation, forgive
processus, m., course, process ness, clemency
procidere, -cidi, to fall prostrate propinquus, near, near of kin
prodesse, profui, to avail, to benefit propitiabilis, propitious
SECOND LATIN
propitiare, to be merciful, to be favor Q
able
propitius, propitious, merciful, gra quacumque, whatsoever
CIOUS quadratus, square
proponere, -posui, -positus, to propose, quaerere, -sivi or -sii, -situs, to seek, to
to expose, to display, to set forth require
proportio, f., proportion quaesere, -sivi or -sil, -situs, to beseech
proportionatus, related quaestio, f., question
proprie, properJ y qualis, what kind
proprius, one's o\vn, proper qualitas, f., quality
proprietas, f., property, peculiarity, quam, than; - diu, as long as;
distinction maxime, as much as possible;
propter, for, because of, by reason of mirum - , marvelously; pridie - ,
propterea, on that account the day before; - plurimi, as many
protectio, f., protection as possible; sane - , enormously;
protoparens, m., first parent tam • • . - , both... and, as
prout, according as well as; valde - , immensely
provenire, -veni, -ventus, to come for, quamdiu, as long as; tamdiu • • • - ,
to be gran ted, to result till such time as, until
proverbium, n." proverb quamprimum, as soon as possible
providere (2), -vidi, -visus, to provide quamquam (quanquam), although
provincia, f., province quamvis, although
provisio, t., provision quando, when
provisus, m., provision, precaution quandoque, at one time or another
prudens, prudent, wise quantitas, f., quantity
pnldenter, prudently quanto • • . tanto, the . . . the;
prudentia, f.) prudence opere, how greatly, how much
psalmus, m., psalnl quantum, how nluch; - ad, so far as
publice, publicly concerns; immane - , monstrously;
pudor, m., propriety, modesty mirum - , tremendously
puer, m., boy, child, servant quantumcumque, however rrluch
pugna, f., struggle quantumvis, however (much)
pugnare, to fight, to struggle quantus, what, how great, how
pulchritudo, f., beauty, excellence much
punctum, n., point, moment; puncta quapropter, wherefore, on which ac
temporis, in an instant count
purure (4), -ivi, -itus, to punish quare, why, wherefore
pupilla, f., pupil (of the eye) quartus, fourth; quartum annum agit,
purgare, to purify he is four years old
purgatorium, n., purgatory quasi, as if, like, as it were, abou t, in
purus, pure, clear a certain sense or degree, quasi
putare, to consider, to suppose, to quatenus, insofar as
imagine -que (enclitic), and
SECOND LATIN
qui, quae, quod, who, which, \vhat, quot, how many; - quot, however
that many
quia, for, because} that quoties, as often as, whenever
quid:! what, why quotiescumque, as often as
quidam:- a certain one quotidianus, daily
quidditas, f.} essence, "whatness" quotidie, daily, every day
quidem, indeed; ne . . . - , not quum (cum), since; ut - , as when
even; iUud - . . . sed aute.m, to
be sure . . . but still R
quidquid, whatever
quies, f., rest, quiet radius, m.} ray
quiescens, of quiet or rest rapere(io), -ui, raptus, to take up, to
quiescere, to rest, to cease take by force, to catch, to pluck
quin, except that, unless; - etiam, ratio, t., reckoning, retribution, ac
yea indeed; - inlmo, yea rather count
quinque, five ratiocinium, n., reasoning
quinquennium, n., period of five years rationabilis, reasonable
quire (eo), to be able rationabiliter, reasonably
quis, who, \vhat; nescio - , sorne sort rational is, rational
of, certain; qua de causa, for which ratus, settled, ratified; ratum. habere,
reason; qua tale, of any sort to ratify', to approve
quisqnis, each, v\lhatever realis, real, actual
quivis, any whatever realiter, really
quo, wherein, \vhither reatus, frl., guilt
quoad, up to, as far as, as many as rebaptizare, to rebaptize
quod, that, which, what; because; ad recens, recent, fresh
id - , besides that; -- ipsum, which recensere (2), -censui, -censitus, to
of itself alone; eo - , to the extent enUil1erate
that; ex eo quod, from the fact that, recenter, rccently~ newly
because; - contra, vvhereas on the recipere (io), -cepi, -ceptus, to receive,
other hand; eo . . . quo, the . . . to recover
the; nihil est - , there is no reason recitatio, I.} recitation
why; - sciam, so far as I know; reco]ere, -colui, -fultus, to survey, to
supra -', besides SUfl1 up
quodammodo, in a certain manner, in recognoscere, -cognovi, -cognitus, to
a measure recognize
quodcumque, whatever reconciHare, to reconcile
quodlibet, any whatsoever recordari (dep. I), to rernernber
quominus (introduces clauses after recordatio, f., remembrance
verbs of hindering), so as not, from reete, correctly, properly
quomodo, hovv, as rector, m.} rector
quondam, formerly, once rectum, n., that which is right,
quoniam, for, since, because, that straight, or direct; in recto, directly
qunque, also rectus, right, upright
SECOND LATIN
recuperare, to recover renasci (dep. 3), -natus, to be born
reddere, -didi, . .ditus, to restore, to re again
turn, to pay., to render; certiorem renuere, -nui, to refuse, to decline
- , to inform repellere, . .puli, . .pulsus, to cast from,
redemptio, I., redemption to overcome
redemptor, m., redeemer rependere, . .pendi, -pensus, to pay, to
redigere, -egi, -actus, to bring back, to reward
reduce, to make repetere, . .petivi, . .petitus, to repeat
redimere, -emi, . .empms, to redeem repetitio, f., repetition
redire (eo), to return, to pay reperire (4), reperi, reperms, to find
referre, -tull, . .latus, to relate, to re replere (2), -pievi, . .pletus, to fill
fer repletus, filled
reficere (io), . .feci, . .fectus, to refresh reponere, . .posui, -positus, to set, to
reflectere, . .flexi, . .flexus, to reflect place
reflexus, reflex repositus, laid up
refonnare, to rene\v, to reform repraesentare, to show, to lead, to
refrigerium, n., refreshment represent
refugere (io), . .fugi, -fugitus, to flee reprinlere, -pressi, . .pressus, to check,
from, to escape to repress
regere, rexi, rectus, to govern reprobare, to reject
regio, /., region, country reprobus, cast off, rejected
regnare, to reign repugnare, to be inconsisten t or in-
regnum, n., kingdom c:on1patible; to deny, to disagree
regula, /., rule requies, /., rest
rejicere (io), . . jed, -jectus, to reject, to requiescere, -quievi, -quietus, to rest
abandon requirere, . .sivi, -situs, to require
relate, in relation to requisitum, n., requisite
relatio, /., relation res, /., thing; res gestae, deeds; de hac
relative, relatively re hactenus, so much for that
relativus, relative rescindere, . .scicli, -scissus, to cut off,
relaxare, to loose, to forgive to rescind, to revoke
religiosus, religious rescindibilis, revocable
relinquere, . .llqui, . .!ictus, to leave residere (2), -sedi, . .sessus, to remain,
reliquiae, /. pl., relics to reside
remanere (2), . .mansi, . .m.ansus, to re resipiscentia, /., repentance
main, to be left resipiscere 3 -ivi, to repent
remedium, n., remedy resistere, . .stiti, to resist
remissio, /., remission, forgi veness resolvere, -solvi, -solutus, to separate,
remittere, -misi, . .missus, to slacken, to to resolve
relax, to rernit respectus, m., respect, consideration
remotus, remote respicere (io), . .spexi, -spectus, to look,
removere (2), -movi, . .motus, to re to see
move respirare, to breathe, to have life
remuneratio, /., reward again, to find relief
SECOND LA~nN
respondere (2), .spondi, -sponsus, to sacramentum, n., sacrament

answer sacrarium, n., sacred place, sacrarium
respuere, to reject sacrificium, n., sacrifice
restituere, -ui, -utus, to restore, to set sacrosanctus, most holy
again sacer, sacred
restitutio, I., restitution saecularis, secular
resuscitare, to raise up saeculum (saeclum), n., age, period,
resurgere, -surrexi, -surrectus, to rise time
again, to awake saepe, often
resurrectio, I., resurrection saltern, at least
retinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to keep salus, I., salvation, deliverance
retribuere, -ui, -utus, to render, to re salutare, n., health, salvation
pay, to bring salutaris, wholesome, salutary
retributio, I., reward salvare, to save
reus, m., defendant, criminal salvatio, I., salvation
revelare, to reveal Salvator, m., Savior
revelatio, I., revelation salvus, saved, safe
revera, indeed, truly sanare, to heal
reverenter, reverently sancire (4), sanxi, sanctus, to ratify, to
reverentialis, reverent sanction
revereri (dep. 2), -veritus, to respect, sanctificans, sanctifying
to revere sanctificare, to sanctify
rhetorica, I., rhetoric sanctificatio, I., sanctification
ridiculus, ridiculous sanctificator, m., sanctifier
ritua lis, ritual sanctitas, I., holiness
ritus, m., rite sanctus, holy; (as noun), saint
roborare, to strengthen sane, truly, indeed, very, soundly;
robur, n., strength, effect, force; quam, enormously
habere, to take effect sanus, healthy, in good health
rogare, to beseech sapiens, wise, discerning
Romanus, Roman sapienta, I., wisdom
ros, m., dew sapor, m., savor, flavor
rubere (2), -bui, -bitus, to redden satagere, -egi, -actus, to labor
rubrica, I., rubric satanas, 111., Satan
rudimentum, n., rudin1ent satis, enough; - superque, enough
nrrsus, again and more than enough
satisfacere (io), -feci, -factus, to satisfy
satisfactio, I., satisfaction, fulfillment
s sceIns, n., sin, crime
sacellum, n., chapel, sanctuary schisma, n., schism
sacerdos, m., priest schismaticns, m., schismatic
sacerdotaIis, sacerdotal, priestly scientia, I., knowledge
sacramentalis, sacramental scll. (abbrev. for scilicet), that is to
sacramentaliter, sacramentally say, namely
SECOND LATIN
scindere, scicli, scissus, to split, to rend septimus, seventh
scire, scivi or scii, scitus, to know, to sepulcrum, n., sepulcher
know how; quod sciam, so far as I sequens, following
know sequentia, f.} continuation
scopus, m., aim, object sequestrare, to separate
scotista, m., Scotist (follower of the sequi (dep. 3), secutus, to follow
doctrine of Duns Scotus) serenus, serene
scribere, scripsi, scriptus, to write serio, seriously
scriptum, n., writing serius, later, after
scriptura, f., Scripture senno, m.} word, discourse
secta, f., sect sero, late
secumferre, -tuli, -latus, to bear with serra, f., saw
oneself, to take along sems, late; sera nocte, late at night
secundo, second, secondly servare, to observe
secundum, according to servire (4), to serve, to be obedient, to
securtlS, secure, steadfast, quiet be in bondage
secus, otherwise servitus, f., servi tude, service, bond
sed, but, yet; - et, as also; illud qui age, subjection
dem . . . - autem, to be sure servus, m.} servant, slave
. . . but still seu, or; - ••• vel, whether
sedere (2), sedi, sessus, to si t or
sedes, f., place, seat, throne, habitation, sexus, m.} sex
see si, if
sedu]o, carefully, diligently sibimetipsi, to itself, himself, or her
seipsum, hilTIself; sibiipsi, to himself self
semel, once sic, so, thus
semen, n., seed, descendant siccus, dry
semita, f., path sicut (sicuti), as, even as
semper, ever, always signaculum, n.} little seal
sempiternus, eternal, everlasting signare, to sign, to mark, to stamp
sensibilis, perceptible, apprehensible signifer, m.} standard bearer
sensitivus, perceptive significare, to mean, to signify
sensus, m., sense, feeling signum, n., sign, miracle, token
sententia, f., sentence, opinion similis, like, similar
sentire (4), sensi, sensus, to feel, to similiter, similarly
perceive, to experience, to think similitudo, f., resemblance, likeness
separare, to separate simplex, simple
separatio, f., separation simpIicitas, f.} simplicity
separatus, separate simonia, f.} simony
sepelire (4), -ivi or -ii, sepultus, to simoniace, simoniacally
bury simoniacus, simoniacal
septem, seven simul, together
septenarius, m.} septenary, seven sin, but if, if however
septiformis, sevenfold sincerus, sincere, genuine
SECOND LATIN
sine, withou t spiratio, f., spiration, breath
singulare, singly, separately) one by spirativus, breathing
one spiritualis, spiritual
singularis, unique, remarkable, excel spiritus, m., spirit, breath
lent spondere (2), spopondi, sponsus, to
singularitas, f., oneness pledge, to sponsor
singuli (rarely in singular), separate J spons, /0' free will; sponte sua, of one's
individual own accord
sinus, tnO} bosom, breast sponsus, m., betrothed
siquidem, inasmuch as stabilis, stable, durable
sistere, stiti, status, to stand stadium, no, racecourse, race
sobrie, soberly stare, steti, status, to stand
socialis, socia 1 statim, iInmediately
sociare, to share in statuere, -ui, ..utus, to station, to place,
societas, /., society, fellowship to set, to appoint, to determine, to
socius, together, allied decide, to ordain
socordia, /., sloth status, In., state
sol, nl., sun statutum, n., statute, law
solere (semidepo 2), solitus, to be ac stirpims, utterly, by the roots
customed strepitus, mo, noise
sollemnis, solemn stricte, severely
sollemnitas, f., solemnity strictus, strict, severe, close
sollemniter, solen1nly stumosus, zealous, eager, assiduous
solunlmodo, only stultus, foolish
solus, only, alone; non solum, not stupere (2), -ui, to be amazed, to be
only; unus - que, the sole and only struck, to be astounded
solvere, solvi, solutus, to fulfill, to suadere (2), suasi, suasus, to reCOlTIm.
loose, to destroy, to undo, to break mend, to persuade
sornnus, m., sleep suavis, sweet, gentle
sonare, to sound, to indicate suavitas, /., svveetness, gentleness
sonus, Tn., sound sub, under; ~ conditione, condition
sortire (4), to select ally
spargere, sparsi, sparsus, to fling, to subdere, -didi, -ditus, to place under,
scatter, to spread to subject
specialis, special subdiaconus, mo, subdeacon
specialiter, specially subditus, m. s!.lbject
j
species, f., kind, species, class subesse, . .fui, to be under, to underlie

specificus, specific, relating to a species subjectio, /0' subjection
spectare, to look, to envision subjectivus, subordinate
speculativus, speculative subjectum, n., subject, proposition
sperare, to hope, to trust subjicere (io), -jeci, -jectus, to subject
spes, fo) hope subjungere, ..junxi, -junctus, to add
spirans, m., that which breathes sublevare, to support, to assist
spirare, to breathe, to exhale sublimis, sublime, on high
SECOND LATIN
submittere, -misi, -missus, to submit supremus, ultimate, highest
subobscure, somewhat obscurely sursum, upward, above
substantia, f., substance, nature susceptio, f., reception
substantialis, substantial suscipere (io), -cepi, -ceptus, to receive,
subvenire, -veni, -ventus, to come up, to uphold, to support, to undertake
to relieve, to assist suspendere, -pendi, -pensus, to sus.
succedere, -cessi, -cessus, to succeed pend
successus, m., advance, succession, sustinere (2), -tinui, -tentus, to sus
course; successu temporis, in the tain, to support, to wait upon, to
course of time reI y, to undergo, to abide, to en
succurrere, -curri, -cursus, to aid dure, to wait for
sufficere (io), -feci, -fectus, to suffice suus, his, her, its, their (when refer
sufficienter, sufl1.ciently ring to the subject)
suggerere:,. -gessi, -gestus, to suggest, symbolum, n., symbol, creed
to bring to mind synodus, f., synod
sumere, sumpsi, sumptus, to receive, synonymus, synonymous
to take, to obtain systema, n., system
summe, in the highest degree
summus, highest; summo opere, in T
the highest degree; - mons, the
top of the hill; ad summum, on the tabernaculum, n., tabernacle
whole, in general, at the most tacitus, tacit, assumed
super, on, upon, above, over, towards; tactus, m., touch
satis superque, enough and more talis, such; qua tale, as such, of any
than enough sort
superare, to overcome, to surmount talus, m., ankle
superesse, -fui, to ren1ain, to be left tam, so, to such a degree; - •••
over quam, both ... and; as well as
superfluus, superfluous tamdiu . . . quamdiu, till such tin1e
superseminare, to sow, to oversow as, until
supernaturalis, supernatural tamen, yet, nevertheless
supernaturaliter, supernaturally tamquam (tanquam), like, as, as if,
superstitio, f., superstition just as, as it were
superus, supreme tandem, at length, finally
suppeditare, to furnish, to supply tangere, tetigi, !actus, to touch
suppetere, -petivi, -petitus, to be suf tantUm, only
ficient tantumdem, as much, just as much
snpplere (2), -plevi, -pletus, to supply tantummodo, only
supplex, suppliant, low tantus, so much, so great, such; tanto
supplicare, to beseech humbly • • • quanto, so much • • • as
supplicatio, f., supplication, prayer tartarus, m., hell
suppliciter, suppliantly, humbly tectum, n., roof
supra) over, above, upon; - morem, temerarius, rash
more than usual; - quod, besides temeritas, I., boldness
SECOND LATIN
temperamentum, ft., temperament tradere, -didi, -ditus, to deliver up,
temperies, I., temperature, climate to betray
temporalis, temporal trahere, traxi, tractus, to attract,
tempus, n., time; season, ad - , at the to draw, to bring
time, on time, for awhile; puncto transcendentalis, transcendental
temporis, in an instant; quanto tem transcendere, -scendi, -scensm, to
pore, as long as; successu temporis, transcend
in the course of time transferre, -tuli, -latus, to transport,
tendere, tetendi, tentus or tensus, to to convey
tend, to strive, to bend one's course transiens, transient
tenebrae, I. pl.} darkness transigere, -egi, -actus, to pass, to
tenere (2), tenni, tentus, to hold, to spend (time)
have, to possess, to keep transire (eo), to pass through, to go
tentatio, I.} temptation over or across to
tenuis, slight transmutare, to transform, to change
ter, three times transmutatio, lo} change
terminare, to limit transsubstantiatio, I.} transubstantia.
terminus, m.} term tion
terra, f.} earth, ground, land tremendus, tremendous, awful
terrenus, earthly tremere, -ui, to tremble
territorium, n.} territory tremor, m.} fear, trembling
tertio, third, thirdly tres, tria, three
tertius, third tribuere, -ui, -utns, to grant, to give
testamentum, no, testament, covenant tridentinus, of Trent
testari (dep. I), to testify trigesimus, thirtieth
testimonium, nO} witness triginta, thirty
testis, mo, witness Trinitas, I.} Trinity
tatus, m.} text triplex, threefold, triple
theologia, I.} theology tristis, sad, sorrowful
theologicus, theological triticeus, wheaten
theologus, m., theologian triumphus, mO} triumph
theophania, I.} manifestation of God tropus, mO} figure of speech
in human form tuba, I.} trumpet
theoretice, theoretically tum . • • tum, both . • • and
thronus, mO} throne tumulus, m.} grave
timere (2), timui, to fear, to be afraid tunc, then; ex - , from of old
timor, mo, fear, terror turba, I.} multitude, crowd
titulus, m., title tunna, I.} squadron, troop
tollere, sustuli, sublatus, to take away, turris, I.} tower
to lift up tutamenturn, n.} safety, safeguard
totidem, just so many tutor, m., guardian
totus, whole, all; ex toto, wholly tutus, safe
tractarc, to treat tyrannicus, tyrannical
SECOND LATIN
u uterlibet, whichever of the two

uterque, both, either of two, either
ubi, where one
ubicumque (ubicunque), wherever, uterus, m., womb
whenever utilitas, f., benefit
ubique, everywhere utique, indeed, doubtless
ulcisci (dep. 3), ultus, to avenge utpote, as being, inasmuch as
ullus,any utrum, whether
ulterior, further, later uxor, f., wife
ultimus, last, ultimate, final; ad ulti
mum, to the last degree, utterly
ultio, /., revenge, vengeance v
ultra, beyond; - fidem, incredible;
- modum, immoderate valde, greatly, exceedingly; - quam,
umbra, t., shadow immensely
unctio, f.} anointing valide, validly
unde, wherefore, whence, thence, validitas, /., validity
whereupon validus, valid
ungere, unxi, unctus, to anoint valor, m., value, validity
unicus, single vanitas, f., vanity, vain or etTIpty thing
unigenitus, only-begotten vanus, vain, false
unio, /., union varius, various, diverse
unire (4), to unite ve (-ve) , or; plus minusve, more or
unitas, /., unity less
unitus, united, joined vegetabilis, vegetable
unus, one; in unum, together; nullus vehemens, strong, violent
- , no one; una cum, together vehementer, strongly
with; - solusque, the sale and only vehementius, earnestly
unusquisque, each and every one; vel, or; - ••. - , either . . . or;
vestrum, each one of you seu . • • - , whether . . . or
universus, all, entire yelle, volui, to wish, to will, to choose,
urgens, urgent to mean
urgere (2), ursi, to impel, to be urgent vendue, to sell
usque, as far as; all the way; - ad, venditio, f., selling
even until, up to, as far as venerabilis, venerabIe
usurpare, to use venerari (dep. I), to venerate
usus, m., use; in usu, at the moment venia, f., pardon
of usage, in the act of using; ex usu, venialis, venial
expedient venialiter, venially
ut (uti), that, as, after, when; venire, veni, ventus, to come
quum, as when;- fit, as is com venturus, coming, future
monly the case verax, true
uter, which of two, both, either verberare, to beat
SECOND LATIN
verbum, n., word; ad - , literally, vinum, n., wine
word for word vir, m., man, husband
vere, really, truly virginitas, f., virginity
vereri (dep. 2), veritus, to fear virgo, f., virgin, maiden
veritas, t., truth virtuosus, virtuous, of virtue
vero, truly, but, whereas; minime - , virtus, f., virtue, host, excellence,
by no means; nisi - , unless indeed power, might, strength
versare, to turn, to treat, to deliberate viscera, n. pl., bowels, innermost parts
versiculus, m., verse visibilis, visible
vertibilis, convertible, liable to be vis, f., violence, force
turned back visitare, to visi t
verum, truly, indeed; - etiam, but visitatio, f., visit, visitation
also visivus, visual
verus, true vita, t., life
vespertinus, evening vitiosus, vicious
vester, your vitium, n., vice
vestigium, n., footstep vituIus, m. calf
J
vestis, f., clothing, attire, vestment vivens, living

vetare, vetui, vetitus, to forbid vivi.ficare~ to quicken, to bring to life,
vetlls, old to give life to
vetustissimus, very ancien t vivere, vixi, victus, to live
v.g. (abbrev. for verbi gratia), for ex vivus, liv ing
ample vix, scarcely, Vv·ith dii11culty
via, f., way, road vocabulum, n., name
viator, m., wayfarer vocalis, voca 1
vicarius, m., vicar vocare, to call
vicis, f., punishment, time, instance; vocatio, t., vocation
in or ad vicem, instead of; pro hac volitio, f., volition, will
vice, for this once volitus, wished, wanted, willed
vicissim, on the contrary, on the other voluntas, t., \\.'ill
hand, in turn votum, n., vow, prayer
victoria, f., victory vox, f., voice, petition
vicms, m., a living v. Test. (abbrev.), Old Testarnent
videre (2), vidi, visus, to see vulgo, C01l1nlonly, generally
videri (dep. 2), to seem vultus, m., face, countenance
vigere (2), to live, to flourish
vigilare, to watch
vincere, vici, victus, to overcome, to
conquer
z
Yindicare, to vindicate, to deliver zizania, n. pl., cockle

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Grammar Vocabularies, and Exercises

in Preparation for the Reading of

the Missal and Breviary

Cora Carroll Scanlon A.M.

Charles L. Scanlon A.M.

Grammar, Vocabularies, and Exercises

CORA CARROLL SCANLON, A.M.

CHARLES L. SCANLON, A.M.

REV. NEWTON THOMPSON, S.T.D.

TAN BOOKS AND PUBLISHERS, INC.

Rockford, Illinois 61105

Copyright © 1976 by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc.

Originally published in 1944 by B. Herder Book Co.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 14-1973.

Originally published in 1944 by B. Herder Book Co.

Copyright © 1976 by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-112494

Reprinted by TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. in 1976 and 1982.

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

TAN BOOKS AND PUBLISHERS, INC.

P.O. Box 424

Rockford, Illinois 61105

This Latin grammar is intended for students who are entering

I. Vowels. The pronunciation of the vowels is shown in the follow­

Vowel Pronunciation Example

2. Diphthongs. The diphthongs are pronounced as follows:

Diphthong Pronunciation Example

In a few instances the individual vowels of ae and oe are pronounced

Consonant Pronunciation Example

I. DeclensIon. Gender. First declension. Position of adjectives

IV. Verbs. Present indicative. Active and passive VOice of the

with causa; (d) infinitive . 62

XI. Demonstratives: hie, HIe, iste. Intensive pronoun, ipse 74

XII. Imperfect subjunctive, active and passive voice. Imperfect

subjunctive of esse, posse, ire. Further uses of the subjunc­

tive: (a) result clauses; (b) indirect question; (c) cum

meaning when, since, although; (d) conditional sentences

of doubt and conditional sentences contrary to fact 80

XIII. Third conjugation verbs in -io 89

XIV. Deponent verbs. Selnideponents 97

Reading Lesson 103

XV. Relative pronoun, qui. Interrogative, quis. Indefinite pro­

nouns and adjectives. Present indicative, active anu passive.

Review Lesson III 114

Reading Lesson 117

XVI. Ablative absolute. Fieri

XVII. Indirect discourse, Infinitives 129

Reading Lesson 13)

XVIII. Inlpersonal verbs. Adjectives of special declension. Uses of

XIX. Comparison ot adjectives and adverbs. Irregular compan

sons. Velle, nolle. Comnland with nolle. Uses of the abla­

tive: (a) ablative absolute; (b) accon1panilnent; (c) COIn

parisons; (d) agent; (e) cause; (f) degree of diflerence~

(g) n1anner; (h) means or instrun1cnt; (i) place; (j) qual­

Reading Lesson 158

xx. Questions, -ne, nonne, num, numquid. Double questions,

utrum . . . an, -ne . . . an, an. Etiam and non as adver­

bial particles. Defective verbs. Uses of the accusative: (a)

direct object; (b) after certain prepositions; (c) subject of

I. Vowels. The pronunciation of the vowels is shown in the follow

subjunctive of esse, posse, ire. Further uses of the subjunc

XV. Relative pronoun, qui. Interrogative, quis. Indefinite pro

sons. Velle, nolle. Comnland with nolle. Uses of the abla

(g) n1anner; (h) means or instrun1cnt; (i) place; (j) qual

utrum . . . an, -ne . . . an, an. Etiam and non as adver

A. Cognates. Many Latin adjectives ending in -ius and nouns end