1. What is philosophy?

introduction
The philosophy is the study of the
fundamental assumptions, methods and goals of something, which could be
science, mathematics, physics, psychology, biology and could be also be
philosophy. From the Geek words philosophy is meaning the love of wisdom. It is
the possibility to understand what is true, by judgmental analysis. And it is gaining
deeper knowledge of field that what study.

The philosophy is practiced by someone who

is called a philosopher. Philosophers, on other hand are someone who endeavors
to answer the questions through the philosophical technique. The technique
starts when a Philosopher analyzes his own particular faiths and start questioning
of their genuineness. From his doubt, questions develop. Before noting a
question, the savant completely examines it to guarantee it is unmistakable and
appropriately characterized. This limits the way to the most exact answer. Next,
the Philosopher proposes probable responses to the question and gives
contemplated debates to encourage everyone. The contentions then look
judgmentally by different philosopher. Through this procedure of feedback and
judgment, known as argument, philosophers endeavor to demonstrate the
wiseness of their doubts and find major truths.

Socrates Theory of Philosophy

Socrates refers to as the father of western philosophy, who was a Greek

philosopher contemporary with Plato and Aristotle. Socrates exerted habit of
questioning and he is in doubt to seek truth. He explained his purpose as a
philosopher, eventually concluding that he has the kind of wisdom that each of
them lacks: an awareness of their ignorance. He had a goal is to help individuals
achieve self-awareness – self- knowledge. Socrates has said that ‘’the
unexamined life if not worth living’’ which imply that everyone has to live with the
sense and critically analyzing their own life. And also living with the self-
philosophy is important.

His method of questioning can be personal in the struggle to understand

everything. Socrates has mentioned that achieving and educating is the best
ideals because education lights up the life of individuals with social awareness
and takes out the wickedness of obliviousness. Socrates clarified that "virtue" is a
special and extraordinary sort of learning "techne" which links technical sense
with the ability and character. Socrates embraced the inductive technique. He
clarified his thoughts through a process of acceptances rather by a process of
definition or finding. He looks any issue from specific point and after that created
it to general discourse.

Philosophy consists of six different branches. metaphysics, logics, epistemology,

aesthetics, politics, and ethics. Which are managing the orderly collection of
principles and hypothesizes of fundamental a specific field of involvement.

Metaphysics - This philosophy study deals with the question concerning ultimate
reality and strives to explain it in its most general terms through its first and most
universal principle. Metaphysics is the investigation of a wide range of themes,
however the themes are waiting without exactly defined answers for center
question of what we are and what our motivation is. The core questions of
metaphysics are Existence and Reality, Empirical and Conceptual Objects and
mind and matter.
Ethics is an entire branch of study, the study of right conduct and moral behavior.
And also it is a code of qualities to guide man's decisions and activities—the
decisions and activities that decide the reason and the course of his life. Ethical
philosophy which applies ethical theories to real life situations and to answer for
problems, which called applied ethics.

Epistemology - This philosophy study concerns human knowledge: what

knowledge is, what the conditions are which make human knowledge possible
and the extent to which human knowledge can grasp or reach. The epistemology
helps in understanding the process of development of knowledge, sources of
knowledge and makes distinctions between belief and actual truth.

Epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and

justification of human knowledge” (Hofer & pintrichy "1997 p88')

Political Philosophy - This philosophy study is concerned with good governance of

the State, which includes the theory of its origin, the structure of the government
and its different forms, the qualities of a good leader and constitutes the
unbiased law and justice. And political philosophy, which reflects the world
viewpoint of progressive ideologue and which requests a valuation for theories,
historical backgrounds, and present day political science appropriate, which,
seeing that it can be known as a science, is empirical and descriptive. Political
theory, however, it is not only strange hypothesis, however it might offer ascent
to exceptionally confuse myths it is an indispensably imperative part of life, and
one that, for good or bad, has had conclusive outcomes of political activity; for
the assumptions on which political institution is controlled transparently should
display what really happens. Political philosophy may therefore be seen as an
intellectual discipline, for it sets gauges of judgment and characterizes helpful
purposes for the utilization of civil power.

Aesthetics - This philosophy study sets forth several theories concerning beauty
and good taste. And aesthetics is both the study of aesthetics objects and of the
particular and subjective responses of perceivers, readers, or gatherings of people
to do artistic creations.
Logic - This philosophy study is concerned with the structure and principles of
correct thinking and right reasoning. And logic seeks to distinguish good
arguments from poor ones.
Conclusion

Philosophy gives perspective on the experience of being human and it influences

decisions as well as thinking. Philosophy is a broad scope of study with many
branches of philosophical studies. There were philosophers who have had
mastery in a certain branch of philosophy, such as metaphysical philosopher,
epistemological philosopher, ethical philosopher, aesthetical philosopher and so
on.

Philosophy is characterized as much by a systematic way as by its topic. In spite of

the fact that philosophers manage theoretical issues that for the most part are
not subject to examination through the exploratory test, and philosophy thusly is
more completely conceived than science, philosophy appropriately done is not
simply theory.

There are some reasons to study philosophy that will help to increase self-
development and improve the social factors. The reasons can be mention in brief
as, it makes a better thinker and reasoner, it evinces what your values are, and
why you believe what you believe, it guides for prospective.
 2. What is psychology?

The psychology is the study of the human mind and behavior in a scientific
manner. The Greek words Psyche and Logos combined into the term psychology.
The psyche means soul and loges sciences. This means the science of soul. The
mind is the center of the soul, and the core of the spiritual body. Therefore
psychology led to meaning of science of mind. And also psychology is defined as
the science of behavior. Behaviors are everything that we do that can be
straightforwardly observed. Mental processes directly to the thoughts, feelings,
and motives that are not straightforwardly observable. Since psychology is a
science, it uses efficient techniques to observe, describe, predict, and explain
behavior.

Psychology helps us to build up a fundamental comprehension about human

nature and encourages us to manage various individual and social issues. Basically
psychology as a discipline, it is a vast ranging subject that tries to explore mental
processes and potentials all together to facilitate achieving a better quality of life.
While studying behavior, psychological processes of Sensation, Attention,
Perception, Learning, Memory, Thinking, which can help to understand the
particular behavior.

History acknowledges the founders of psychology as those three German

scientists—Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner, and Hermann von Helmholtz—were the
first to consistently study behavior and mental processes. Be that as it may, it is
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) who is for the most part considered as the "father"
of psychology. Wundt’s vision for the new discipline included studies of social and
cultural influences on human thought (Benjafield, 1996 ).

The Relevance of Wundt's

The Relevance of Wundt's psychology

Psychology represents the field that deals with the study of the ‘mind’ and
how acquired experiences get expressed within and without the emotional
and physical body. In the analogy of psychology, he defined the dissimilarity
between the fields of psychology and the prior invented philosophy. Wundt
provided a more readable authorization of the mind in a systematic
measurement and organized control. In Wundt's own view, what made his
theories specifically psychological in character, and not physiological or
psychophysical, was their invocation of a psychological form of causality.
He has mentioned that psychology was a part of philosophy. Psychology
was a perspective on consciousness that could be tested through
experimentation.
Consciousness supplies us the aggregate of its quick experience. The more
particular prompt encounters required, to name just the most essential, are
sensations, feelings, thoughts, volitions and, perceptions. None of these are
given in an uncompounded state; they should be preoccupied from the
compound by reflective investigation. The majority of our encounters is
intricate and must be broken down thoughtfully. The best analogy of the
human mind that Wundt gave was that of introspection while describing
reductions. A person’s conscience could be fragmented down to its very
constituents, which would then be built up to a synergy form influencing
behavior.

School Thoughts in Psychology

The different school thought of psychology interprets the theories among

psychology while the early establishment of psychology as a science. Thus
the major schools of thoughts are facilitating to understand the psychology.
Structuralism focused on the characteristics and examined the bases
elements of experiences. And it refers to a theory of consciousness. So
structuralism in psychology did not cover the state of mind while sleeping
or being unconscious. After structuralism ended, along came functionalism.
Functionalism is the theory that characterizes mental states by their
function. This means your mind is innately unbiased, without conduct, yet
delivers distinctive practices relying upon the signal it gets.
Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed
to internal events like thinking and emotion.
Humanistic Psychology refers that individuals and their motivation.
According to the Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of needs". which is
evident to that a system of needs, such as food, love and self-
esteem, determines a person's behavior to various extents.
Meeting these needs leads to a sense of self -satisfaction and
solves psychological problems.
Modern Perspectives of Psychology

The psychology is not a solitary enterprise. Rather, it is a coalition of

specialties, each recognized by the descriptive word that goes before the
word 'psychology. Such specialties are Abnormal psychology: Nature and
development of abnormal behavior, thoughts, and feelings associated with
distress or impaired functioning that is not a culturally expected response
to an event.
Clinical psychology: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental
disorders and disabilities
Cognitive psychology: Study of the processes by which receptive
information is transformed, reduced, worked out, stored, retrieved and
used.
Community psychology: Person–environment interactions and the ways
society impacts upon individual and community functioning. Focuses on
social issues, social institutions, and other settings that influence
individuals, groups, and organizations. Emphasizes changing social systems
to prevent psychological problems
Comparative psychology: The study of behavior in different species
Consumer psychology: The effects of advertising, marketing, packaging, and
display on the behavior of purchasers
Counseling psychology: Traditionally associated with the field of education,
counseling psychology may include vocational guidance as well as helping
persons resolve problems or role issues related to work or school or family
matters
Cross-cultural psychology: Impact of culture on human behavior
Developmental psychology: Change in behavioral and mental processes
over the life span
Developmental psychopathology: The origins and course of individual
patterns of behavioral maladaptation whatever the age of onset, causes or
transformations in behavioral manifestation.
Educational psychology): Diagnosis and treatment of educational,
emotional, and behavioral problems in children and teenagers
Environmental psychology: Relationships between human behavior and the
physical environment
Ergonomic psychology: Design of tasks, equipment, and work places to
maximize performance and well-being and to minimize fatigue, boredom
and accidents
Evolutionary psychology: Applies an evolutionary perspective to
understanding human behavior and mental processes
Family psychology: Study of the family as a system, and of relationships
within the system Forensic and criminological psychology: Psychological
aspects of legal processes and crimes
Health psychology: Lifestyle and physical health, the identification of
psychological causes and correlates of health and illness, psychological
aspects of health promotion and the prevention and treatment of illness
 Mathematical/quantitative psychology: Development of mathematical
models of behavior and derivation of statistical methods for analyzing data
collected by psychologists
Medical psychology (also referred to as behavioral: Psychological aspects of
medical practice, the doctor–patient relationship, reactions to medical
advice, improving treatment compliance. Psychological issues that arise in
medical treatment of children and adolescents have given rise to the field
of pediatric psychology
Each perspective is a theoretical point of view that a psychologist in any of
the specialty areas can use to explain a behavior or mental process that is
relevant to the field of study.

Conclusion

The primary goals of psychology are to describe behavior, understand and explain
behavior, predict behavior, control behavior. Psychologists try to understand the
role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the
physiological and neurological processes.

References

Wundt W (1863) Vorlesungen fiber die Menschen- und Thierseele. Leipzig:

Voss
Wundt W (1866) Die physikalischen Axiome und ihre Beziehung zum
Causalprincip.
Erlangen: Enke
1. What is society?

Introduction

Society is group of people who live together in an organized way, making

decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be
done. All the people in a country, or in several similar countries, can be
referred to as a society. (ref. Cambridge dictionary)
Society is a group of people who work together, that activity of social
interaction could be either cultural or social organization.
When we study about society, the sociology is prominent to understand the
society. The Latin words of ‘’socius’’ meaning "companion" and ‘’locius’’
meaning the study. Thus this term intends scientific study man’s social life
and social behavior.
Aristotle has said that man is a social animal. Human nature is such that
who cannot afford to live alone. Since ancient time’s people tend to be
socialized, they went for hunting together and civilized together.
The Hunting and gathering society built small groups to find daily wild food
and hunt of wild animals. They thought that the size of the group will
influence the Strength of group.

Different types of societies and examples

Agricultural society came to the very start of modern civilization.

Increments in sustenance supplies then prompted larger populations than
in earlier societies. This implied a more prominent surplus, which brought
about towns that moved toward becoming focused on exchange supporting
different rulers, teachers, craftspeople, vendors, and religious pioneers who
did not need to stress over finding sustenance. The effect for Patriarchy
based family system turned into a Matriarchy based family system in
agricultural societies. For instance, women beforehand had higher societal
position since they imparted work all the more similarly to men. In chasing
and assembling social orders, ladies even accumulated more sustenance
than men. Be that as it may, as food stores enhanced and women went up
against lesser parts in giving sustenance to the family, they turned out to be
more subordinate to men.
Adopting animals take into account a more reasonable foods supply than
do hunting and gathering. Consequently, pastoral social orders can deliver
an excess of merchandise, which makes putting away foods for some time
later a probability.

Pastoralism is an effective form of livelihood. As opposed to hunting down

foods every day, individuals from a peaceful society depend on trained
group creatures to meet their livelihood needs. Pastoralists carry on with a
migrant life style, moving their teams starting with one place to another
place. Since their sustenance supply is significantly more dependable,
peaceful social orders can bolster bigger populaces. Since there are food
surpluses, fewer individuals are expected to create eats. Thus, the division
of work turns out to be more complex.
Industrial societies depend intensely on machines controlled by powers for
the production of daily needs. The expanded effectiveness of creation of
the industrial resolution delivered a significantly more prominent surplus
than some time recently. Presently the surplus was farming, as well as
produced products. The separation of cultivating based early societies
made many individuals leave the land and look for work in urban
communities. This made an awesome excess of work and gave
entrepreneurs a lot of workers who could be enlisted for to a great degree
low wages.

As an example the family organization is the base and the smallest part of
society. Thus it is not amaze that humans could not live devoid of
interaction with each other. And family is an essential condition for human
life to persevere. Family as a society which learn to establish relationships,
both reverent of the authority and respectful the each other as equal the
tolerance of differences in taste, the morals which are necessary for the
 enjoyment of placed liberty, the ethics which are essential for morality and
freedom to develop as a community.
A society can be organized as a political structure. All together of expanding
the size and multiplicity, there are parties, tribes, chiefdoms, and state
social orders. These structures may have changing degrees of political
power, contingent upon the social, geological, and recorded conditions that
these social orders must fight with. In this manner, a more disconnected
society with an indistinguishable level of innovation and culture from
different social orders will probably make due than one in nearer nearness
to others that may infringe on their assets. A general public that can't offer
a viable reaction to different social orders it contends with will for the most
part be subsumed into the way of life of the contending society.

Conclusion

Society is important because it provides a system and a platform to work together

for the betterment of the world. With the collective efforts of the society, that
convinces to improve human life and social conditions. Human life and society
practically go together. Man is conceived in the society and grown up in a society,
developed and sustained in society. From childhood up to death, man lives in
society. He is looking for protection, nurture and education, from society.

Society controls human behavior in various ways. It shapes people attitudes,

people beliefs, ethics and goals. Enthusiastic improvement, fulfillment of physical
needs and materials are impossible without society. And also it empowers the
development of personality. It gives the freedom and controls social human’s
competences and standards.
3. Key differences between natural and social sciences

Introduction

Before the comparison we have to know what natural science and social
science are in individually. The natural science might be specified as
scientific ways that deal with the physical universe, the sciences as
physics, chemistry, or biology. Those are studied by performing
observations experiments and predictions.
The social science is academic discipline concerned with the study of the
social life of human being groups, and individuals and human interaction.
Social science on other hand is most interested with those essential
components of culture that decide the general examples of human
conduct. The humanities manage uncommon parts of human culture and
are basically interested with our endeavors to express spiritual and esthetic
values and to find the importance of life. Whereas the social sciences imply
issues in a deliberate, scientific, the concentrate of the humanities is more
on the feelings and emotions themselves than on the framework utilized to
motivate that concentrate. Economics, political science, history,
psychology, law and geography can be viewed as social sciences.

Differences between natural and social sciences

Natural science is discoursed by mathematics with exceptions besides in

social science, it is often verbal. Mathematics and logic, changing over data
about nature into measurements which can be clarified as clear
explanations of the "laws of nature". The sociologies additionally utilize
such strategies, yet depend more on subjective research, so they are at
times called "delicate science", while characteristic sciences, seeing that
they underscore quantifiable information created, tried, and affirmed
through the logical strategy, are at times called hard science.
Communication maintains the relations between personals as basics of
social science.
Natural science based on experimental data which is measured by
mathematical expressions, testing or observation of laboratory. Social
science based on non-repeatable experimentation and the process of
observing very often interrupts the social interactions attempting to be
observed. But Interviews, surveys, case studies are leads to observe the
social science information.
The information acquired in social sciences may change all the while. The
information acquired in natural sciences is more solid and comprises of
genuine outcomes.
Natural sciences are deal with science that quest the details of the natural
world by using scientific methods. Social sciences started with the
Enlightenment and its orientation on sanity, logic, and strategy as
connected to the empirical world, which literally relayed on human
observation in gaining its determinations. Social sciences are regularly
constrained by different variables including the need to base discoveries on
understandings, the many-sided quality of a field in which single factors
can't be controlled for effectively, and also moral issues and money related
issues.
In sociology look into the aftereffect of examination are, best case scenario
speculations. In natural science explore the effects of examinations are all
around characterized by natural laws.
Social processes are referred to as typically through words as welfare,
custom or deliberate. Natural science processes can be best known
specifically through our senses.
Society is not comprised of a straightforward arrangement of process a
complicated achievement seems to be. Exact research is hence turns out to
be substantially more troublesome.
Conclusion

Sociology has not accomplished anything like the level of consensus,

sureness or capacity to foresee of the natural sciences. Beside the moral
issues of putting individuals in fake circumstances, it just predicts to study
individuals conduct in an existing social background.

The significant contrasts between sociology research and regular science

investigate lie more in the question than in the subject. The regular
researcher constructs all his examination with respect to the information
he assembles through logical strategies. Unexpectedly, the social
researchers who are known for their remarkable research work don't take a
logical view in everyday undertakings of life and society.
 5. Key characteristics of postmodern society

Introduction to postmodern society

Post-modern society is a new influenced society of various movements in

philosophy, literature, art, architecture, music and etc. after modernism.
According to the ideologues they said that postmodernism is something which
evolved after 1969.

Postmodern society came up after the period of modern era. Modern era is
known as the time period of after the recuperation of World War 2. Which time
period was leading to the globalization. Globalization influenced not only the field
of economy and business but also it has focused on social systems. And Post-
modern society is frequently connected with distinction, division, textuality, and
doubtfulness. Then again, in the event that one partners modernity with the
globalization of capitalism, and acknowledges that this wonder is itself a type of
social and financial government, then post-innovation can be spoken to as having
radical potential in the endeavor to define a defense of distinction.

Key characteristics of postmodern society

Self-consciousness
Solving the answers-less question
Personal idea of reality
Poioumenon technique
Discussion between reality and imagination
The distinction between life and art
Endless deferral of truths
Postmodernism trusts the view that there is no total truth and truth is relative.
Postmodernism attests that truth is not reflected in human comprehension of it,
but rather will be somewhat developed as the mind tries to comprehend its very
own existence. Along these lines, realities and misrepresentation are tradable. For
instance, in traditional work, for example, King Oedipus there is just a single truth
that is "obey your fate". As opposed to traditional work in postmodern work, and
there is no such thing as absolute truth. Everything is relative here. Though
Modernism places confidence in the thoughts, values, convictions, culture, and
standards of the West, Postmodernism rejects Western qualities and convictions
as just a little piece of the human experience and regularly rejects such thoughts,
convictions, culture, and standards. Though Modernism endeavors to uncover
significant truths of experience and life, Postmodernism is suspicious of being
"significant" in light of the fact that such thoughts depend on one specific
Western esteem frameworks. Though Modernism endeavors to discover
profundity and inside importance underneath the surface of items and occasions,
Postmodernism likes to harp on the outside picture and abstains from reaching
determinations or proposing fundamental implications related with the inside of
articles and occasions. Though Modernism concentrated on focal subjects and an
assembled vision in a specific bit of writing, Postmodernism sees human
experience as shaky, inside conflicting, questionable, uncertain, vague,
incomplete, divided, spasmodic, with nobody particular reality conceivable. Along
these lines, it concentrates on a dream of an opposing, divided, questionable,
vague, incomplete world.
there are both pros and cons when it comes to postmodernism. But there are many cons, and it is
important not merely to follow trends among academics or in popular culture.

Some postmodernists do not seem to take logical reasoning seriously, and instead of listening to
reason and arguments, they may tend to focus on relativism and constructivism