Journalnx Unreinforced

Proceedings of National Conference on Technological Developments in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (NCTDCME-18)
SPVP,S.B. Patil College of Engineering, Indapur

JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal (ISSN No: 2581-4230)
15th -16th March- 2018
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF UNREINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
EXTERNALLY BONDED WITH FRP
Dr Vinaykumar C. H.
Professor at College of Military Engineering, Pune.
Kaushik Sarkar
Kaushik Sarkar, Student of M Tech (Structures), CME, Pune.
ABSTRACT to conform to the geometry of a structure before adding
Many of the existing reinforced concrete structures the polymer resin. The relatively thin profile of cured
throughout the world are in urgent need of FRP systems is often desirable in applications where
rehabilitation, repair or reconstruction because of aesthetics or access is a concern.
deterioration due to various factors like corrosion, The growing interest in FRP systems for strengthening
lack of detailing, failure of bonding between beam- and retrofitting can be attributed to many factors.
column joints, increase in service loads etc, leading Although the fibres and resins used in FRP systems are
to cracking, spalling, loss of strength, deflection etc. relatively expensive compared to traditional
The recent developments in the application of the strengthening materials like concrete and steel, labour
advanced composites in the construction industry and equipment costs to install FRP systems are often
for concrete rehabilitation and strengthening are lower. FRP systems can also be used in areas with
increasing based on specific requirements, national limited access where traditional techniques would be
needs and industry participation. The need for difficult to implement: for example, a slab shielded by
efficient rehabilitation and strengthening techniques pipe and conduit.
of existing concrete structures has resulted in
research and development of composite OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
strengthening systems. Fibre Reinforced Polymer The main objective of the experimentation was to study
(FRP) composite has been accepted in the the effect of completely confinedunreinforced concrete
construction industry as a promising substitute for beams of size 700x150x150mm with varying thicknesses
repairing and in incrementing the strength of RCC of GFRP fabrics ranging from 3mm to 9mm and to
structure. FRP composites possess some outstanding analyze their increase in failure and flexural strength
properties such as resistance to corrosion, good with respect to a control beam of similar dimension.
fatigue and damping resistance, high strength to
weight ratio and electromagnetic transparency. FRPs METHODOLOGY
over the years have gained respect in terms of its Two different types of FRP fabrics were used for the
superior performance and versatility and now are experiment:
being used not only in housing industry but its (a) Bi-directional FRP fabric with orientation of
potentials are being continuously explored for its fibres in plus/minus 45 degrees having a thickness
use in retro-fitting and strengthening of damaged of 0.5mm.
structural members. (b) Bi-directional FRP fabric with orientation of
fibres in 0/90 degrees with a layer of chopped
INTRODUCTION strands (Also called BDCSM or Bi-directional
The strengthening or retrofitting of existing concrete chopped strand mat) with a thickness of 1mm.
structures to resist higher design loads, correct The FRP fabrics were pasted on the beams in multiple
deterioration related damage, or increase ductility has layers using epoxy as per manufacturer’s specifications.
traditionally been accomplished using conventional Air bubbles were eliminated using hand roller, in order
materials and construction techniques. Externally to ensure a perfect bonding.
bonded steel plates, steel or concrete jackets and
external post-tensioning are just some of the many
traditional techniques available.
Composite materials made of fibres in a polymeric resin,
also known as fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP), have
emerged as an alternative to traditional materials and
techniques. An FRP system is defined as all the fibres and
resins used to create the composite laminate, all
applicable resins used to bond it to the concrete
substrate, and all applied coatings used to protect the
constituent materials. Coatings used exclusively for
aesthetic reasons are not considered part of an FRP
system.
FRP materials are lightweight, non-corrosive, and exhibit
high tensile strength. Additionally, these materials are Figure 1: Bi-directional with chopped strand mat
readily available in several forms ranging from factory- (BDCSM)
made laminates to dry fibre sheets that can be wrapped
9|P a ge
k2=Centroid factor of the compressive force
σfrp= Stress in FRP
Afrp=Area of FRP
σsi=Stress in steel bars
Asi= Area of tension reinforcement in layer ‘i’
Үc=Partial safety factor of concrete in flexure
Calculation of failure strength (cracking load) of beam

with 3 mm thickness of FRP layer:
Substituting the values in the above equation (ignoring
the values of σsi and Asi since no steel reinforcement was
used), the value of ultimate moment capacity of the
beam (Mu) is calculated from eqn (1) as:
Figure 2: Bi-directional FRP fabric Mu= (-) 16.96 KNm
The beams were grouped into four series labeled A to D.
Each series had different layer thickness of GFRP. All Ignoring the negative symbol and using the expression:
beams were cast with the same geometrical dimensions
of 700x150x150 mm using M-25 grade concrete. These
beams were tested up to failure by applying two points )
loading from top in a flexural testing machine/ universal
testing machine (UTM) in order to evaluate the
enhancement of failure and flexural strength due to The failure load (w) is calculated from eqn (3) as:
external strengthening.The beams were tested in W=277.04 KN
concrete laboratory. to obtain the failure load and
flexural strength. (Factor of safety considered is unity for all material
strength)
ANALYTICAL CALCULATION OF FAILURE LOAD EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Existing research suggests that the ultimate flexural The loading was done in a Universal Testing Machine
strength of FRP strengthened RC beams can be predicted (UTM) of 1000KN capacity. One dial gauge was placed
using existing design approaches with modifications to below the beam at mid span to measure the deflection.
account for the brittle nature of FRPs. The beam is The dial gauge was taken out, when it showed rapid
deemed to have reached failure when either the concrete deflection indicating imminent approach towards
compressive strain attains the maximum usable strain peak/failure load to avoid damage.
0.0035 according to BS 8110-1997 and/or the FRP The following results were obtained after the beams
reaches the rupture strain. were subjected to two point loading:
The ultimate moment capacity of the reinforced beam

(Mu) is given by the expression:
The depth of neutral axis (x) can be calculated using the

expression:
__ (2)
Where,
x= Depth of neutral axis

dsi= Centroid of steel bars in layer ‘i’ from the extreme Figure 3: Load- Deflection diagram: Control beam
concrete compression fiber
dfrp= Centroid of FRP from the extreme concrete
compression fiber
h= Depth of beam
fcu=Compressive strength of concrete
b= Beam width
k1=Mean stress factor
10 | P a g e
FAILURE DUE TO FAILURE DUE TO

SERVICEABILITY SERVICEABILITY
CRITERIA CRITERIA
Figure 6: Load- Deflection diagram: Beam with 7mm FRP

layer
Figure 4: Load- Deflection diagram: Beam with

3mm FRP layer
FAILURE DUE TO
SERVICEABILITY
FAILURE DUE TO
CRITERIA
SERVICEABILITY
CRITERIA

layer
layer
11 | P a g e
Figure 8: Average failure loads (KN)
Figure 10: Increase in flexural strength with respect to

control beams
Figure 9: Average flexural strength (N/mm2)
DISCUSSION ON RESULTS Understanding the properties and limitations of FRP is

From the outcome of the experimental results, it is seen an important step in developing the right design solution
that increase in thickness of laminate, increases the and utilizing it for the right application.
fracture load of a structure.Though the samples failed in
serviceability criteria at an early stage, they possessed a RFERENCES
much greater strength to withstand failure.Confinement 1) ACI Committee 440, “State-of-the-art report on
of structures with FRP results in exponential fibre reinforced plastic reinforcement for
enhancement in strength. Likely applications of total concrete structures”, Report ACI 440R-96, USA:
confinement of structures may be precast slabs for American Concrete Institute, 1996.
culverts or short span crossings or any other pre cast 2) Soumya Subhashree, strengthening of RC
structures for bridges. continuous beam using FRP sheet
3) Sarat Chandra Choudhury, Flexural and shear
CONCLUSIONS strengthening of RC beams with FRP –an
FRP systems have been successfully used to strengthen experimental study
bridges, buildings, tanks, tunnels and underground 4) Technical Design Guide for FRP composite
pipes. The higher cost of FRP is compensated by products and parts: Techniques & Technologies
reduced cost of labour, use of equipment, downtime for cost effectiveness
during installation, making them more cost effective 5) Concrete Society, “Design guidance for
than traditional strengthening techniques. strengthening concrete structures using fibre
FRP systems can be effectively used for rehabilitation of composite materials”.
structures affected by deterioration due to ageing, lack of 6) BS 8110-1997: Structural use of Concrete Part-I
maintenance, accidental events such as earthquakes and 7) IS 456(2000): Code of practice for plain and
tsunamis, increase in service loads, large crack widths, reinforced concrete.
large deformations and degradation of structures due to 8) IS10262-2009: Code of practice for concrete mix
corrosion of steel. design.
Applications of FRP include flexural strengthening of
slabs, flexural strengthening of beams, shear
strengthening of beams, shear strengthening and
confinement of columns, wrapping of concrete tanks, and
shear strengthening of beam-column joints.
While strengthening with FRP can involve complex
processes, this system offers number of advantages
compared to conventional strengthening methods.
12 | P a g e

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Proceedings of National Conference on Technological Developments in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (NCTDCME-18)

SPVP,S.B. Patil College of Engineering, Indapur

Calculation of failure strength (cracking load) of beam

The ultimate moment capacity of the reinforced beam

The depth of neutral axis (x) can be calculated using the

x= Depth of neutral axis

FAILURE DUE TO FAILURE DUE TO

Figure 6: Load- Deflection diagram: Beam with 7mm FRP

Figure 4: Load- Deflection diagram: Beam with

Figure 7: Load- Deflection diagram: Beam with 9mm FRP

Figure 10: Increase in flexural strength with respect to

Figure 9: Average flexural strength (N/mm2)

DISCUSSION ON RESULTS Understanding the properties and limitations of FRP is

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