International J.Math. Combin. Vol.

3(2017), 81-89

Minimum Equitable Dominating Randic Energy of a Graph

P.Siva Kota Reddy

(Department of Mathematics, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, B.H.Road, Tumkur-572103, India)

K. N. Prakasha
(Department of Mathematics, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru- 570 002, India)

Gavirangaiah K
(Department of Mathematics, Government First Grade Collge, Tumkur-562 102, India)

E-mail: reddy math@yahoo.com, prakashamaths@gmail.com, gavirangayya@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce the minimum equitable dominating Randic energy of
a graph and computed the minimum dominating Randic energy of graph. Also, established
the upper and lower bounds for the minimum equitable dominating Randic energy of a graph.

Key Words: Minimum equitable dominating set, Smarandachely equitable dominating set,
minimum equitable dominating Randic eigenvalues, minimum equitable dominating Randic
energy.

AMS(2010): 05C50.

§1. Introduction

Let G be a simple, finite, undirected graph, The energy E(G) is defined as the sum of the
absolute values of the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. For more details on energy of graph
see [5, 6].
The Randic matrix R(G) = (Rij )n×n is given by [1-3].

 √1 if vi ∼ vj ,
di di
Rij =
 0 otherwise

We can see lower and upper bounds on Randic energy in [1,2]. Some sharp upper bounds
for Randic energy of graphs were obtain in [3].

§2. The Minimum Equitable Dominating Randic Energy of Graph

Let G be a simple graph of order n with vertex set V (G) = {v1 , v2 , v3 , · · · , vn } and edge set E.
A subset U of V (G) is an equitable dominating set, if for every v ∈ V (G) − U there exists a
1 Received December 19, 2016, Accepted August 22, 2017.
82 P.Siva Kota Reddy, K. N. Prakasha and Gavirangaiah K

vertex u ∈ U such that uv ∈ E(G) and |deg(u) − deg(v)| ≤ 1, and a Smarandachely equitable
dominating set is its contrary, i.e., |deg(u) − deg(v)| ≥ 1 for such an edge uv, where deg(x)
denotes the degree of vertex x in V (G). Any equitable dominating set with minimum cardinality
is called a minimum equitable dominating set. Let E be a minimum equitable dominating set
of a graph G. The minimum equitable dominating Randic matrix RE (G) = (Rij E
)n×n is given
by

 √1
 di di if vi ∼ vj ,

E
Rij = 1 if i = j and vi ∈ E,



0 otherwise

The characteristic polynomial of RE (G) is denoted by φE E

R (G, λ) = det(λI − R (G)). Since
the minimum equitable dominating Randic Matrix is real and symmetric, its eigenvalues are
real numbers and we label them in non-increasing order λ1 > λ2 > · · · λn . The minimum
equitable dominating Randic Energy is given by
n
X
REE (G) = |λi |. (1)
i=1

Definition 2.1 The spectrum of a graph G is the list of distinct eigenvalues λ1 > λ2 > · · · λr ,
with their multiplicities m1 , m2 , . . . , mr , and we write it as
 
λ1 λ2 ··· λr
Spec(G) =  .
m1 m2 · · · mr

This paper is organized as follows. In the Section 3, we get some basic properties of
minimum equitable dominating Randic energy of a graph. In the Section 4, minimum equitable
dominating Randic energy of some standard graphs are obtained.

§3. Some Basic Properties of Minimum Equitable Dominating Randic

Energy of a Graph

Let us consider
X 1
P = ,
dd
i<j i j

where di dj is the product of degrees of two vertices which are adjacent.

Proposition 3.1 The first three coefficients of φE

R (G, λ) are given as follows:

(i) a0 = 1;
(ii) a1 = −|E|;
(iii) a2 = |E|C2 − P .
 Minimum Equitable Dominating Randic Energy of a Graph 83

Proof (i) From the definition ΦE E

R (G, λ) = det[λI − R (G)], we get a0 = 1.
(ii) The sum of determinants of all 1 × 1 principal submatrices of RE (G) is equal to the
trace of RE (G) ⇒ a1 = (−1)1 trace of [RE (G)] = −|E|.
(iii)
 
 
X aii aij 
(−1)2 a2 =  
 
1≤i<j≤n  a ji a jj 
X
= aii ajj − aji aij
1≤i<j≤n
X X
= aii ajj − aji aij
1≤i<j≤n 1≤i<j≤n
= |E|C2 − P. 2
Proposition 3.2 If λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn are the minimum equitable dominating Randic eigenvalues
of RE (G), then
Xn
λi 2 = |E| + 2P.
i=1

Proof We know that

n
X n X
X n
λ2i = aij aji
i=1 i=1 j=1
X n
X
= 2 (aij )2 + (aii )2
i<j i=1
X
= 2 (aij )2 + |E|
i<j
= |E| + 2P. 2
Theorem 3.3 Let G be a graph with n vertices and Then
p
RE E (G) ≤ n(|E| + 2[P ])

where
X 1
P =
dd
i<j i j

for which di dj is the product of degrees of two vertices which are adjacent.

Proof Let λ1 , λ2 , · · · , λn be the eigenvalues of RE (G). Now by Cauchy - Schwartz inequal-

ity we have
n
!2 n
! n !
X X X
ai b i ≤ ai 2 bi 2 .
i=1 i=1 i=1
84 P.Siva Kota Reddy, K. N. Prakasha and Gavirangaiah K

Let ai = 1 , bi =| λi |. Then

n
!2 n
! n
!
X X X
2
|λi | ≤ 1 |λi |
i=1 i=1 i=1

Thus,
[RE E ]2 ≤ n(|E| + 2P ),

which implies that

p
[RE E ] ≤ n(|E| + 2P ),

i.e., the upper bound. 2

Theorem 3.4 Let G be a graph with n vertices. If R= det RE (G), then

q
2
RE E (G) ≥ (|E| + 2P ) + n(n − 1)R n .

Proof By definition,

n
!2

2 X
RE E (G) = | λi |
i=1
n
X n
X
= | λi | | λj |
i=1 j=1
n
!
X 2
X
= | λi | + | λi || λj | .
i=1 i6=j

Using arithmetic mean and geometric mean inequality, we have

  n(n−1)
1

1 X Y
| λi || λj | ≥  | λi || λj | .
n(n − 1)
i6=j i6=j

Therefore,
  n(n−1)
1
n
X Y
[RE E (G)]2 ≥ | λi |2 +n(n − 1)  | λi || λj |
i=1 i6=j

n n
! n(n−1)
1
X Y
≥ | λi |2 +n(n − 1) | λi |2(n−1)
i=1 i=1
n
X 2
= | λi |2 +n(n − 1)R n

i=1
2
= (|E| + 2P ) + n(n − 1)R n .
 Minimum Equitable Dominating Randic Energy of a Graph 85

Thus, q
RE E (G) ≥
2
(|E| + 2P ) + n(n − 1)R n . 2

§4. Minimum Equitable Dominating Randic Energy of Some Standard Graphs

Theorem 4.1 The minimum equitable dominating Randic energy of a complete graph Kn is
RE E (Kn ) = 3n−5
n−1 .

Proof Let Kn be the complete graph with vertex set V = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vn }. The minimum
equitable dominating set = E = {v1 }. The minimum equitable dominating Randic matrix is
 
1 1 1 1
1 n−1 n−1 ... n−1 n−1
 
 1 0 1
... 1 1 
 n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1 
 1 
 1
0 ... 1 1 
 n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1 
RE (Kn ) =  . .. .. .. .. ..  .
 .. . . . . . 
 
 
 1 1
... 1
0 1 
 n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1 
1 1 1 1
n−1 n−1 ... n−1 n−1 0

The characteristic equation is

 n−2  
1 2n − 3 n−3
λ+ λ2 − λ+ =0
n−1 n−1 n−1
 √ √ 
(2n−3)+ 4n−3 (2n−3)− 4n−3 −1
and the spectrum is SpecE
R (Kn ) =
 2(n−1) 2(n−1) n−1 .
1 1 n−2

3n − 5
Therefore, RE E (Kn ) =
n−1
. 2

Theorem 4.2 The minimum equitable dominating Randic energy of star graph K1,n−1 is
√
RE E (K1,n−1 ) = 5.

Proof Let K1,n−1 be the star graph with vertex set V = {v0 , v1 , · · · , vn−1 }. Here v0 be
the center. The minimum equitable dominating set = E = V (G). The minimum equitable
86 P.Siva Kota Reddy, K. N. Prakasha and Gavirangaiah K

dominating Randic matrix is

 
1 √1 √1 ... √1 √1
 n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1 
√ 1 
 n−1 1 0 ... 0 0 
 
√ 1 
 n−1 0 1 ... 0 0 
R (K1,n−1 ) = 
E
 .. .. .. .. ..

..  .
 . . . . . . 
 
 1 
√ 0 0 ... 1 0 
 n−1 
√1 0 0 ... 0 1
n−1

The characteristic equation is

λ(λ − 1)n−2 [λ − 2] = 0
 
2 1 0
spectrum is SpecE
R (K1,n−1 ) =
 .
1 n−2 1

Therefore, RE E (K1,n−1 ) = n. 2

Theorem 4.3 The minimum equitable dominating Randic energy of Crown graph Sn0 is
√
E (4n − 7) + 4n2 − 8n + 5
RE (Sn0 ) = .
n−1

Proof Let Sn0 be a crown graph of order 2n with vertex set {u1 , u2 , · · · , un , v1 , v2 , · · · , vn }
and minimum dominating set = E = {u1 , v1 }. The minimum equitable dominating Randic
matrix is
 
1 1 1
1 0 0 ... 0 0 n−1 ... n−1 n−1
 
 0 0 0 ... 0 1
0 ... 1 1 
 n−1 n−1 n−1 
 
 0 0 0 ... 0 1
... 1
0 1 
 n−1 n−1 n−1 
 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
 .. . . . . . . . . . 
 
 
 0 0 0 ... 0 1
... 1 1
0 
E 0  n−1 n−1 n−1 
R (Sn ) =  .
 0 1 1
... 1
1 0 ... 0 0 
 n−1 n−1 n−1 
 1 
 0 1
... 1
0 0 ... 0 0 
 n−1 n−1 n−1 
 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
 .. . . . . . . . . . 
 
 
 1 1
0 ... 1
0 0 ... 0 0 
 n−1 n−1 n−1 
1 1 1
n−1 n−1 n−1 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0
 Minimum Equitable Dominating Randic Energy of a Graph 87

The characteristic equation is

 n−2  n−2   
1 1 1 2n − 3 n−3
λ+ λ− λ2 − λ−1 2
λ − λ+ =0
n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1

spectrum
 is SpecE 0
R (Sn ) 
√ √ √ √
(2n−3)+ 4n−3 1+ 4n2 −8n+5 (2n−3)− 4n−3 1 −1 1− 4n2 −8n+5
= 2(n−1) 2(n−1) 2(n−1) n−1 n−1 2(n−1) .
1 1 1 n−2 n−2 1
√
(4n − 7) + 4n2 − 8n + 5
Therefore, RE E
(Sn0 ) =
n−1
. 2

Theorem 4.4 The minimum equitable dominating Randic energy of complete bipartite graph
Kn,n of order 2n with vertex set {u1 , u2 , · · · , un , v1 , v2 , · · · , vn } is
√
E 2 n−1
RE (Kn,n ) = √ + 2.
n

Proof Let Kn,n be the complete bipartite graph of order 2n with vertex set {u1 , u2 , · · · , un ,
v1 , v2 , · · · , vn }. The minimum equitable dominating set = E = {u1 , v1 } with a minimum
equitable dominating Randic matrix
 
1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 ... n n n n
 
0 0 0 0 ... 1 1 1 1
 n n n n
 
0 0 0 0 ... 1 1 1 1
 n n n n
 
0 0 0 0 ... 1 1 1 1
 n n n n
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
RE (Kn,n ) = 
.
. . . . . . . . ..
 
1 1 1 1
... 1 0 0 0
n n n n 
 
1 1 1 1
... 0 0 0 0
n n n n 
1 
 1 1 1
... 0 0 0 0
n n n n 
1 1 1 1
n n n n ... 0 0 0 0

The characteristic equation is

n−1 2 n−1
λ2n−4 (λ2 − )[λ − 2λ + ]=0
n n
Hence, spectrum is
 q √ q √ 
1 n−1 1 n−1
1+ n
√ 1− n 0 − √
SpecE
R (Kn,n ) =
 n n .
1 1 1 2n − 4 1
√
2 n−1
E
Therefore, RE (Kn,n ) = √
n
+ 2. 2
88 P.Siva Kota Reddy, K. N. Prakasha and Gavirangaiah K

Theorem 4.5 The minimum equitable dominating Randic energy of cocktail party graph Kn×2
is
4n − 6
RE E (Kn×2 ) = .
n−1

Proof Let Kn×2 be a Cocktail party graph of order 2n with vertex set {u1 , u2 , · · · , un , v1 , v2 ,
· · · , vn }. The minimum equitable dominating set = E = {u1 , v1 } with a minimum equitable
dominating Randic matrix
 
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 ... 0 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2
 
 1 0 1 1
... 1
0 1 1 
 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 
 
 1 1
0 1
... 1 1
0 1 
 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 
 1 
 1 1
0 ... 1 1 1
0 
 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 
 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
RE (Kn×2 ) = 
 .
. . . . . . . . . .

 
 0 1 1 1
... 1 1 1 1 
 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 
 
 1 0 1 1
... 1
0 1 1 
 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 
 1 
 1
0 1
... 1 1
0 1 
 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 
1 1 1 1 1 1
2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 0 ... 2n−2 2n−2 2n−2 0

The characteristic equation is

 n−2
1 2n − 3 n−3
λn−1 λ + (λ − 1)[λ2 − λ+ ]=0
n−1 n−1 n−1

Hence, spectrum is
 √ √ 
2n−3+ 4n−3 2n−3− 4n−3 −1
1 0
SpecE
R (Kn×2 ) =
 2(n−1) 2(n−1) n−1 .
1 1 1 n−1 n−2

4n − 6
Therefore, RE E (Kn×2 ) =
n−1
. 2

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