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    BMD Parasitologi

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    Muhtadi_11
    This document discusses parasitic diseases and their mechanisms. It begins by outlining the basic causes of disease including pathogenic organisms. It then describes the major types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and animal parasites. It focuses on parasites, distinguishing between protozoa, helminths and arthropods. It explains the interaction between parasites and human hosts, covering parasite diversity, routes of infection, pathomechanisms of host defense, common clinical presentations like hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, anemia, and diarrhea, and how specific parasites can cause each presentation.

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    BMD Parasitologi

    Uploaded by

    Muhtadi_11
    40 views33 pages
    This document discusses parasitic diseases and their mechanisms. It begins by outlining the basic causes of disease including pathogenic organisms. It then describes the major types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and animal parasites. It focuses on parasites, distinguishing between protozoa, helminths and arthropods. It explains the interaction between parasites and human hosts, covering parasite diversity, routes of infection, pathomechanisms of host defense, common clinical presentations like hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, anemia, and diarrhea, and how specific parasites can cause each presentation.

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    Bahan ajar parasitologi Blok BMD

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    This document discusses parasitic diseases and their mechanisms. It begins by outlining the basic causes of disease including pathogenic organisms. It then describes the major types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and animal parasites. It focuses on parasites, distinguishing between protozoa, helminths and arthropods. It explains the interaction between parasites and human hosts, covering parasite diversity, routes of infection, pathomechanisms of host defense, common clinical presentations like hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, anemia, and diarrhea, and how specific parasites can cause each presentation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views33 pages

    BMD Parasitologi

    Uploaded by

    Muhtadi_11
    This document discusses parasitic diseases and their mechanisms. It begins by outlining the basic causes of disease including pathogenic organisms. It then describes the major types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and animal parasites. It focuses on parasites, distinguishing between protozoa, helminths and arthropods. It explains the interaction between parasites and human hosts, covering parasite diversity, routes of infection, pathomechanisms of host defense, common clinical presentations like hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, anemia, and diarrhea, and how specific parasites can cause each presentation.

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    Basic Mechanism of Parasitic Diseases

    The Nature of Disease


    • Pathogenic Organisms
    • Genetic Disorders
    • Toxic Chemicals
    • Other Environmental Factors
    • Physical Damage to Organs
    • Nutritional Disorders
    Types of Pathogenic Organisms
    • Viruses
    • Bacteria
    • Protozoan (Unicellular Parasite)
    • Fungi
    • Animal
    • Parasites
    Parasites

    Protozoa
    Metazoa: Helminths
    Arthropoda

    Pathomechanism:
    Interaction between the parasites with the human
    Hosts and its part(s) thereof
    Lecture objectives

    To understand basic principles of diseases caused


    by parasite infections:

    parasites
    - protozoa
    - helmints
    -Arthropodes
    Parasites
    - complex eukaryotic organisms

    - most common infectious diseases (30% of world population)


    - complex life cycles
    - protozoa (unicellular)
    - helmints (multicellular warms)

    - often induce chronic infections


    - constant exposure (endemic areas)
    - direct exposure or via vectors
    Diversity of Human-Microbe-
    Relationships
    Immediately after birth: humans are colonized by a
    myriad of microorganisms

    The human body as a “superorganism”: microbes


    outnumber human cells by tenfold !

    • Commensal relationships

    • Mutualistic relationships

    • Microbes as pathogens
    Parasitic Diseases

    • Protozoan and helminthic parasites exist worldwide


    • Common among people in rural, undeveloped, or
    overcrowded places
    • Emerging as serious threats in developed nations
    • Parasitic infections often involve several hosts
    – Definitive host
    – Intermediate host
    • Parasites can infect humans in several ways
    Routes by which humans acquire
    parasitic infections
    Pathomechanisms of host defense
    against infection by parasites
    Injurious effect of immune response
    - granuloma formation and fibrosis (Schistosoma sp.)

    - immune complex formation (Plasmodium sp.)

    Mechanisms of immune evasion


    - existence of different forms/stages (Plasmodium sp...)

    - alteration of surface antigens (Trypanosoma sp....)

    - complement resistance (many parasites)

    -“concealing” – cysts (Toxoplasma sp.), residence in gut (intestinal parasites)


    Common Clinical Presentations of Parasitic
    Infections

     Hepatosplenomegaly • Parasites causing this


    clinical presentation
     Enlarged lymph nodes
    • How did the parasite
     Anaemia produce this presentation
    (Pathogenesis)
     Diarrhea/ dysentery • Mode of infection
    A child presenting with hepatosplenomegaly
    Helminths causing hepatosplenomegaly:
    Schistosoma Skin penetration by
    Furcocercous cercaria

    HOW?
    Schistosoma eggs that pass in the circulation as
    emboli to the liver cause hepatosplenomegaly
    A child presenting with hepatosplenomegaly
    Protozoa causing hepatosplenomegaly:
    Leishmania infantum,
    Leishmania donovani,
    Leishmania chagasi
    Visceral leishmaniasis Promastigote

    Trypanosoma b.gambiense,
    Trypanosoma b.rhodesiense
    Sleeping sickness
    Stumpy metacyclic trypanosomes

    Trypanosoma cruzi
    Chagas’ disease
    How can Leishmania cause
    hepatosplenomegaly?
    Amastigotes
    multiply in skin
    Via blood macrophage
    stream to
    Taken by
    Promastigotes Amastigote
    Reticulo-endothelial cells Through the bite sof female
    present in human viscera Phlebotomus injecting
    Promastigote stage with saliva
    When amastigotes enter reticulo-endothelial
    cells present in liver & spleen
    Hepatosplenomegaly occurs
    How can African How can American
    Trypanosomes cause Trypanosomes cause
    Hepatosplenomegaly? Hepatosplenomegaly?

    Short stumpy metacyclic Short stumpy metacyclic


    trypanosomes enter the site of trypanosomes contaminate
    bite with saliva of Glossina skin abrasion by winged bug
    faeces
    To blood C-shaped
    Polymorphic
    stream Trypanosoma cruzi
    trypanosomes
    amastigote
    To liver & spleen
    Hepatosplenomegaly occurs
    Parasites causing Enlarged lymph nodes
    Helminths affecting lymph nodes:
    W.bancrofti
    Usually affects lymph nodes
    draining genitalia & lower limbs
    Brugia malayi
    Usually affects lymph nodes
    draining legs below knees &
    arms below elbows
    O.volvulus
    Hanging groin
    containing enlarged
    lymph nodes
    Enlarged lymph nodes
    Protozoa affecting lymph nodes:
    Leishmania infantum,
    Leishmania donovani,
    Leishmania chagasi
    Visceral leishmaniasis
    Trypanosoma b.gambiense,
    Trypanosoma b.rhodesiense
    Sleeping sickness
    Winterbottom sign
    Trypanosoma cruzi
    Chagas’ disease
    Toxoplasma gondii
    Toxoplasmosis
    Anaemia
    Decrease in number of RBCs below 4 millions / ml
    Helminthic infections causing anaemia:
    a- Schistosomiasis
    b- Trichuriasis Iron deficiency:
    c- Ancylostomiasis Due to blood loss
    d- Diphyllobothriasis
    Megaloblastic:
    Due vit B12 deficiency
    Schistosomiasis
    Due to hypersplenism
    Trichuriasis Blood Blood
    Due to toxic products of the worm in urine in stool
    Protozoal infections associated with anaemia
    • Malaria: haemolytic anaemia
    due to rupture of infected red cells.
    merozoites
    • Babesiosis: haemolytic anaemia
    due to rupture of infected red cells.

    • Sleeping sickness: Polymorphic trypanosomes

    hypoplastic anaemia Leishmania amastigotes


    due to bone marrow affection.

    • Visceral leishmaniasis:
    Mode of Infection with Schistosoma
    Skin penetration by furcocercous cercaria from
    contaminated canal water.
    Aided by:
    - Surface tension of drying
    droplets of water.

    - Proteolytic enzymes secreted by Proteolytic


    penetration glands. enzymes

    - Strong lashing movement of the tail


    pressing the body of the cercaria
    into the skin.
    Mode of infection with

    D.latum A.duodenale
    T.trichiura

    ingestion of plerocercoid
    larva in improperly
    cooked infected salmon,
    Perch or Trout fish
    Skin penetration by
    Ingestion of embryonated
    eggs in contaminated
    filariform larvae
    raw vegetables and Negative geotropism
    contaminated water. Positive hygrotropism
    Thermotropism
    Mode of infection with

    Malaria Babesiosis

    Through the bite of Through the bite of


    female Anopheles Hard Tick injecting
    injecting sporozoite sporozoite stage
    stage with saliva with saliva
    Mode of infection with

    Visceral leishmaniasis Sleeping sickness

    Through the bite Through the bite


    of female of Glossina
    Phlebotomus injecting
    injecting short stumpy
    Promastigote metacyclic
    stage with saliva trypanosomes
    Mode of infection with

    Visceral leishmaniasis Sleeping sickness

    Through the bite Through the bite


    of female of Glossina
    Phlebotomus injecting
    injecting short stumpy
    Promastigote metacyclic
    stage with saliva trypanosomes
    A patient presenting with Dysentery
    Painful frequent evacuation of small quantities of
    stool containing mucus tinged with blood.
    This indicates that the large intestine is affected
    Parasites causing dysentery:
    1- Schistosoma mansoni.
    2-Trichuris trichiura.
    3- Strongyloides stercoralis
    (heavy infection).
    4- Entamoeba histolytica.
    5- Balantidium coli.
    6- Leishmania (visceral)
    7- P.falciparum
    How can helminths cause Dysentery
    1- Schistosoma 2- Trichuris 3- heavy infection with
    mansoni trichiura Strongyloides stercoralis

    Anterior part of worms Number of worms


    embedded in intestinal increase and fill the
    Egg pass in mucosa cause small and large intestine
    stool with oedematous, hyperaemic,
    mucus and fragile mucosa. stool with mucus &
    blood stool with mucus & blood blood
    How Entamoeba and Balantidium cause Dysentery
    Balantidium Entamoeba
    trophozoite trophozoite

    Boring action of cilia


    Histolytic enzyme

    Flask-shaped Flask-shaped
    ulcer ulcer
    How can Leishmania cause Dysentery?
    Amastigotes
    multiply in skin
    Via blood macrophage
    stream to
    Taken by
    Reticulo-endothelial cells Promastigotes
    Amastigotes
    present in human viscera

    When amastigotes enter payer’s patches


    of Intestinal mucosa:

    Diarrhoea & dysentery occur


    How can P.falciparum cause Dysentery?
    Knobs develop on surface of infected RBCs
    Knobs are parasite antigens expressed on the surface of
    infected red cells containing trophozoites and schizont
    stages.
    Infected RBCs adhere to receptors found on
    endothelium of blood capillaries of intestine

    Diminished blood supply to intestine

    necrosis of intestinal wall cause


    dysentery.
    Normal RBC

    Infected RBC
    Mode of infection with

    Trichuris trichiura Strongyloides stercoralis

    Ingestion of embryonated Skin penetration by


    eggs in contaminated filariform larvae
    raw vegetables and Negative geotropism
    contaminated water. Positive hygrotropism
    Thermotropism
    Mode of infection with

    Entamoeba histolytica Balantidium coli

    Ingestion of quadrinucleate cyst Ingestion of cyst


    - In contaminated raw green vegetables
    and contaminated water.
    - Through flies and food handlers.

    - By faeco-oral route (hand to mouth).


    This is called autoinfection.
    Mode of infection of

    Visceral Leishmania Falciparum malaria

    Through the bite of Through the bite of female


    female Phlebotomus Anopheles gambia
    injecting Promastigote injecting sporozoite
    stage with saliva stage with saliva
    Thanks for your attention!
    Questions?

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