Definition of Business

Business means all economic activities which is done for the motive of earning. In these
activities, we can include production, manufacturing, purchasing and selling and other
market promotion activities. Commerce, trade and aids to trades and enterprise are also
included in business.
2 truthful facts about business:-
1. Richest person of the world = Bill Gates
Net worth in USD = $ 40.0 billion
Business = Microsoft
2. Oldest company is Kongo Gumi of Japan in the world and its business is construction .
This company started his business in 578 in company form.
 
Concepts of Business Environment
There two concept of business:-
1st Economic concept of business
This is oldest concept of business and according to this concept; main aim of business is to
earn profit and never to do any other work. Under this concept, every legal and illegal and
scams and fraud are the necessary for doing highest profit from business. Because in old
time, there is no competition and trend to earn money is by any way. But now this concept
is totally failed and bear a new concept which is successful in world business market.
2nd Social concept of business:-
According to this concept, business’s all activities are done for making stable customers and
make them satisfied. Now, all business organization is understood this point and making
social networking for promoting business. Even all big business organization is
communicating with general public by the way of twitter and face book and linkedin (35
million registered business profiles).

Objective of business
There are also two main objectives
1st objective
i) to earn profit
ii) to growth
iii) to innovation
2nd objective of business
i) to satisfaction of employees
Employees are main asset of business and it is the main object of business to satisfy its
employee by providing them fair salary and other incentives because , without this business
can not operate well and from time to time development of employee of business is the
main need of business .
ii) to satisfaction of customers
It is also aim or objective of business to satisfy its customers and it should do the work for
their welfare. This welfare may by possible by providing product at low cost and high
quality. A stable customer can provide stable amount of sale and contribute in the stable
growth rate of business.
iii) to satisfaction of investors :-
Investors are those persons who invest their money in business and it is the main aim of
business to provide them high rate of return and make them satisfied because, if there are
satisfied, they will not sell company’s share at low price and financial crisis will not be faced
by businessman.
iv) other social responsibility :-
To obey all other responsibility of society is also main objective of business and in this
responsibility we can include protection of environment. We are seeing that business are
becoming restriction in the way of environment protection but , because of business also
dependent on environment and all raw material comes from environment , then it is the
duty of businessman to protect environment by growing plantation in their business plants
and also starting new programme for protection of environment .
 
What is business environment? 
Definition of Business Environment
Business Environment may be define as all external and internal factors which affects the
activities of business. In these factors we can include customers, suppliers, and employees,
Govt., Economy and Competitors.
Explanation of Business Environment
One can explain business environment with physical environment of nature . When we see
nature , we find many things air , water , sun , moon and so many other things . They
create environment . Nature is effected from these factors from time to time and shows his
presentation in the form of raining , season and other variations . Same thing happens in
business . Business is also affected from its environment . Suppose , If Govt. increases
service tax rate or VAT rate . At this time , business has also to increase the price of his
products . There is not just a single factor are affecting business but large number of factors
affect business .
 
Elements or factors of Business Environment
Micro business Environment:
This is also known as internal business environment because business has power to control
them. In this environment, factors can be divided with following way.
1st Supplier
A supplier provides raw material to business. This is also main factor of business
environment because, it affects business very closely. If supplier delay to supply raw
material or stop to supply. At this time production of business can be stopped due to not
getting raw material. So, for controlling this factor, it is the duty of businessman to make
good relation with more than one supplier so that, if one stop or delay at this time, goods
can be purchased from other supplier.
2nd Customers
Customers are those people or companies which buy goods from our business. Business
sells them his finished product. But time to time tastes of customers also change. So,
according to the taste of business customers, new products must be supplied by business.
That is the formula for living long life of business.
3rd Market Intermediaries
For promoting sale, it is required to ads by different way, so market intermediaries include
sales man and middle man.
This environment is under control of business because, if business starts selling with more
ads, his selling will surely increase.
4th Competitors
Competitors of business also create internal business environment. According to
competitors, policies, business changes his policies for winning in competition.
5th Financial Intermediaries
As business grows, it needs more money for his growth; either this money can be gotten by
issuing new shares or by borrowing money from financial intermediaries. So, financial
intermediaries plays a vital role in business environment. If they provides loan at very low
rate, at that time business can get and grow fastly but, if they increase in interest rate, at
that time business will not get at this rate and its growth may decrease due to lack of fund.

Macro Business Environment or External Factors of Business Environment

1. Economical Environment
Economic environment is main element of business environment. Economy is factor which
affects business with following way 
A) Economic policies
Economic policies related to budget , industrial policy , fiscal policy , export and import
policy and business should see what changes are done in these and business has to changes
their business policies according to these changes . 
B) Economic regulation
Different laws and regulations are at international level and national level . These are all
called economic regulation and business has to respect all of these while it is operating
business .
2. Natural Environment
Natural environment is also external factor of business . Because , business can not fully
control on natural environment . Many points like season , raining , floods , earth quake are
natural and happens according to fluctuation in it . These are also main element of business
because business has to face all these factors . But some of loss from these factors can be
transferred with effective schemes of insurance .
3. Demo – graphic Factors
Size of population and their growth rate includes in demo graphic element and factor of
business environment. Increasing trend of population will increase demand of products and
support business to produce more products. But if death rate is increasing or demo graphic
factor like religion are preventing to use the products of business. At that time business has
to change their business or make other plans according to situation.
4. Technological Environment
This is fully concerned with changing of technology and its effect on product . Many
technical products are fastly changed by coming new technology .At that time business also
have to cover new products according to changes in technology .
5. Political Environment
Political environment is composition of three factors which are following
a) legislature
b) executive
c) judiciary
All above factor affects business and business has to make rules and regulation according to
Govt. and political rules and regulation.
6. International Environment
International environment includes WTO, IMF, WB, SARC and G20 meetings and their rules
and regulations can effect on any type of business. Business has to exist in world market,
and then it should understand their effect and take action according to these rules and
regulation.

Definition of Economic Environment

Economic environment is very important factor of business. It means any environment
which becomes from economic system, economic planning and economic policies. Main
motive of this environment is to effective utilization of resources.
From above definition we get three factor that are :
1. Economic system
Economy works always in any system
There are main three economic systems; any country can adopt any system for making
economic planning and economic policy.
a) capitalistic economy
In this economy all powers are in private hands, they are free to choose any business and
also invest money in any type of business. Govt. just cares the security of country and life
of people but it does not disturb to anyone on the basis of business. This economy is in
USA.
b) Socialistic economy
This economy is basically in poor and developing countries and main motive of this economy
is to welfare of people and develop the economy. In this economy all businesses are under
fully control of govt. and nobody can operate any business freely. Govt. makes rules and
regulation for operating business and also appoints authorities for operating it. Because, all
powers are in the hand of govt., so there are huge chances of corruption in govt.
departments.
c) Mixed economy :
Any country in which both capitalistic and socialistic economy works, and after mixing of
both economy, the new economy will comes in our eyes that is called mixed economy. In
this economy govt. fixes some sector which are reserves only for govt. investment and no
private person can do that business. India is the good example of mixed economy.
2. Economic policies
An economic policy means any policy which is related to fund of nation and its utilization. It
also includes fiscal policy and budget of nation.
3. Economic planning
For equal distribution of money and wealth, it is very necessary to make economic plans of
development in socialistic economy. These plans are known as economic plans.
calculate the value of Share
Value of share means that price of share which can be sold in the market. If a company’s
shares are not quoted in stock
exchange , then there is need to calculate value of share
 
There are also following situation for valuation of share :-
 
Ist Situation : When debentures or pref. Shares are converted into shares at that time it is
necessary to calculate
value of share.
2nd Situation : When shares are given as a gift, at that time also need to calculate value of
share for paying gift
tax. Gift tax is calculated on the total value of Shares .
3rd Situation : When loan is given on security of shares at that time calculation the value of
shares is done by
accountant.

Method of valuation of Share

There are two method of valuation of shares.
 
•Net Asset method
Under this method, value of share is equal to net assets. So, we first calculate net assets
Net assets = total tangible assets – total liabilities (Including pref. share capital) + Goodwill
Value of Share = Net Assets / No. of Shares
For example
Suppose total tangible assets are RS. 100000, Goodwill Rs. 10000, pref. share capital Rs.
20000 ,Other liabilities =
RS. 40000 , Equity shares capital is Rs. 60000 of 10000 shares. Calculate the value of
shares
Net Asset = 100000 – 20000 -40000 + 10000
= 50000
Value of Shares = 50000 / 10000 = Rs. 5
2. Earning Capacity Method
Under this method, value of share is equal to the proportion of expected earning and normal
earning of paid up value of
shares.
Value of Share
= Expected earning rate / Normal earning rate X Paid up Value of Shares
Notes
Expected Earning Rate = Expected profit / total equity share capital X 100
Expected profit = Average annual profit – taxation – reserve – pref. dividend
For example
Calculate the value of share with earning capacity method, if company has issued 10000
shares @ 10 each and fully paid
up. Suppose average profit is Rs 20000 and taxation is 2000, reserve is Rs. 500 and pref.
share dividend is Rs. 600.
Normal rate of earning is 10 % of total profit before tax.
We know, we first calculate expected profit rate
Expected profit = 20000 -2000-500-600 = 16900
Expected profit rate = 16900 / 100000 X 100 = 16.9 %
Value of Share = 16.9 / 10 X 10 = Rs. 16.90

What is the Holding Company ? 

Definition of Holding Company
" Any company who controls other company is called holding company. "
In other words, if any company has any one power from following three powers, then that
company will be holding company
:-
If any company has 51 % shares of other company, then this company becomes holding
company of other.
Or
If any company has power to appoint board of directors of other company, then this
company becomes holding company of
other company.
Or
Main holding company also will the holding company of all subsidiaries’ subsidiary
companies.
Explanation with Example
Suppose, H is holding company of S because 51 % shares are of H in S. S is also of holding
Company of R because S have
power to appoint the board of directors of R Company and then H is also holding Company
of R.

Main features of Holding Company

1. Holding Company provides the power to work independently to subsidiary company.

Because relationship of holding and
subsidiary company is not amalgamation or merge but both company joins for cutting the
cost of competition and getting
the benefits of monopoly.
2. Holding company can also deal with subsidiary company and it is also recorded in both
books .
3. Under Company act of India 1956 , it is required to attach the copy of final accounts of
subsidiary company with the
annual report of holding company .
 
Organizations
What is IMF ?
IMF is UNO recognized international monetary fund or reserve which helps its members. It
established in 1946 after
bretton wood meeting. It has 185 members across the all nations but soviet Russia and its
member are not linked with
IMF. 
All work is done by its board of directors which is made by board of governors. Every
country’s finance minister is as
the governor from his respective country. There are two type directors in board of directors
of IMF. One is quota and
other is non quota. USA, UK, Germany and India are quota country and one member is
taken in board of directors and
other from non quota countries. Total no. of directors are 20.
Objective and functions of IMF
 
1.Provide loan to the members for removing unfavorable balance of payment.
2.Determine the value of currency of member countries.
3.Determine the economic policies’ main contents of member’s countries.
4.To make plan for increasing per capita income of member countries.
5.To collect money from member countries in the form of fun or reserves.
6.Latest objective in IMF is that it will support 3 trillion dollars under his budget for
decreasing the pressure of
2000 recession.
Eligibility for membership in IMF
Any country can become the member of IMF but for getting eligibility the following
procedure is adopted by IMF.
First of all membership is accepted by board of directors after accepting membership ,
board of directors send this
proposal to board of governors with supported all documents and subscription and quota
amount as per the terms of
membership .
 
World bank or IBRD 
World Bank is international financial institution for reconstruction and development of
member countries. So, its other
name is international bank of reconstruction and development (IBRD). This bank is
established in 1944 after bretton
woods meeting of 20 major countries. This bank provides long term loan to its members
and all work is done by executive
directors which is nominated by shareholders of member countries and board of governors.
Bank has own 20 billion dollar paid up capital. Bank provides loan but before providing loan
it sees the project and
after accepting project, the loan is given under strict terms and conditions of World Bank. In
which includes the
interest on loan, commission and administration charges.
 
GATT and its functions and policies 
In 1944 , developed countries participated in bretton woods meeting . In this meeting they
wanted to make international
trade organisation but all countries could not agree on its terms but 1948 , they had made a
general agreement for
tariffs and trade after signing GATT in 1947 by 23 countries including India. Now no. of
member countries reached up to
184 .
Objectives and functions of GATT
1.Reduce international restriction
2.Reduce tax problems

1.Development in international trade 

Policies of GATT
1.Non discrimination policy
2.No quantitative restrictions 
3.Opinions

WTO and its functions and policies 

Full form of WTO is world trade organisation . It is an international organisation which
established after conversion
of GATT in 1995 . In 1944 , when bretton woods conference was completed . In that
meeting leaders of developed
countries wanted to make international trade organisation but they accepted only GATT's
policies in 1948 . After
Uruguay discussion , all GATT members included in WTO . Main objective of making WTO is
to reduce restrictions in
international trade with more globalisation and liberalisation policy.
Functions and policies of WTO
1. Reduction of the rate of Tariffs :
Tariffs means tax on imported goods . For developing international trade , it is compulsory
to all member countries to
reduce 24 % to 30 % tariffs with in 6 to 10 years .
2. Reduction the subsidy to domestic trade 
For more smooth competition , WTO has made rule to reduce the amount of subsidy or
other assistance which is given by
govt. to their domestic industry . 
3. TRIPS 
Trips means trade and intellectual property rights . WTO has made some rules for
prohibiting piracy in intellectual
property rights . All countries will have to accept these trips . 
4. Other GATT rules 
Some of GATT rules will still apply
 
repare Consolidated Balance Sheet of Holding Company
Under Indian Company Act , there is no need to prepare combined or consolidated final
accounts of holding and
subsidiary company in the books of holding company but holding company attaches the
copy of balance sheet , one copy of
profit and loss account and one copy of audit report of subsidiary company with his final
accounts . But for showing
true financial position, often holding company prepare consolidated balance sheet.
It is easy to understand that consolidated balance sheet is a balance sheet in which all the
assets and liabilities of
holding company and subsidiary company are added with each other but practically, it is
tough to make consolidated
balance sheet of holding and subsidiary company.
Steps for preparing consolidated balance Sheet of the holding company and its
subsidiary company.
1st Step
Add all the assets of subsidiary company with the assets of holding company. But
Investment of holding company in
Subsidiary company will not shown in consolidated balance sheet because, investment in
subsidiary company will
automatically adjust with the amount of share capital of subsidiary company in holding
company.
2nd step
Add all the liabilities of subsidiary company with the liabilities of holding company. But
Share capital of subsidiary
company in holding company will not shown in the consolidated balance sheet in the books
of holding company. Because,
this share capital automatically adjust with the amount of the investment of holding
company in to subsidiary company .
3rd Step
Calculate of Minority Interest
First of all we should know what minority interest is. Minority interest is the shareholder but
there is not holding
company’s shareholder. So, when holding company shows consolidated balance sheet, it is
the duty of accountant to show
minority interest in the liability side of consolidated balance sheet.
We can calculate minority interest with following formula
Total share capital of Subsidiary company = XXXXX
Less Investment of Holding company in to subsidiary company = - XXXX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Add proportionate share of the subsidiary company‘s profit and
Reserves or increase in the value of assets + XXXX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Less proportionate share of the subsidiary company’s loss and decrease

In the value of total assets of company - XXXXX
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Value of Minority Interest XXXXX
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4th Step
Calculate cost of capital / Goodwill or Capital Reserve
If holding company purchases shares of subsidiary company at premium, then the value of
premium will be deemed as
goodwill or cost of capital and shows as goodwill on the assets side of consolidated balance
sheet.
But if holding company purchases the shares of subsidiary company at discount, then this
value of discount will be
capital reserve and show in the liability side of consolidated balance sheet.
5th Step
Treatment of Pre – Acquisition of reserve and profit
Pre – acquisition profit and reserve of subsidiary company will be shown as capital reserve
in consolidated balance
sheet but the value of minority interest’s profit or reserves deducts from it and add in
minority interest value.
Total profit before acquisition of subsidiary company = XXXX
Less share of minority interest - XXXX
Value of profit X minority interest’s value of shares in subsidiary company / total share
capital of subsidiary
company.
_____________________________________________________

Pre – acquisition profit and reserve shown as capital reserve XXX

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6th Step
Calculate post acquisition profits
After the date of purchasing the shares of subsidiary company , profit of subsidiary
company will also deem of holding
company and it include in the profit of holding company and we also separate the part of
profit of minority interest
and add in minority interest’s value and shown in liability side .
 
7th Step
Elimination of common transactions
All common transaction between holding company and subsidiary company will not show in
the consolidated balance. There
following common transaction
1. goods sold and goods purchase on credit and the value of debtor or creditor either
subsidiary company or holding
company will not shown in consolidated balance sheet
2. Value of bill payable or bill receivable of holding company on subsidiary company will also
not shown but if some
bills value is discounted from third party then either of both company’s payable value shown
as liability in the
consolidated balance sheet .
 
8th Step
Treatment of Unrealized profit
If subsidiary company sells the goods to holding company or holding company sells the
goods to subsidiary company at
profit and if such goods will not sold in third party , then the profit will not realized , so such
unrealized profit
will not credited to profit and loss account . At this time a stock reserve account is opened
and all amounts of
unrealized profit transfers to this account and this accounts total amount is deducted from
closing stock of
consolidated balance sheet.
Suppose
Closing stock of H 50000
Closing stock of S 50000
_________________________
100000
Less stock reserve
2000
----------------------------------
98000
----------------------------------
If subsidiary company has also other outsider’s shares then holding company makes reserve
up to his shares proportion.
9th Step
Treatment of Dividends
If holding company gets the dividends from subsidiary company, then this will divide into
two parts. If subsidiary
company declare dividend out of capital profits, then this will add in capital reserves in
consolidated balance sheet.
But, if subsidiary company has declared the profit out of revenue gains, then this dividend
will add in general profit
and loss account and will shown in the liability side of consolidated balance sheet.
nvironment of business in India and List of Different Indian Acts which affect
business 
Legal environment of business means all factors relating to laws and legal orders which
affect business and its
working.
Business must be operated under the rules and regulation of different laws of India. The
following is the list of main
laws which affect business.
1. Indian contract act 1872
2. Indian sale of goods act 1930
3. Indian partnership act 1932
4. Industrial dispute Act 1947
5. Minimum wages act 1948
6. Indian companies act 1956
7. Foreign exchange regulation act (FERA ) 1973
8. Foreign exchange management act 1999
9. Monopolies and restrictive trade practice act 1969
10. Consumer protection act 1986
11. Indian income tax act 961
12. Central excise act 1944
13. Security exchange board of India act 1992
14. Banking regulation act 1949
15. Chartered accountant act 1949
16. Information technology act 2000
17. competition act 2002
18. right to information act 2005
19. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act,2006
20. Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act,2005

List of Indian Federal Legislation

The following is a comprehensive list of Acts passed by the British (or by Indians in the
Imperial Legislative Council)
between 1836 and 1947, and the Parliament of India after 1947.
1836–1850 
Name of the Act Year Act No. 
Bengal Indigo Contracts Act 1836 10 
Bengal Districts Act 1836 21 
Madras Public Property Malversation Act 1837 36 
Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act 1838 5 
Coasting Vessels Act 1838 19 
Madras Rent and Revenue Sales Act 1839 7 
Bengal Land Revenue Sales Act 1841 12 
Revenue, Bombay 1842 13 
Revenue Commissioners, Bombay 1842 17 
Sales of Land for Revenue Arrears 1845 1 
Boundary-marks, Bombay 1846 3 
Boundaries 1847 1 
Bengal Alluvion and Diluvion Act 1847 9 
Bengal Land Holders' Attendance Act 1848 20 
Madras Revenue Commissioner Act 1849 10 
Public Accountants' Defaults Act 1850 12 
Judicial Officers Protection Act 1850 18 
Caste Disabilities Removal Act 1850 21 
Calcutta Land-revenue Act 1850 23 
Forfeited Deposits Act 1850 25 
Improvements in Towns 1850 26 
Public Servants (Inquiries) Act 1850 37

1851–1875
Name of the Act Year Act No. 
Indian Tolls Act 1851 8 
Madras City Land Revenue Act 1851 12 
Sheriffs' Fees Act 1852 8 
Bombay Rent-free Estates Act 1852 11 
Rent Recovery Act 1853 6 
Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act 1853 11 
Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act 1854 5 
Police, Agra 1854 16 
Legal Representatives' Suits Act 1855 12 
Fatal Accidents Act 1855 13 
Usury Laws Repeal Act 1855 28 
Bengal Embankment Act 1855 32 
Sonthal Parganas Act 1855 37 
Indian Bills of Lading Act 1856 9 
Calcutta Land-revenue Act 1856 18 
Bengal Chaukidari Act 1856 20 
Tobacco Duty (Town of Bombay) Act 1857 4 
Oriental Gas Company 1857 5 
Madras Uncovenated Officers' Act 1857 7 
Sonthal Parganas Act 1857 10 
Howrah Offences Act 1857 21 
Madras Compulsory Labour Act 1858 1 
Bengal Ghatwali Lands Act 1859 5 
Bengal Rent Act 1859 10 
Bengal Land Revenue Sales Act 1859 11 
Calcutta Pilots Act 1859 12 
Madras District Police Act 1859 24 
Societies Registration Act 1860 21 
Indian Penal Code 1860 45 
Indian Police Act 1861 5 
Stage-Carriages Act 1861 16 
Government Seal Act 1862 3 
Excise (Spirits) Act 1863 16 
Partition of Revenue-paying Estates 1863 19 
Religious Endowments Act 1863 20 
Waste-Lands (Claims) Act 1863 23 
Indian Tolls Act 1864 15 
Carriers Act 1865 3 
Converts’ Marriage Dissolution Act 1866 21 
Oudh Sub-settlement Act 1866 26 
Ganges Tolls 1867 1 
Public Gambling Act 1867 3 
Oriental Gas Company 1867 11 
Sarais Act 1867 22 
Press and Registration of Books Act 1867 25 
Oudh Estates Act 1869 1 
Indian Divorce Act 1869 4 
Bombay Civil Courts Act 1869 14 
Court-fees Act 1870 7 
Oudh Taluqdars' Relief Act 1870 24 
Cattle-trespass Act 1871 1 
Coroners Act 1871 4 
Dehra Dun 1871 21 
Pensions Act 1871 23 
Indian Evidence Act 1872 1 
Punjab Laws Act 1872 4 
Indian Contract Act 1872 9 
Indian Christian Marriage Act 1872 15 
Madras Civil Courts Act 1873 3 
Government Savings Banks Act 1873 5 
Northern India Canal and Drainage Act 1873 8 
North-Eastern Provinces Village and Road Police Act 1873 16 
Married Women's Property Act 1874 3 
Foreign Recruiting Act 1874 4 
Laws Local Extent Act 1874 15 
Majority Act 1875 9 
Indian Law Reports Act 1875 18 
Central Provinces Laws Act 1875 20

1876–1900
Name of the Act Year Act No. 
Chota Nagpur Encumbered Estates Act 1876 6 
Bombay Revenue Jurisdiction Act 1876 10 
Bombay Municipal Debentures Act 1876 15 
Oudh Laws Act 1876 18 
Dramatic Performances Act 1876 19 
Broach and Kaira Incumbered Estates Act 1878 6 
Northern India Ferries Act 1878 17 
Elephants' Preservation Act 1879 6 
Hackney-carriage Act 1879 14 
Dekkhan Agriculturists Relief Act 1879 17 
Legal Practitioners Act 1879 18 
Raipur and Khattra Laws Act 1879 19 
Religious Societies Act 1880 1 
Kazis Act 1880 12 
Municipal Taxation Act 1881 11 
Fort William Act 1881 13 
Obstructions in Fairways Act 1881 16 
Central Provinces Land-revenue Act 1881 18 
Negotiable Instruments   
Indian Trusts Act 1882 2 
Transfer of Property Act 1882 4 
Indian Easements Act 1882 5 
Powers-of-Attorney Act 1882 7 
Presidency Small Cause Courts Act 1882 15 
Madras Forest (Validation) Act 1882 21 
Bikrama Singh's Estates Act 1883 10 
Land Improvement Loans Act 1883 19 
Punjab District Boards Act 1883 20 
Explosives Act 1884 4 
Agriculturists' Loans Act 1884 12 
Bengal Tenancy Act 1885 8 
Indian Telegraph Act 1885 13 
Land Acquisition (Mines) Act 1885 18 
Mirzapur Stone Mahal Act 1886 5 
Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1886 6 
Indian Tramways Act 1886 11 
Oudh Wasikas Act 1886 21 
Suits Valuation Act 1887 7 
Provincial Small Cause Courts Act 1887 9 
Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act 1887 12 
Punjab Tenancy Act 1887 16 
Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887 17 
King of Oudh's Estate Act 1887 19 
Indian Police Act 1888 3 
Indian Reserve Forces Act 1888 4 
Indian Tolls Act 1888 8 
City of Bombay Municipal (Supplementary) Act 1888 12 
King of Oudh's Estate Act 1888 14 
Metal Tokens Act 1889 1 
Revenue Recovery Act 1890 1 
Charitable Endowments Act 1890 6 
Guardians and Wards Act 1890 8 
Excise (Malt Liquors) Act 1890 13 
United Provinces Act 1890 20 
Easements (Extending Act 5 of 1882) 1891 8 
Murshidabad Act 1891 15 
Colonial Courts of Admiralty (India) Act 1891 16 
Bankers' Books Evidence Act 1891 18 
Marriages Validation Act 1892 2 
Bengal Military Police Act 1892 5 
Madras City Civil Court Act 1892 7 
Government Management of Private Estates Act 1892 10 
Porahat Estate Act 1893 2 
Partition Act 1893 4 
Sir Dinshaw Maneckjee Petit 1893 6 
Land Acquisition Act 1894 1 
Prisons Act 1894 9 
Government Grants Act 1895 15 
Epidemic Diseases Act 1897 3 
Indian Fisheries Act 1897 4 
Amending Act 1897 5 
Reformatory Schools Act 1897 8 
General Clauses Act 1897 10 
Indian Short Titles Act 1897 14 
Lepers Act 1898 3 
Indian Post Office Act 1898 6 
Live-stock Importation Act 1898 9 
Central Provinces Tenancy Act 1898 11 
Indian Stamp Act 1899 2 
Government Buildings Act 1899 4 
Glanders and Farcy Act 1899 13 
Church of Scotland Kirk Sessions Act 1899 23 
Central Provinces Court of Wards Act 1899 24 
Prisoners Act 1900 3

1901–1925
Name of the Act Year Act No. 
Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act 1901 2 
Amending Act 1901 11 
Indian Tramways Act 1902 4 
Amending Act 1903 1 
Works of Defence Act 1903 7 
Victoria Memorial Act 1903 10 
Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904 7 
Indian Railway Board Act 1905 4 
Coinage Act 1906 3 
Code of Civil Procedure 1908 5 
Explosive Substances Act 1908 6 
Central Provinces Financial Commissioner’s Act 1908 13 
Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act 1908 14 
Indian Ports Act 1908 15 
Registration Act 1908 16 
Presidency-towns Insolvency Act 1909 3 
Anand Marriage Act 1909 7 
Dourine Act 1910 5 
Indian Museum Act 1910 10 
Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1911 10 
Co-operative Societies Act 1912 2 
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Assam Laws Act 1912 7 
Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act 1912 8 
Delhi Laws Act 1912 13 
Official Trustees Act 1913 2 
White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act 1913 5 
Mussalman Wakf Validating Act 1913 6 
Destructive Insects and Pests Act 1914 2 
Local Authorities Loans Act 1914 9 
Delhi Laws Act 1915 7 
Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Baronetcy Act 1915 10 
Banaras Hindu University Act 1915 16 
Indian Medical Degrees Act 1916 7 
Hindu Disposition of Property Act 1916 15 
Inland Vessels Act 1917 1 
Destruction of Records Act 1917 5 
King of Oudh's Estate Validation Act 1917 12 
Post Office Cash Certificates Act 1917 18 
Cinematograph Act 1918 2 
Usurious Loans Act 1918 10 
Bronze Coin (Legal Tender) Act 1918 22 
Local Authorities Pensions and Gratuities Act 1919 1 
Poisons Act 1919 12 
Calcutta High Court (Jurisdictional Limits) Act 1919 15 
Provincial Insolvency Act 1920 5 
Indian Securities Act 1920 10 
Charitable and Religious Trusts Act 1920 14 
Indian Red Cross Society Act 1920 15 
Indian Rifles Act 1920 23 
Identification of Prisoners Act 1920 33 
Passport (Entry into India) Act 1920 34 
Aligarh Muslim University Act 1920 40 
Maintenance Orders Enforcement Act 1921 18 
Delhi University Act 1922 8 
Police (Incitement to Disaffection) Act 1922 22 
Indian Boilers Act 1923 5 
Cantonments (House Accommodation) Act 1923 6 
Indian Naval Armament Act 1923 7 
Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 8 
Official Secrets Act 1923 19 
Legal Practitioners (Women) Act 1923 23 
Mussalman Wakf Act 1923 42 
Cantonments Act 1924 2 
Bengal Criminal Law Amendment (Supplementary) Act 1925 0 
Indian Soldiers (Litigation) Act 1925 4 
Provident Funds Act 1925 19 
Sikh Gurdwaras (Supplementary) Act 1925 24 
Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1925 26 
Madras, Bengal and Bombay Children (Supplementary) Act 1925 35 
Indian Succession Act 1925 39

1926–1950
Name of the Act Year Act No. 
Trade Unions Act 1926 16 
Legal Practitioners (Fees) Act 1926 21 
Indian Bar Councils Act 1926 38 
Indian Forest Act 1927 16 
Light House Act 1927 17 
Hindu Inheritance (Removal of Disabilities) Act 1928 12 
Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 19 
Transfer of Property (Amendment) Supplementary Act 1929 21 
Sale of Goods Act 1930 3 
Hindu Gains of Learning Act 1930 30 
Mussalman Wakf Validating Act 1930 32 
Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1931 16 
Sheriff of Calcutta (Power of Custody) Act 1931 20 
Indian Partnership Act 1932 9 
Public Suits Validation Act 1932 11 
Criminal Law Amendment Act 1932 23 
Bengal Suppression of Terrorist Outrages (Supplementary) Act 1932 24 
Children (Pledging of Labour) Act 1933 2 
Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933 17 
Murshidabad Estate Administration Act 1933 23 
Reserve Bank of India Act 1934 2 
Sugar-cane Act 1934 15 
Aircraft Act 1934 22 
Assam Criminal Law Amendment (Supplementary) Act 1934 27 
Petroleum Act 1934 30 
Jubbalpore and Chhattisgarh Divisions (Divorce Proceedings Validation) Act 1935 13 
Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act 1936 3 
Payment of Wages Act 1936 4 
Decrees and Orders Validating Act 1936 5 
Bangalore Marriages Validating Act 1936 16 
Red Cross Society (Allocation of Property) Act 1936 18 
Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act 1937 1 
Arya Marriage Validation Act 1937 19 
Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1937 26 
Insurance Act 1938 4 
Manoeuvres, Field Firing and Artillery Practice Act 1938 5 
Cutchi Memons Act 1938 10 
Criminal Law Amendment Act 1938 20 
Employers' Liability Act 1938 24 
Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act 1939 8 
Registration of Foreigners Act 1939 16 
Commercial Documents Evidence Act 1939 30 
Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 23 
Agricultural Produce Cess Act 1940 27 
Berar Laws Act 1941 4 
Assam Rifles Act 1941 5 
Delhi Restriction of Uses of Land Act 1941 12 
Railways (Local Authorities' Taxation) Act 1941 25 
Coffee Act 1942 7 
Weekly Holidays Act 1942 18 
Reciprocity Act 1943 9 
War Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act 1943 23 
Central Excise Act 1944 1 
Public Debt Act 1944 18 
International Monetary Fund and Bank Act 1945 0 
Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act 1946 20 
Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act 1946 22 
Delhi Special Police Establishment Act 1946 25 
Foreigners Act 1946 31 
Industrial Disputes Act 1947 14 
Armed Forces (Emergency Duties) Act 1947 15 
Trading with the Enemy (Continuance of Emergency Provisions) Act 1947 16 
Rubber Act 1947 24 
United Nations (Security Council) Act 1947 43 
United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act 1947 46 
Foreign Jurisdiction Act 1947 47 
Indian Nursing Council Act 1947 48 
Pharmacy Act 1948 8 
Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act 1948 9 
Minimum Wages Act 1948 11 
Rehabilitation Finance Administration Act 1948 12 
Damodar Valley Corporation Act 1948 14 
Dentists Act 1948 16 
Junagarh Administration (Property) Act 1948 26 
National Cadet Corps Act 1948 31 
Calcutta Port (Pilotage) Act 1948 33 
Employees' State Insurance Act 1948 34 
Census Act 1948 37 
Continuance of Legal Proceedings Act 1948 38 
Indian Matrimonial Causes (War Marriages) Act 1948 40 
Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) Act 1948 41 
Coal Mines Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1948 46 
Imperial Library (Change of Name) Act 1948 51 
Bombay Public Security Measures (Delhi Amendment) Act 1948 52 
Oil Fields (Regulation and Development) Act 1948 53 
Territorial Army Act 1948 56 
Exchange of Prisoners Act 1948 58 
Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act 1948 60 
Central Silk Board Act 1948 61 
Reserve Bank (Transfer of Public Ownership) Act 1948 62 
Factories Act 1948 63 
Delhi and Ajmer-Merwara Land Development Act 1948 66 
Mangrol and Manavadar (Administration of Property) Act 1949 2 
Scheduled Securities (Hyderabad) Act 1949 7 
Seaward Artillery Practice Act 1949 8 
Banking Regulation Act 1949 10 
West Godavari District (Assimilation of Laws on Federal Subjects) Act 1949 20 
Delhi Hotels (Control of Accommodation) Act 1949 24 
Chartered Accountants Act 1949 38 
Requisitioned Land (Apportionment of Compensation) Act 1949 51 
Industrial Disputes (Banking and Insurance Companies) Act 1949 54 
Merged States (Laws) Act 1949 59 
Professions Tax Limitation (Amendment and Validation) Act 1949 61 
Police Act 1949 64 
Central Reserve Police Force Act 1949 66 
High Courts (Seals) Act 1950 7 
Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam) Act 1950 10 
Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act 1950 12 
Special Criminal Courts (Jurisdiction) Act 1950 18 
Drugs (Control) Act 1950 26 
Transfer of Prisoners Act 1950 29 
Union Territories (Laws) Act 1950 30 
Opium and Revenue Laws (Extension of Application) Act 1950 33 
Army and Air Force (Disposal of Private Property) Act 1950 40 
Ajmer Tenancy and Land Records Act 1950 42 
Representation of the People Act 1950 43 
Air Force Act 1950 45 
Army Act 1950 46 
Contingency Fund of India Act 1950 49 
Road Transport Corporations Act 1950 64 
Cooch-Behar (Assimilation of Laws) Act 1950 67 
Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act 1950 74 
Khaddar (Protection of Name) Act 1950 78

1951–1975
Name of the Act Year Act No. 
Part B States (Laws) Act 1951 3 
Supreme Court Advocates (Practice in High Courts) Act 1951 18 
Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act 1951 25 
Visva-Bharati Act 1951 29 
President's Emoluments and Pension Act 1951 30 
Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1951 33 
Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act 1951 37 
Marking of Heavy Packages Act 1951 39 
 Rajghat Samadhi Act 1951 41 
Representation of the People Act 1951 43 
Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1951 47 
Railway Companies (Emergency Provisions) Act 1951 51 
Companies (Donations to National Funds) Act 1951 54 
All-India Services Act 1951 61 
State Financial Corporations Act 1951 63 
Evacuee Interest (Separation) Act 1951 64 
Industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951 65 
Part C States Miscellaneous Laws (Repealing) Act 1951 66 
Plantations Labour Act 1951 69 
Displaced Persons (Debts Adjustment) Act 1951 70 
Part B States Marriages Validating Act 1952 1 
Indian Independence Pakistan Courts (Pending Proceedings) Act 1952 9 
Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1952 19 
Inflammable Substances Act 1952 20 
Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act 1952 30 
Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act 1952 31 
Mines Act 1952 35 
Cinematograph Act 1952 37 
Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control Act 1952 38 
Notaries Act 1952 53 
Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act 1952 58 
Commissions of Inquiry Act 1952 60 
Reserve and Auxiliary Air Forces Act 1952 62 
State Armed Police Forces (Extension of Laws) Act 1952 63 
Forward ContrActs (Regulation) Act]] 1952 74 
Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act 1953 16 
Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament Act 1953 20 
Tea Act 1953 29 
Andhra State Act 1953 30 
Collection of Statistics Act 1953 32 
Calcutta High Court (Extension of Jurisdiction) Act 1953 41 
Coir Industry Act 1953 45 
Salt Cess Act 1953 49 
Reserve Bank of India (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1953 54 
Transfer of Evacuee Deposits Act 1954 15 
Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act 1954 18 
Absorbed Areas (Laws) Act 1954 20 
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954 21 
State Acquisition of Lands for Union Purposes (Validation) Act 1954 23 
Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act 1954 27 
High Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1954 28 
Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act 1954 30 
Shillong (Rifle Range and Umlong) Cantonments Assimilation of Laws Act 1954 31 
Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act 1954 32 
Chandernagore (Merger) Act 1954 36 
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954 37 
Taxation Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1954 41 
Special Marriage Act 1954 43 
Essential Commodities Act 1955 10 
Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955 16 
Commanders-in-Chief (Change in Designation) Act 1955 19 
Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 22 
State Bank of India Act 1955 23 
Hindu Marriage Act 1955 25 
Prisoners (Attendance in Courts) Act 1955 32 
Durgah Khawaja Saheb Act 1955 36 
Spirituous Preparation (Inter-State Trade and Commerce) Control Act 1955 39 
Prize Competitions Act 1955 42 
Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and
Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1955 45 
Manipur (Courts) Act 1955 56 
Citizenship Act 1955 57 
Companies Act 1956 1 
University Grants Commission Act 1956 3 
Bar Councils (Validation of State Laws) Act 1956 4 
Sales Tax Laws Validation Act 1956 7 
All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Act 1956 25 
Hindu Succession Act 1956 30 
Life Insurance Corporation Act 1956 31 
Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956 32 
Inter-State River Water Disputes Act 1956 33 
Industrial Disputes (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1956 36 
States Reorganisation Act 1956 37 
Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act 1956 40 
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956 42 
Newspaper (Price and Page) Act 1956 45 
National Highways Act 1956 48 
River Boards Act 1956 49 
Lok Sahayak Sena Act 1956 53 
Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act 1956 55 
Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act 1956 61 
Jammu and Kashmir (Extension of Laws) Act 1956 62 
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act 1956 63 
Terminal Tax on Railway Passengers Act 1956 69 
Central Sales Tax Act 1956 74 
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 1956 78 
State Bank of Hyderabad Act 1956 79 
Manipur (Village Authorities in Hill Areas) Act 1956 80 
Representation of the People (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1956 88 
Faridabad Development Corporation Act 1956 90 
Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1956 93 
Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act 1956 96 
Indian Medical Council Act 1956 102 
Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956 104 
Women's and Children's Institutions (Licensing) Act 1956 105 
Copyright Act 1957 14 
Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act 1957 20 
Railway Protection Force Act 1957 23 
Wealth-tax Act 1957 27 
Legislative Councils Act 1957 37 
Inter-State Corporation Act 1957 38 
Naga Hills-Tuensang Area Act 1957 42 
Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act 1957 44 
Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Act 1957 46 
Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act 1957 58 
Delhi Development Act 1957 61 
Navy Act 1957 62 
Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957 66 
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957 67 
Gift-tax Act 1958 18 
Probation of Offenders Act 1958 20 
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958 24 
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958 28 
Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of Wages) Act 1958 29 
Manipur and Tripura (Repeal of Laws) Act 1958 35 
Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958 41 
International Finance Corporation (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act 1958 42 
Merchant Shipping Act 1958 44 
Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Constitution and Proceedings) Validation Act 1958
56 
Orissa Weights and Measures (Delhi Repeal) Act 1958 57 
Delhi Rent Control Act 1958 59 
Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act 1959 10 
Cost and Works Accountants Act 1959 23 
Public Wakfs (Extension of Limitation) Act 1959 29 
Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act 1959 31 
State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act 1959 38 
Travancore-Cochin Vehicles Taxation (Amendment and Validation) Act 1959 42 
Government Savings Certificates Act 1959 46 
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories) Act 1959 47 
Miscellaneous Personal Laws (Extension) Act 1959 48 
Arms Act 1959 54 
Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act 1959 56 
Indian Statistical Institute Act 1959 57 
Married Women's Property (Extension) Act 1959 61 
Geneva Conventions Act 1960 6 
Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act 1960 10 
Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960 11 
Hindu Marriages (Validation of Proceedings) Act 1960 19 
Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Act 1960 24 
International Development Association (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act 1960 32 
Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act 1960 33 
Central Excises (Conversion to Metric Units) Act 1960 38 
Delhi Primary Education Act 1960 39 
Customs Duties and Cesses (Conversion to Metric Units) Act 1960 40 
Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act 1960 43 
Mahendra Pratap Singh Estate (Repeal) Act 1960 48 
British Statutes (Application to India) Repeal Act 1960 57 
Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act 1960 59 
Preference Shares (Regulation of Dividend) Act 1960 63 
Acquired Territories (Merger) Act 1960 64 
Criminal Law Amendment Act 1961 23 
Advocates Act 1961 25 
Salar Jung Museum Act 1961 26 
Motor Transport Workers Act 1961 27 
Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 28 
Delhi (Urban Areas) Tenants' Relief Act 1961 30 
Union Territories (Stamp and Court-fees Laws) Act 1961 33 
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Act 1961 35 
Newspaper (Price and Page Continuance) Act 1961 36 
Income-tax Act 1961 43 
Voluntary Surrender of Salaries (Exemption from Taxation) Act 1961 46 
Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act 1961 47 
Assam Municipal (Manipur Amendment) Act 1961 49 
Apprentices Act 1961 52 
Maternity Benefit Act 1961 53 
Sugar (Regulation of Producion) Act 1961 55 
Institutes of Technology Act 1961 59 
Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Act 1962 1 
Hindi Sahitya Sammelan Act 1962 13 
National Co-operative Development Corporation Act 1962 26 
State of Nagaland Act 1962 27 
Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act 1962 31 
Atomic Energy Act 1962 33 
Extradition Act 1962 34 
Foreigners Law (Application and Amendment) Act 1962 42 
Pondicherry (Administration) Act 1962 49 
Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines (Acquisition of Right of User in Land) Act 1962 50 
Customs Act 1962 52 
Manipur (Sales of Motor Spirit and Lubricants) Taxation Act 1962 55 
State Associated Banks (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1962 56 
Delhi Motor Vehicles Taxation Act 1962 57 
Warehousing Corporations Act 1962 58 
Marine Insurance Act 1963 11 
Official Languages Act 1963 19 
Government of Union Territories Act 1963 20 
Compulsory Deposit Scheme Act 1963 21 
Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act 1963 22 
Limitation Act 1963 36 
Personal Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act 1963 37 
Major Port Trusts Act 1963 38 
Textiles Committee Act 1963 41 
Administrators-General Act 1963 45 
Specifice Relief Act 1963 47 
Unit Trust of India Act 1963 52 
Central Boards of Revenue Act 1963 54 
Companies (Profits) Surtax Act 1964 7 
Taxation Laws (Continuation and Validation of Recovery Proceedings) Act 1964 11 
Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha Act 1964 14 
Delhi Delegation of Powers Act 1964 23 
Legal Tender (Inscribed Notes) Act 1964 28 
Food Corporations Act[1] 1964 37 
Warehousing Corporations (Supplementary) Act 1965 20 
Payment of Bonus Act 1965 21 
Banking Laws (Application to Co-operative Societies) Act 1965 23 
Goa, Daman and Diu (Extension of the Code of Civil Procedure and the Arbitration Act) Act
1965 30 
Railways Employment of Members of the Armed Forces Act 1965 40 
Taxation Laws (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1965 41 
Cardamom Act 1965 42 
Union Territories (Direct Election to the House of the People) Act 1965 49 
Goa, Daman and Diu (Absorbed Employees) Act 1965 50 
Seamen's Provident Fund Act 1966 4 
Produce Cess Act 1966 15 
Asian Development Bank Act 1966 18 
Delhi High Court Act 1966 26 
Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act 1966 29 
Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966 31 
Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act 1966 32 
Police Forces (Restriction of Rights) Act 1966 33 
Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Act 1966 51 
Jawaharlal Nehru University Act 1966 53 
Seeds Act 1966 54 
Land Acquisition (Amendment and Validation) Act 1967 13 
Passports Act 1967 15 
Anti-Corruption Laws (Amendment) Act 1967 16 
Standards of Weights and Measures (Extension to Kohima and Mokokchung Districts) Act
1967 25 
Court-fees (Delhi Amendment) Act 1967 28 
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967 37 
Jammu and Kashmir Representation of the People (Supplementary) Act 1968 3 
Public Provident Fund Act 1968 23 
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1968 24 
Central Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1968 25 
Pondicherry (Extension of Laws) Act 1968 26 
Civil Defence Act 1968 27 
Enemy Property Act 1968 34 
Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act 1968 36 
Insecticides Act 1968 46 
Border Security Force Act 1968 47 
Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control (Nasirabad Cantonment Repeal) Act 1968 49 
Central Industrial Security Force Act 1968 50 
Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968 51 
State Agricultural Credit Corporation Act 1968 60 
Legislative Assembly of Nagaland (Change in Representation) Act 1968 61 
President (Discharge of Functions) Act 1969 16 
Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1969 18 
Union Territories (Separation of Judicial and Executive Functions) Act 1969 19 
Central Sales Tax (Amendment) Act 1969 28 
Foreign Marriage Act 1969 33 
Criminal and Election Laws Amendment Act 1969 35 
Bihar Land Reforms Laws (Regulating Mines and Minerals) Validation Act 1969 42 
Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Act 1969 43 
Oaths Act 1969 44 
Punjab Legislative Council (Abolition) Act 1969 46 
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969 54 
Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act 1969 55 
Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1970 5 
Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act 1970 16 
Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act 1970 28 
Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970 37 
Patents Act 1970 39 
Indian Medicine Central Council Act 1970 48 
Central Labour Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1970 51 
State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1970 53 
Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) (Delhi Validation of Appointments and Proceedings) Act 1971
20 
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 34 
Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act 1971 40 
Small Coins (Offences) Act 1971 52 
Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Amendment and Validation Act 1971 54 
Comptroller and Auditor General's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act 1971 56 
Naval and Aircraft Prize Act 1971 59 
Jayanti Shipping Company (Acquisition of Shares) Act 1971 63 
Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act 1971 64 
Asian Refractories Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act 1971 65 
Uttar Pradesh Cantonments (Control of Rent and Eviction) Repeal Act 1971 68 
Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act 1971 69 
Contempt of Courts Act 1971 70 
Delhi Road Transport Laws (Amendment) Act 1971 71 
Manipur (Hill Areas District Council) Act 1971 76 
North-Eastern Area (Reorganisation) Act 1971 81 
Delhi Sikh Gurdwaras Act 1971 82 
North-Eastern Council Act 1971 84 
Marine Products Export Development Authority Act 1972 13 
Departmental Inquiries (Enforcement of Attendance of Witnesses and Production of
Documents) Act 1972 18 
Architects Act 1972 20 
Taxation Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1972 25 
National Service Act 1972 28 
Delhi Lands (Restriction on Transfer) Act 1972 30 
Delhi Co-operative Societies Act 1972 35 
Coking Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act 1972 36 
Payment of Gratuity Act 1972 39 
Diplomatic Relations (Vienna Convention) Act 1972 43 
Antiquities and Art Treasures Act 1972 52 
Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 53 
General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act 1972 57 
Indian Copper Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking) Act 1972 58 
Former Secretary of State Service Officers (Conditions of Service) Act 1972 59 
Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act 1972 62 
Carriage by Air Act 1972 69 
Sick Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act 1972 72 
Richardson and Cruddas Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1972 78 
Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act
1973 2 
Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act 1973 15 
Capital of Punjab Development and Regulation (Chandigarh Amendment) Act 1973 17 
Delhi School Education Act 1973 18 
North-Eastern Hill University Act 1973 24 
Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act 1973 26 
Authoritative Texts (Central Laws) Act 1973 50 
Alcock Ashdown Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act 1973 56 
Homoeopathy Central Council Act 1973 59 
Konkan Passenger Ships (Acquisition) Act 1973 62 
Delhi Urban Art Commission Act, 1973 1974 1 
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 1974 2 
Esso (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act 1974 4 
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 6 
Economic Offences (Inapplicability of Limitation) Act 1974 12 
Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act 1974 28 
Additional Emoluments (Compulsory Deposit) Act 1974 37 
University of Hyderabad Act 1974 39 
Interest-tax Act 1974 45 
Oil Industry (Development) Act 1974 47 
Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act 1974 52 
East-Punjab Urban Rent Restriction (Extension to Chandigarh) Act 1974 54 
Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act 1974 57 
Tobacco Board Act 1975 4 
All-India Services Regulations (Indemnity) Act 1975 19 
Tokyo Convention Act 1975 20 
Rampur Raza Library Act 1975 22 
Tobacco Cess Act 1975 26 
Delhi Sales Tax Act 1975 43 
Cigarettes (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act 1975 49 
Customs Tariff Act 1975 51

1976–2000
Name of the Act Year Act No. 
Burmah Shell (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act 1976 2 
Election Laws (Extension to Sikkim) Act 1976 10 
Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act 1976 11 
Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act 1976 13 
Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976 19 
Regional Rural Banks Act 1976 21 
Assam Sillimanite Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Refractory Plant) Act 1976 22 
Equal Remuneration Act 1976 25 
Parliamentary Proceedings (Protection of Publication) Repeal Act 1976 28 
Levy Sugar Price Equalisation Fund Act 1976 31 
Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act 1976 33 
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 1976 49 
Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Cess Act 1976
55 
Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Act 1976 56 
High Court at Patna (Establishment of a Permanent Bench at Ranchi) Act 1976 57 
Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel) Act 1976 59 
Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976 60 
Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act 1976
61 
Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act 1976 62 
Betwa River Board Act 1976 63 
Life Insurance Corporation (Modification of Settlement) Act 1976 72 
National Library of India Act 1976 76 
Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act 1976 77 
Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act
1976 80 
Delhi Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act 1976 87 
Indian Iron and Steel Company (Acquisition of Shares) Act 1976 89 
Delhi Sales Tax (Amendment and Validation) Act 1976 91 
Braithwaite and Company (India) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act
1976 96 
Burn Company and Indian Standard Wagon Company (Nationalisation) Act 1976 97 
Laxmirattan and Atherton West Cotton Mills (Taking Over of Management) Act 1976 98 
Metal Corporation (Nationalisation and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976 100 
Untouchability (Offences) Amendment and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1976 106 
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act 1976 108 
Parliamentary Proceedings (Protection of Publication) Act 1977 15 
Disputed Elections (Prime Minister and Speaker) Act 1977 16 
Caltex (Acquisition of Shares of Caltex Oil Refining (India) Limited and of the Undertakings
in India of Caltex (India)
Limited) Act 1977 17 
Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act 1977 33 
Lady Hardinge Medical College and Hospital (Acquisition and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act
1977 34 
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 36 
Smith, Stainstreet and Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act
1977 41 
Gresham and Craven of India (Private) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings)
Act 1977 42 
High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act 1978 11 
Hindustan Tractors Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1978 13 
Interest Act 1978 14 
Public Sector Iron and Steel Companies (Restructuring) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act
1978 16  
Deposit Insurance Corporation (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1978 21 
Coast Guard Act 1978 30 
Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act 1978 33 
Delhi Police Act 1978 34 
Press Council Act 1978 37 
Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Articles) Act 1978 40 
Britannia Engineering Company Limited (Mokameh Unit) and the Arthur Butler and Company
(Muzaffarpore) Limited
(Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1978 41 
Bolani Ores Limited (Acquisition of Shares) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1978 42 
Prize Chits and Money Circulation Scheme (Banning) Act 1978 43 
Sugar Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act 1978 49 
Coconut Development Board Act 1979 5 
Punjab Excise (Delhi Amendment) Act 1979 12 
Union Duties of Excise (Distribution) Act 1979 24 
Kosangas Company (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act 1979 28 
Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act
1979 30 
Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1979 31 
Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act
1980 7 
Delhi High Court (Amendment) Act 1980 37 
Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1980 40 
Essential Services Maintenance (Assam) Act 1980 41 
National Company (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1980 42 
Brahmaputra Board Act 1980 46 
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Act 1980 52 
Hotel-Receipts Tax Act 1980 54 
Company Secretaries Act 1980 56 
Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of
Undertakings) Act 1980 58 
Jute Companies (Nationalisation) Act 1980 62 
Maruti Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1980 64 
National Security Act 1980 65 
Bird and Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings and Other Properties)
Act 1980 67 
Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 69 
Hind Cycles Limited and Sen-Raleigh Limited (Nationalisation) Act 1980 70 
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 14 
High Court and Bombay (Extension of Jurisdiction to Goa, Daman and Diu) Act 1981 26 
Export-Import Bank of India Act 1981 28 
British India Corporation Limited (Acquisition of Shares) Act 1981 29 
Cine-Workers Welfare Cess Act 1981 30 
Dalmia Dadri Cement Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1981 31 
Cine-Workers Welfare Fund Act 1981 33 
Burmah Oil Company (Acquisition of Shares of Oil India Limited and of the Undertakings in
India of Assam Oil Company
Limited and the Burmah Oil Company (India Trading) Limited) Act 1981 41 
Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign Vessels) Act 1981 42 
Anti-Apartheid (United Nations Convention) Act 1981 48 
Cine-Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act 1981 50 
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981 61 
African Development Fund Act 1982 1 
Sugar Cess Act 1982 3 
Sugar Development Fund Act 1982 4 
Chaparmukh Silghat Railway Line and the Katakhal Lalabazar Railway Line (Nationalisation)
Act 1982 36 
Chit Funds Act 1982 40 
Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Act 1982 43 
National Waterway (Allahabad-Haldia Stretch of the Ganga-Bhagirathi, Hooghly River) Act
1982 49 
Amritsar Oil Works (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1982 50 
State Bank of Sikkim (Acquisition of Shares) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1982 62 
Anti-Hijacking Act 1982 65 
Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act 1982 66 
Andhra Scientific Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1982 71 
African Development Bank Act 1983 13 
Jute Manufacturers Development Council Act 1983 27 
Jute Manufactures Cess Act 1983 28 
National Oil Seeds and Vegetable Oils Development Board Act 1983 29 
Emigration Act 1983 31 
Punjab Disturbed Areas Act 1983 32 
Chandigarh Disturbed Areas Act 1983 33 
Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Special Powers Act 1983 34 
Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act 1983 35 
Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act 1983 39 
Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act 1983 40 
Transformer and Switchgear Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1983
41 
Public Financial Institutions (Obligation as to Fidelity and Secrecy) Act 1983 48 
Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act 1984 3 
Asiatic Society Act 1984 5 
Ganesh Flour Mills Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1984
16 
Inchek Tyres Limited and National Rubber Manufacturers Limited (Nationalisation) Act 1984
17 
Mogul Line Limited (Acquisition of Shares) Act 1984 33 
 Punjab State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act 1984 36 
Aluminium Corporation of India Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Aluminium Undertaking)
Act 1984 43 
Indian Veterinary Council Act 1984 52 
Hooghly Docking and Engineering Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings and
Transfer) Act 1984 55 
Bengal Immunity Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1984 57 
Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act 1984 61 
Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India Act 1984 62 
Family Courts Act 1984 66 
National Capital Region Planning Board Act 1985 2 
General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Amendment Act 1985 3 
Calcutta Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Temporary Provisions Act 1985 10 
Administrative Tribunals Act 1985 13 
Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act 1985 21 
Handlooms (Reservation of Articles for Production) Act 1985 22 
Tea Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Sick Tea Units) Act 1985 37 
Indira Gandhi National Open University Act 1985 50 
Pondicherry University Act 1985 53 
Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Act 1985 54 
Intelligence Organisations (Restriction on Rights) Act 1985 58 
Judges (Protection) Act 1985 59 
Railway Protection Force (Amendment) Act 1985 60 
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 61 
Central Excises and Salt (Amendment) Act 1985 79 
Customs (Amendment) Act 1985 80 
Banking Laws (Amendment) Act 1985 81 
Inland Waterways Authority of India Act 1985 82 
Futwah-Islampur Light Railway Line (Nationalisation) Act 1985 83 
Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 Rep. by Act 1 of 04 (w.e.f.- - )]
1986 1 
Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act, 1985 1986 2 
Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 1986 5 
Spices Board Act 1986 10 
Administrative Tribunals (Amendment) Act 1986 19 
Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 25 
Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund (Repeal) Act 1986 27 
Environment (Protection) Act 1986 29 
Swadeshi Cotton Mills Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1986
30 
Research and Development Cess Act 1986 32 
Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act 1986 33 
State of Mizoram Act 1986 34 
Taxation Laws (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1986 46 
National Security Guard Act 1986 47 
Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act 1986 54 
Delhi Fire Prevention and Fire Safety Act 1986 56 
Delhi Apartment Ownership Act 1986 58 
Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986 60 
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 61 
Bureau of Indian Standards Act 1986 63 
Shipping Development Fund Committee (Abolition) Act 1986 66 
Consumer Protection Act 1986 68 
State of Arunachal Pradesh Act 1986 69 
Cotton Copra and Vegetable Oils Cess (Abolition) Act 1987 4 
Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory Use in Packing Commodities) Act 1987 10 
Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act 1987 13 
Mental Health Act 1987 14 
Goa, Daman and Diu Mining Concessions (Abolition and Declaration as Mining Leases) Act
1987 16 
Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act 1987 18 
Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act 1987 22 
Expenditure-tax Act 1987 35 
Brentford Electric (India) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1987 36 
National Dairy Development Board Act 1987 37 
Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 39 
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act 1987 47 
All India Council for Technical Education Act 1987 52 
National Housing Bank Act 1987 53 
Railway Claims Tribunal Act 1987 54 
Chandigarh (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1987 1988 2 
Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 1988 3 
Tamil Nadu Agricultural Service Co-operative Societies (Appointment of Special Officers)
Amendment Act 1988 22 
Companies (Amendment) Act 1988 31 
Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act 1988 33 
Special Protection Group Act 1988 34 
National Waterway (Sadiya-Dhubri Stretch of the Brahmaputra River) Act 1988 40 
Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act 1988 41 
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (Determination of Conditions of Service of
Employees) Act 1988 44 
Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act 1988 45 
Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1988 46 
Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 49 
Labour Laws (Exemption from Furnishing Returns and Maintaining Registers by certain
Establishments) Act 1988 51 
Auroville Foundation Act 1988 54 
Jamia Millia Islamia Act 1988 58 
Motor Vehicles Act 1988 59 
National Highways Authority of India Act 1988 68 
Direct Tax Laws (Amendment) Act 1989 3 
Representation of the People (Amendment) Act 1989 21 
Assam University Act 1989 23 
Railways Act 1989 24 
Employees' State Insurance (Amendment) Act 1989 29 
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 33 
Nagaland University Act 1989 35 
Small Industries Development Bank of India Act 1989 39 
National Commission for Women Act 1990 20 
Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act 1990 21 
Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act 1990 25 
Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 6 
Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of
Business) Act 1991 11 
Remittances of Foreign Exchange and Investment in Foreign Exchange Bonds (Immunities
and Exemptions) Act 1991 41 
Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act 1991 42 
Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act 1991 44 
Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991 1992 1 
Destructive Insects and Pests (Amendment and Validation) Act 1992 12 
Securities and Exchange Board of India Act 1992 15 
Cess and Other Taxes on Minerals (Validation) Act 1992 16 
National Commission for Minorities Act 1992 19 
Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act 1992 22 
National Waterway (Kollam-Kottapuram Stretch of West Coast Canal and Champakara and
Udyogmandal Canals) Act 1992 25 
Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act 1992 27 
Rehabilitation Council of India Act 1992 34 
Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act 1992 35 
Central Agricultural University Act 1992 40 
Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply
and Distribution) Act 1992 41 
Industrial Finance Corporation (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act 1993 23 
National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, the National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation
Limited and the North-Eastern
Electric Power Corporation Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Power Transmission
Systems) Act 1993 24 
Gold Bonds (Immunities and Exemptions) Act 1993 25 
National Commission for Backward Classes Act 1993 27 
Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act 1993 28 
Interest on Delayed Payments to Small Scale and Ancillary Industrial Undertakings Act
Repealed by Act 27 of 2006
(w.e.f. date to be notified)] 1993 32 
Acquisition of Certain Area at Ayodhya Act 1993 33 
SAARC Convention (Suppression of Terrorism) Act 1993 36 
Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Amendment Act 1993 41 
Central Laws (Extension to Arunachal Pradesh) Act 1993 44 
Tezpur University Act 1993 45 
Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act 1993
46 
Betwa River Board (Amendment) Act 1993 49 
Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act 1993 51 
National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act 1993 64 
Oil and Natural Gas Commission (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act 1993 65 
Public Records Act 1993 69 
National Council for Teacher Education Act 1993 73 
Kalakshetra Foundation Act, 1993 1994 6 
Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 1994 10 
Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act 1994 13 
Manipur Panchayati Raj Act 1994 26 
Punjab Gram Panchayat, Samities and Zilla Parishad (Chandigarh Repeal) Act 1994 27 
Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994 42 
Manipur Municipalities Act 1994 43 
New Delhi Municipal Council Act 1994 44 
Punjab Municipal Corporation Law (Extension to Chandigarh) Act 1994 45 
Airports Authority of India Act 1994 55 
Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Power Transmission
System) Act 1994 56 
Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act 1994
57 
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Act 1994 58 
Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act 1995 7 
National Environment Tribunal Act 1995 27 
Delhi Rent Act 1995 33 
Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act 1995 39 
Wakf Act 1995 43 
Technology Development Board Act 1995 44 
Persons With Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation)
Act, 1995 1996 1 
Depositories Act 1996 22 
Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 26 
Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act 1996 27 
Building and Other Construction Workers' Welfare Cess Act 1996 28 
Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 40 
Maulana Azad National Urdu University Act, 1996 1997 2 
Mahatama Gandhi Antarashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya Act, 1996 1997 3 
Industrial Reconstruction Bank (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act 1997 7 
Lalitkala Akademi (Taking Over of Management) Act 1997 17 
National Environment Appellate Authority Act 1997 22 
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act 1997 24 
Vice-President's Pension Act 1997 30 
Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Inapplicability to Major Ports) Act 1997 31 
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Act 1998 13 
Lotteries (Regulation) Act 1998 17 
Leaders of Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament (Facilities) Act, 1998
1999 5 
Delhi Development Authority (Validation of Disciplinary Powers) Act, 1998 1999 6 
Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Repeal Act 1999 15 
Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment and Validation) Act 1999 40 
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act 1999 41 
Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 42 
National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and
Multiple Disabilities Act
1999 44 
Trade Marks Act 1999 47 
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act 1999 48 
Mizoram University Act 2000 8 
Designs Act 2000 16 
Direct-Tax Laws (Miscellaneous) Repeal Act 2000 20 
Information Technology Act 2000 21 
Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000 28 
Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000 29 
Bihar Reorganisation Act 2000 30 
Chemical Weapons Convention Act 2000 34 
Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act 2000 37 
Coal India (Regulation of Transfer and Validation) Act 2000 45 
Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act 2000 52  
Central Road Fund Act 2000 54 
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 56

2000 – present
Name of the Act Year Act No. 
Indian Council of World Affairs Act 2001 29 
Advocates’ Welfare Fund Act 2001 45 
Energy Conservation Act 2001 52 
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Right Act 2001 53 
Delimitation Act 2002 33 
Haj Committee Act 2002 35 
Foreign Aircraft (Exemption from Taxes and Duties on Fuel and Lubricants) Act 2002 36 
Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act 2002 39 
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest
Act 2002 54 
Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act 2002 58 
Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act 2002 60 
Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Maritime Navigation and Fixed Platforms on
Continental Shelf Act 2002 69 
Competition Act, 2002 2003 12 
Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act, 2002 2003 13 
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 2003 15 
Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 2002 2003 17 
Biological Diversity Act, 2002 2003 18 
Cigarettes and other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of
Trade and Commerce, Production,
Supply and Distribution) Act 2003 34 
Electricity Act 2003 36 
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act 2003 39 
Central Vigilance Commission Act 2003 45 
Repatriation of Prisoners Act 2003 49 
Industrial Development Bank (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act 2003 53 
Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Repeal Act, 2003 2004 01 
Customs and Central Excise Laws (Repeal) Act 2004 25 
Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Act 2004 26 
National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004 2005 02 
Parel Investments and Trading Private Limited and Domestic Gas Private Limited (Taking
over of Management) Repeal Act 2005 14 
The Weapons of Mass Destruction and Their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful
Activities) Act, 2005 2005 21 
Right to Information Act 2005 22 
Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act 2005 24 
University of Allahabad Act 2005 26 
Bihar Value Added Tax Act 2005 27 
Special Economic Zones Act 2005 28 
Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 29 
Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act 2005 30 
National Rular Employment Guarantee Act 2005 42 
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 43 
National Tax Tribunal Act 2005 49 
State Emblems of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act 2005 50 
Disaster Management Act 2005 53 
Manipur University Act 2005 54 
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Act,2005 2006 01 
Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act,2005 2006 04 
Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act 2006 19 
Delhi Laws (Special Provisions) Act,2006 2006 22 
Cess Laws (Repealing and Amending) Act,2006 2006 24 
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act,2006 2006 27 
National Institute of Fashion Technology Act,2006 2006 28 
Union Duties of Excise (Electricity) Distribution Repeal Act,2006 2006 30
 
Accounting Standards in India – Simple Explanation -(AS 1 to AS 12 )
After becoming Indian Accounting standard board as the prime authority for making Indian
Accounting Standard in 1977,
it made Indian Accounting Standards in 1979. These are also called Indian GAAP. This board
also made many amendments in
these Accounting standards. I have already made AS 1 to AS 32 content list in General
Accepted accounting principles
(GAAP) article. But I could not write its simple explain. So, today, this tutorial is just simple
explanation of
Accounting Standard especially for students who are doing chartered Accountancy in India
and accountants who is
practising accounting profession in India .
 
1. Accounting Standard 1(AS 1)
(Disclosure of accounting policies)
 
This accounting standard guides to company accountants for making their companies
financial statements. After making
financial statement, it should disclose all financial information of business because business
of company is not the
business of one man. It is also duty of accountant to make and disclose also extra
accounting policy if company is
using different depreciation, stock and investment valuation method. This accounting
standard is made also for public
interest and providing them full financial information. After they can take the decision of
investment by purchasing
the shares of company from stock exchange.
 
2. Accounting Standard 2 ( AS 2 )
(Valuation of Inventories)
This accounting standard is very helpful to calculate the value of inventories. ASB comprise
all stocks which is
purchased for sale or production in inventories.
Value of stock is not fixed by single formula but this standard provides following guidelines
for calculating the value
of inventories.
1st stock must be valued on cost or net realizable value which is lower .
2nd Every company is free to use FIFO, LIFO or weighted average method for proper
calculation of the value of
inventories.
3rd Cost of inventories
= cost of raw material + cost of direct labour + cost of direct expenses
4th
Companies are also free to use standard cost method or retail cost method for calculating
the value of inventories.
5th Inventories does not encompass the value of tools which is used for repair of machinery
 
3. Accounting Standard 3 ( AS 3)
(Cash flow statement)

Accounting standard three which is revised in 1997 states that cash flow statement is a
necessary statement under this
standard for banks , financial institute or any institute whose annual turnover is more than
Rs. 50 crores or any
institute who has borrowed money more than Rs. 10 crores . This standard does not provide
the Proforma of cash flow
statement but deeply explain the two way of making this statement .
Ist Way Direct method
Under this method, cash flow statement is made by inflow and outflow of cash in operating ,
investing and financial
activities .
2nd way indirect method
It is different from direct method. Under this method cash from operating activities is
calculated on the basis of net
profit after different adjustments of non cash and non operating items like depreciation ,
interest , dividend paid and
also adjusting net changes in working capital . All other part of cash flow from investing and
financial activities are
as same as direct method.

4. Accounting standard 4 (AS 4)

(Contingencies and events occurring after the balance sheet date)
 
Accounting standard four provides the rules of accounting treatment of losses due to
contingencies and event happening
after balance sheet date but before approving of balance sheet by board of directors.
Any contingencies like loss by fire or liabilities due to employee’s accident should be
provided in financial statement
after these contingencies losses are confirmed.
Impairment losses of assets is also covered under AS 4
Any losses due to happening of any event is also shown in financial statement before
approving financial statement

5. Accounting standard 5 ( AS 5)
Profit or loss for the period prior of changing accounting policies:-
 
ICAI’s this standard explains two simple rules
1. All ordinary and extraordinary item relating to the financial statement should be disclosed
if it effects on profit
or loss period before changing of accounting policies.
2. If accounting policies are changed. Then it is the duty of enterprise to disclose all
important items relating to
income and expenditures, so that profit or losses before the period and after period of
changes of accounting policies
can easily compare with other enterprises business.
 
6. Accounting standard 6 (AS 6 )
Accounting of Depreciation

Accounting standard 6 explains rules and regulations regarding charging of depreciation on

any fixed asset . These
rules can be explained in following way.
1. Depreciation must be charged on fixed assets which is used in business for more than
one year .
2. Depreciation should charge with consisted method of charging depreciation. Two famous
method of charging
depreciation are straight line and reducing balance method.
3. Rate of depreciation should be according to company law 1956 and if it is not written in it
then companies are free
to charge depreciation with appropriate rate of depreciation.
4. Any company can also change the method of charging depreciation. But its effect in the
form of deficiency or surplus
also should show in profit and loss account of business .
5. Deficiency due to changing the method of depreciation will be debited in profit and loss
account and surplus due to
changing the method of depreciation will be credited in profit and loss account of business.

7. Accounting standard 7 ( AS 7 )
Accounting of construction contracts
 
Construction contracts are those contracts relating to build of dam, building, pipelines, ships
and other fixed assets.
The nature of business is different from business of general manufacturing. Because time of
completing contract is more
than the time of accounting period. So, ICAI makes some rules and regulation that should
be adopt in the business
relating to construction.
1. Construction Company should identify all their resources of revenue. It may be fixed at
the time of contract or it
may be cost plus profit basis. So, it is necessary to make contract account statement in
which all revenue of
construction business must be shown.
2. Costs of contract comprise all raw material labour and other expenses which incurred for
completing of contact.
These costs should also calculate and deduct from revenue for calculating net earning from
each contract.
 
8. Accounting standard 8 (AS 8)
(Accounting for research and development)
 
Research and development is important department of any company. AS 8 cares its
accounting treatment and related to
calculate its proper cost and charging on profit and loss account.
Ist part
Calculate the cost of research and development with following formula

= Cost of raw material used in research and development + Cost of wages and salaries of
employees working in this
department +depreciation of assets used in this department + amortization cost of patents
and licenses + other related
cost

2nd part
This part is related to charge the written off proportion to profit and loss account. For this
company’s accountant
should see what will company gets future benefits and how many years will company get
these profits. On this
estimation, company will charge written off cost to debit side of profit and loss account and
rest amount of deferred
expenditure of research and development will be shown in balance sheet’s asset side under
miscellaneous expenditures .
 
Accounting Standard 9 ( AS 9 )
Revenue recognition
Accounting standard of India explains the concept of revenue deeply. When goods are sold
or services rendered. At this
time it is deemed that money is earned by enterprise. There is also revenue from interest,
royalty and dividend.
Revenue recognition standard comprises different earning relating to advertising and other
services projects when these
are completed by professionals. But this standard also provides guidance about revenue
recognition in following cases.
•If stock is sold on approval basis then, revenue is generated only when the buyer gives the
approval. 
•In case of agency business revenue will be recognized when risk of ownership also
transferred under consignment.

Accounting Standard 10 (AS 10 )

(Accounting of fixed assets)

Accounting standard 10 of ICAI helps professional accountants for proper accounting

treatment of fixed assets.

Determination of cost of fixed assets

Assets purchase value + all cost to bring the fixed assets to plant.

New extension of fixed assets

Any new extensions are capital nature expenditure and it will include in the total value of
respective fixed assets.
Goodwill is also treated as fixed asset in balance sheet if the amount is for this paid. In fixed
assets, Enterprise
will also include the amount of know how and patents.

Accounting standard 11 ( AS 11 )
Effect of changes of foreign exchange rates

There are two main reasons for providing effect of changes of foreign exchange rates on
accounting.
 
1.When goods are sold or buy in price which is dominated in foreign currency.
2.When enterprise is doing any foreign operations.

Calculate the value of foreign exchange profit or loss

It is very simple when any transaction is done, this date is called closing date and we can
calculate foreign exchange
profit or loss on the basis of exchange rate. If it is rated to purchasing or selling related
profit from foreign
exchange currency. Then it will show as capital reserve. Otherwise it is revenue earning and
it will transfer to profit
and loss account.

Accounting standard 12 (AS 12)

(Accounting treatment of Govt. grants)

The Govt. grant means any benefit given by govt. in the form of subsidy, reduction in duty
and taxes and other non
monetary help . Accounting standard accepts two way for providing accounting treatment of
govt. grants. If it is
received by any special enterprise.

First way

To show as capital earning and include it in the value of shareholder fund in liability side of
balance sheet and also
shown in bank in current assets side .

2nd Way
Transfer all govt. grants to the credit side of profit and loss account
Consumer Protection Act 1986 and its main provisions and features 
Govt of India has made consumer protection act in 1986. The main aim is to protect
consumers from immoral practice of
business organizations. We see in general when a company or business concern becomes
monopolize in market , then that
company starts to get benefits of his monopoly powers by illegal ways. This law is very
helpful to secure consumers and
customers from such cheating and market frauds.
 
Main features of Consumer protect Act 1986
Under this act, consumers have right to get information of quality, quantity and price of
products.
Under this act, consumer has power to sue in district forum and report or complaint against
the cheating of businessmen
to the authorities and get remedies for this.
This act also awakes consumers regarding their rights and powers. In other words, it helps
to educate consumers about
his rights.
After spending one decade this act becomes more strict for all cheaters who commit
cheating with consumers.
Main authorities under Consumer protect act 1986
 
District forum
This forum has power to solve the problems of consumers up to Rs. 500000 at district level.
State govt. has power to make suitable numbers of district forum for protecting the rights of
consumers.
This forum can be made by district judge and other experienced persons in the field of law
and commerce.
 
State commission
Consumer can also appeal to state commission against the decisions of district forum. State
commission has power to
solve the problems of consumers from Rs. 500000 to Rs. 2000000. This commission can be
made by state high court judges
and 2 experts in the field of commerce and laws.

National Commission

National commission has power to solve all consumers’ disputes and problems more than
2000000 Rs. The chairperson of
this commission will be the retired Supreme Court judges and other 4 experts in the field of
commerce and laws and
industry. Out of four, it is necessary to include one lady member in the four expert team.
Industry Policy of India 
Definition of Industrial policy
 
Industrial policies are action plans of any country’s govt. relating to industries and
companies. Every country’s
Industrial policies are related two sectors one is public sector and other is private sector. 
Main objective of making
industrial policies are to help industries for their development and also try to increase the
sale of industries by
making more attractive industrial plans by Govt.
 
New Industrial policies of India
 
New industrial policies have been made in India in 1991. It is also part of India’s
liberalization policy in which
Govt. is providing more powers to the industrial enterprises. There are following features of
industrial policies of
India.
 
1. Licensing  policy
 
When a company starts a new factory in specific industry, it has to get license from Govt.
reduced the member of
licensed industries from 18 to 8 and these are related to security and social welfare of
people. Reducing the no. of
industry helps companies to get position in new work and Govt. thinks that it will be help to
generate new employment
and also will support to private enterprise to enter in all sectors because Govt is closing the
trend of reserve only
for public sector companies.
 
The following industries which now reserve under govt. sector.
 
1.      Arms and ammunition and allied items of defense equipment, Defense aircraft and
warships.
2.      Atomic Energy.
3.      Coal and lignite.
4.      Mineral oils.
5.      Mining if iron ore, manganese ore, chrome ore, gypsum, sulphur, gold and diamond.
6.      Mining of copper, lead, zinc, tin, molybdenum and wolfram.
7.      Minerals specified in the Schedule to the Atomic Energy (Control of Production and
Use) Order, 1953.
8.      Railway transport.
 
 2. Public sector policy
 
Under new industrial policy, govt. of India started to reconstruct public sector which are
getting   loss  and also
encourage private enterprise to purchase shares of PSU .The Public sector company whose
turnover is more than 2 crores
rupees , govt. has started specially care on them for their stable development .
 
3. Direct foreign investment
 
Under industrial policies, govt. of India has opened doors for all foreigner for investing 51%
direct investment in
Indian industries . For this they need not take special acceptance from govt. of India.
 
4. Technology policy
 
Govt of India is supporting Indian manufacturer for importing new technology with large
paper works. After this, many
Indian manufacturers have imported different advance technology for effective production.
 
 5.  Small scale industrial policies
 
Govt. of India has increased the limit of investment in Small scale industries from Rs. 2
Lakhs to Rs. 5 Lakhs and also
power to export up to Rs. 75 lakhs under small scale industries.
 
Criticisms of New Industrial policy
 
1.Ignore to unemployed peoples
2.unprotect small scale industries 
3.Transfer of India currency to foreign country in the form of profit under new direct foreign
investment policy. 
auditing
Auditing means checking of books of accounts so that we can remove the errors and
mistakes from books of accounts. It is differ from investigation, in other words auditing is
normal work of checking the books of accounts. Because before faith on accounting reports
it is very necessary to check these report from any professional accountant. A little mistake
in accounting is very harmful for entire business. In auditing, auditor’s duty is not check the
fraud but check rules and regulation of accounting and laws of company. Auditing is very
important for safeguarding the interest of investors and shareholders. Because without
auditing, there may some mistake exists in the books of accounts which is very dangerous
for business.

Audit Evidence and Method of obtaining evidence 

Audit evidence is one of the basic principle governing an audit . Audit evidence includes all
internal and external evidence which are 
base of reporting of auditor.

An Auditor should get all evidence in the process of his auditing work. This is the test which
tells auditor that internal control is prefect or not .

Method of obtaining evidence

1. Inspection

This is the main method of getting the evidence of audit . Inspection means checks all
records , documents , and physical assets and satisfy with their trust

2. Observation
Observation is also main method of audit evidence . In this way auditor gets the Testimony
of witnesses.
After this auditor can reach on the pin points of truth .

3. Inquiry and Confirmation

Inquiry is research of internal and outside information relating to accounting.
Confirmation consists to responses on inquires . After true confirmation, auditor can trust
and audit evidence .

4. Computation

Computation is calculation of correctness of accounting data.

5. Analytical Review

With the medium of Ratio analysis , auditor can check the accounting information , this is
called analytical review.

Voucher and vouching 

Voucher is a documentary evidence in support of a transaction in the books of account .The
act of establishing the accuracy and authenticity of entries in the account books is called
vouching .Vouching may be defined as an examination every transaction of a business with
relevant valid documentary and other evidence with a view to find out if it is genuine and
bona fide. It aims at ascertaining whether a transaction is in order, has been properly
authorized and is correctly recorded in the book.
Ronald H. Irish states that vouching is technical term which refers to the inspection by
auditor a transaction. Vouching is considered to be the essence of auditing and therefore
the auditor should be the very careful while vouching. Vouching means to substantiate an
entry in the books of account not only with documentary evidence such as agreements ,
receipts , counterfoils of receipt books or paying in book contracts , but also to see that the
transaction has been properly authorized , recorded and entered in the book , accounts e.g.
verification of the entries in the invoice book with the invoices , checking of the cash
receipts with the counterfoils of the receipts , book ,the checking of the cash payments with
the receipts issued by the payee and so on . Vouching means testing the truth of items
appearing in the books of original entry. The success of an auditor, in vouching depends
upon his intelligence, critical bent of mind, common sense observation and fact with which
he handles his work. He should go beyond the books of account and go to the source of a
transaction. If he simply compares the entry , say ,on the credit side of a cash book with
the voucher , it is possible that he might not have been for the business or the receipt might
have been for the previous year .Clever frauds can be discovered only by proper vouching .
Therefore, it is very important that the items with great care and intelligence. It is through
vouching that an auditor can satisfy himself as to the authenticity and completeness of
transaction in the books of accounts. In case he will be held guilty as was decided in case of
Armitage V2, Brewer and Knott.
Vouching also means checking of addition ledger positions, extracting of business in the
ledger. The extent to which the auditor should check will depend upon the size of the
business, the accounts of which he is auditing, if it is a big business, efficient internal check
will be in operation and hence the auditor will be justified in relying upon a few test checks,
while in a small business, internal check may not be in operation and hence the auditor will
have to check every entry. To be on the safe side, the auditor will do well to check the
entries in detail because the curtailment of work will not in any way reduce his
responsibility.
 
Basic Principle of Governing the form and contents of working papers 
Basic Principle of Governing the form and contents of working papers includes in AAS-3 . In
basic principle governing form and contents of working paper includes following matter .
1. Different audit plan’s record should be in it in which tells its nature and about its time .
2. Form of audit report
3. It must be fully complete
 
Permanent Audit file
Permanent Audit file includes following matter
1. Information of company’s nature , history , place of production
2. Memorandum of association
3. Article of association ‘s copies
4. Content list of all important books of company.
5. List of working charts
6. Photo copy of all directions of employers
7. Previous years a/c’s audit report
8. List of all reports relating interval audit or interval inspections

Current Audit file

Current audit file include following:-
1. Audit and audit programme’s copies
2. Clearance the problems and confusion during the time of audit work
3. Copies of annual records like trade a/cs and profit and loss account and balance sheet
4. Bank reconciliation statement
5. Paper of calculation of tax bonus.
6. List of lost proofs
7. Paper regarding stock evaluation
Are audit files the property of auditor? 
This fact is very important in real situation whether audit files are the property of auditor or
not. There are different thoughts on this topic. Some time customers claims that these
papers should be in their custody because auditor is the agent of businessman; he deals
with bank, directors of other companies or creditors as his agent.
But auditor also claims that this paper should be in their custody because, these papers are
created by them and their employees during the work of audit. Second, these papers and
files are so important for auditor because if some one Charges that he did not perform his
duty well, then auditor can show these files and can protect his side.
This dispute has been solved by the case of syklosnchi V/s bright gram and company (1938)
. In this case judge said that all the audit files have the property of auditor. Auditor are
entitled of these files and they work independent as the professional not as the agent of
company
 
Are you going for audit for any company accounts?
Remember following points before auditing of companies account:-
1. When you reach the company office, at this time make your face as very serious and
behave as you are officer of audit.
2. Never show, the company’s employees that you are enquiry the fraud of accounting.
Because you are not deductive and your professional work is to audit not to do doubt on
employees.
3. You have the power of demanding evidence of any journal entry in the books of
company. So use this power.
4. If you find any fraud in the books of accounts, then do not make responsible to all
accounts department. Go in the depth of this case. Never show other if you get content-
fraud in the books of accounts of company. Declare after completing the audit procedure
and mention effect and part of accounts in which fraud is committed before doing this take
care the interests of company.
5. If you are appointed as internal auditor of any company , then keep regular audit so that
when independent audit will be done , all work in books of accounts according to rules and
regulations of accounting so that you feel proud on your internal auditing .
6. According to my thoughts, in the accounting field there is 90% cause of mistakes in
accounts and 10% is the cause of fraud, so never see always accountant as doubted
personality.
7. Accountants should also corporate with chartered accountants because both coordination
and co-operation can easily complete the complicate process of auditing.
8. In my training as auditor I have visit so many companies for auditing their accounts. I
always checked basic rules which applied in these accounts. So Chartered accountant must
know up to date PPF , EPF , GRATUITY , income tax rates related to that company , excise
rules and custom rules
9. When you are writing your audit report , explain full detail if companies accounts and
financial reports are not giving true and fair view of company’s revenue and financial
position
10. Before doing audit of company accounts , Chartered accountants must see also
amendments in Company laws , If it is Indian company , Indian company law will apply if
there is MNC then see the company laws of country where its head office is situated.

What can Chartered accountant in the field of accounting 

Today area of accounting is spreading very fast . Jobs is also increasing very fast in the field
of accounting . At this pin point what can do a C.A. or A professional accountant in the field
of accounting .The answer is not so easy because only doing auditing work or making
accounts and calculating some reports have become very traditional or classic .
If you want to become modern accountant or advance chartered accountant then read this
article very seriously .
•He should come forward to take online accounting & auditing like as challenge .
•Today C.A. can now take the responsibility Accounting Process outsource and its small
name is APO , it is also get popular like BPO .
•They can become good teacher of accounting because their deep knowledge should be
benefited to a large community .
•They can also start their online Accounting education website where they can share their
experience and knowledge with whole world . They can also do some marketing in this way
for growing and developing their business

Accounting Fraud in Satyam Company

Only for material money, Chartered Accountants like Gopalkrishan and Shri Nivas taluri are
putting stigma to great Accounting Education. It is the duty of every Indian accountant to
develop India with accounting education but what we are seeing that they are using
accounting education for doing accounting Scams. In this accounting Scams two facts came
in existence:-
1. B. Ramlinga Raju accepted that he showed 13000 excess numbers of employees over
actual numbers of employees in Satyam Computers and he was getting 20 Crores Rupees
every month with this ghost employee’s accounting .
2. Finance Officer of Satyam Computer Company Shri Nivas has done 7800 Crores of Rs.
Accounting Scam.
Still enquires and investigation is continue but this is also bad for Indian Economy because,
Sensex of Satyam Computer’s Shares had fallen down 78% after reaching this Scam news
in Indian Share market .