TAÏP CHÍ PHAÙT TRIEÅN KH&CN, TAÄP 19, SOÁ K1- 2016

Geomechanical modeling - workflow and

Applications
 Pham Son Tung
 Mai Cao Lan
Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, Department of Drilling & Production,
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology, VNU-HCMC
(Manuscript Received on July 05th, 2015; Manuscript Revised on September 30th, 2015)

ABSTRACT
This work aimed to present a detailed be determined. Moreover, the differences in data
workflow for building a geomechanical model. analysis for vertical and horizontal wells were
For a case study, the workflow is then applied to also mentioned in this work. Furthermore, it is
a horizontal well X. The first step in building a evident that the more data we get, the more
geomechanical model is gathering data accurately a geomechanical model can be built.
regarding well information (tubing, casing, However, in reality, not all necessary data can
deviation…), geological information (type of be obtained, so this work also explained how to
fault, permeability, reservoir radius, skin…), draw the most information from available data
logs data (density, resistivity, sonic, caliper…), so that we can minimize the number of
in-situ test data (leak-off test, formation test,…) assumptions and uncertainties. An accurate
and core data (tensile strength test, fracture geomechanical model is very essential for others
toughness test, tri-axial test…). The second step works such as well bore stability or
is to build the geomechanical model using data performance prediction of a well stimulation
analysis so that information about state of stress technique. The case study of this work presented
(vertical and principal horizontal stresses, pore the geomechanical modeling for the well X. The
pressure, concentration stress around wellbore) paper then presented the application of
and rock mechanical properties (unconfined geomechanical modeling for the Evaluation of
compressive strength, tensile strength, fracture High Energy Gas Fracturing performance as
toughness, Young modulus, Poisson ratio) can well as for Sand Control analysis.
Key words: Geomechanic Modeling, High Energy Gas Fracturing, Sand Control.

1. INTRODUCTION

Geomechanics in petroleum industry deals pressure, concentration stress around wellbore)

with issues in geosciences related to rock and rock mechanical properties (unconfined
mechanics. Geomechanics is used to predict compressive strength, tensile strength, fracture
important parameters such as in-situ stresses toughness, Young modulus, Poisson ratio). In
(vertical and principal horizontal stresses, pore case of necessary, geological information (type

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of fault, permeability, reservoir radius, skin…) data. In reality, not all necessary data can be
can also be included in geomechanics study. obtained, so we also explain in this paper how to
Geomechanical evaluation is useful for the draw the most information from available data
study of wellbore stability as well as for so that we can minimize the number of
predicting the performance of reservoir assumptions and uncertainties. Subsequently,
stimulation works (for example, hydraulic the workflow is applied to a horizontal well X.
fracturing/high energy gas fracturing). As these Then, the gemechanical model freshly built is
works demand considerably high in financial used to predict the well stimulation’s
support and in time, having an accurate performance using High Energy Gas Fracturing.
geomechanical model is therefore essentially Another application is to study the Sand Control.
important in petroleum industry. 2. GENERAL WORKFLOW IN BUILDING
Building a geomechanical model requires A GEOMECHANICAL MODEL
different scales data collection: from large scale,
The general workflow in building a
such as world stress map project [1], [2],
geomechanical model consists of two main
reservoir/regional scale (stress map, type of
steps: 1) Data acquisitions & Analysis; 2)
fault…), to well scale, such as logs data (density,
Geomechanical modelling. This workflow can
resistivity, sonic, caliper…), and to core scale,
be viewed in Figure 1.
such as core test (tensile strength test, fracture
toughness test, tri-axial test…). Multiple scales In data acquisition step, we must collect as
data collection is necessary because stress many data as possible because the more data is
available, the less uncertainties and assumptions
magnitudes and orientation are frequently not
homogeneous on a reservoir scale, and can be we have to make, hence the more accurate the
substantially modified by presence of faults as geomechanical model is. However, in reality not
all necessary data can be obtained, so we must
well as lithological changes and contrast in rock
mechanical properties [3], [4]. In some fault- know how to draw the most information from
controlled reservoirs, local stress reorientations available data. Therefore, we present in Table 1
different possible ways to determine in-situ
of up to 90o relative to the regional trend have
been reported [5], [6]. In such cases, inference stresses and rock mechanical properties, so that
of local in situ stress orientations from regional the user can decide which way to follow
depending on the available data.
scale maps would inevitably lead to an incorrect
pre-drilling prediction. Regarding local stresses,
they vary in function of depth and type of rocks,
as well as type of fault and type of pore pressure
(normal or abnormal), so core test data is also
needed to calibrate the geomechanical model.
In this paper, we present a detailed
workflow to build and calibrate geomechanical
models. We also discuss some essential
differences in geomechanical models of
horizontal and vertical wells. As we explained in Figure 1. General workflow in geomechanical
the previous paragraph, the accurate level of a modelling [7]
geomechanical model depends on the available

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Table 1. Building a geomechanical model using different kinds of data.

Let us take the Fracture toughness for of information. Certainly the value determined
example. The most accurate information should in this way will be the least accurate. Hence, in
be the core test data. However, the core order to have an accurate geomechanical model,
collection as well as the test cost considerably it is always better to have in-situ updated
high and pose difficulties in operation. Hence in information, such as core test, formation test and
many case we do not have the core test data for logs data.
fracture toughness. In this case, if we have 3. CASE STUDY: GEOMECHANICAL
Young modulus of the rock or sonic logs, MODELLING FOR THE WELL X
empirical correlations can be used to determine
3.1. Data acquisition
fracture toughness (KIC – MPa.m-1/2) according
to Whittaker et al. [8]:
KIC = 0.336 + 0.026.E [Equation 1]
or according to Chenzixi et al. [9] for sandstone:
KIC = -0.332 + 0.000361.Vp [Equation 2]
KIC = 0.0006147.Vs – 0.5517 [Equation 3]
KIC = 0.0215.E + 0.2468 [Equation 4]

where E: Young modulus (GPa)

Vp: velocity of compressive wave (m/s)
Vs: velocity of shear wave (m/s)
And in case we do not have any of above
information, the fracture toughness can still be
deduced from type of rock if we have this kind Figure 2. Schematic of the well X

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Table 2. Available data useful for The vertical stress σv was calculated from
geomechanical modeling of the well X. assumption on type of rock (limestone). The
density of limestone in this region was about 2.5
Type of
Available data g/cc.
information
Wellbore diameter (6.125 in The pore pressure (Po) was calculated using
Well data open hole), Completion depth resistivity log basing on Eaton’s method:
(TVD 2417 ft) 1.2
 R log 
Logs & Test Data Resistivity log P0 =σ v -(σ v -Phyd )*   [Equation 5]
 Rn 
Geological Type of fault (Normal), Type
information of rock (limestone) The hydrostatic pressure Phydrostatic was
about 0.46 psi/ft.
The well X schematic is presented in
Figure 2 which shows that the horizontal length The subscripts n and log refer to the normal
is about 1818 ft. The data acquisition is and measured values of resistivity (R). The
summarized in Table 2. It is worthy noted that exponents shown in the Equation 5 are typical
the Table 2 summarized only the available values that are often changed for different
information that was useful for geomechanical regions so that the predictions better match pore
modeling. pressures inferred from other data. In our case
we do not have other data so we assumed the
3.2 Data analysis & Geomechanical
exponent factor to be 1.2 as given by Eaton
parameter determination
method. The normal values of R is determined
We can remark that some critical test data using trend-line method. However, the major
are missing, such as the test for pore pressure problem with all trend-line methods is that the
(XPT), for minimum & maximum horizontal user must pick the correct normal compaction
stresses (LOT, XLOT, Minifrac, Caliper), and trend. Sometimes there are too few data to
for rock mechanical properties (Core tests). define the Normal Compaction Trendline (NCT),
Moreover, the density log is missing so the sometimes the data are too noisy to draw a
determination of vertical stress will be less correct NCT, which is our case. Hence, in order
accurate. to determine NCT, one of the possibilities is to
One more important remark is that the well use the Equation 6 given by Zhang [10]:
is horizontal, so the stress must be calculated Rn =R0ebZ [Equation 6]
using TVD. Unfortunately the MD versus TVD
is not available, so we had to use these where R0 is the resistivity in the mudline; b
following assumptions: is the slope of logarithmic resistivity normal
- The well is perfectly vertical until MD compaction trendline; Z is the TVD below the
2036 ft (Figure 2) mudline. We do not have Formation test data so
- From MD 2036 ft to MD 2635 ft, the well we could not calibrate the pore pressure model,
is curved in circle with an arc length of 2635- hence we assumed b to be equal to 0.000034
2036 = 599 ft, the angle is 90o, so the radius is [10]. It should be noted that the pore pressure in
599 ft / (π/2) = 381 ft the formation near the wellbore is affected by
- From MD 2635 ft to 4853 ft the well is drilling induced stresses. Therefore, in order to
perfectly horizontal obtain the formation pore pressure the deep

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resistivity is needed for the pore pressure The tensile strength was calculated from
calculation. In our case, the resistivity log is Fracture Toughness mode I using empirical
available but we do not have the R0 (resistivity correlation of Whittaker et al. [7]:
in the mudline). Hence, we make assumption
T = 9.35 K IC - 2.53 [Equation 8]
that the pore pressure is equal to the hydrostatic
pressure (assumed to be about 0.46 psi/ft). With T in MPa and KIC in MPa.m-1/2
The minimum horizontal stress was
Young modulus & Poisson ratio were
calculated according to Equation 7 [4]:
calculated from Fracture Toughness mode I
v using empirical correlation of Whittaker et al.
σ h =( )(σ v -αP0 )+αPo +σ T [Equation 7]
1-v [7]: KIC = 0.336 + 0.026.E with E is GPa and
KIC is MPa.m-1/2.
where σT is tectonic stress which was taken
to be 0; v is Poisson ratio which was taken to be
0.3 for limestone. The Equation 7 is applied
only to Normal fault, which is our case. For
other types of fault, we can find suitable
empirical equations in [4].
The maximum horizontal stress might be
calculated from Shmin, pore pressure, combined
with Drilling-Induced Tensile Fracture or with
Wellbore failure analysis (Breakout), but this is
not possible in our case due to lack of data. In
this case, we determined the maximum
horizontal stress using Anderson’s theory: At
each depth, the range of possible values of Figure 3. Variation of stress magnitudes with depth
Shmin and SHmax are established by (i) in normal faulting stress regimes for hydrostatic
Anderson faulting theory (which defines the conditions [4]
relative stress magnitude), (ii) the fact that the We now calculate the minimum horizontal
least principal stress must always exceed the pressure Shmin using Equation 7 of Zoback [4]
pore pressure (to avoid hydraulic fracturing) and in which σT (tectonic stress) was assumed to be
(iii) the difference between the minimum and 0 and v (Poisson ratio) was assumed to be 0.3
maximum principal stress which cannot exceed for limestone. For cross check, the Shmin is also
the strength of the crust (which depends on determined from Anderson’s graph for normal
depth and pore pressure). An example of fault (Figure 3). The minimum horizontal stress
Anderson’s graph for normal fault is given in is determined to be about 1672 psi at 2417 ft
Figure 3. TVD (this is the depth where mechanical well
Due to lack of core test data, the fracture simulation is intended to be done). In the same
toughness mode I was taken to be 0.99 MPa.m- manner, the maximum horizontal stress is
1/2
(900 psi.in-1/2). This value was the test result determined to be about 2000 psi at 2417 ft TVD.
for limestone taken from paper of Schimdt [11]. At this depth, the fracture toughness mode I for
limestone was taken to be 0.99 MPa.m-1/2 (900

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psi.in-1/2) [11]. Hence, the tensile strength is performance for the well X. The HEGF is a
about 7.78 MPa. well-stimulation method based on solid-
The concentration stress around the propellant, capable of generating multiple
wellbore is calculated for a horizontal well. We fractures in the reservoir rock when the proper
need to do an axis transformation. Then, the energy-time profile is applied to the wellbore.
tangential stress at the borehole wall varies Such multiple fractures networks have a high
between the maximum value σθ,max = 3σH − probability of intersecting natural fractures and
σh − pw and the minimum value σθ,min = 3σh therefore increase the permeability of the near
− σH – pw [3]. We remark that the maximum wellbore region. However, the HEGF job cost
and minimum values of concentration stress for considerably high and therefore its performance
deviated wellbore are different from the values must be evaluated before realizing.
for a vertical wellbore [4], which are : the For a rectilinear fracture, the minimum
maximum value σθ,max = 3σH − σh – 2.pw and pressure required to extend the fracture is:
the minimum value σθ,min = 3σh − σH – 2.pw.
K IC
This is a very important point to be taken into Pm =σ  [12] [Equation 9]
account for deviated and horizontal wells. These  XL
equations show that for the same values of pore
With KIC is fracture toughness, σ is the
pressure and maximum and minimum principal
minimum value of concentration stress around
horizontal stresses, a horizontal well sustains
wellbore and XL is the fracture length.
higher concentration stress than vertical well.
Another difference between deviated and According to Stoller [12], the fracture
vertical wells is the direction for perforation volume and fracture width are:
and/or for mechanical well stimulation 16.K n (1  2 )( P   ) X L 2 H [Equation 10]
(fracturing). For vertical well, it is well known V =
E
that the perforation direction should be the one
of maximum principal horizontal stress. 8.M n (1  2 )( P   ) X L [Equation 11]
wwb =
However, it is not the same for horizontal well E
where the perforation direction should be
With v is Poisson ratio, E is Young
determined in function of the type of fault and
modulus, Kn and Mn are empirical constants
of the direction of the well. The same remark
depending on the number of fractures, H is
was mentioned in the literature for the geometry
fracture height (assumed to be the reservoir
development of fractures induced by hydraulic
thickness).
fracturing. These discussion points are out of
scope in this paper so we mention here only the
remarks.
4. APPLICATION OF GEOMECHANICAL
MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF HIGH
ENERGY GAS FRACTURING
PERFORMANCE Figure 4. Fracture geometry.

The geomechanical model built was then We can see clearly that the geomechanical
used to predict the High Energy Gas Fracturing modeling is heavily involved in these steps.The

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accuracy of the HEGF performance prediction determined the fracture length after a HEGF job.
depends therefore closely on the accuracy of the The result of fracture length presented in Table
geomechanical model. 3 showed good accordance with litterature
From the geomechanical model determined results [13].
for the well X in the previous section, we
Table 3. Prediction results of High Energy Gas Fracturing performance

5. APPLICATION OF GEOMECHANICAL Condition for no sand production:

MODEL FOR SAND CONTROL St2 – Pwf < U [Equation 12]
Another application of this geomechanical
St2: maximum concentration stress at bore
model is to study the Sand Control. The sand
hole
production in reservoirs is mainly driven by: 1)
Pwf: Bottomhole pressure
Depletion-induced stress path causing changes
mainly in horizontal stresses; 2) Failure of U: Effective strength of the formation,
mainly sandstones apart from interbedded non- estimated equal to TWC (Thick-Wall Cylinder)
depleting shales; 3) Perforation failure; and 4) (safest case), or equal to TWC multiplied by an
Shear failure due to high flowrate. empirical constant.
Sand production can causes serious The TWC can be related to UCS by
problems to the production (e.g. erosion of empirical correlations. For example: for
downhole and surface equipment, accumulation moderate to very strong sandstones:
of sand in downhole and surface equipment, TWC = 80.8765 x UCS0.58 [Equation 13]
formation collapse), hence the best safeguard is
and for very unconsolidated sandstones:
to integrate the sand production risk assessment
in the field development planning study, so TWC = 37.5 x UCS0.6346 [Equation 14]
different sand control scenarios can be prepared.

Figure 6. Tangential stress (concentration stress) at

the wall of a hole.

St1 = 3S2 – S1 – Pwf(1-A) – A.Po [Equation 15]

St2 = 3S1 – S2 – Pwf(1-A) – A.Po [Equation 16]
Figure 5. Rock failure occurs when stress exceeds (1  2v)
A= [Equation 17]
strength
1v

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S1: Maximum horizontal stress on the Type of fault Normal

wellbore plan
Deviation Horizontal well
S2: Minimum horizontal stress on the
wellbore plan Type of reservoir
Limestone
Po: Pore pressure (this is the reservoir rock
pressure at the near wellbore region) Rerservoir thickness 8 ft
v: Poisson ratio
Reservoir radius 622 ft
α: Biot constant, assumed to be around 1
Skin -3.69
From Equation 12 and Equation 16, we
have : Permeability 1 mD
1 [Equation 18]
Pwf  .  A.Po  (3.S1  S2  U) For equations 13 & 14 to estimate the TWC,
2A the UCS must be known. Normally, the UCS
We can calculate the Critical Drawdown can be determined from sonic log according to
Pressure as following: the following equation:
1 UCS = 838825*e-0.057Dt [14] [Equation 21]
C D P = Po  Pw f  . 2 .Po  (3 .S 1  S 2  U) 
2A
[Equation 19] With Dt is the Compressional Wave Transit
Time (μs/ft).
CDP is the maximum drawdown to be in However in reality many times the sonic
the free sand production. If the drawdown is log is not available. For the well Y, we estimate
higher than CDP, sand will be produced. the value of UCS for limestone to be ranged
And the Critical Bottomhole Flowing from 8000 to 10000 psi. The UCS sensitivity
Pressure is: analysis is presented in Figure 7. We remark
CBHFP = Po – CDP [Equation 20] that:
- Sand-free drawdown at initial reservoir
For the case study, we analyse the sand
pressure 8000 psi
production prediction for a well Y with below
- Can be produced sand-free with a
geomechanical parameters (Table 4).
constant drawdown of 5000 psi until the
Table 4. Geomechanical model of the well Y reservoir depletes to 6000 psi
- For reservoir pressure under 6000 psi, we
Geomechanical Values Calculated at
Properties Perforation Depth (12500 ft) can still have sand-free production but the
drawdown must be adjusted
Pore pressure 8000 psi
- No sand-free production for reservoir
Vertical stress 12861 psi pressure under 2300 psi which should lead to
well abandonment
Shmin 9805 psi

Shmax 11333 psi

Tensile Strength 7.78Mpa

Poisson Ratio 0.3

UCS 8000 - 10000 psi

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5. CONCLUSIONS

This paper presented: 1) General workflow

for building a geomechanical model; 2) Detailed
data acquisition with different kinds of data; 3)
Detailed data analysis with different ways to
determine geomechanical parameters so that in
case of data missing the geomechanical model
can still be built. Hence, the number of
assumptions and uncertainties can be reduced;
4) Application of geomechanical modeling in
HEGF study and Sand Control analysis.
The accuracy of results of HEGF study and
Figure 7. Sand Production Assessment – UCS
sensitivity study.
Sand Control analysis depend considerably on
the accuracy of the Geomechanical model.
The well trajectory sensitivity analysis is
Evidently, if we have more available data &
presented in Figure 8. We remark that sand-free
tests, we will have less assumptions &
production zone becomes smaller when the well
uncertainties and the geomechanical model will
becomes more deviated.
be more accurate. However, when we encounter
data missing problems, we can still do
geomechanical modeling, with help of different
ways to determine geomechanical parameters.

Figure 8. Sand Production Assessment – Well

deviation sensitivity study.

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Mô hình địa cơ học – Quy trình xây dựng

và các áp dụng
 Phạm Sơn Tùng
 Mai Cao Lân
Bộ môn Khoan & Khai thác Dầu khi, Khoa Kỹ thuật Địa chất & Dầu khí, Trường Đại học Bách
khoa, ĐHQG-HCM

TÓM TẮT
Bài báo này giới thiệu quy trình xây dựng mô hình địa cơ học sẽ được xây dựng càng
mô hình địa cơ học. Bước đầu tiên để xây dựng chính xác. Tuy nhiên trong thực tế sẽ gặp những
mô hình địa cơ học là tập hợp số liệu liên quan trường hợp bị thiếu số liệu. Bài báo này vì vậy
đến giếng (ống khai thác, ống chống, độ cũng đề cập tới chúng ta phải làm gì để có thể
nghiêng…), thông tin địa chất (loại đứt gãy, độ thu được tối đa các thông tin cần thiết từ những
thấm, bán kính vỉa, hệ số skin…), số liệu đo log số liệu có sẵn, dù ít dù nhiều, nhằm hạn chế tối
(điện trở suất, siêu âm…), thí nghiệm hiện đa việc phải sử dụng các giả thiết gây ảnh
trường (thí nghiệm leak-off, thí nghiệm áp suất hưởng tới mức độ chính xác của mô hình địa cơ
lỗ rỗng…) và thí nghiệm mẫu (thí nghiệm kéo, học. Việc xây dựng mô hình địa cơ học sát với
độ kháng nứt, nén ba trục…). Bước tiếp theo để thực tế nhất là rất quan trọng vì mô hình này sẽ
xây dựng mô hình địa cơ học là xác định các được ứng dụng trong các công việc khác như
thông số liên quan đến trạng thái ứng suất (ứng tính toán ổn định giếng khoan, dự đoán hiệu quả
suất thẳng đứng, ứng suất chính lớn nhất và nhỏ của các phương pháp kích thích vỉa, kiểm soát
nhất, áp suất lỗ rỗng, ứng suất tập trung quanh sinh cát. Sau khi giới thiệu quy trình xây dựng
lỗ giếng) và các tính chất cơ học của đất đá mô học địa cơ học, bài báo sẽ lấy ví dụ cụ thể
(khả năng chịu nén nở hông, độ bền kéo, độ tính toán cho giếng X và sử dụng mô hình đó để
kháng nứt, module Young và hệ số Poisson). dự báo kết quả của quá trình nứt vỉa bằng
Ngoài ra những điểm khác nhau trong quá trình phương pháp khí áp cao. Một ví dụ áp dụng
phân tích số liệu đối với giếng đứng và giếng khác mà bài báo cũng sẽ đề cập tới là kiểm soát
nghiêng cũng được đề cập đến. Một điều hiển sinh cát.
nhiên là nếu chúng ta có càng nhiều số liệu thì
Từ khóa: Mô hình địa cơ học, Nứt vỉa bằng phương pháp khí áp cao, Kiểm soát sinh cát.

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