Txt.05 - Std'11 - Biology - Exemplar Problems

CONTENTS
FOREWORD iii
PREFACE V
EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS, ANSWERS AND MODEL PAPER 1-167

Chapter 1 : The Living World 1
Chapter 2 : Biological Classification 6
Chapter 3 : Plant Kindom 10
Chapter 4 : Animal Kingdom 14
Chapter 5 : Morphology of Flowering Plants 21
Chapter 6 : Anatomy of Flowering Plants 27
Chapter 7 : Structural Organisation in Animals 33
Chapter 8 : Cell: The Unit of Life 38
Chapter 9 : Biomolecules 43
Chapter 10 : Cell Cycle and Cell Division 49
Chapter 11 : Transport in Plants 54
Chapter 12 : Mineral Nutrition 63
Chapter 13 : Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 68
Chapter 14 : Respiration in Plants 77
Chapter 15 : Plant Growth and Development 84
Chapter 16 : Digestion and Absorption 91
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Chapter 17 : Breathing and Exchange of Gases 96
Chapter 18 : Body Fluids and Circulation 101
Chapter 19 : Excretory Products and their Elimination 108
Chapter 20 : Locomotion and Movement 114
Chapter 21 : Neural Control and Coordination 119
Chapter 22 : Chemical Coordination and Integration 123
Chapter 23 : Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 129
Chapter 24 : Model Answers to Descriptive Questions 133
Chapter 25 : Model Question Paper 156
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THE LIVING WORLD 1
CHAPTER-1
THE LIVING WORLD

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. As we go from species to kingdom in a taxonomic hierarchy, the number

of common characteristics
a. Will decrease
b. Will increase
c. Remain same
d. May increase or decrease
2. Which of the following ‘suffixes’ used for units of classification in plants

indicates a taxonomic category of ‘family’.
a. – Ales
b. – Onae
c. – Aceae
d. – Ae
3. The term ‘systematics’ refers to:

a. Identification and classification of plants and animals
b. Nomenclature and identification of plants and animals
c. Diversity of kinds of organisms and their relationship
d. Different kinds of organisms and their classification
4. Genus represents
a. An individual plant or animal
b. A collection of plants or animals
c. Group of closely related species of plants or animals
d. None of these
5. The taxonomic unit ‘Phylum’ in the classification of animals is equivalent
to which hierarchial level in classfication of plants
a. Class
b. Order
2 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
c. Division
d. Family
6. Botanical gardens and zoological parks have

a. Collection of endemic living species only
b. Collection of exotic living species only
c. Collection of endemic and exotic living species
d. Collection of only local plants and animals
7. Taxonomic key is one of the taxonomic tools in the identification and

classification of plants and animals. It is used in the preparation of
a. Monographs
b. Flora
c. Both a & b
d. None of these
8. All living organisms are linked to one another because

a. They have common genetic material of the same type
b. They share common genetic material but to varying degrees
c. All have common cellular organization
d. All of above
9. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of living organisms?

a. Growth
b. Ability to make sound
c. Reproduction
d. Response to external stimuli
10. Match the following and choose the correct option:

A. Family i. tuberosum
B. Kingdom ii. Polymoniales
C. Order iii. Solanum
D. Species iv. Plantae
E. Genus v. Solanacea
THE LIVING WORLD 3
Options
a. i-D, ii-C, iii-E, iv-B, v-A
b. i-E, ii-D, iii-B, iv-A, v-C
c. i-D, ii-E, iii-B, iv-A, v-C
d. i-E, ii-C, iii-B, iv-A, v-D
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Linnaeus is considered as Father of Taxonomy. Name two other botanists

known for their contribution to the field of plant taxonomy?
2. What does ICZN stand for?
3. Couplet in taxonomic key means ________________ .
4. What is a Monograph?
5. Amoeba multiplies by mitotic cell division. Is this phenomena growth or
reproduction? Explain.
6. Define metabolism.
7. Which is the largest botanical garden in the world? Name a few well
known botanical gardens in India.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A ball of snow when rolled over snow increases in mass, volume and
size. Is this comparable to growth as seen in living organisms? Why?
2. In a given habitat we have 20 plant species and 20 animal species. Should
we call this as ‘diversity’ or ‘biodiversity’? Justify your answer.
3. International Code of Botanical nomenclature (ICBN) has provided a code
for classification of plants. Give hierarchy of units of classification
botanists follow while classifying plants and mention different ‘Suffixes’
used for the units.
4. A plant species shows several morphological variations in response to
altitudinal gradient. When grown under similar conditions of growth,
the morphological variations disappear and all the variants have common
morphology. What are these variants called?
5. How do you prepare your own herbarium sheets? What are the different
tools you carry with you while collecting plants for the preparation of a
herbarium? What information should a preserved plant material on the
herbarium sheet provide for taxonomical studies?
6. What is the difference between flora, fauna and vegetation? Eichornia
crassipes is called as an exotic species while Rauvolfia serpentina is an
endemic species in India. What do these terms exotic and endemic refer to?
7. A plant may have different names in different regions of the country or
world. How do botanists solve this problem?
8. Brinjal and potato belong to the same genus Solanum, but to two different
species. What defines them as seperate species?
9. Properties of cell organelles are not always found in the molecular
constituents of cell organelles. Justify.
10. The number and kinds of organism is not constant. How do you explain
this statement?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by living? Give any four defining features of life forms.
2. A scientist has come across a plant which he feels is a new species. How
will he go about its identification, classification and nomenclature.
3. Brassica Campestris linn
a. Give the common name of the plant.
b. What do the first two parts of the name denote?
c. Why are they written in italics?
d. What is the meaning of linn written at the end of the name?
4. What are taxonomical aids? Give the importance of herbaria and
museums. How are Botanical gardens and Zoological parks useful in
conserving biodiversity?
5. Define a taxon. What is meant by taxonomic hierarchy. Give a flow
diagram from the lowest to highest category for a plant and an animal.
What happens to the number of individuals and number of shared
characters as we go up the taxonomical hierarchy?
6. A student of taxonomy was puzzled when told by his professor to look
for a key to identify a plant. He went to his friend to clarify what ‘Key’ the
professor was refering to? What would the friend explain to him?
THE LIVING WORLD 5
7. Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception.

Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things but surely living
reactions. Comment.
8. Do you consider a person in coma-living or dead?
9. What is the similarity and dissimilarity between “whole moong daal”
and “broken moong daal” in terms of respiration and growth? Based on
these parameters classify them into living or nonliving?
10. Some of the properties of tissues are not the constituents of its cells.
Give three examples to support the statement.
CHAPTER 2
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
1. All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to

a. Monera
b. Protista
c. Fungi
d. Bacteria
2. The five kingdom classification was proposed by

a. R.H. Whittaker
b. C.Linnaeus
c. A. Roxberg
d. Virchow
3. Organisms living in salty areas are called as

a. Methanogens
b. Halophiles
c. Heliophytes
d. Thermoacidophiles
4. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic are the characteristics of

a. Monera
b. Protista
c. Fungi
d. Slime molds
5. An association between roots of higher plants and fungi is called

a. Lichen
b. Fern
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c. Mycorrhiza
d. BGA
6. A dikaryon is formed when

a. Meiosis is arrested
b. The two haploid cells do not fuse immediately
c. Cytoplasm does not fuse
d. None of the above
7. Contagium vivum fluidum was proposed by

a. D.J. Ivanowsky
b. M.W. Beijerinek
c. Stanley
d. Robert Hook
8. Mycobiont and Phycobiont are found in

a. Mycorrhiza
b. Root
c. Lichens
d. BGA
9. Difference between Virus and Viroid is

a. Absence of protein coat in viroid but present in virus
b. Presence of low molecular weight RNA in virus but absent in viroid
c. Both a and b
10. With respect to fungal sexual cycle, choose the correct sequence of
events
a. Karyogamy, Plasmogamy and Meiosis
b. Meiosis, Plasmogamy and Karyogamy
c. Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis
d. Meiosis, Karyogamy and Plasmogamy
11. Viruses are non-cellular organisms but replicate themselves once they infect
the host cell. To which of the following kingdom do viruses belong to?
a. Monera
b. Protista
c. Fungi
12. Members of phycomycetes are found in

i. Aquatic habitats
ii. On decaying wood
iii. Moist and damp places
iv. As obligate parasites on plants
Choose from the following options

a. None of the above
b. i and iv
c. ii and iii
d. All of the above
1. What is the principle underlying the use of cyanobacteria in agricultural

fields for crop improvement?
2. Suppose you accidentally find an old preserved permanent slide without
a label. In your effort to identify it, you place the slide under microscope
and observe the following features :-
a. Unicellular
b. Well defined nucleus
c. Biflagellate–one flagellum lying longitudinally and the other
transversely.
What would you identify it as? Can you name the kingdom it belongs
to?
3. How is the five–kingdom classification advantageous over the two-
kingdom classification?
4. Polluted water bodies have usually very high abundance of plants like
Nostoc and Oscillitoria. Give reasons.
5. Are chemosynthetic bacteria-autotrophic or heterotrophic?
6. The common name of pea is simpler than its botanical (scientific) name
Pisum satirum. Why then is the simpler common name not used instead
of the complex scientific/ botanical name in biology?
7. A virus is considered as a living organism and an obligate parasite
when inside a host cell. But virus is not classified along with bacteria
or fungi. What are the characters of virus that are similar to non-living
objects?
8. In the five kingdom system of Whittaker, how many kingdoms are
eukaryotes?
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1. Diatoms are also called as ‘pearls of ocean’, why? What is diatomaceous

earth?
2. There is a myth that immediately after heavy rains in forest, mushrooms
appear in large number and make a very large ring or circle, which may
be several metres in diameter. These are called as ‘Fairy rings’. Can you
explain this myth of fairy rings in biological terms?
3. Neurospora - an ascomycetes fungus has been used as a biological tool
to understand the mechanism of plant genetics much in the same way
as Drosophila has been used to study animal genetics. What makes
Neurospora so important as a genetic tool?
4. Cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria have been clubbed together
in Eubacteria of kingdom Monera as per the “Five Kingdom
Classification” even though the two are vastly different from each other.
Is this grouping of the two types of taxa in the same kingdom justified?
If so, why?
5. At a stage of their cycle, ascomycetes fungi produce the fruiting bodies
like apothecium, perithecium or cleistothecium. How are these three
types of fruiting bodies different from each other?
6. What observable features in Trypanosoma would make you classify it
under kingdom Protista?
7. Fungi are cosmopolitan, write the role of fungi in your daily life.
1. Algae are known to reproduce asexually by variety of spores under

different environmental conditions. Name these spores and the conditions
under which they are produced.
2. Apart from chlorophyll, algae have several other pigments in their
chloroplast. What pigments are found in blue-green, red and brown
algae that are responsible for their characteristic colours?
3. Make a list of algae and fungi that have commercial value as source of
food, chemicals, medicines and fodder.
4. ‘Peat’ is an important source of domestic fuel in several countries. How
is ‘peat’ formed in nature?
5. Biological classification is a dynamic and ever evolving phenomenon
which keeps changing with our understanding of life forms. Justify the
statement taking any two examples.
CHAPTER 3
PLANT KINGDOM
1. Cyanobacteria are classified under

a. Protista
b. Plantae
c. Monera
d. Algae
2. Fusion of two gametes which are dissimilar in size is termed as

a. Oogamy
b. Isogamy
c. Anisogamy
d. Zoogamy
3. Holdfast, stipe and frond constitutes the plant body in case of

a. Rhodophyceae
b. Chlorophyceae
c. Phaeophyceae
d. All of the above
4. A plant shows thallus level of organization. It shows rhizoids and is

haploid. It needs water to complete its life cycle because the male gametes
are motile. Identify the group to which it belongs to
a. Pteridophytes
b. Gymnosperms
c. Monocots
d. Bryophytes
5. A Prothallus is
a. A structure in pteridophytes formed before the thallus develops
b. A sporophytic free living structure formed in pteridophytes
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c. A gametophyte free living structure formed in pteridophytes

d. A primitive structure formed after fertilization in pteridophytes
6. Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to extreme conditions.
They grow bearing sporophylls in compact structures called cones. The
group in reference is
a. Monocots
b. Dicots
c. Pteridophytes
d. Gymnosperms
7. The embryo sac of an Angiosperm is made up of

a. 8 cells
b. 7 cells and 8 nuclei
c. 8 nuclei
d. 7 cells and 7 nuclei
8. If the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36. What would be the

chromosome number in its endosperm
a. 36
b. 18
c. 54
d. 72
9. Protonema is
a. Haploid and is found in mosses
b. Diploid and is found in liverworts
c. Diploid and is found in pteridophytes
d. Haploid and is found in pteridophytes
10. The giant Redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) is a/an

a. Angiosperm
b. Free fern
c. Pteridophyte
d. Gymnosperm
1. Food is stored as Floridean starch in Rhodophyceae. Mannitol is the

reserve food material of which group of algae?
2. Give an example of plants with

a. Haplontic life cycle
b. Diplontic life cycle
c. Haplo- diplontic life cycle
3. The plant body in higher plants is well differentiated and well developed.
Roots are the organs used for the purpose of absorption. What is the
equivalent of roots in the less developed lower plants?
4. Most algal genera show haplontic life style. Name an alga which is
a. Haplo-diplontic
b. Diplontic
5. In Bryophytes male and female sex organs are called ____________ and
__________.
1. Why are bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?
2. The male and female reproductive organs of several pteridophytes and

gymnosperms are comparable to floral structures of angiosperms. Make
an attempt to compare the various reproductive parts of pteridophytes
and gymnosperms with reproductive structures of angiosperms.
3. Heterospory i.e., formation of two types of spores – microspores and

megaspores is a characteristic feature in the life cycle of a few members
of pteridophytes and all spermatophytes. Do you think heterospory has
some evolutionary significance in plant kingdom?
4. How far does Selaginella one of the few living members of lycopodiales
(pteridophytes) fall short of seed habit.
5. Each plant or group of plants has some phylogenetic significance in

relation to evolution : Cycas, one of the few living members of
gymnosperms is called as the ‘relic of past’. Can you establish a
phylogenetic relationship of Cycas with any other group of plants that
justifies the above statement?
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6. The heterosporous pteridophytes show certain characteristics, which

are precursor to the seed habit in gymnosperms. Explain.
7. Comment on the lifecycle and nature of a fern prothallus.
8. How are the male and female gametophytes of pteridophytes and
gymnosperms different from each other?
9. In which plant will you look for mycorrhiza and corolloid roots? Also
explain what these terms mean.
1. Gametophyte is a dominant phase in the life cycle of a bryophyte. Explain.

2. With the help of a schematic diagram describe the haplo-diptontic life
cycle pattern of a plant group.
3. Lichen is usually cited as an example of ‘symbiosis’ in plants where an
algal and a fungal species live together for their mutual benefit. Which of
the following will happen if algal and fungal partners are separated from
each other?
a. Both will survive and grow normally and independent from each
other.
b. Both will die
c. Algal component will survive while the fungal component will die.
d. Fungal component will survive while algal partner will die.
Based on your answer how do you justify this association as symbiosis.
4. Explain why sexual reproduction in angiosperms is said to take place
through double fertilization and triple fusion. Also draw a labelled
diagram of embryo sac to explain the phenomena.
5. Draw labelled diagrams of
a. Female and male thallus of a liverwort.
b. Gametophyte and sporophyte of Funaria.
c. Alternation of generation in Angiosperm.
CHAPTER 4
ANIMAL KINGDOM
1. In some animal groups, the body is found divided into compartments

with at least some organs/ organ repeated. This characteristic feature is
named
a. Segmentation
b. Metamerism
c. Metagenesis
d. Metamorphosis
2. Given below are types of cells present in some animals. Each one is
specialized to perform a single specific function except
a. Choanocytes
b. Interstitial cells
c. Gastrodermal cells
d. Nematocytes
3. Which one of the following sets of animals share a four chambered

heart?
a. Amphibian, Reptiles, Birds
b. Crocodiles, Birds, Mammals
c. Crocodiles, Lizards, Turtles
d. Lizards, Mammals, Birds
4. Which of the following pairs of animals has non glandular skin

a. Snake and Frog
b. Chameleon and Turtle
c. Frog and Pigeon
d. Crocodile and Tiger
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5. Birds and mammals share one of the following characteristics as a

common feature.
a. Pigmented skin
b. Alimentary canal with some modification
c. Viviparity
d. Warm blooded nature
6. Which one of the following sets of animals belong to a single taxonomic

group?
a. Cuttlefish, Jellyfish, Silverfish, Dogfish, Starfish
b. Bat, Pigeon, Butterfly
c. Monkey, Chimpanzee, Man
d. Silkworm, Tapeworm, Earthworm
7. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

a. Mesoglea is present in between ectoderm and endoderm in Obelia.
b. Radial symmetry is found in Asterias
c. Fasciola is a pseudocoelomate animal
d. Taenia is a triploblastic animal

a. In cockroaches and prawns excretion of waste material occurs
through malpighian tubules.
b. In ctenophors, locomotion is mediated by comb plates.
c. In Fasciola flame cells take part in excretion
d. Earthworms are hermaphrodites and yet cross fertilization take
place among them.
9. Which one of the following is oviparous?

a. Platypus
b. Flying fox (Bat)
c. Elephant
d. Whale
10. Which one of the following is not a poisonous snake?

a. Cobra
b. Viper
c. Python
d. Krait
11. Match the following list of animals with their level of organisation.
Division of Labour Animal
A. Organ level i. Pheritima
B. Cellular agregate level ii. Fasciola
C. Tissue level iii. Spongilla
D. Organ system level iv. Obelia
Choose the correct match showing division of labour with animal example.
a. i-B, ii-C, iii-D, and iv-A
b. i-B, ii-D, iii-C, and iv-A
c. i-D, ii-A, iii-B, and iv-C
d. i-A, ii-D, iii-C, and iv-B
12. Body cavity is the cavity present between body wall and gut wall. In
some animals the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm. Such animals
are called
a. Acoelomate
b. Pseudocoelomate
c. Coelomate
d. Haemocoelomate
13. Match the column A with column B and choose the correct option
Column A Column B
A. Porifera i. Canal system
B. Aschelminthes ii. Water-vascular system
C. Annelida iii. Muscular Pharynx
Comb plates
D. Arthropoda vi. Jointed appendages
E. Echinodermata v. Metameres
a. A-ii, B-iii, C-v, D-iv, E-i
b. A-ii, B-v, C-iii, D-iv, E-i
c. A-i, B-iii, C-v, D-iv, E-ii
d. A-i, B-v, C-iii, D-iv, E-ii
1. Identify the phylum in which adults exhibit radial symmetry and larva
exhibit bilateral symmetry.
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2. What is the importance of pneumatic bones and air sacs in Aves?
3. What is metagenesis? Mention an example which exhibits this

phenomenon.
4. What is the role of feathers?
5. Which group of chordates possess sucking and circular mouth without

jaws?
6. Give one example each for an animal possessing placoid scales and that
with cycloid scales.
7. Menion two modifications in reptiles required for terrestrial mode of life.
8. Mention one example each for animals with chitinous exoskeleton and
those covered by a calcareous shell.
9. What is the role of radula in molluscs?
10. Name the animal, which exhibits the phenomenon of bioluminescence.

Mention the phylum to which it belongs.
11. Write one example each of the following in the space provided.
a. Cold blooded animal ________________________
b. Warm blooded animal ________________________
c. Animal possessing dry and cornified skin _______________
d. Dioecious animal _____________________
12. Differentiate between a diplobastic and a triploblastic animal.
13. Give an example of the following

a. Round worm
b. Fish possessing poison sting
c. A limbless reptile/ amphibian
d. An oviparous mammal
14. Provide appropriate technical term in the space provided.

a. Blood-filled cavity in arthropods __________________________.
b. Free-floating form of cnidaria _____________________________.
c. Stinging organ of jelly fishes ______________________________.
d. Lateral appendages in aquatic annelids ___________________.
15. Match the following:

Animals locomotory Organ
a. Octopus i. Limbs
b. Crocodile ii. Comb plates
c. Catla iii. Tentacles
d. Ctenoplana iv. Fins
1. Differentiate between:
a. Open circulatory system and closed circulatory system
b. Oviparous and viviparous characteristic
c. Direct development and Indirect development
2. Sort out the animals on the basis of their symmetry (radial or bilateral)
coelenterates, ctenophores, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms.
3. There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during

evolution of vertebrates. Give the names of the class of vertebrates having
two, three or four-chambered heart.
4. Fill up the blank spaces appropriately
Phylum/Class Excretory Organ Circulatory Organ Respiratory Organ
Arthropoda Lungs/ Gills/

Tracheal System
Nephridia Closed Skin/parapodia
Metanephridia Open
Amphibia Closed Lung
5. Match the following

a. Amphibia i. Air bladder
b. Mammals ii. Cartilaginous notochord
c. Chondrichthyes iii. Mammary glands
d. Ostichthyes iv. Pneumatic bones
e. Cyclostomata v. Dual habitat
f. Aves vi. Sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
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6. Endoparasites are found inside the host body. Mention the special
structure, possessed by these and which enables them to survive in
those conditions.
7. Match the following and write correct choice in space provided

Animal Characteristics
a. Pila i. Jointed appendages
b. Cockroach ii. Perching
c. Asterias iii. Water vascular system
d. Torpedo iv. electric organ
e. Parrot v. Presence of shell
f. Dog fish vi. Placoid scales
a. ____________________, b. ____________________, c. ____________________

d. ____________________, e. ____________________, f. ____________________
a. Open and closed circulatory system
b. Oviparity and viviparity
c. Direct and indirect development
d. Aceolomate and pseudo coelomate
e. Notochord and nerve cord
f. Polyp and medusa
9. Give the characteristic features of the following citing one example of each
a. Chondrichthyes and ostichthyes
b. Urochordata and cephalochordata
10. Mention two similarities between

a. Aves and mammals
b. A frog and crocodile
c. A turtle and pila
11. Name
a. A limbless animal
b. A cold blooded animal
c. A warm blooded animal
d. An animal possessing dry and cornified skin
e. An animal having canal system and spicules
f. An animal with cnidoblasts
12. Give an example for each of the following

a. A viviparous animal
b. A fish possessing a poison sting
c. A fish possessing an electric organ
d. An organ, which regulates buoyancy
e. Animal, which exhibits alternation of generation
f. Oviparous animal with mammary gland
13. Excretory organs of different animals are given below. Choose correctly
and write in the space provided.
Animal Excetory Organ/Unit
a. Balanoglossus i. Metanephridia
b. Leech ii. Nephridia
c. Locust iii. Flame cells
d. Liver fluke iv. absent
e. Sea urchin v. malpighian tubule
f. Pila vi. Proboscis gland
a. ____________________, b. ____________________, c. ____________________

d. ____________________, e. ____________________, f. ____________________
1. Give three major differences between chordates and non-chordates and

draw a schematic sketch of a chordate showing those features.
2. What is the relationship between germinal layers and the formation of

body cavity in case of coelomate, acoelomates and pseudocoetomates?
3. Comment upon the habitats and external features of animals belonging

to class, amphibia and reptilia.
4. Mammals are most adapted among the vertebrates. Elaborate.

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CHAPTER 5
MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

1. Rearrange the following zones as seen in the root in vertical section and
choose the correct option.
A. Root hair zone
B. Zone of meristems
C. Rootcap zone
D. Zone of maturation
E. Zone of elongation
Options:
a. C, B, E, A, D
b. A, B, C, D, E
c. D, E, A, C, B
d. E, D, C, B, A
2. In an inflorescence where flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal

succession, the position of the youngest floral bud shall be
a. Proximal
b. Distal
c. Intercalary
d. Any where
3. The mature seeds of plants such as gram and peas, possess no

endosperm, because
a. These plants are not angiosperms
b. There is no double fertilization in them
c. Endosperm is not formed in them
d. Endosperm gets used up by the developing embryo during seed
development
4. Roots developed from parts of the plant other than radicle are called
a. Taproots
b. Fibrous roots
c. Adventitious roots
d. Nodular roots
5. Venation is a term used to describe the pattern of arrangment of

a. Floral organs
b. Flower in infloresence
c. Veins and veinlets in a lamina
d. All of them
6. Endosperm, a product of double fertilization in angiosperms is absent

in the seeds of
a. Gram
b. Orchids
c. Maize
d. Castor
7. Many pulses of daily use belong to one of the families below (tick the
correct answer)
a. Solanaceae
b. Fabaceae
c. Liliaceae
d. Poceae
8. The placenta is attached to the developing seed near the

a. Testa
b. Hilum
c. Micropyle
d. Chalaza
9. Which of the following plants is used to extract the blue dye?

a. Trifolium
b. Indigofera
c. Lupin
d. Cassia
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10. Match the followings and choose correct option

Group A Group B
A. Aleurone layer i. without fertilization
B. Parthenocarpic fruit ii. Nutrition
C. Ovule iii. Double fertilization
D. Endosperm iv. Seed
Options:
a. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
b. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
c. A-iv, B-ii, C-i, D-iii
d. A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii
1. Roots obtain oxygen from air in the soil for respiration. In the absence or
deficiency of O2, root growth is restricted or completely stopped. How do
the plants growing in marshlands or swamps obtain their O2 required
for root respiration?
2. Write floral formula for a flower which, is bisexual; actinomorphic; sepals
five, twisted aestivation, petals five; valvate aestivation; stamens six; ovary
tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, trilocular with axile placentation.
3. In Opuntia the stem is modified into a flattened green structure to perform
the function of leaves (i.e., photosynthesis). Cite some other examples of
modifications of plant parts for the purpose of photosynthesis.
4. In swampy areas like the Sunderbans in West Bengal, plants bear special
kind of roots called _____________.
5. In aquatic plants like Pistia and Eichhornia, leaves and roots are found
near _____________.
6. Reticulate and parallel venation are characteristic of _____________ and
_____________ respectively.
7. Which parts in ginger and onion are edible?
8. In epigynous flower, ovary is situated below the _____________.
9. Add the missing floral organs of the given floral formula of Fabaceae.
–
br K5 ____________ A(a)G(5)
10. Name the body part modified for food storage in the following
a. Carrot __________________________
b. Colocasia __________________________
c. Sweet potato __________________________
d. Asparagus __________________________
e. Radish __________________________
f. Potato __________________________
g. Dahlia __________________________
h. Turmeric __________________________
i. Gladiolus __________________________
j. Ginger __________________________
k. Portulaca __________________________
1. Give two examples of roots that develop from different parts of the
angiospermic plant other than the radicle.
2. The essential functions of roots are anchorage and absorption of water

and minerals in the terrestrial plant. What functions are associated with
the roots of aquatic plants. How are roots of aquatic plants and terrestrial
plants different?
3. Draw diagrams of a typical monocot and dicot leaves to show their

venation pattern.
4. A typical angiosperm flower consists of four floral parts. Give the names
of the floral parts and their arrangements sequentially.
5. Given below are a few floral formulae of some well known plants. Draw
floral diagrams from these formulae.
(i) K(5), C(5), A(5), G(2) (ii) Φ K(5)C1+2+(2)A(9)+1G 1 (iii) ⊕ K5C5A5+5G(5)
6. Reticulate venation is found in dicot leaves while in monocot leaves

venation is of parallel type. Biology being a ‘Science of exceptions’, find
out any exception to this generalization.
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7. You have heard about several insectivorous plants that feed on insects.
Nepenthes or the pitcher plant is one such example, which usually grows
in shallow water or in marsh lands. What part of the plant is modified
into a ‘pitcher’? How does this modification help the plant for food even
though it can photosynthesize like any other green plant?
8. Mango and coconut are ‘drupe’ type of fruits. In mango fleshy mesocarp
is edible. What is the edible part of coconut? What does milk of tender
coconut represent?
9. How can you differentiate between free central and axile placentation?
10. Tendrils are found in the following plants. Identify whether they are stem
tendrils or leaf tendrils.
a. Cucumber
b. Peas
c. Pumpkins
d. Grapevine
e. Watermelons
11. Why is maize grain usually called as a fruit and not a seed?
12. Tendrils of grapevines are homologous to the tendril of pumpkins but
are analogous to that of pea. Justify the above statement.
13. Rhizome of ginger is like the roots of other plants that grows
underground. Despite this fact ginger is a stem and not a root. Justify.
14. Differentiate between

a. Bract and Bracteole
b. Pulvinus and petiole
c. Pedicel and peduncle
d. Spike and spadix
e. Stamen and staminoid
f. Pollen and pollenium
1. Distinguish between families Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae on the basis

of gynoecium characteristics (with figures), Also write economic
importance of any one of the above family.
2. Describe various stem modifications associated with food storage,
climbing and protection.
3. Stolon, offset and rhizome are different forms of stem modifications. How
can these modified forms of stem be distinguished from each other?
4. The mode of arrangements of sepals or petals in a floral bud is known as
aestivation. Draw the various types of aestivation possible for a typical
pentamerous flower.
5. The arrangements of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.
What does the term placenta refer to? Name and draw various types of
placentations in the flower as seen in T.S. or V.S..
6. Sunflower is not a flower. Explain.
7. How do you distinguish between hypogeal germination and epigeal
germination? What is the role of cotyledon (s) and the endosperm in the
germination of seeds?
8. Seeds of some plants germinate immediately after shedding from the
plants while in other plants they require a period of rest before
germination. The later phenomena is called as dormancy. Give the
reasons for seed dormancy and some methods to break it.
ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 27
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CHAPTER 6
ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
1. A transverse section of stem is stained first with safranin and then with
fast green following the usual schedule of double staining for the
preparation of a permanent slide. What would be the colour of the stained
xylem and phloem?
a. Red and green
b. Green and red
c. Orange and yellow
d. Purple and orange
2. Match the followings and choose the correct option from below
A. Meristem i. Photosynthesis, storage
B. Parenchyma ii. mechanical support
C. Collenchyma iii. Actively dividing cells
D. Sclerenchyma iv. stomata
E. Epidermal tissue v. sclereids
Options:
a. A-i, B-iii, C-v, D-ii, E-iv
b. A-iii, B-i, C-ii, D-v, E-iv
c. A-ii, B-iv, C-v, D-i, E-iii
d. A-v, B-iv, C-iii, D-ii, E-i
3. Match the following and choose the correct option from below
A. Cuticle i. guard cells
B. Bulli form cells ii. single layer
C. Stomata iii. waxy layer
D. Epidermis iv. empty colourless cell
Options:
a. A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
b. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
c. A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i
d. A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv
4. Identify the tissue system from among the following

a. Parenchyma
b. Xylem
c. Epidermis
d. Phloem
5. Cells of this tissue are living and show angular wall thickning. They also
provide mechanical support. The tissue is
a. Xylem
b. Sclerenchyma
c. Collenchyma
d. Epidermis
6. Epiblema of roots is equivalent to

a. Pericycle
b. Endodermis
c. Epidermis
d. Stele
7. A conjoint and open vascular bundle will be observed in the transverse

section of
a. Monocot root
b. Monocot stem
c. Dicot root
d. Dicot stem
8. Interfascicular cambium and cork cambium are formed due to

a. Cell division
b. Cell differentiation
c. Cell dedifferentiation
d. Redifferentiation
9. Phellogen and Phellem respectively denote

a. Cork and cork cambium
b. Cork cambium and cork
c. Secondary cortex and cork
d. Cork and secondary cortex
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10. In which of the following pairs of parts of a flowering plant is epidermis

absent?
a. Root tip and shoot tip
b. Shoot bud and floral bud
c. Ovule and seed
d. Petiole and pedicel
11. How many shoot apical meritsems are likely to be present in a twig of a
plant possessing, 4 branches and 26 leaves
a. 26
b. 1
c. 5
d. 30
e. 4
12. A piece of wood having no vessels (trachea) must be belong to

a. Teak
b. Mango
c. Pine
d. Palm
13. A plant tissue, when stained, showed the presence of hemicellulose and
pectin in cell wall of its cells. The tissue represents
a. Collenchyma
b. Sclerenchyma
c. Xylem
d. Meristem
14. Fibres are likely to be absent in

a. Secondary phloem
b. Secondary Xylem
c. Primary phloem
d. Leaves
15. When we peel the skin of a potato tuber, we remove

a. Periderm
b. Epidermis
c. Cuticle
d. Sapwood
16. A vesselless piece of stem possessing prominent sieve tubes would

belong to
a. Pinus
b. Eucalyptus
c. Grass
d. Trochodendron
17. Which one of the following cell types always divides by anticlinal cell
division?
a. fusiform initial cells
b, root cap
c. protoderm
d. phellogen
18. What is the fate of primary xylem in a dicot root showing extensive
secondary growth?
a. It is retained in the centre of the axis
b. It gets crushed
c. May or may not get crushed
d. It gets surrounded by primary phloem
1. Product of photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to various parts

of the plants and stored in some cell before being utilised. What are the
cells/ tissues that store them?
2. Protoxylem is the first formed xylem. If the protoxylem lies next to phloem
what kind of arrangement of xylem would you call it?
3. What is the function of phloem parenchyma?
4. What is present on the surface of the leaves which helps the plant prevent
loss of water but is absent in roots?
5. What is the epidermal cell modification in plants which prevents water

loss?
6. What part of the plant would show the following:

a. Radial vascular bundle
b. Polyarch xylem
c. Well developed pith
7. What are the cells that make the leaves curl in plants during water stress?
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8. What constitutes the cambial ring?
9. Give one basic functional difference between phellogen and phelloderm.
10. Arrange the following in the sequence you would find them in a plant
starting from the periphery – phellem, phellogen, phelloderm.
11. If one debarks a tree, what parts of the plant is being removed?
12. The cross-section of a plant material showed the following features when
viewed under the microscope.
a. The vascular bundles were radially arranged.
b. Four xylem strands with exarch condition of protoxylem.
To which organ should it be assigned?
13. What do hard wood and soft wood stand for?
1. While eating peach or pear it is usually seen that some stone like structures
get entangled in the teeth, what are these stone like structures called?
2. What is the commercial source of cork? How is it formed in the plant?
3. Below is a list of plant fibres. From which part of the plant these are
obtained
a. Coir
b. Hemp
c. Cotton
d. Jute
4. What are the characteristic differences found in the vascular tissue of

gymnosperms and angiosperms?
5. Epidermal cells are often modified to perform specialized functions in

plants. Name some of them and function they perform.
6. The lawn grass (Cyandon dactylon) needs to be mowed frequently to

prevent its overgrowth. Which tissue is responsible for its rapid growth?
7. Plants require water for their survival. But when watered excessively,
plants die. Discuss.
8. A transverse section of the trunk of a tree shows concentric rings which

are known as growth rings. How are these rings formed? What is the
significance of these rings?
9. Trunks of some of the aged tree species appear to be composed of several

fused trunks. Is it a physiological or anatomical abnormality? Explain
in detail.
10. What is the difference between lenticels and stomata?
11. Write the precise function of

a. Sieve tube
b. Interfasicular cambium
c. Collenchyma
d. Aerenchyma
12. The stomatal pore is guarded by two kidney shaped guard cells. Name
the epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells. How does a guard cell
differ from an epidermal cell? Use a diagram to illustrate your answer.
13. Point out the differences in the anatomy of, leaf of peepal (Ficus religiosa)
and maize (Zea mays). Draw the diagrams and label the differences.
14. Palm is a monocotyledonous plant, yet it increases in girth. Why and how?
1. The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.

What does the term placenta refer to? Draw various types of placentations
in the flower as seen in T.S. and V.S.
2. Deciduos plants shed their leaves during hot summer or in autumn.

This process of shedding of leaves is called abscission. Apart from
physiological changes what anatomical mechanism is involved in the
abscission of leaves.
3. Is Pinus an evergreen tree? Comment.
4. Assume that a pencil box held in your hand, represents a plant cell. In
how many possible planes can it be cut? Indicate these cuts with the
help of line drawings.
5. Each of the following terms has some anatomical significance. What do

these terms mean? Explain with the help of line diagrams.
a. Plasmadesmoses/ Plasmodesmata
b. Middle lamella
c. Secondary wall
6. Distinguish between the following:

a. Exarch and endarch condition of protoxylem
b. Stele and vascular bundle
c. Protoxylem and metaxylem
d. Interfasicular cambium and intrafasicular cambium
e. Open and closed vascular bundles
f. Stem hair and root hair
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ORGANISATION
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CHAPTER 7
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

1. Which one of the following types of cell is involved in making of the inner
walls of large blood vessels?
a. Cuboidal epithelium
b. Columnar epithelium
c. Squamous epithelium
d. stratified epithelium
2. To which one of the following categories does adipose tissue belong?

a. Epithelial
b. Connective
c. Muscular
d. Neural
3. Which one of the following is not a connective tissue?

a. Bone
b. Cartilage
c. Blood
d. Muscles
4. The clitellum is a distinct part in the body of earthworm, it is found in?

a. Segments 13 - 14 - 15
b. Segments 14 - 15 - 16
c. Segments 12 - 13 - 14
d. Segments 15 - 16 - 17
5. Setae help in locomotion in earthworm but not uniformly present in all

the segments. Select among the following that represents setae.
a. 1st segment
b. Last segment
c. Clitellar segment
d. 20th - 22nd segment
6. Which one of the following statements is true for cockroach?

a. The number of ovarioles in each ovary are ten.
b. The larval stage is called caterpillar
c. Anal styles are absent in females
d. They are ureotelic
7. Match the followings and choose the correct option

A. Adipose tissue i. Nose
B. Stratified epithelium ii. Blood
C. Hyaline cartilage iii. skin
D. Fluid connective tissue iv. Fat storage
Options:
b. A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
c. A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii
d. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
8. Match the followings and choose the correct answer

A. Hermaphrodite i. Produces blood cells and
haemoglobin
B. Direct development ii. Testis and ovary in the same
animal
C. Chemoreceptor iii. Larval form absent
D. Blood gland in earthworm iv. Sense of chemical substances
Options:
a. A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i
b. A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i
c. A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
d. A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i
9. Match the following with reference to Cockroch and choose the correct
option
A. Phallomere i. Chain of developing ova
B. Gonopore ii. Bundles of sperm
C. Spermatophore iii. Opening of the ejaculatory dust
D. Ovarioles iv. The external genitalia
Options:
a. A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
b. A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
c. A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i
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10. Match the followings and choose the correct answer

A. Touch i. Nasal epithelium
B. Smell ii. Foramen magnum
C. Cranial nerves iii. Sensory papillae
D. Medulla oblongata iv. Peripheral nervous system
Options:
a. A-iii, B-i, C-ii, D-iv
b. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
c. A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
d. A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii
1. State the number of segments in earthworm which are covered by a

prominent dark band or clitellum.
2. Where are sclerites present in Cockroach?
3. How many times do nymphs moult to reach the adult form of cockroach?
4. Identify the sex of a frog in which sound producing vocal sacs are present.
5. Name the process by which a tadpole donelops into an adult frog.
6. What is the scientific term given to earthworm’s body segments?
7. A muscle fibre tapers at both ends and does not show striations. Name
the muscle fibre.
8. Name the different cell junctions found in tissues.
9. Give two identifying features of an adult male frog.
10. Which mouth part of cockroach is comparable to our tongue?
11. The digestive system of frog is made of the following parts. Arrange them
in an order beginning from mouth.
Mouth, oesophagus, buccal cavity, stomach, intestine, cloaca, rectum,

cloacal aperture
12. What is the difference between cutaneous and pulmonary respiration?
13. Special Venous connection between liver and intestine and between
kidney and intestine is found in frog, what are they called?
1. Give the location of hepatic caeca in a Cockroach. What is their function?

2. Frogs are beneficial for mankind, justify the statement.
3. The body of sponges does not possess tissue level of organisation though
it is made of thousands of cells. Comment.
4. Structural organisation in animals attains different levels as cell - organ
- organ system. What is missing in this chain? Mention the significance
of such an organisation.
5. Stratified epithelial cells have limited role in secretion. Justify their role
in our skin.
6. How does a gap junction facilitate intercellular communication?
7. Why are blood, bone and cartilage called connective tissue?
8. Why are neurons called excitable cells? Mention special features of the
membrane of the neuron?
9. Why earthworm is called the friend of farmer?
10. How do you distinguish between dorsal and ventral surface of the body
of earthworm.
11. Correct the wrong statements among the following:

a. In earthworm, a single male genital pore is present.
b. Setae help in locomotion of earthworm.
c. Muscular layer in the body wall of earthworm is made up of only
circular muscles.
d. Typhlosole is the part of intestine of earthworm.
12. Why nephridia in earthworm that are basically similar in structure

classified into three types? Mention the names of each.
13. Common name of some animals are given in Column A, write their
scientific name in Column B.
Column A Column B
a. Tiger ________________
b. Peacock ________________
c. Housefly ________________
14. Complete the following statement :

a. In Cockroach grinding of food particle is performed by ____________
b. Malpighian tubules help in removal of ___________________________
c. Hind gut of Cockroach is differentiated into ______________________
d. In Cockroach blood vessels open into spaces called ______________
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15. Mention special features of eye in Cockroach.
16. Frog is a poikilotherm, exhibits camouflage and undergoes aestivation

and hibernation, how are all these beneficial to it?
17. Write the functions in brief in column B, appropriate to the structures

given in column A.
Column A Column B
a. Nictitating membrane i. __________________________
b. Tympanum ii. __________________________
c. Copulatory pad iii. __________________________
18. Write the appropriate type of tissues in column B according to the

functions mentioned in column A.
Column A Column B
a. Secretion and absorption i. ____________________
b. Protective covering ii. ____________________
c. Linking and supporting iii. ____________________
framework
19. Using appropriate examples, differentiate between false and true body
segmentation.
20. What is special about tissue present in the heart?
1. Classify and describe epithelial tissue on the basis of structural

modifications of cells.
2. Write down the common features of the connective tissue. On the basis
of structure and function, differentiate between bones and cartilages.
3. Comment upon the gametic exchange in earthworm during mating.
4. Explain the digestive system of Cockroach with the help of a labelled

sketch.
5. Draw a neat and well labelled diagram of male reproductive system of

a frog.
CHAPTER 8
CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE

1. A common characteristic feature of plant sieve tube cells and most of

mammalian erythrocytes is
a. Absence of mitochondria
b. Presence of cell wall
c. Presence of haemoglobin
d. Absence of nucleus
2. Select one which is not true for ribosome

a. Made of two sub units
b. Form polysome
c. May attach to m RNA
d. Have no role in protien synthesis
3. Which one of these is not a eukaryote?

a. Euglena
b. Anabena
c. Spirogyra
d. Agaricus
4. Which of the following dyes is best suited for staining chromosomes?

a. Basic Fuchsin
b. Safranin
c. Methylene blue
d. Carmine
5. Different cells have different sizes. Arrange the following cells in an

ascending order of their size. Choose the correct option among the
followings
i. Mycoplasma
ii. Ostrich eggs
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iii. Human RBC

iv. Bacteria
Options:
a. i, iv, iii & ii
b. i, ii, iii & iv
c. ii, i, iii & iv
d. iii, ii, i & iv
6. Which of the following features is common to prokaryotes and many

eukaryotes?
a. Chromosomes present
b. Cell wall present
c. Nuclear membrane present
d. Sub cellular organelles present
7. Who proposed the fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane?

a. Camillo Golgi
b. Schleiden and Schwann
c. Singer and Nicolson
d. Robert Brown
8. Which of the following statements is true for a secretory cell?

a. Golgi apparatus is absent
b. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is easily observed in the
cell
c. Only Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) is present
d. Secretory granules are formed in nucleus.
9. What is a tonoplast?
a. Outer membrane of mitochondria
b. Inner membrane of chloroplast
c. Membrane boundry of the vacuole of plant cells
d. Cell membrane of a plant cell
10. Which of the following is not true of a eukaryotic cell?

a. It has 80S type of ribosome present in the mitochondria
b. It has 80S type of ribosome present in the cytoplasm
c. Mitochondria contain circular DNA
d. Membrane bound organelles are present
11. Which of the following statements is not true for plasma membrane?
a. It is present in both plant and animal cell
b. Lipid is present as a bilayer in it
c. Proteins are present integrated as well as loosely associated with
the lipid bilayer
d. Carbohydrate is never found in it
12. Plastid differs from mitochondria on the basis of one of the following
features. Mark the right answer.
a. Presence of two layers of membrane
b. Presence of ribosome
c. Presence of chlorophyll
d. Presence of DNA
13. Which of the following is not a function of cytoskeleton in a cell?

a. Intracellular transport
b. Maintenance of cell shape and structure
c. Support of the organelle
d. Cell motility
14. The stain used to visualise motochondria is

a. Fast green
b. Safranin
c. Aceto carmne
d. Janus green
1. What is the significance of vacuole in a plant cell?
2. What does ‘S’ refer in a 70S & an 80S ribosome?
3. Mention a single membrane bound organelle which is rich in hydrolytic

enzymes.
4. What are gas vacuoles? State their functions?
5. What is the function of a polysome?
6. What is the feature of a metacentric chromosome?
7. What is refered to as satellite chromosome?

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1. Discuss briefly the role of nucleolus in the cells actively involved in protein
synthesis.
2. Explain the association of carbohydrate to the plasma membrane and

its significance.
3. Comment on the cartwheel structure of centriole.
4. Briefly describe the cell theory.
5. Differentiate between Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth

Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER).
6. Give the biochemical composition of plasma membrane. How are lipid

molecules arranged in the membrane?
7. What are plasmids? Describe their role in bacteria?
8. What are histones? What are their functions?
1. What structural and functional attributes must a cell have to be called a

living cell?
2. Briefly give the contributions of the following scientists in formulating

the cell theory
a. Robert Virchow
b. Schielden and Schwann
3. Is extra genomic DNA present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? If yes,

indicate their location in both the types of organisms.
4. Structure and function are correlatable in living organisms. Can you

justify this by taking plasma membrane as an example?
5. Eukaryotic cells have organelles which may

a. not be bound by a membrane
b. bound by a single membrane
c. bound by a double membrane
Group the various sub-cellular organelles into these three categories.
6. The genomic content of the nucleus is constant for a given species where
as the extra chromosomal DNA is found to be variable among the
members of a population. Explain.
7. Justify the statement, “Mitochondria are power houses of the cell”
8. Is there a species specific or region specific type of plastids? How does

one distinguish one from the other?
9. Write the functions of the following

a. Centromere
b. Cell wall
c. Smooth ER
d. Golgi Apparatus
e. Centrioles
10. Are the different types of plastids interchangable? If yes, give examples
where they are getting converted from one type to another.
BIOMOLECULES 43
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CHAPTER 9
BIOMOLECULES
1. It is said that elemental composition of living organisms and that of

inanimate objects (like earth’s crust) are similar in the sense that all the
major elements are present in both. Then what would be the difference
between these two groups? Choose a correct answer from among the
following:
a. Living organisms have more gold in them than inanimate objects
b. Living organisms have more water in their body than inanimate
objects
c. Living organisms have more carbon, oxygen and hydrogen per
unit mass than inanimate objects.
d. Living organisms have more calcium in them than inanimate
objects.
2. Many elements are found in living organisms either free or in the form of
compounds. One of the following is not, found in living organisms.
a. Silicon
b. Magnesium
c. Iron
d. Sodium
3. Aminoacids, as the name suggests, have both an amino group and a

carboxyl group in their structure. In addition, all naturally occurring
aminoacids (those which are found in proteins) are called L-aminoacids.
From this, can you guess from which compound can the simplest
aminoacid be made?
a. Formic acid
b. Methane
c. Phenol
d. Glycine
4. Many organic substances are negatively charged e.g., acetic acid, while
others are positively charged e.g., ammonium ion. An aminoacid under
certain conditions would have both positive and negative charges
simultaneously in the same molecule. Such a form of aminoacid is called
a. Positively charged form
b. Negatively charged form
c. Neutral form
d. Zwitterionic form
5. Sugars are technically called carbohydrates, referring to the fact that

their formulae are only multiple of C(H2O). Hexoses therefore have six
carbons, twelve hydrogens and six oxygen atoms. Glucose is a hexose.
Choose from among the following another hexose.
a. Fructose
b. Erythrose
c. Ribulose
d. Ribose
6. When you take cells or tissue pieces and grind them with an acid in a
mortar and pestle, all the small biomolecules dissolve in the acid.
Proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids are insoluble in mineral acid
and get precipitated. The acid soluble compounds include aminoacids,
nucleosides, small sugars etc. When one adds a phosphate group to a
nucleoside one gets another acid soluble biomolecule called
a. Nitrogen base
b. Adenine
c. Sugar phosphate
d. Nucleotide
7. When we homogenise any tissue in an acid the acid soluble pool

represents
a. Cytoplasm
b. Cell membrane
c. Nucleus
d. Mitochondria
8. The most abundant chemical in living organisms could be

a. Protein
b. Water
c. Sugar
d. Nucleic acid
BIOMOLECULES 45
45
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9. A homopolymer has only one type of building block called monomer

repeated ‘n’ number of times. A heteropolymer has more than one type
of monomer. Proteins are heteropolymers made of aminoacids. While a
nucleic acid like DNA or RNA is made of only 4 types of nucleotide
monomers, proteins are made of
a. 20 types of monomers
b. 40 types of monomers
c. 3 types of monomers
d. only one type of monomer
10. Proteins perform many physiological functions. For example, some

functions as enzymes. One of the following represents an additional
function that some proteins discharge
a. Antibiotics
b. Pigment conferring colour to skin
c. Pigments making colours of flowers
d. Hormones
11. Glycogen is a homopolymer made of

a. Glucose units
b. Galactose units
c. Ribose units
d. Aminoacids
12. The number of ‘ends’ in a glycogen molecule would be

a. Equal to the number of branches plus one
b. Equal to the number of branch points
c. One
d. Two, one on the left side and another on the right side
13. A pure protein should normally have

a. Two ends
b. One end
c. Three ends
d. No ends
14. Enzymes are biocatalysts. They catalyse biochemical reactions. In general

they reduce activation energy of reactions. Many physico-chemical
processes are enzyme mediated. Some examples of enzyme mediated
reactions are given below. Tick the wrong entry
a. Dissolving CO2 in water

b. Untwining the two strands of DNA
c. Hydrolysis of sucrose
d. Formation of peptide bond
1. Medicines are either man made (i.e., synthetic) or obtained from living
organisms like plants, bacteria, animals etc. and hence the latter are
called natural products. Sometimes natural products are chemically
altered by man to reduce toxicity or side effects. Write against each of
the following whether they were initially obtained as a natural product
or as a synthetic chemical.
a. Penicillin ___________________________
b. Sulfonamide ___________________________
c. Vitamin C ___________________________
d. Growth Hormone ___________________________
2. Select an appropriate chemical bond among ester bond, glycosidic bond,

peptide bond and hydrogen bond and write against each of the following.
a. Polysaccharide ___________________________
b. Protein ___________________________
c. Fat ___________________________
d. Water ___________________________
3. Write the name of any one aminoacid, sugar, nucleotide and fatty acid.
4. Reaction given below is catalysed by oxidoreductase between two

substrates A and A’, complete the reaction.
A reduced + A’ oxidised
5. How are prosthetic groups different from co-factors?
6. Glycine and Alanine are different with respect to one substituent on the
α -carbon. What are the other common substituent groups?
BIOMOLECULES 47
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7. Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, Chitin are polysaccharides found among

the following. Choose the one appropriate and write against each.
Cotton fibre __________________________
Exoskeleton of cockroach __________________________
Liver __________________________
Peeled potato __________________________
1. Enzymes are proteins. Proteins are long chains of aminoacids linked to

each other by peptide bonds. Aminoacids have many functional groups
in their structure. These functional groups are, many of them at least,
ionisable. As they are weak acids and bases in chemical nature, this
ionization is influenced by pH of the solution. For many enzymes, activity
is influenced by surrounding pH. This is depicted in the curve below,
explain briefly.
2. Is rubber a primary metabolite or a secondary metabolite? Write four

sentences about rubber.
3. Schematically represent primary, secondary and tertiary structures of a

hypothetical polymer say for example a protein.
4. Nucleic acids exhibit secondary structure, justify with example.
5. Comment on the statement “living state is a non-equilibrium steady-

state to be able to perform work”.
1. Formation of enzyme-substrate complex (ES) is the first step in catalysed

reactions. Describe the other steps till the formation of product.
2. What are different classes of enzymes? Explain any two with the type of
reaction they catalyse.
3. Nucleic acids exhibit secondary structure. Describe through Wetson-

Crick Model.
4. What is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside? Give two

examples of each with their structure.
5. Describe various forms of lipid with a few examples.

CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION 49
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CHAPTER 10
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
1. Meiosis results in
a. Production of gametes
b. Reduction in the number of chromosomes
c. Introduction of variation
d. all of the above
2. At which stage of meiosis does the genetic constitution of gametes is

finally decided
a. Metaphase I
b. Anaphase II
c. Metaphase II
d. Anaphase I
3. Meiosis occurs in organisms during

a. Sexual reproduction
b. Vegetative reproduction
c. Both sexual and vegetative reproduction
4. During anaphase-I of meiosis

a. Homologous chromosomes separate
b. Non-homologous autosomes separate
c. Sister chromatids separate
d. Non-sister chromatids separate
5. Mitosis is charecterised by
a. Reduction division
b. Equal division
c. Both reduction and equal division

6. A bivalent of meiosis-I consists of

a. Two chromatids and one centromere
b. Two chromatids and two centromere
c. Four chromatids and two centromere
d. Four chromatids and four centromere
7. Cells which are not dividing are likely to be at

a. G1
b. G2
c. Go
d. S phase
8. Which of the events listed below is not observed during mitosis?

a. Chromatin condensation
b. Movement of centrioles to opposite poles
c. Appearance of chromosomes with two chromatids joined together
at the centromere.
d. Crossing over
9. Identify the wrong statement about meiosis

a. Pairing of homologus chromosomes
b. Four haploid cells are formed
c. At the end of meiosis the number of chromosomes are reduced to
half
d. Two cycle of DNA replication occurs
10. Select the correct statement about G1 phase

a. Cell is metabolicaly inactive
b. DNA in the cell does not replicate
c. It is not a phase of synthesis of macromolecules
d. Cell stops growing
1. Between a prokaryote and a eukaryote, which cell has a shorter cell

division time?
2. Which of the phases of cell cycle is of longest duration?

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3. Name a stain commonly used to colour chromosomes.
4. Which tissue of animals and plants exhibits meiosis?
5. Given that the average duplication time of E.coli is 20 minutes, how

much time will two E.coli cells take to become 32 cells?
6. Which part of the human body should one use to demonstrate stages in
mitosis?
7. What attributes does a chromatid require to be classified as a

chromosome?
8. The diagram shows a bivalent at prophase-I of

meiosis. Which of the four chromatids can cross
over?
9. If a tissue has at a given time 1024 cells, how many

cycles of mitosis had the original parental single cell undergone?
10. An anther has 1200 pollen grains. How many pollen mother cells must
have been there to produce them?
11. At what stage of cell cycle does DNA synthesis take place?
12. It is said that the one cycle of cell division in human cells (eukaryotic
cells) takes 24 hours. Which phase of the cycle, do you think occupies
the maximum part of cell cycle?
13. It is observed that heart cells do not exhibit cell division. Such cells do
not divide further and exit ___________ phase to enter an inactive stage
called ___________ of cell cycle. Fill in the blanks.
14. In which phase of meiosis are the following formed? Choose the answers
from hint points given below.
a. Synaptonemal complex ____________________________
b. Recombination nodules ____________________________
c. Appearance/activation of ____________________________
enzyme recombinase
d. Termination of chiasmata ____________________________
e. Interkinesis ____________________________
f. Formation of dyad of cells ____________________________
Hints : 1) Zygotene, 2) Pachytene, 3) Pachytene, 4) Diakinesis, 5) After
Telophase-I /before Meosis-II, 6) Telophase-I /After Meiosis-I.
1. State the role of centrioles other than spindle formation.
2. Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA (genetic material). What
is known about their fate during nuclear division like mitosis?
3. Label the diagram and also determine the stage at which this structure
is visible.
4. A cell has 32 chromosomes. It undergoes mitotic division. What will be

the chromosome number (N) during metaphase? What would be the
DNA content (C) during anaphase?
5. While examining the mitotic stage in a tissue, one finds some cells with
16 chromosomes and some with 32 chromosomes. What possible reasons
could you assign to this difference in chromosome number. Do you think
cells with 16 chromosomes could have arisen from cells with 32
chromosomes or vice versa?
6. The following events occur during the various phases of the cell cycle,
Name the phase against each of the events.
a. Disintegration of nuclear membrane _________________________
b. Appearance of nucleolus _________________________
c. Division of centromere _________________________
d. Replication of DNA _________________________
7. Mitosis results in producing two cells which are similar to each other.
What would be the consequence if each of the following irregularities
occur during mitosis?
a. Nuclear membrane fails to disintegrate
b. Duplication of DNA does not occur
c. Centromeres do not divide
d. Cytokinesis does not occur.
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8. Both unicellular and multicellular organisms undergo mitosis. What

are the differences, if any, observed in the process between the two?
9. Name the pathological condition when uncontrolled cell division occurs.
10. Two key events take place, during S phase in animal cells, DNA replication
and duplication of centriole. In which parts of the cell do events occur?
11. Comment on the statement – Meiosis enables the conservation of specific

chromosome number of each species even though the process per se,
results in reduction of chromosome number.
12. Name a cell that is found arrested in diplotene stage for months and
years. Comment in 2-3 lines how it completes cell cycle?
13. How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?
1. Comment on the statement – Telophase is reverse of prophase.
2. What are the various stages of meiotic prophase-I? Enumerate the

chromosomal events during each stage?
3. Differentiate between the events of mitosis and meiosis
4. Write brief note on the following

a. Synaptonemal complex
b. Metaphase plate
5. Write briefly the significance of mitosis and meiosis in multicellular

organism.
6. An organism has two pair of chromosomes (i.e., chromosome number =

4). Diagrammatically represent the chromosomal arrangement during
different phases of meiosis-II.
CHAPTER 11
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
1. Which of the following statements does not apply to reverse osmosis?

a. it is used for water purification.
b. In this technique, pressure greater than osmotic pressure is
applied to the system
c. It is a passive process
d. It is an active process
2. Which one of the following will not directly affect transpiration?

a. temperature
b. light
c. wind speed
d. chlorophyll content of leaves
3. The lower surface of leaf will have more number of stomata in a

a. dorsiventral leaf
b. isobilateral leaf
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
4. The form of sugar transported through phloem is

a. glucose
b. fructose
c. sucrose
d. ribose
5. The process of guttation takes place

a. when the root pressure is high and the rate of transpiration is low.
b. when the root pressure is low and the rate of transpiration is high
c. when the root pressure equals the rate of transpiration
d. when the root pressure as well as rate of transpiration are high.
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS 55
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6. Which of the following is an example of imbibition

a. uptake of water by root hair
b. exchange of gases in stomata
c. swelling of seed when put in soil
d. opening of stomata
7. When a plant undergoes senescence, the nutrients may be

a. exported
b. withdrawn
c. translocated
8. Water potential of pure water at standard temperature is equal to

a. 10
b. 20
c. Zero
9. Choose the correct option mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of fungus

with root system which helps in
A. Absorption of water
B. Mineral nutrition
C. Translocation
D. Gaseous exchange
Options:
a. Only A
b. Only B
c. both A and B
d. both B and C
10. Based on the figure given below which of the following statements is not
correct?
A B
Solute
molecule
Water
Semi-permeable
membrane
a. Movement of solvent molecules will take place from chamber A to B.

b. Movement of solute will take place from A to B.
c. Presence of a semipermeable is a pre-requisite for this process to
occur.
d. The direction and rate of osmosis depends on both the pressure
gradient and concentration gradient.
11. Match the followings and choose the correct option

A. leaves i. Anti-transpirant
B. seed ii. Transpiration
C. Roots iii. negative osmotic potential
D. Aspirin iv. Imbibition
E. Plasmolyzed cell v. Absorbtion
Options:
a. A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
b. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
c. A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i
d. A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv
11. Mark the mismatched pair.

a. Amyloplast i. store protein granule
b. Elaioplast ii. store oils or fats
c. Chloroplasts iii. contain chlorophyll pigments

d. Chromoplasts iv. contain coloured pigments
other than chlorophyll
e. Leucoplast v. contains colourless pigments
1. Smaller, lipid soluble molecules diffuse faster through cell membrane,

but the movement of hydrophilic substances are facilitated by certain
transporters which are chemically ____________.
2. In a passive transport across a membrane, when two protein molecules

move in opposite direction and independent of each other, it is called as
___________.
3. Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion, in which water diffuses across the

cell membrane. The rate and direction of osmosis depends upon
both ______________.
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4. A flowering plant is planted in an earthen pot and irrigated. Urea is

added to make the plant grow faster, but after some time the plant dies.
This may be due to _______________ .
5. Absorption of water from soil by dry seeds increases the _____________,
thus helping seedlings to come out of soil
6. Water moves up against gravity and even for a tree of 20m height, the tip
receives water within two hours. The most important physiological
phenomenon which is responsible for the upward movement of water is
_______________________.
7. The plant cell cytoplasm is surrounded by both cell wall and cell
membrane. The specificity of transport of substances are mostly across
the cell membrane, because _________________.
8. The C4 plants are twice as efficient as C3 plants in terms of fixing CO2 but
lose only _________ as much water as C3 plants for the same amount of
CO2 fixed.
9. Movement of substances in xylem is unidirectional while in phloem it is
bidirectional. Explain.
10. Identify the process occurring in I, II and III
A I
A II
B
A
B III
11. Given below is a table. Fill in the gaps
Property Simple diffusion facilitated transport Active Transport
i Highly selective ________________ Yes ________________
ii Uphill transport ________________ ________________ Yes
iii Requires ATP ________________ ________________ ________________

12. Define water potential and solute potential.
13. Why is solute potential always negative? Explain yw = ys + yp
14. An onion peel was taken and

a. Placed in salt solution for five minutes.
b. After that it was placed in distilled water.
When seen under the microscope what would be observed in a
and b?
15. Differentiate between Apoplast and Symplast pathways of water

movement. Which of these would need active transport?
16. How does most of the water moves within the root?
17. Give the location of casparian strip and explain its role in the water
movement.
18. Differentiate between guttation and transpiration.
19. Transpiration is a necessary evil in plants. Explain.
20. Describe briefly the three physical properties of water which helps in
ascent of water in xylem.
21. A gardener forgot to water a potted plant for a day during summer,
what will happen to the plant? Do you think it is reversible? If yes, how?
22. Identify a type of molecular movement which is highly selective and

requires special membrane proteins, but does not require energy.
24. Correct the statements

a. Cells shrink in hypotonic solutions and swell in hypertonic
solutions.
b. Imbibition is a special type of diffusion when water is absorbed by
living cells.
c. Most of the water flow in the roots occurs via the symplast.
1. Minerals absorbed by the roots travel up the xylem. How do they reach
the parts where they are needed most? Do all the parts of the plant get
the same amount of the minerals?
2. If one wants to find minerals and in the form they are mobilised in the
plant, how will an analysis of the exudate help?
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3. From your knowledge of physiology can you think of some method of

increasing the life of cut plants in a vase?
4. Do different species of plants growing in the same area show the same
rate of transpiration at a particular time? Justify your answer.
5. Water is indispensable for life. What properties of water make it useful

for all biological processes on the earth?
6. How is it that the intracellular levels of K+ are higher than extracellular

levels in animal cells?
7. Cut pieces of beetroot do not leave colour in cold water but do so in hot
water. Explain.
8. In a girdled plant, when water is supplied to the leaves above the girdle,
leaves may remain green for sometime then wilt and ultimately die. What
does it indicate?
9. Various types of transport mechanisms are needed to fulfil the mineral

requirements of a plant. Why are they not fulfilled by diffusion alone?
10. How can plants be grown under limited water supply without
compromising on metabolic activities?
11. Will the ascent of sap be possible without the cohesion and adhesion of
the water molecules? Explain.
12. Keep some freshly cut flowers in a solution of food colour. Wait for
sometime for the dye to rise in the flower, when the stem of the flower is
held up in light, coloured strands can be seen inside. Can this experiment
demonstrate which tissue is conducting water up the stem?
13. When a freshly collected Spirogyra filament is kept in a 10% potassium

nitrate solution, it is observed that the protoplasm shrinks in size:
a. What is this phenomenon called?
b. What will happen if the filament is replaced in distilled water?
14. Sugar crystals do not dissolve easily in ice cold water. Explain.
15. Salt is applied to tennis lawns to kill weeds. How does salting tennis
lawns help in killing of weeds without affecting the grass?
16. What is the chemical composition of xylem and phloem sap?
17. If you are provided with two tubes (A and B), where one is narrow and
the other is relatively wider and if both are immersed in a beaker
containing water as shown in the figure given on next page.
Why does B show higher water rise than A?
18. What are ‘aquaporins’? How does presence of aquaporins affect osmosis?
19. ABA (Abscisic acid) is called a stress hormone.

a. How does this hormone overcome stress conditions?
b. From where does this hormone get released in leaves?
20. We know that plants are harmed by excess water. But plants survive
under flooded condition. How are they able to manage excess water?
21. Differentiate between diffusion and translocation in plants.
22. How is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion?
23. Explain the mass flow hypothesis of transport in phloem.
24. Observe the diagram and answer the following;
(i) (ii)
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a. Are these types of guard cells found in monocots or dicots?

b. Which of these shows a higher water content (i) or (ii)?
c. Which element plays an important role in the opening and closing
of stomata?
25. Define Uniport, Symport and Antiport. Do they require energy?
1. Minerals are present in the soil in sufficient amounts. Do plants need to

adjust the types of solutes that reach the xylem? Which molecules help
to adjust this? How do plants regulate the type and quantity of solutes
that reach xylem?
2. Plants show temporary and permanent wilting. Differentiate between

the two. Do any of them indicate the water status of the soil?
3. Which of these is a semipermeable membrane (S.P) and which is selectively

permeable (S.L)
a. Animal Bladder
b. Plasmalemma
c. Tonoplast
d. Parchment membrane
e. Egg membrane
4. Halophytes may show precell pressure very much higher than

atmospheric pressure. Explain how this can happen?
5. The radio labelled carbon in carbon dioxide supplied to potato plants

in an experiment was seen in the tuber eventually. Trace the movement
of the labelled carbon dioxide.
6. Water molecule is very polar. Polar end of molecule attracts opposite

charges on another water molecule (acts like magnet). How will you
explain this property of water with reference to upward movement of
water? Comment on the upward movement of water given the
intermolecular hydrogen bonding in water.
7. Comment on the experimental setup
a. What does the setup demonstrate?

b. What will happen to the level of water if a blower is placed close to
setup.
c. Will the mercury level fluctuate (go up/down) if phenyl mercuric
acetate is sprayed on leaves?
MINERAL NUTRITION 63
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CHAPTER 12
MINERAL NUTRITION
1. Which one of the following roles is not characteristic of an essential

element?
a. being a component of biomolecules
b. changing the chemistry of soil
c. being a structural component of energy related chemical
compounds
d. activation or inhibition of enzymes
2. Which one of the following statements can best explain the term critical
concentration of an essential element?
a. essential element concentration below which plant growth is
retarded.
b. essential element concentration below which plant growth becomes
stunted.
c. essential element concentration below which plant remains in the
vegetative phase.
d. none of the above
3. Deficiency symptoms of an element tend to appear first in young leaves.

It indicates that the element is relatively immobile. Which one of the
following elemental deficiency would show such symptoms?
a. sulphur
b. magnesium
c. nitrogen
d. potassium
4. Which one of the following symptoms is not due to manganese toxicity

in plants?
a. Calcium translocation in shoot apex is inhibited
b. Deficiency in both Iron and Nitrogen is induced

c. Appearance of brown spot surrounded by chlorotic veins
5. Reaction carried out by N2 fixing microbes include

a. 2NH3 + 3O2 2NO2– + 2H+ + 2H2O (i)
b. 2NO2- + O2 2NO3- (ii)
Which of the following statements about these equations is not true
a. step (i) is carried out by Nitrosomonas or Nitrococcus
b. step (ii) is carried out by Nitrobacter
c. both steps (i) and (ii) can be called nitrification
d. bacteria carrying out these steps are usually photoautotrophs
6. With regard to the Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Rhizobium in

association with soybean, which one of the following statement/
statements does not hold true.
a. Nitrogenase may require oxygen for its functioning.
b. Nitrogenase is MO- Fe protein
c. Leg-hemoglobin is a pink coloured pigment.
d. Nitrogenase helps to convert N2 gas into two molecules of ammonia.
7. Match the element with its associated functions/roles and choose the
correct option among given below
A. Boron i. splitting of H2O to liberate O2 during
photosynthesis
B. Manganese ii. needed for synthesis of auxins
C. Molybdenum iii. component of nitrogenase
D. Zinc iv. Pollen germination
E. Iron v. component of ferredoxin
Options
a. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv, E-v
b. A-iv, B-i, C-iii, D-ii, E-v
c. A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-v, E-i
d. A-ii, B-iii, C-v, D-i, E-iv
8. Plants can be grown in (Tick the incorrect option)

a. soil with essential nutrients.
b. water with essential nutrients.
c. either water or soil with essential nutrients.
d. water or soil without essential nutrients.
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1. Name a plant, which accumulate silicon.
2. Mycorrohiza is a mutualistic association. How do the organisms involved

in this association gain from each other?
3. Nitrogen fixation is shown by prokaryotes and not eukaryotes.

Comment?
4. Carnivorous plants like Nepenthes and Venus fly trap have nutritional
adaptations. Which nutrient do they especially obtain and from where?
5. Think of a plant which lacks chlorophyll. From where will it obtain

nutrition? Give an example of such a type of plant.
6. Name an insectivorous angiosperm.
7. A farmer adds Azotobacter culture to soil before sowing maize. Which

mineral element is being replenished?
8. What type of conditions are created by leghaemoglobin in the root nodule

of a legume?
9. What is common to Nepenthes, utricularia and Drosera with regard to

mode of nutrition?
10. Plants with zinc deficiency show reduced biosynthesis of _______________.
11. Yellowish edges appear in leaves deficient in __________________ .
12. Name the macronutrient which is a component of all organic compounds

but is not obtained from soil.
13. Name one non-symbiotic nitrogen fixing prokaryote.
14. Rice fields produce an important green house gas. Name it.
15. Complete the equation for reductive amination
______?______ + NH4+ + NADPH ? glutamate + H2O

+ NADP
16. Excess of Mn in soil leads to defeciency of Ca, Mg and Fe. Justify.
1. How is sulphur important for plants? Name the aminoacids in which it

is present.
2. How are organisms like Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus of great

significance in nitrogen cycle?
3. Carefully observe the following figure
a. Name the technique shown in the figure and the scientist who
demonstrated this technique for the first time.
b. Name atleast three plants for which this technique can be employed
for their commercial production.
c. What is the significance of aerating tube and feeding funnel in this
setup?
4. Name the most crucial enzyme found in root nodules for N2 fixation?
Does it require a special pink coloured pigment for its functioning?
Elaborate.
5. How are the terms ‘critical concentration’ and ‘deficient’ different from
each other in terms of concentration of an essential element in plants?
Can you find the values of ‘critical concentration’ and ‘deficient’ for
minerals – Fe & Zn.
6. Carnivorous plants exhibit nutritional adaptation. Citing an example

explain this fact.
7. A farmer adds/ supplies Na, Ca, Mg and Fe regularly to his field and yet
he observes that the plants show deficiency of Ca, Mg and Fe. Give a valid
reason and suggest a way to help the farmer improve the growth of plants.
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1. It is observed that deficiency of a particular element showed its symptoms

initially in older leaves and then in younger leaves.
a. Does it indicate that the element is actively mobilized or relatively
immobile?
b. Name two elements which are highly mobile and two which are
relatively immobile.
c. How is the aspect of mobility of elements important to horticulture
and agriculture?
2. We find that Rhizobium forms nodules on the roots of leguminous plants.

Also Frankia another microbe forms nitrogen fixing nodules on the roots
of non-leguminous plant Alnus.
a. Can we artificially induce the property of nitrogen fixation in a
plant – leguminous or non-leguminous?
b. What kind of relationship is observed between mycorrihiza and
pine trees?
c. Is it necessary for a microbe to be in close association with a
plant to provide mineral nutrition? Explain with the help of one
example.
3. What are essential elements for plants? Give the criteria of essentiality?
How are minerals classifieds depending upon the amount in which they
are needed by the plants?
4. With the help of examples describe the classification of essential elements

based on the function they perform.
5. We know that plants require nutrients. If we supply these in excess, will

it be beneficial to the plants? If yes, how/ If no, why?
6. Trace the events starting from the coming in contact of Rhizobium to a

leguminous root till nodule formation. Add a note on importance of leg
hemoglobin
7. Give the biochemical events occurring in the root nodule of a pulse plant.
What is the end product? What is its fate?
8. Hydroponics have been shown to be a successful technique for growing

of plants. Yet most of the crops are still grown on land. Why?
CHAPTER 13
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS

1. Which metal ion is a constituent of chlorophyll?

a. Iron
b. Copper
c. Magnesium
d. Zinc
2. Which pigment acts directly to convert light energy to chemical energy?

a. Chlorophyll a
b. Chlorophyll b
c. Xanthophyll
d. Carotenoid
3. Which range of wavelength (in nm) is called photosynthetically active

radiation (PAR)?
a. 100 - 390
b. 390 - 430
c. 400 - 700
d. 760 – 100,00
4. Which light range is most effective in photosynthesis?

a. Blue
b. Green
c. Red
d. Violet
5. Chemosynthetic bacteria obtain energy from

a. Sun
b. Infra red rays
c. Organic substances
d. Inorganic chemicals
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS 69
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6. Energy required for ATP synthesis in PSII comes from

a. Proton gradient
b. Electron gradient
c. Reduction of glucose
d. Oxidation of glucose
7. During light reaction in photosynthesis the following are formed:

a. ATP and sugar
b. Hydrogen, O2 and sugar
c. ATP, hydrogen donor and O2
d. ATP, hydrogen and O2 donor
8. Dark reaction in photosynthesis is called so because

a. It can occur in dark also
b. It does not depend on light energy
c. It cannot occur during day light
d. It occurs more rapidly at night
9. PEP is primary CO2 acceptor in

a. C4 plants
b. C3 plants
c. C2 plants
d. Both C3 and C4 plants
10. Splitting of water is associated with

a. Photosystem I
b. Lumen of thylakoid
c. Both Photosystem I and II
d. Inner surface of thylakoid membrane
11. The correct sequence of flow of electrons in the light reaction is

a. PSII, plastoquinone, cytochromes, PSI, ferredoxin
b. PSI, plastoquinone, cytochromes, PSII, ferredoxin
c. PSI, ferredoxin, PSII,
d. PSI, plastoquinone, cytochromes, PSII, ferredoxin
12. The enzyme that is not found in a C3 plant is

a. RuBP Carboxylase
b. PEP Carboxylase
c. NADP reductase
d. ATP synthase
13. The reaction that is responsible for the primary fixation of CO2 is
catalysed by
a. RuBP carboxylase
b. PEP carboxylase
c. RuBP carboxylase and PEP carboxylase
d. PGA synthase
14. When CO2 is added to PEP, the first stable product synthesised is:
a. Pyruvate
b. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
c. Phosphoglycerate
d. Oxaloacetate
1. Examine the figure
2
a. Is this structure present in animal cell or plant cell?
b. Can these be passed on to the progeny? How?
c. Name the metabolic processes taking place in the places marked
(1) and (2).
2. 2H2O 2H+ + O2 + 4e–

Based on the above equation, answer the following questions:
a. Where does this reaction take place in plants?
b. What is the significance of this reaction?
3. Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria don’t have
chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?
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4. a. NADP reductase enzyme is located on _________________.

b. Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of _________________.
5. Can girdling experiments be done in monocots? If yes, How? If no, why

not?
6. 3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + Water glyceraldehyde 3 – phosphate +

9 ADP + 6 NADP+ + 8 Pi
Analyze the above reaction and answer the following questions:

a. How many molecules of ATP & NADPH are required to fix one
molecule of CO2?
b. Where in the chloroplast does this process occur?
7. Does moonlight support photosynthesis? Find out.
8. Some of these terms/chemicals are associated with the C4 cycle. Explain.

a. Hatch slack pathway
b. Calvin cycle
c. PEP carboxylase
d. Bundle sheath cells
9. Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast? What is

the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development?
10. ATPase enzyme consists of two parts. What are those parts? How are
they arranged in the thylakoid membrane? Conformational change occur
in which part of the enzyme?
11. Which products formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis are
used to drive the dark reaction?
12. What is the basis for designating C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthesis?
1. Succulents are known to keep their stomata closed during the day to
check transpiration. How do they meet their photosynthetic CO2
requirements?
2. Chlorophyll ‘a’ is the primary pigment for light reaction. What are
accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?
3. Do reactions of photosynthesis called, as ‘Dark Reaction’ need light?

Explain.
4. How are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other?

5. If a green plant is kept in dark with proper ventilation, can this plant
carry out photosynthesis? Can anything be given as supplement to
maintain its growth or survival?
6. Photosynthetic organisms occur at different depths in the ocean. Do
they receive qualitatively and quantitatively the same light? How do they
adapt to carry out photosynthesis under these conditions?
7. In tropical rain forests, the canopy is thick and shorter plants growing
below it, receive filtered light. How are they able to carry out
photosynthesis ?
8. What conditions enable Rubis CO to function as an oxygenase? Explain
the ensuing process.
9. Why does the rate of photosynthesis decrease at higher temperatures?
10. Explain how during light reaction of photosynthesis, ATP synthesis is a
chemiosmotic phenomenon.
11. Find out how Melvin Calvin worked out the complete biosynthetic
pathway for synthesis of sugar.
12. Six turns of Calvin cycle are required to generate one mole of glucose.
Explain.
13. Complete the flow chart for cyclic photophosphorylation of the
photosystem-I
14. In what kind of plants do you come across ‘Kranz’ anatomy? To which
conditions are those plants better adapted? How are these plants better
adapted than the plants, which lack this anatomy?
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15. A process is occurring throughout the day, in ‘X’ organism. Cells are
participating in this process. During this process ATP, CO2 and water
are evolved. It is not a light dependent process.
a. Name the process.
b. Is it a catabolic or an anabolic process?
c. What could be the raw material of this process?
16. Tomatoes, carrots and chillies are red in colour due to the presence of
one pigment. Name the pigment. Is it a photosynthetic pigment?
17. Why do we believe chloroplast and mitochondria to be semi-autonomous

organelle?
18. Observe the diagram and answer the following.
a. Which group of plants exibits these two types of cells?

b. What is the first product of C4 cycle?
c. Which enzyme is there in bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells?
19. A cyclic process is occurring in C3 plant, which is light dependent, and

needs O2. This process doesn’t produce energy rather it consumes energy.
a. Can you name the given process?

b. Is it essential for survival?
c. What are the end products of this process?
d. Where does it occur?
20. Suppose Euphorbia and Maize are grown in the tropical area.
a. Which one of them do you think will be able to survive under such
conditions?
b. Which one of them is more efficient in terms of photosynthetic
activity?
c. What difference do you think are there in their leaf anatomy?
1. Is it correct to say that photosynthesis occurs only in leaves of a plant?

Besides leaves, what are the other parts that may be capable of carrying
out photosynthesis? Justify.
2. The entire process of photosynthesis consists of a number of reactions.

Where in the cell do each of these take place?
a. Synthesis of ATP & NADPH __________________________
b. Photolysis of water __________________________
c. Fixation of CO2 __________________________
d. Synthesis of sugar molecule __________________________
e. Synthesis of starch __________________________
3. Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the
process of photosynthesis? Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in
the red and blue regions of the spectrum of light?
4. What can we conclude from the statement that the action and absorption
spectrum of photosynthesis overlap? At which wavelength do they show
peaks?
5. Under what conditions are C4 plants superior to C3?
6. In the figure given below, the black line (upper) indicates action spectrum
for photosynthesis and the lighter line (lower) indicates the absorption
spectrum of chlorophyll a, answer the followings:
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a. What does the action spectrum indicate? How can we plot an action
spectrum? Explain with an example.
b. How can we derive an absorption spectrum for any substance?
c. If chlorophyll a is responsible for light reaction of photosynthesis,
why do the action spectrum and absorption spectrum not overlap?
7. What are the important events and end products of the light reaction?
8. In the diagram shown below label A, B, C. What type of phosphorylation

is possible in this?
9. Why is the RuBisCo enzyme more appropriately called RUBP

Carboxylase-Oxygenase and what important role does it play in
photosynthesis?
10. What special anatomical features are displayed by leaves of C4 plants?

How do they provide advantage over the structure of C3 plants?
11. Name the two important enzymes of C3 and C4 pathway, respectively?

What important role do they play in fixing CO2?
12. Why is RuBisCo enzyme the most abundant enzyme in the world?
13. Why does not photorespiration take place in C4 plants?

RESPIRATION IN PLANTS 77
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CHAPTER 14
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
1. The ultimate electron acceptor of respiration in an aerobic organisms is:

a Cytochrome
b Oxygen
c Hydrogen
d Glucose
2. Phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis is catalysed by

a. Phosphoglucomutase
b. Phosphoglucoisomerase
c. Hexokinase
d. Phosphorylase
3. Pyruvic acid, the key product of glycolysis can have many metabolic
fates. Under aerobic condition it forms
a. Lactic acid
b. CO2 + H2O
c. Acetyl CoA + CO2
d. Ethanol + CO2
4. Electron Transport System (ETS) is located in mitochondrial

a. Outer membrane
b. Inter membrane space
c. Inner membrane
d. Matrix
5. Which of the following exhibits the highest rate of respiration?

a. Growing shoot apex
b. Germinating seed
c. Root tip
d. Leaf bud
6. Choose the correct statement:

a. Pyruvate is formed in the mitochondrial matrix.
b. During the conversion of succinyl Co-A to succinic acid a molecule
of ATP is synthesized.
c. Oxygen is vital in respiration for removal of hydrogen.
d. There is complete breakdown of glucose in fermentation.
7. Mitochondria are called powerhouses of the cell. Which of the following

observations support this statement?
a. Mitochondria synthesise ATP
b. Mitochondria have a double membrane
c. The enzymes of the Krebs cycle and the cytochromes are found in
mitochondria.
d. Mitochondria are found in almost all plants and animal cells.
8. The end product of oxidative phosphorylation is

a. NADH
b. Oxygen
c. ADP
d. ATP+H2O
9. Match the following and choose the correct option from those given
below.
Column A Column B
A. Molecular oxygen i. α - Ketoglutaric acid
B. Electron acceptor ii. hydrogen acceptor
C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase iii. cytochrome C
D. Decarboxylation iv. acetyl Co A
Options
a. A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i
b. A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
c. A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
d. A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
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1. Energy is released during the oxidation of compounds in respiration.

How is this energy stored and released as and when it is needed?
2. Explain the term “Energy Currency”. Which substance acts as energy

currency in plants and animals?
3. Different substrates get oxidized during respiration. How does

Respiratory Quotient (RQ) indicate which type of substrate, i.e.,
carbohydrate, fat or protein is getting oxidized?
A
R.Q. =
B
What do A and B stand for?
What type of substrates have R.Q. of 1, < 1 or > 1?
4. Fo-F1 particles participate in the synthesis of ________________.
5. When does anaerobic respiration occur in man and yeast?
6. Which of the following will release more energy on oxidation? Arrange

them in ascending order.
a. 1 gm of fat
b. 1 gm of protein
c. 1 gm of glucose
d. 0.5 g of protein + 0.5g glucose
7. The product of aerobic glycolysis in skeletal muscle and anaerobic

fermentation in yeast are respectively _____________ and ________________.
1. If a person is feeling dizzy, glucose or fruit juice is given immediately

but not a cheese sandwich, which might have more energy. Explain.
2. What is meant by the statement “aerobic respiration is more

efficient.”?
3. Pyruvic acid is the end product of glycolysis. What are the three metabolic
fates of pyruvic acid under aerobic and anaerobic conditions? Write in
the space provided in the diagram.
4. The energy yield in terms of ATP is higher in aerobic respiration than

during anaerobic respiration. Why is there anaerobic respiration even
in organisms that live in aerobic condition like human beings and
angiosperms?
5. Oxygen is an essential requirement for aerobic respiration but it enters

the respiratory process at the end? Discuss.
6. Respiration is an energy releasing and enzymatically controlled catabolic

process which involves a step-wise oxidative breakdown of organic
substances inside living cells.
In this statement about respiration explain the meaning of 1) Step-wise

oxidative breakdown 2) Organic substances (used as substrates).
7. Comment on the statement – Respiration is an energy producing process

but ATP is being used in some steps of the process.
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8. The figure given below shows the steps in glycolysis. Fill in the missing
steps A, B, C, D and also indicate whether ATP is being used up or
released at step E?
9. Why is respiratory pathway referred to as an amphibolic pathway?

Explain.
10. We commonly call ATP as the energy currency of the cell. Can you think
of some other energy carriers present in a cell? Name any two.
11. ATP produced during glycolysis is a result of substrate level

phosphorylation. Explain.
12. Do you know any step in the TCA cycle where there is substrate level
phosphorylation. Which one?
13. In a way green plants and cyanobacteria have synthesized all the food
on the earth. Comment.
14. When a substrate is being metabolized, why does not all the energy that
is produced get released in one step. It is released in multiple steps.What
is the advantage of step-wise release?
15. Respiration requires O2.. How did the first cells on the earth manage to
survive in an atmosphere that lacked O2?
16. It is known that red muscle fibres in animals can work for longer periods
of time continuously. How is this possible?
17. The energy yield in terms of ATP is higher in aerobic respiration than
during anaerobic respiration. Explain.
18. RuBP carboxylase, PEPcase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, ATPase,

cytochrome oxidase, Hexokinase, Lactate dehydrogenase.
Select/choose enzymes from the list above which are involved in
a. Photosynthesis
b. Respiration
c. Both in photosynthesis and respiration
19. How does a tree trunk exchange gases with the environment although it
lacks stomata?
20. Write two energy yielding reactions of glycolysis.
21. Name the site (s) of pyruvate synthesis. Also, write the chemical reaction
wherein pyruvic acid dehydrogenase acts as a catalyst.
22. Mention the important series of events of aerobic respiration that occur
in the matrix of the mitochondrion as well as one that take place in inner
membrane of the mitochondrion.
23. Respiratory pathway is believed to be a catabolic pathway. However,

nature of TCA cycle is amphibolic. Explain.
1. In the following flow chart, replace the symbols a,b,c and d with
appropriate terms. Briefly explain the process and give any two
application of it.
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2. Given below is a diagram showing ATP synthesis during aerobic

respiration, replace the symbols A, B, C, D and E by appropriate terms
given in the box.
F1, Particle, Pi, 2H+, Inner mitochondrial membrane, ATP,

Fo particle, ADP
3. Oxygen is critical for aerobic respiration. Explain its role with respect
to ETS.
4. Enumerate the assumptions that we undertake in making the respiratory

balance sheet. Are these assumptions valid for a living system? Compare
fermentation and aerobic respiration in this context.
5. Give an account of Glycolysis. Where does it occur? What are the end
products? Trace the fate of these products in both aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
CHAPTER 15
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Ethylene is used for

a. Retarding ripening of tomatoes
b. Hastening of ripening of fruits
c. Slowing down ripening of apples
d. Both b and c
2. Coconut milk contains

a. ABA
b. Auxin
c. Cytokinin
d. Gibberellin
3. The affect of apical dominance can be overcome by which of the following

hormone:
a. IAA
b. Ethylene
c. Gibberellin
d. Cytokinin
4. Match the following:

A. IAA i. Herring sperm DNA
B. ABA ii. Bolting
C. Ethylene iii. Stomatal closure
D. GA iv. Weed-free lawns
E. Cytokinins v. Ripening of fruits
Options:
a A – iv, B – iii, C – v, D – ii, E – i
b A – v, B – iii, C – iv, D – ii, E – i
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 85
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c A – iv, B – i, C – iv, D – iii, E – ii

d A – v, B – iii, C – ii, D – i, E - iv
5. Apples are generally wrapped in waxed paper to

a. Prevent sunlight for changing its colour
b. Prevent aerobic respiration by checking the entry of O2.
c. Prevent ethylene formation due to injury
d. Make the apples look attractive
6. Growth can be measured in various ways. Which of these can be used

as parameters to measure growth
a. Increase in cell number
b. Increase in cell size
c. Increase in length and weight
d. All the above
7. The term synergistic action of hormones refers to

a. When two hormones act together but bring about opposite effects.
b. When two hormones act together and contribute to the same
function.
c. When one hormone affects more than one function.
d. When many hormones bring about any one function.
8. Plasticity in plant growth means that

a. Plant roots are extensible
b. Plant growth is dependent on the environment
c. Stems can extend
9. To increase sugar production in sugarcanes, they are sprayed with

a. IAA
b. Cytokinin
c. Gibberellin
d. Ethylene
10. ABA acts antagonistic to

a. Ethylene
b. Cytokinin
c. Gibberlic acid
d. IAA
11. Monocarpic plants are those which

a. Bear flowers with one ovary
b. Flower once and die
c. Bear only one flower
d. All of the above
12. The photoperiod in plants is perceived at

a. Meristem
b. Flower
c. Floral buds
d. Leaves
1. Fill in the places with appropriate word/ words.

a. A phase of growth which is maximum and fastest is __________.
b. Apical dominance as expressed in dicotyledonous plants is due
to the presence of more ________ in the apical bud than in the
lateral ones.
c. In addition to auxin, a ________ must be supplied to culture
medium to obtain a good callus in plant tissue culture.
d. ________ of a vegetative plants are the sites of photoperiodic
perception.
2. Plant growth substances (PGS) have innumerable practical applications.

Name the PGS you should use to
a. Increase yield of sugar cane.
b. Promote lateral shoot growth.
c. Cause sprouting of potato tuber.
d. Inhibit seed germination.
3. A primary root grows from 5 cm to 19 cm in a week. Calculate the growth

rate and relative growth rate over the period.
4. Gibberellins were first discovered in Japan when rice plants were suffering
from bakane (the foolish seedling disease) caused by a fungus Gibberella
fujikuroi.
a. Give two functions of this phytohormone.
b. Which property of Gibberellin caused foolish seedling disease
in rice?
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5. Gibberellins promote the formation of ______ flowers on genetically _____

plants in Cannabis whereas ethylene promotes formation of _______
flowers on genetically ______ plants.
6. Classify the following plants into Long-Day Plants (LDP), Short Day
Plants (SDP) and Day Neutral Plants (DNP) Xanthium, Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger), Spinach, Rice, Strawberry, Bryophyllum,
Sunflower, Tomato, Maize.
7. A farmer grows cucumber plants in his field. He wants to increase the

number of female flowers in them. Which plant growth regulator can be
applied to achieve this?
8. Where are the following hormones synthesized in plants

a. IAA
b. Gibberellins
c. Cytokinins
9. In botanical gardens and tea gardens, gardeners trim the plants regularly
so that they remain bushy. Does this practice have any scientific
explanation?
10. Light plays an important role in the life of all organism. Name any three
physiological processes in plants which are affected by light.
11. In the figure of Sigmoid growth curve given below, label segments 1, 2
and 3.
12. Growth is one of the characteristic of all living organism? Do unicellular

organism also grow? If so, what are the parameters?
13. The rice seedlings infected with fungus Gibberlla fujikuroi is called foolish
seedlings? What was the reason behind it?
1. Nicotiana tabacum, a Short Day Plant, when exposed to more than critical
period of light fails to flower. Explain.
2. What are the structural characteristics of

a. Meristematic cells near root tip
b. The cells in the elongation zone of the root
3. Does the growth pattern in plants differ from that in animals? Do all the
parts of plant grow indefinitely? If not, name the regions of plant, which
can grow indefinitely.
4. Explain in 2-3 lines each of the following terms with the help of examples
taken from different plant tissues
a. Differentiation
b. De-differentiation
c. Redifferentiation
5. Auxins are growth hormones capable of promoting cell elongation. They

have been used in horticulture to promote growth, flowering and rooting.
Write a line to explain the meaning of the following terms related to
auxins.
a. auxin precursors
b. anti-auxins
c. synthetic auxins
6. The role of ethylene and abscissic acid is both positive and negative.
Justify the statement.
7. While experimentation, why do you think it is difficult to assign any

affect seen to any single hormone?
8. What is the mechanism underlying the phenomenon by which the

terminal/apical bud suppresses the growth of lateral buds? Suggest
measures to overcome this phenomenon.
9. In animals there are special glands secreting hormones, whereas there

are no glands in plants. Where are plant hormones formed? How are the
hormones translocated to the site of activity?
10. Many discoveries in science have been accidental. This is true for plant
hormones also. Can you justify this statement by giving an example?
Also what term is used for such accidental findings?
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11. To get a carpet like grass lawns are mowed regularly. Is there any
scientific explanation for this?
12. In a slide showing different types of cells can you identify which type of
the cell may be meristematic and the one which is incapable of dividing
and how?
13. A rubber band stretches and reverts back to its original position. Bubble
gum stretches, but it would not return to its original position.
Is there any difference between the two processes? Discuss it with respect
to plant growth (Hint: Elasticity (reversible) Plasticity (irreversible))
14. Label the diagram

a. This is which part of a dicotyledonous plant?
3
b. If we remove part 1 from the plant, what will
happen? 2
15. Both animals and plants grow. Why do we say that

growth and differentiation in plants is open and not so in animals? Does
this statement hold true for sponges also?
16. Define parthenocarpy. Name the plant hormone used to induce

parthenocarpy.
17. While eating watermelons, all of us wish it was seedless. As a plant

physiologist can you suggest any method by which this can be achieved.
18. A gardener finds some broad-leaved dicot weeds growing in his lawns.
What can be done to get rid of the weeds efficiently?
19. On germination a seed first produces shoots with leaves, flowers appear
later,
a. Why do you think this happens?
b. How is this advantageous to the plant?
20. Fill in the blanks:

a. Maximum growth is observed in ________ phase.
b. Apical dominance is due to ____________
c. ___________ initiate rooting

d. Pigment involved in Photoperception in flowering plants is ______
1. Some varieties of wheat are known as spring wheat while others are
called winter wheat. Former variety is sown, and planted in spring and
is harvested by the end of the same season. However, winter varieties, if
planted in spring, fail to flower or produce mature grains within a span
of a flowering season. Explain, why?
2. It is known that some varieties of wheat are sown in autumn but are
harvested around next mid summer.
a. What could be the probable reason for this?
b. What term is used for this promotion of flowering under low
temperature?
c. Which plant hormone can replace the cold treatment?
3. Name a hormone which

a. is gaseous in nature
b. is responsible for phototropism
c. induces femaleness in flowers of cucumber
d. is used for killing weeds (dicots)
e. induces flowering in long day plants
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION 91
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CHAPTER 16
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

1. Select what is not true of intestinal villi among followings

a. They possess microvilli
b. They increase the surface area
c. They are supplied with capillaries and the lacteal vessels
d. They only participate in digestion of fats
2. Hepato-pancreatic duct opens into the duodenum and carries

a. Bile
b. Pancreatic juice
c. Both bile and pancreatic juice
d. Saliva
3. One of the following is not a common disorder associated with digestive system
a. Tetanus
b. Diarrhoea
c. Jaundice
d. Dysentery
4. A gland not associated with the alimentary canal is

a. Pancreas
b. Adrenal
c. Liver
d. Salivary glands
5. Match the two columns and select the correct among options given
Column I Column II
A. Biomacromolecules of food i. Alimentary canal and
associated gland
B. Human digestive system ii. Embedded in jawbones.
C. Stomach iii. Outer wall of visceral organs

D. Thecodont iv. Converted into simple
substances
E. Serosa v. J-shaped bag like structure
Options:
a. A-ii, B-i, C-v, D-iii, E-iv
b. A-iv, B-i, C-v, D-ii, E-iii
c. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv, E-v
d. A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv, E-v
6. Match the two columns and select the right one among options given
Column I Column II
A. Duodenum i. A cartilaginous flap
B. Epiglottis ii. Small blind sac
C. Glottis iii. ‘U’ shaped structure emerging from
the stomach
D. Caecum iv. Opening of wind pipe
Options
b. A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
d. A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii
7. Match the enzyme with their respective substrate and choose the right
one among options given
Column I Column II
A. Lipase i. Dipeptides
B. Nuclease ii. Fats
C. Carboxypeptidase iii. Nucleic acids
D. Dipeptidases iv. Proteins, peptones and proteoses.
Options:
a. A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-iv
b. A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
d. A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i
8. Dental formula in human beings is

a. 3 2 2 3
3223
b. 2 1 2 3
2123
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c. 1 2 3 2
1 2 3 2
d. 2 2 3 3
2 2 3 3
9. Liver is the largest gland and is associated with various functions, choose
one which is not correct
a. Metabolism of carbohydrate
b. Digestion of fat
c. Formation of bile
d. Secretion of hormone called gastric
10. Mark the right statement among the following

a. Trypsinogen is an inactive enzyme
b. Trypsinogen is secreted by intestinal mucosa
c. Enterokinase is secreted by pancrease
d. Bile contains trypsin
1. The food mixes thoroughly with the acidic gastric juice of the stomach
by the churning movements of its muscular wall. What do we call the
food then?
2. Trypsinogen is an inactive enzyme of pancreatic juice. An enzyme,

enterokinase, activates it. Which tissue/ cells secrete this enzyme?/ How
is it activated?
3. In which part of alimentary canal does absorption of water, simple sugars

and alcohol takes place?
4. Name the enzymes involved in the breakdown of nucleotides into sugars

and bases?
5. Define digestion in one sentence.
6. What do we call the type of teeth attachment to jaw bones in which each
tooth is embedded in a socket of jaws bones?
7. Stomach is located in upper left portion of the abdominal cavity and has
three major parts. Name these three parts.
8. Does gall bladder make bile?

9. Correct the following statements by deleting one of entries (given in bold).
a. Goblet cells are located in the intestinal mucosal epithelium and

secrete chymotrypsin / mucus.
b. Fats are broken down into di- and monoglycerides with the help
of amylase/ lipases.
c. Gastric glands of stomach mucosa have oxyntic cell / chief cells
which secrete HCl.
d. Saliva contains enzymes that digest starch /protein.
1. What is pancreas? Mention the major secretions of pancreas that are

helpful in digestion.
2. Name the part of the alimentary canal where major absorption of digested
food takes place. What are the absorbed forms of different kinds of food
materials?
3. List the organs of human alimentary canal and name the major digestive
glands with their location.
4. What is the role of gall bladder? What may happen if it stops functioning
or is removed?
5. Correct the statement given below by the right option shown in the
bracket against them
a. Absorption of amino acids and glycerol takes place in the. (small
intestine/ large intestine)
b. The faeces in the rectum initiate a reflex causing an urge for its
removal. (neural /hormonal)
c. Skin and eyes turn yellow in infection. (liver /stomach)
d. Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice in (infants /
adults).
e. Pancreatic juice and bile are released through. (intestine-
pancreatic/ hepato- pancreatic duct)
f. Dipeptides, disaccharides and glycerides are broken down into
simple substances in region of small intestine. (jejunum/
duodenum)
6. What are three major types of cells found in the gastric glands? Name
their secretions.
7. How is the intestinal mucosa protected from the acidic food entering
from stomach?
8. How are the activities of gastro-intestinal tract regulated?
95
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95
9. Distinguish between constipation and indigestion. Mention their major

causes.
10. Describe the enzymatic action on fats in the duodenum.
1. A person had roti and dal for his lunch. Trace the changes in those
during its passage through the alimentary canal.
2. What are the various enzymatic types of glandular secretions in our gut
helping digestion of food? What is the nature of end products obtained
after complete digestion of food?
3. Discuss mechanisms of absorption.
4. Discuss the role of hepato – pancreatic complex in digestion of

carbohydrate, protein and fat components of food.
5. Explain the process of digestion in the buccal cavity with a note on the
arrangement of teeth.
CHAPTER 17
BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

1. Respiration in insects is called direct because

a. The tissues exchange O2/ CO2 directly with the air in the tubes
b. The tissues exchange O2/ CO2 directly with coelomic fluid
c. The tissues exchange O2/ CO2 directly with the air outside through
body surface
d. Tracheal tubes exchange O2/ CO2 directly with the haemocoel which
then exchange with tissues
2. Regarding the functions of our respiratory system, mark the wrong entry.
a. Humidifies the air
b. Warms up the air
c. Diffusion of gases
d. Cleans up the air
3. A person suffers punctures in his chest cavity in an accident, without any

damage to the lungs its effect could be
a. Reduced breathing rate
b. Rapid increase in breathing rate
c. No change in respiration
d. Cessation of breathing
4. It is known that exposure to carbon monoxide is harmful to animals

because
a. It reduces CO2 transport
b. It reduces O2 transport
c. It increases CO2 transport
d. It destroys hemoglobin
BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES 97
97
97
97
5. Mark the true statement among the following with reference to normal
breathing
a. Inspiration is a passive process where as expiration is active
b. Inspiration is a active process where as expiration is passive
c. Inspiration and expiration are active processes
d. Inspiration and expiration are passive processes
6. A person breathes in some volume of air by forced inspiration after having

a forced expiration. This quantity of air taken in is
a. Total lung capacity
b. Tidal volume
c. Vital capacity
d. Inspiratory capacity
7. Mark the incorrect statement in context to O2 binding to Hb

a. Higher pH
b. Lower temperature
c. Lower pCO2
d. Higher PO2
8. Mark the correct pair of muscles involved in the normal breathing in

humans
a. External and internal intercostal muscles
b. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles
c. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
d. Diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles
9. Incidence of Emphysema – a respiratory disorder is high in cigarette

smokers. In such cases
a. The bronchioles are found damaged
b. The alveolar walls are found damaged
c. The plasma membrane is found damaged
d. The respiratory muscles are found damaged
10. Respiratory process is regulated by certain specialized centres in the

brain. One of the following listed centres can reduce the inspiratory
duration upon stimulation
a. Medullary inspiratory centre
b. Pneumotaxic centre
c. Apneustic centre
d. Chemosensitive centre
11. CO2 dissociates from carbamino haemoglobin when

a. pCO2 is high & pO2 is low
b. pO2 is high and pCO2 is low
c. pCO2 and pO2 are equal
12. In breathing movements, air volume can be estimated by

a. Stethoscope
b. Hygrometer
c. Sphignomanometer
d. Spirometer
13. Identify the correct and incorrect match about respiratory volume and
capacities and mark the correct answer
i. Inspiratory capacity (IC) = Tidal Volume + Residual Volume
ii. Vital Capacity (VC) = Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve
Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV).
iii. Residual Volume (RV) = Vital Capacity (VC) – Inspiratory Reserve
Volume (IRV)
iv. Tidal Volume (TV) = Inspiratory Capacity (IC) – Inspiratory Reserve
Volume (IRV)
Options:
a. (i) Incorrect, (ii) Incorrect, (iii) Incorrect, (iv) Correct
b. (i) Incorrect, (ii) Correct, (iii) Incorrect, (iv) Correct
c. (i) Correct, (ii) Correct, (iii) Incorrect, (iv) Correct
d. (i) Correct, (ii) Incorrect, (iii) Correct, (iv) Incorrect
14. The oxygen - haemoglobin dissociation curve will show a right shift in
case of
a. High pCO2
b. High pO2
c. Low pCO2
d. Less H+ concentration
15. Match the following and mark the correct options

Animal Respiratory Organ
A. Earthworm i. Moist cuticle
B. Aquatic Arthropods ii. Gills
C. Fishes iii. Lungs
D. Birds/Reptiles iv. Trachea
BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES 99
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99
Options:
a. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
b. A-i, B-iv, C-ii, D-iii
c. A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv
d. A-i, B-ii, C-i.v, D-iii
1. Define the following terms?

a. Tidal volume
b. Residual volume
c. Asthma
2. A fluid filled double membranous layer surrounds the lungs. Name it

and mention its important function.
3. Name the primary site of exchange of gases in our body?
4. Cigarette smoking causes emphysema. Give reason.
5. What is the amount of O2 supplied to tissues through every 100 ml. of

oxygenated blood under normal physiological conditions?
6. A major percentage (97%) of O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood.

How does the remaining percentage (3%) of O2 transported?
7. Arrange the following terms based on their volumes in an ascending

order
a. Tidal Volume (TV)
b. Residual Volume (RV)
c. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
d. Expiratory Capacity (EC)
8. Complete the missing terms

a. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = _____ +IRV
b. ___________________ = TV + ERV
c. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = ERV + ____
9. Name the organs of respiration in the following organisms:

a. Flatworm - _________________________________________
b. Birds - _____________________________________________
c. Frog- ______________________________________________
d. Cockroach - ________________________________________
10. Name the important parts involved in creating a pressure gradient

between lungs and the atmosphere during normal respiration.
1. State the different modes of CO2 transport in blood.
2. Compared to O2, diffusion rate of CO2 through the diffusion membrane

per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher. Explain.
3. For completion of respiration process, write the given steps in sequential

manner
a. Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane.
b. Transport of gases by blood.
c. Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant
release of CO2.
d. Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and
CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.
e. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
a. Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
b. Vital capacity and total lung capacity
c. Emphysema and occupational respiratory disorder
1. Explain the transport of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and tissue with
diagram.
2. Explain the mechanism of breathing with neat labelled sketches.
3. Explain the role of neural system in regulation of respiration.
BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION 101
101
101
CHAPTER 18
BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION

1. Mark, among the following a cell which does not exhibit phagocytotic
activity
a. Monocytes
b. Neutrophil
c. Basophil
d. Macrophage
2. One of the common symptoms observed in people infected with Dengue

fever is
a. Significant decrease in RBC count
b. Significant decrease in WBC count
c. Significant decrease in platelets count
d. Significant increase in platelets count
3. Which among the followings is correct during each cardiac cycle?

a. The volume of blood pumped out by the Rt and Lt ventricles is same.
b. The volume of blood pumped out by the Rt and Lt ventricles is
different
c. The volume of blood received by each atrium is different
d. The volume of blood received by the aorta and pulmonary artery
is different
4. Cardiac activity could be moderated by the autonomous neural system.

Tick the correct answer:
a. The parasympathetic system stimulates heart rate and stroke
volume
b. The sympathetic system stimulates heart rate and stroke volume
c. The parasympathetic system decreases the heart rate but increase
stroke volume
d. The sympathetic system decreases the heart rate but increase
stroke volume
5. Mark the pair of substances among the following which is essential for
coagulation of blood.
a. Heparin and calcium ions
b. Calcium ions and platelet factors
c. Oxalates and citrates
d. Platelet factors and heparin
6. ECG depicts the depolarisation and repolarisation processes during the

cardiac cycle. In the ECG of a normal healthy individual one of the
following waves is not represented.
a. Depolarisation of atria
b. Repolarisation of atria
c. Depolarisation of ventricles
d. Repolarisation of ventricles
7. Which one of the following type of cells lack nucleus?

a. RBC
b. Neutrophils
c. Eosinosphils
d. Monocytes
8. Which one of the following blood cells is involved in antibody production.

a. B-Lymphocytes
b. T-Lymphocytes
c. RBC
d. Neutrophils
9. The cardiac impulse is initiated and conducted further upto ventricle.

The correct sequence of conduction of impulse is
a. S A Node A V Node Purkinje fiber A V Bundle
b. S A Node Purkinje fiber A V Node A V Bundle
c. S A Node A V Node A V Bundle Purkinje fiber
d. S A Node Purkinje fiber A V Bundle A V Node
10. The cells involved in inflammatory reactions are

a. Basophils
b. Neutrophils
c. Eosinophils
d. Lymphocytes
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103
11. The second heart sound (dubb) is associated with the closure of
a. Tricuspid valve
b. Semilunar valves
c. Bicuspid valve
d. Tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
12. Which of the following correctly explains a phase/ event in cardiac cycle
in a standard electrocardiogram?
a. QRS complex indicates atrial contraction.
b. QRS complex indicates ventricular contraction.
c. Time between S and T represents atrial systole.
d. P-wave indicates beginning of ventricular contraction.
13. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. A person of ‘O’ blood group has anti ‘A’ and anti ‘B’ antibodies in
his blood plasma.
b. A person of ‘B’ blood group can’t donate blood to a person of ‘A’
blood group.
c. Blood group is designated on the basis of the presence of antibodies
in the blood plasma.
d. A person of AB blood group is universal recipient.
14. What would be the cardiac output of a person having 72 heart beats per
minute and a stroke volume of 50 ml?
a. 360 mL
b. 3600 mL
c. 7200 mL
d. 5000 mL
15. Match the terms given under Column ‘A’ with their functions given under
Column ‘B’ and select the answer from the options given below:
Column A Column B
A. Lymphatic System i. Carries oxygenated blood
B. Pulmonary vein ii. Immune Response
C. Thrombocytes iii. To drain back the tissue fluid
to the circulatory system
D. Lymphocytes iv. Coagulation of blood
Options:
a. A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
b. A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii
c. A-iii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
d. A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
16. Read the following statements and choose the correct option
Statement 1 : Atria receive blood from all parts of the body which
subsequently flows to ventricles.
Statement 2 : Action potential generated at sino-atrial node passes from
atria to ventricles.
a. Action mentioned in Statement 1 is dependent on action mentioned
in Statement 2
b. Action mentioned in Statement 2 is dependent on action mentioned
in Statement 1
c. Action mentioned in Statements 1 and 2 are independent of each
other.
d. Action mentioned in Statements 1 and 2 are synchronous.
1. Name the blood component which is viscous and straw coloured fluid.
2. Complete the missing word in the statement given below:

a. Plasma without _________ factors is called serum.
b. ___________ and monocytes are phagocytic cells.
c. Eosinophils are associated with _____ reactions.
d. _______ ions play a significant role in clotting.
e. One can determine the heart beat rate by counting the number of
_________ in an ECG.
3. Given below is the diagrammatic representation of a standard ECG. Label

its different peaks.
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105
4. Name the vascular connection that exists between the digestive tract
and liver.
5. Given below are the abnormal conditions related to blood circulation.

Name the disorders.
a. Acute chest pain due to failure of O2 supply to heart muscles
b. Increased systolic pressure
6. Which coronary artery diseases is caused due to narrowing of the lumen

of arteries?
7. Define the following terms and give their location?

a. Purkinje fibre
b. Bundle of His
8. State the functions of the following in blood

a. Fibrinogen
b. Globulin
c. Neutrophils
d. Lymphocytes
9. What physiological circumstances lead to erythroblastosis foetalis?
10. Explain the consequences of a situation in which blood does not

coagulate.
11. What is the significance of time gap in the passage of action potential
from sino-atrial node to the ventricle?
12. How will you interpret an electrocardiogram (ECG) in which time taken
in QRS complex is higher.
1. The walls of ventricles are much thicker than atria. Explain.
a. Blood and Lymph
b. Basophils and Eosinophils
c. Tricuspid and bicuspid valve
3. Briefly describe the followings:

a. Anaemia
b. Angina Pectoris
c. Atherosclerosis
d. Hypertension
e. Heart failure
f. Erythroblastosis foetalis
4. Explain the advantage of the complete partition of ventricle among birds

and mammals and hence leading to double circulation.
5. What is the significance of hepatic portal system in the circulatory

system?
6. Explain the functional significance of lymphatic system?
7. Write the features that distinguish between the two

a. Plasma and Serum
b. Open and closed circulatory system
c. Sino-atrial node and Atrio-ventricular node
8. Thrombocytes are essential for coagulation of blood. Comment.
9. Answer the following

a. Name the major site where RBCs are formed.
b. Which part of heart is responsible for initating and maintaining its
rhythmic activity?
c. What is specific in the heart of crocodiles among reptilians?
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107
1. Explain Rh-incompatibility in humans.
2. Describe the events in cardiac cycle. Explain “double circulation”.
3. Explain different types of blood groups and donor compatibility by

making a table.
4. Write short note on the following

a. Hypertension
b. Coronary Artery Disease
5. In the diagrammatic presentation of heart given below, mark and label,

SAN, AVN, AV bundles, bundle of His and Purkinje fibres.
CHAPTER 19
EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND

THEIR ELIMINATION
1. The following substances are the excretory products in animals. Choose

the least toxic form among them?
a. Urea
b. Uric acid
c. Ammonia
d. Carbon dioxide
2. Filtration of the blood takes place at

a. PCT
b. DCT
c. Collecting ducts
d. Malpighian body
3. Which of the following statements is incorrect

a. ADH – prevents conversion of angiotensinogen in
blood to angiotensin
b. Aldosterone – facilitates water reabsorption
c. ANF – enhances sodium reabsorption
d. Renin – causes vasodilation
4. A large quantity of one of the following is removed from our body by lungs.
a. CO2 only
b. H2O only
c. CO2 and H2O
d. ammonia
EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION 109
109
109
5. The pH of human urine is approximately

a. 6.5
b. 7
c. 6
d. 7.5
6. Different types of excretory structures and animals are given below. Match
them appropriately and mark the correct answer from among those
given below:
Excretory structure/ organ Animals
A. protonephridia i. Prawn
B. Nephridia ii. Cockroach
C. Malpighian tabules iii. Earthworm
D. Green gland or Antennal gland iv. Flatworms
a. (D) i, (C) ii, (B) iii and (A) iv
b. (B) i, (C) ii, (A) iii and (B) iv
c. (D) i, (C) ii, (A) iii and (B) iv
d. (B) i, (C) ii, (B) iii and (D) iv

a. Birds and land snails are uricotelic animals.
b. Mammals and frogs are ureotelic animals
c. Aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic animals
d. Birds and reptiles are ureotelic
8. Which of the following pairs is wrong?

a. Uricotelic ---------- Birds
b. Ureotelic ---------- Insects
c. Ammonotelic ---------- Tadpole
d. Ureotelic ---------- Elephant

a. The medullary zone of kidney is divided into a few conical masses
called medullary pyramids projecting into the calyces.
b. Inside the kidney the cortical region extends in between the
medullary pyramids as renal pelvis.
c. Glomerulus alongwith Bowman’s capsule is called the renal
corpuscle.
d. Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tabule (PCT) and distal
convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron are situated in the cortical
region of kidney.
10. The condition of accumulation of urea in the blood is termed as

a. Renal Calculi
b. Glomerulonephritis
c. Uremia
d. Ketonuria
11. Which one of the following is also known as antidiuretic hormone?

a. Oxytocin
b. Vasopressin
c. Adrenaline
d. Calcitonin
12. Match the terms given in Column I with their physiological processes
given in Column II and choose the correct answer
Column I Column II
A. Proximal convoluted tubule i. Formation of concenterated
urine
B. Distal convoluted tubule ii. Filtration of blood
C. Henle’s loop iii. Reabsorption of 70-80% of
electrolytes
D. Counter-current mechanism iv. Ionic balance
E. Renal corpuscle v. maintenance of concentration
gradient in medulla
a. A-iii, B-v, C-iii, D-ii, E-i
b. A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-v, E-ii
c. A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-v, E-iv
d. A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-v, E-ii
13. Match the abnormal conditions given in Column A with their explanations
given in Column B and Choose the correct option
Column A Column B
A. Glycosurea i. Accumulation of uric acid in joints
B. Renal calculi ii. Inflammation in glomeruli
C. Glomerular nephritis iii. Mass of crystallised salts within the
kidney
D. Gout iv. presence of glucose in urine
Options:
a. A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv
b. A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i
c. A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
d. A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i
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111
14. We can produce a concentrated/ dilute urine. This is facilitated by a

special mechanism. Identify the mechanism.
a. Reabsorption from PCT
b. Reabsorption from Collecting Duct
c. Reabsorption/ Secretion in DCT
d. Counter current mechanism in Henle’s loop/ Vasa recta
15. Dialysing unit (artificial kidney) contains a fluid which is almost same
as plasma except that it has
a. High glucose
b. High urea
c. No urea
d. High uric acid
1. Where does the selective reabsorption of Glomerular filtrate take place?
2. What is the excretory product from kidneys of reptiles?
3. What is the composition of sweat produced by sweat glands?
4. Identify the glands that perform the excretory function in prawns.
5. What is the excretory structure in amoeba?
6. The following abbreviations are used in the context of excretory functions,

what do they stand for?
a. ANF
b. ADH
c. GFR
d. DCT
7. Differentiate Glycosuria from Ketonuria.

8. What is the role of sebaceous glands?
9. Name two actively transported substances in Glomerular filtrate.
10. Mention any two metabolic disorders, which can be diagnosed by
analysis of urine.
11. What are the main processes of urine formation?
12. Sort the following into actively or passively transported substances during
reabsorption of GFR.
glucose, aminoacids, nitrogenous wastes, Na+, water
13. Complete the following:

a. urinary excretion = tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion –
b. Dialysis fluid = Plasma–
14. Mention the substances that exit from the tubules in order to maintain
a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium.
15. Fill in the blanks appropriately
Organ Excretory wastes

a. Kidneys ______________________
b. Lungs ______________________
c. Liver ______________________
d. Skin ______________________
1. Show the structure of a renal corpuscle with the help of a diagram.

2. What is the role played by Renin-Angiotensin in the regulation of kidney
function?
3. Aquatic animals generally are ammonotelic in nature where as terrestual
forms are not. Comment.
4. The composition of glomerular filtrate and urine is not same. Comment.
5. What is the procedure advised for the correction of extreme renal failure?
Give a brief account of it.
6. How have the terrestrial organisms adapted themselves for conservation
of water?
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113
7. Label the parts in the following diagram.
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
8. Explain, why a haemodialysing unit called artificial kidney?
9. Comment upon the hormonal regulation of selective reabsorption.
1. Explain the mechanism of formation of concentrated urine in mammals.
2. Draw a labelled diagram showing reabsorption and secretion of major

substances at different parts of the nephron.
3. Explain briefly, micturition and disorders of the excretory system.
4. How does tubular secretion help in maintaining ionic and acid-base

balance in body fluids?
5. The glomerular filtrate in the loop of Henle gets concentrated in the

descending and then gets diluted in the ascending limbs. Explain.
6. Describe the structure of a human kidney with the help of a labelled

diagram.
CHAPTER 20
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT

1. Match the following and mark the correct option

Column I Column II
A. Fast muscle fibres i. Myoglobin
B. Slow muscle fibres ii. Lactic acid
C. Actin filament iii. Contractile unit
D. Sarcomere iv. I-band
Options:
a. A-i, B-ii, C-iv, D-iii
b. A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
c. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
d. A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i
2. Ribs are attached to

a. Scapula
b. Sternum
c. Clavicle
d. Ilium
3. What is the type of movable joint present between the atlas and axis?
a. Pivot
b. Saddle
c. Hinge
d. Gliding
4. ATPase of the muscle is located in

a. Actinin
b. Troponin
c. Myosin
d. Actin
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT 115
115
115
5. Intervertebral disc is found in the vertebral column of

a. Birds
b. Reptiles
c. Mammals
d. Amphibians
6. Which one of the following is showing the correct sequential order of

vertebrae in the vertebral column of human beings?
a. Cervical — lumbar — thoracic — sacral — coccygeal
b. Cervical — thoracic — sacral — lumbar — coccygeal
c. Cervical — sacral — thoracic — lumbar — coccygeal
d. Cervical — thoracic — lumbar — sacral — coccygeal
7. Which one of the following options is incorrect?

a. Hinge joint – between Humerus and Pectoral girdle
b. Pivot joint – between atlas, axis and occipital condyle
c. Gliding joint – between the carpals
d. Saddle joint – between carpel and metacarpals of thumb
8. Knee joint and elbow joints are examples of

a. Saddle joint
b. Ball and socket joint
c. Pivot joint
d. Hinge joint
9. Macrophages and leucocytes exhibit

a. Ciliary movement
b. Flagellar movement
c. Amoeboid movement
d. Gliding movement
10. Which one of the following is not a disorder of bone?

a. Arthritis
b. Osteoporosis
c. Rickets
d. Atherosclerosis
11. Which one of the following statement is incorrect?

a. Heart muscles are striated and involuntary
b. The muscles of hands and legs are striated and voluntary
c. The muscles located in the inner walls of alimentary canal are
striated and involuntary
d. Muscles located in the reproductive tracts are unstriated and

involuntary
12. Which one of the following statements is true:

a. Head of humerus bone articulates with acetabulum of pectoral
girdle.
b. Head of humerus bone articulates with glenoid cavity of pectoral
girdle.
c. Head of humerus bone articulates with a cavity called acetabulum
of pelvic girdle.
d. Head of humerus bone articulates with a glenoid cavity of pelvic
girdle.
13. Muscles with characteristic striations and involuntary are

a. Muscles in the wall of alimentary canal
b. Muscles of the heart
c. Muscles assisting locomotion
d. Muscles of the eyelids
14. Match the followings and mark the correct option

Column I Column II
A. Sternum i. Synovial fluid
B. Glenoid Cavity ii. Vertebrae
C. Freely movable joint iii. Pectoral girdle
D. Cartilagenous joint iv. Flat bones
Options:
a. A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
b. A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
c. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
d. A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iv
1. Name the cells/tissues in human body which

a. exhibit ameboid movement
b. exhibit ciliary movement
2. Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of muscular, _____,
_______ systems
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT 117
117
117
3. Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm and sarcoplasmic reticulum refer to a particular

type of cell in our body. Which is this cell and to what parts of that cell
do these names refer to?
4. Label the different components of actin filament in the diagram given

below.
5. The three tiny bones present in middle ear are called ear ossicles. Write
them in correct sequence begining from ear drum.
6. What is the difference between the matrix of bones and cartilage?
7. Which tissue is afflicted by Myasthenia gravis? What is the underlying

cause?
8. How do our bone joints function without grinding noise and pain?
9. Give the location of a ball and socket joint in a human body
10. Our fore arm is made of three different bones. Comment.
1. With respect to rib cage, explain the following:

a. Bicephalic ribs
b. True ribs
c. Floating ribs
2. In old age, people often suffer from stiff and inflamed joints. What is this
condition called? What are the possible reasons for these symptoms?
3. Exchange of calcium between bone and extracellular fluid takes place

under the influence of certain hormones
a. What will happen if more of Ca++ is in extracellular fluid?
b. What will happen if very less amount of Ca++ is in the extracellular
fluid?
4. Name atleast two hormones which result in fluctuation of Ca++ level.
5. Rahul exercises regularly by visiting a gymnasium. Of late he is gaining

weight. What could be the reason? Choose the correct answer and
elaborate.
a. Rahul has gained weight due to accumulation of fats in body.
b. Rahul has gained weight due to increased muscle and less of fat.
c. Rahul has gained weight because his muscle shape has improved.
d. Rahul has gained weight because he is accumulating water in the
body.
6. Radha was running on a treadmill at a great speed for 15 minutes
continuously. She stopped the treadmill and abruptly came out. For
the next few minutes, she was breathing heavily/fast. Answer the following
questions.
a. What happened to her muscles when she did strenuously
exercised?
b. How did her breathing rate change?
7. Write a few lines about Gout.
8. What is the source of energy for muscle contraction?
9. What are the points for articulation of Pelvic and Pectoral girdles?
1. Calcium ion concentration in blood affects muscle contraction. Does it

lead to tetany in certain cases? How will you correlate fluctuation in
blood calcium with tetany?
2. An elderly woman slipped in the bathroom and had severe pain in her
lower back. After X-ray examination doctors told her it is due to a slipped
disc. What does that mean? How does it affect our health?
3. Explain sliding filament theory of muscle contraction with neat sketches.
4. How does a muscle shorten during its contraction and return to its
original form during relaxation?
5. Discuss the role of Ca2+ ions in muscle contraction. Draw neat sketches
to illustrate your answer.
6. Differentiate between Pectoral and Pelvic girdle.

NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION 119
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CHAPTER 21
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

1. Chemicals which are released at the synaptic junction are called

a. Hormones
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Cerebrospinal fluid
d. Lymph
2. Potential difference across resting membrane is negatively charged. This

is due to differential distribution of the following ions
a. Na+ and K+ ions
b. CO3++ and CI- ions
c. Ca++ and Mg++ ions
d. Ca+4 and CI-ions
3. Resting membrane potential is maintained by

a. Hormones
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Ion pumps
4. The function of our visceral organs is controlled by

a. Sympathetic and somatic neural system
b. Sympathetic and para sympathetic neural system
c. Central and somatic nervous system
5. Which of the following is not involved in Knee-jerk reflex?

a. Muscle spindle
b. Motor neuron
c. Brain
d. Inter neurons
6. An area in the brain which is associated with strong emotions is

a. Cerebral cortex
b. Cerebellum
c. Limbic system
d. Medulla
7. Mark the vitamin present in Rhodopsin

a. Vit A
b. Vit B
c. Vit C
d. Vit D
8. Human eyeball consists of three layers and it encloses

a. Lens, iris, optic nerve
b. Lens, aquous humor and vitreous humor
c. Cornea, lens, iris
d. Cornea, lens, optic nerve
9. Wax gland present in the ear canal is called

a. Sweat gland
b. Prostate gland
c. Cowper’s gland
d. Sebaceous gland/ ceruminous gland
10. The part of internal ear responsible for hearing is

a. Cochlea
b. Semicircular canal
c. Utriculus
d. Sacculus
11. The organ of corti is a structure present in

a. External ear
b. Middle ear
c. Semi circular canal
d. Cochlea
1. Rearrange the following in the correct order of involvement in electrical

impulse movement-
Synaptic knob, dendrites, cell body, Axon terminal, Axon
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION 121
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121
2. Comment upon the role of ear in maintaining the balance of the body
and posture.
3. Which cells of the retina enable us to see coloured objects around us?
4. Arrange the following in the order of reception and transmission of sound

wave from the ear drum:
Cochlear nerve, external auditory canal, ear drum, stapes, incus, malleus,
cochlea.
5. During resting potential, the axonal membrane is polarised, indicate

the movement of +ve and –ve ions leading to polarisation
diagrammatically.
6. Name the structures involved in the protection of the brain.
7. Our reaction like aggressive behaviour, use of abusive words, restlessness

etc. are regulated by brain, name the parts involved.
8. What do grey and white matter in the brain represent?
9. Where is the hunger centre located in human brain?
10. Which sensory organ is involved in vertigo (sensation of oneself or objects

spinning around)?
11. While travelling at a higher altitude, a person complains of dizziness

and vomiting sensation. Which part of the inner ear is disturbed during
the journey?
12. Complete the statement by choosing appropriate match among the

following -
a. Resting potential i. chemicals involved in the transmission
of impulses at synapses.
b. Nerve impulse ii. gap between the pre synaptic and post
synaptic neurons
c. Synaptic cleft iii. electrical potential difference across the

resting neural membrane
d. Neurotransmitters iv. an electrical wave like response of

a neuron to a stimulation.
1. The major parts of the human neural system is depicted below. Fill in
the empty boxes with appropriate words.
2. What is the difference between electrical transmission and chemical

transmission?
3. Neural system and computers share certain common features. Comment

in five lines. (Hint: CPU, input-output devices).
4. If someone receives a blow on the back of neck, what would be the effect
on the person’s CNS?
5. What is the function ascribed to Eustachian tube?
6. Label the following parts in the given diagram using arrow.
a. Aqueous chamber
b. Cornea
c. Lens
d. Retina
e. Vitreous chamber
f. Blind spot
1. Explain the process of the transport and release of a neurotransmitter

with the help of a labelled diagram showing a complete neuron, axon
terminal and synapse.
2. Name the parts of human forebrain indicating their respective functions.
3. Explain the structure of middle and internal ear with the help of diagram.
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION 123
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CHAPTER 22
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND

INTEGRATION
1. Select the right match of endocrine gland and their hormones among
the options given below
A. Pineal i. Epinephrine
B. Thyroid ii. Melatonin
C. Ovary iii. Estrogen
D. Adrenal medulla iv. Tetraiodothyronine
Options:
a. A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i
b. A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii
c. A-iv, B-ii, C-i, D-iii
2. Listed below are the hormones of anterior pituitary origin. Tick the wrong
entry.
a. Growth hormone
b. Follicle stimulating hormone
c. Oxytocin
d. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
3. Mary is about to face an interview. But during the first five minutes
before the interview she experiences sweating, increased rate of heart
beat, respiration etc. Which hormone is responsible for her restlessness?
a. Estrogen and progesterone
b. Oxytocin and vasopressin
c. Adrenaline and noradrenaline
d. Insulin and glucagon
4. The steroid responsible for balance of water and electrolytes in our body is
a. Insulin
b. Melatonin
c. Testosterone
d. Aldosterone
5. Thymosin is responsible for

a. Raising the blood sugar level
b. Raising the blood calcium level
c. Increased production of T lymphocytes
d. Decrease in blood RBC
6. In the mechanism of action of a protein hormone, one of the second

messengers is
a. Cyclic AMP
b. Insulin
c. T3
d. Gastrin
7. Leydig cells produce a group of hormones called

a. Androgens
b. Estrogens
c. Aldosterone
d. Gonadotropins
8. Corpus luteum secretes a hormone called

a. Prolactin
b. Progesterone
c. Aldosterone
d. Testosterone
9. Cortisol is secreted from

a. Pancrease
b. Thyroid
c. Adrenal
d. Thymus
10. A hormone responsible for normal sleep-wake cycle is

a. Epinephrine
b. Gastrin
c. Melatonin
d. Insulin
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11. Hormones are called chemical signals that stimulate specific target
tissues. Their specificity is due to the presence of signal receiving
‘receptors’ only in the respective target tissues. Where are these receptors
present in case of hormones of protein nature?
a. Extra cellular matrix
b. Blood
c. Plasma membrane
d. Nucleus
12. Choose the correct answer among the following options

A. Epinephrine i. Increase in muscle growth
B. Testosterone ii. Decrease in blood pressure
C. Glucagon iii. Decrease in liver glycogen
content
D. Atrial natriuretic factor iv. Increase heart beat
Options:
a. -ii, B-i, C-iii, D-i
b. A-iv, B-i, C-iii, D-ii
c. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
d. A-i, B-iv, C-ii, D-iii
13. Blood calcium level is a resultant of how much dietary calcium is

absorbed, how much calcium is lost in the urine, how much bone
dissolves releasing calcium into the blood and how much calcium from
blood enters tissues. A number of factors play an important role in these
processes. Mark the one which has no role.
a. Vitamin D
b. Parathyroid hormone
c. Thyrocalcitonin
d. Thymosin
14. All the following tissues in mammals except one consists of a central
‘medullary’ region surrounded by a cortical region. Mark the wrong entry
a. Ovary
b. Adrenal
c. Liver
d. Kidney
15. One of the following conditions is not linked to deficiency of thyroid

hormones
a. Cretinism
b. Goitre
c. Myxedema
d. Exophthalmosis
1. There are many endocrine glands in human body. Name the glands
which is absent in male and the one absent in female.
2. Which of the two adrenocortical layers, zona glomerulosa and zona

reticularis lies outside enveloping the other?
3. What is erythropoiesis? Which hormone stimulate it?
4. Name the only hormone secreted by pars intermedia of the pituitary

gland.
5. Name the endocrine gland that produces calcitonin and mention the
role played by this hormone.
6. Name the hormone that helps in cell - mediated immunity.
7. What is the role of second messenger in the mechanism of protein

hormone action?
8. State whether true or false:

a. Gastrointestinal tract, kidney and heart also produce hormones.
b. Pars distalis produces six trophic hormones.
c. B-lymphocytes provide cell-mediated immunity.
d. Insulin resistance results in a disease called diabetes mellitus.
9. A patient complains of constant thirst, excessive passing of urine and

low blood pressure. When the doctor checked the patients’ blood glucose
and blood insulin level, the level were normal or slightly low. The doctor
diagnosed the condition as diabetes insupidus. But he decided to
measure one more hormone in patients blood. Which hormone does the
doctor intend to measure?
10. Correct the following statements by replacing the term underlined.

a. Insulin is a steroid hormone.
b. TSH is secreted from the corpus luteum
c. Tetraiodothyronine is an emergency hormone.
d. The pineal gland is located on the anterior part of the kidney.
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11. Rearrange the following hormones in Column I so as to match with their

chemical nature in Column II.
Column I Column II
a. Oxytocin i. Aminoacid derivative ( )
b. Epinephrine ii. Steroid ( )
c. Progesterone iii. Protein ( )
d. Growth hormone iv. Peptide ( )
1. What is the role-played by luteinizing hormones in males and females

respectively?
2. What is the role of second messenger in hormone action?
3. On an educational trip to Uttaranchal, Ketki and her friends observe

that many local people were having swollen necks. Please help Ketki
and her friends to find out the solutions to the following questions.
a. Which probable disease are these people suffering from?
b. How is it caused?
c. What effect does this condition have on pregnancy?
4. George comes on a vacation to India from US. The long journey disturbs
his biological system and he suffers from jet lag. What is the cause of his
discomfort?
5. Inflammatory responses can be controlled by a certain steroid. Name
the steroid, its source and also its other important functions.
6. Old people have weak immune system. What could be the reason?
7. What are the effects of hypothyroidism (observed during pregnancy) on
the development and maturation of a growing baby?
8. Mention the difference between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
9. You have learnt that a characteristic feature of endocrine system is the
presence of feed back loops. By this what is meant if hormone A stimulates
gland ‘X’ to secrete hormone B, the production of ‘A’ could be modified
when the level of B changes in our blood. An example is the relation
between hormones LH and estrogen (E2). An old woman exhibits the
following features. High levels of LH in blood but low levels of E2 in the
blood. Another woman exhibits high level of LH in blood and also high
level of E2 in the blood. Where is the defect in both these women? Provide
suitable diagram to support this answer.
1. A milkman is very upset one morning as his cow refuses to give any
milk. The milkman’s wife gets the calf from the shed. On fondling by the
calf, the cow gave sufficient milk. Describe the role of endocrine gland
and pathway associated with this response?
2. A sample of urine was diagnosed to contain high content of glucose and
ketone bodies. Based on this observation, answer the following:
a. Which endocrine gland and hormone is related to this condition?
b. Name the cells on which this hormone acts.
c. What is the condition called and how can it be rectified?
3. Calcium plays a very important role in the formation of bones. Write on

the role of endocrine glands and hormones responsible for maintaining
Calcium homeostasis.
4. Illustrate the differences between the mechanism of action of a protein

and a steroid hormone.
5. Hypothalamus is a super master endocrine gland. Elaborate.

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 129
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CHAPTER 23
ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

In this chapter answers to all the multiple choice questions covered under twenty
two chapters are given as reference to learners. They are categorised chapterwise.
CHAPTER 1 : THE LIVING WORLD
1-a; 2-c; 3-c; 4-c; 5-c; 6-c;
7-c; 8-d; 9-d; 10-a
CHAPTER 2 : BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
1-b; 2-a; 3-b; 4-d; 5-c; 6-b;
7-b; 8-c; 9-a; 10-c; 11-d; 12-d
CHAPTER 3 : PLANT KINGDOM
1-a; 2-c; 3-c; 4-d; 5-c; 6-d;
7-b; 8-c; 9-a; 10-d
CHAPTER 4 : ANIMAL KINGDOM
1-b; 2-b; 3-b; 4-c; 5-d; 6-c;
7-a; 8-a; 9-a; 10-c; 11-c; 12-b
13-c
Chapter 5 : Morphology of Flowering Plants
1-a; 2-b; 3-d; 4-c; 5-c; 6-b;
7-b; 8-d; 9-b; 10-b

CHAPTER 6 : ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
1-a; 2-b; 3-a; 4-a; 5-c; 6-c;
7-d; 8-a; 9-b; 10-a; 11-c; 12-c;
13-a; 14-d; 15-a; 16-d; 17-d; 18-a
CHAPTER 7 : STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS
1-c; 2-b; 3-d; 4-b; 5-d; 6-c;
7-b; 8-a; 9-b; 10-d
CHAPTER 8 : CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE
1-a; 2-d; 3-b; 4-d; 5-a; 6-b;
7-c; 8-b; 9-c; 10-a; 11-d; 12-c;
13-a; 14-d
CHAPTER 9 : BIOMOLECULES
1-c; 2-a; 3-b; 4-d; 5-a; 6-d;
7-a; 8-b; 9-a; 10-d; 11-a; 12-a;
13-a; 14-d
CHAPTER 10 : CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
1-d; 2- d; 3- a; 4-a; 5- a; 6-c;
7-c; 8-d; 9-d; 10-b;
CHAPTER 11 : TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
1-c; 2-d; 3-a; 4-c; 5-a; 6-c;
7-b; 8-c; 9-c; 10-b; 11-b; 12-a

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 131
131
131
131
CHAPTER 12 : MINERAL NUTRITION
1-b; 2-a; 3-a; 4-b; 5-d; 6-a;
7-b; 8-c;
CHAPTER 13 : PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
1- c; 2- a; 3-c; 4- c; 5- d; 6- a;
7- c; 8- a; 9- a; 10- d; 11 -a; 12 -b;
13 -c; 14-d
CHAPTER 14 : RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
1- b; 2- c; 3- c; 4- b; 5- b; 6- c;
7- a; 8- d; 9- a;
CHAPTER 15 : PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1- b; 2- c; 3-d; 4-a; 5- b; 6- d;
7 -b; 8 -b; 9 -c; 10 -c; 11 -b; 12 -d
CHAPTER 16 : DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
1- d; 2- c; 3- a; 4- b; 5- b; 6- c;
7- d; 8- b; 9- d; 10- a
CHAPTER 17 : BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
1- d; 2- d; 3- d; 4- d; 5- b; 6- a;
7- d; 8- d; 9- b; 10- b; 11- b; 12- d;
13 -b; 14- b; 15 -b
CHAPTER 18 : BODY FLUID AND CIRCULATION
1- c; 2- d; 3- a; 4- b; 5- b; 6- b;
7- a; 8- a; 9- c; 10- a; 11- b; 12- b;
13- c; 14 -b; 15 -b; 16 -b
CHAPTER 19 : EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION
1- b; 2- d; 3- a; 4- c; 5- c; 6- a;
7- d; 8- b; 9- b; 10- c; 11- b; 12- b;
13- c; 14- d; 15- b
CHAPTER 20 : LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
1- c; 2-b; 3- a; 4- b; 5- c; 6- d;
7- a; 8- d; 9- c; 10- d; 11- c; 12- b;
13- b; 14- b
CHAPTER 21 : NEURAL CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION
1- b; 2- a; 3- c; 4- b; 5- c; 6- c;
7- a; 8- b; 9- d; 10- a; 11- c
CHAPTER 22 : CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION
1- d; 2- c; 3- c; 4- d; 5- c; 6- a;
7- a; 8- b; 9- c; 10- c; 11- c; 12-b;
13 -d; 14 -a; 15 -d
MODEL ANSWERS TO DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS 133
133
133
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CHAPTER 24
MODEL ANSWERS
TO DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
This chapter deals with model answers to all types of descriptive questions such
as Very Short Answer (VSA) type questions, Short Answers (SA) type questions
and Long Answer (LA) type questions. The questions are randomly selected from
different units, the answers are suggestive and written to provide approach and
way of presentation. They are categorised under three headings as follows:
ANSWERS TO VSA TYPE QUESTIONS
Ans. In phylum echinodermata, adults show radial symmetry whereas larvae
show bilateral symmetry.
2. What is the importance of pneumatic bones and air sacs in Aves?

Ans. Pneumatic bones in Aves keep the body light and thus help in flight. Air
sacs help in respiration and buoyancy.
3. What is metagenesis? Mention an example which exhibits this

phenomenon.
Ans. Alteration of generation is known as metagenesis. Obelia exhibits this
phenomenon.
4. Which segments in earthworm are covered by a prominent dark band or

clitellum?
Ans. 14th - 16th segments.
5. What are sclerites present in cockroach?

Ans. In each segment of the body of cockroach, exoskeleton has hardened
plates called sclerites.
6. How many times do nymphs moult to reach the adult form of cockroach?
Ans. 13 times moulting.
Ans. Male Frog.
8. What is the scientific term given to segments of earthworm?

Ans. Metameres.
9. A muscle fibre tapers at both ends and does not show striation. Identify
the muscle fibre.
Ans. Smooth muscle fibre.
10. Name the different cell junctions found in tissues.

Ans. a. Tight Junctions
b. Adhering Junctions
c. Gap Junctions
11. Give two identifying features of an adult male frog.

Ans. a. Vocal Sacs.
b. Thumb pads/copulatory pads in thumb.
12. Smaller, lipid soluble molecules diffuse faster through cell membrane,
but the movement of hydrophilic substances are facilitated by certain
bimolecules named as ____________.
Ans. Protein.
13. Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion, in which water diffuses across the
cell membrane. The rate and direction of osmosis depends upon both
______________.
Ans. Pressure and concentration gradient.

This may be due to _______ .
Ans. Exosmosis.
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135
15. Absorption of water from soil by dry seeds increases the _____________,
thus helping seedlings to come out of soil
Ans. Pressure.
16. Water moves up against gravity and even for a tree of 20 m height, the
tip receives water within two hours. The most important physiological
phenomenon which is responsible for the upward movement of water is
_____________.
Ans. Transpirational pull.
17. The cytoplasm in a plant cell is surrounded by both cell wall and cell
membrane. The specificity of transport of substances are mostly across
the cell membrane, because __________.
Ans. The cell wall is freely permeable to water and substances in solutions
but membrane is selectively permeable.
18. Examine the figure.
a. Is this structure present in animal cell or plant cells?

b. Can these be passed on to the progeny? How?
c. Name the metabolic processes taking place in the part (1) and (2).
Ans. a. Plant cell.
b. Yes, through female gametes.
c. In part (1) - Photophosphorylation.
In part (2) - Calvin cycle.
19. 2H2O 2H+ + O2 + 4e–

Based on above equation, answer the following questions:
a. Where does this reaction take place in plants?
b. What is the significance of this reaction?
Ans. a. Lumen of the thylakoids.

b. O2 is evolved during this reaction, moreover electrons are made
available to PS-II continuously.
20. Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria don’t have
chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?
Ans. Cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria have thylakoids
suspended freely in the cytoplasm (i.e., they are not enclosed in
membrane), and they have bacteriochlorophyll.
21. a. NADP reductase enzyme is located on __________.

Ans. grana-lamellae.
b. Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of _________ .
Ans. energy.
22. Fill in the places with appropriate word/words.

a. A phase of growth which is the maximum and fastest is __________.
b. Apical dominance as expressed in dicotyledonous plants is due
to the presence of more ________ in the apical bud than in the
lateral ones.
c. In addition to auxin, ________ must be supplied to culture medium
to obtain a good callus in plant tissue culture.
d. ________ of a vegetative plants are the sites of photoperiodic
perception.
Ans. a. exponential/log phase of an S-curve.
b. auxin/IAA
c. cytokinin/Kinetin/6 BAP/Zeatin/etc.
d. leaves.
23. Plant growth substances (PGS) have innumerable practical applications.

Name the PGS you should use to
a. Increase yield of sugar cane
b. Promote lateral shoot growth
c. Cause sprouting of potato tuber
d. Inhibit seed germination
Ans. a. GA3/gibberellin/gibberellic acid.
b. Cytokinin zeatin/kinetin/Kn.
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137
c. C2H4/Ethylene.
d. ABA/Abscissc acid.
24. The food mixes thoroughly with the acidic gastric juice of the stomach
by the churning movements of its muscular wall. What do we call the
food then?
Ans. Chyme.
25. Trypsinogen is an inactive enzyme of pancreatic juice. An enzyme,

enterokinase, activates it. Which tissue/ cells secrete this enzyme?
Ans. Intestinal mucosa.
26. In which part of alimentary canal does absorption of water, simple sugars
and alcohol takes place?
Ans. Stomach.
27. Name the enzymes involved in the breakdown of nucleotides into sugars
and bases?
Ans. Nucleotidases and Nucleosidases.
28. Define digestion in one sentence.

Ans. The process of conversion of complex food substances in the digestive
system to simple absorbable forms is called digestion.
29. What do we call the type of teeth attachment to jaw bones in which each
tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bones?
Ans. Thecodont.
30. Stomach is located in upper left portion of the abdominal cavity and has
three major parts. Name these three parts:
Ans. Cardiac, fundic and pyloric.
31. Does gall bladder make bile?

Ans. No.
32. A fluid filled double membranous layer surrounds the lungs. Name it
and mention its important function.
Ans. Pleural fluid is found in between the two membranes of lung and it
reduces the friction on the lung surface.
33. Name the primary site of exchange of gases in our body?

Ans. Alveoli.
34. Cigarette smoking causes emphysema. Give reason.

Ans. Cigarette smoking causes damage of the alveolar walls leading to
decreased respiratory surfaces for exchange of gases.
35. What is the amount of O2 supplied to tissues through every 100 mL. of
oxygenated blood under normal physiological conditions?
Ans. 5mL. of oxygen / 100 mL. of oxygenated blood.
36. A major percentage (97%) of O2 is transported by RBCs in the blood.

How is the remaining percentage (3%) of O2 transported?
Ans. Through Plasma.
37. Name the blood component, which is viscous and straw coloured fluid.
Ans. Plasma.
38. Complete the missing word in the statement given below:

a. Plasma without _________ factors is called serum.
Ans. clotting.
b. ___________ and monocytes are phagocytic cells.
Ans. Neutrophils.
c. Eosinophils are associated with _____ reactions.
Ans. allergic.
d. _______ ions play a significant role in clotting.
Ans. Calcium.
e. One can determine the heart beat rate by counting the number of
_________ in an ECG.
Ans. QRS complex.
39. Name the vascular connection that exists between the digestive tract
and liver.
Ans. Hepatic portal system.
40. Given below are the abnormal conditions related to blood circulation.
Name the disorders.
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139
a. Acute chest pain due to failure of O2 supply to heart muscles.

Ans. Angina.
b. Increased systolic pressure.
Ans. High blood pressure.
41. State the functions of the following in blood.
a. Fibrinogen
Ans. Blood coagulation
b. Globulin.
Ans. Immunity i.e., defence mechanism of body
c. Neutrophils
Ans. Phagocytosis
d. Lymphocytes
Ans. Immunity
42. Name two actively transported substances in glomerular filtrate.
Ans. Glucose and aminoacids,
43. Mention any two metabolic disorders, which can be diagnosed by

analysis of urine.
Ans. Glycosuria and Ketonuria,
44. What are main processes of urine formation?

Ans. The main processes are filtration, reabsorption, secretion and
concentration/ dilution,
45. Sort the following into actively or passively transported substances during
reabsorption of GFR.
Ans. Actively transported – glucose, aminoacids and Na+
Passively transported – nitrogenous wastes and water
46. Name the cells/tissues in human body,
a. Which exhibit amoeboid movement.
Ans. macrophages.
b. Which exhibit ciliary movement.
Ans. ciliated epithelium of nasal passage.
c. Which exhibit muscular movement.
Ans. muscles of limbs and tongue.
47. Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of muscular, _____,

and _______ systems.
Ans. Skeletal and Neural.
48. The three tiny bones present in middle ear are called ear ossicles. Write
them in correct sequence begining from ear drum.
Ans. malleus, incus, stapes.
49. Rearrange the following in the correct order of involvement in electrical

impulse movement-
Synaptic knob, dendrites, cell body, Axon terminal, Axon.
Ans. Dendrites - Cell body - Axon - Axon terminal -Synaptic knob.
50. Comment upon the role of ear in maintaining the balance of the body
and posture.
Ans. The crista and macula are the specific receptors of the vestibular
apparatus responsible for maintenance of balance of the body and
posture.
51. Specific cells of the retina enable us to see coloured objects around us,
what are they?
Ans. Cone cells of the retina enable us to see the coloured objects around us.
wave from the external auditory canal:
Cochlear nerve, ear drum, stapes, incus, malleus, cochlea.
Ans. Ear drum, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea, chochlear nerve.
53. There are many endocrine glands in human body. Name the gland which
is absent in male and the one absent in female.
Ans. In Males - Ovary. In Females - Testis.
54. Which of the two adrenocortical layers, zona glomerulosa and zona
reticularis lies outside enveloping the other?
Ans. Outer layer - Zona glomerulosa
Inner layer - Zona reticularis
55. What is erythropoiesis? Which hormone stimulates it?

Ans. Formation of RBC is known as erythropoiesis and the hormone
enythropoietin stimulates the process.
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ANSWERS TO SA TYPE QUESTIONS

a. Open Circulatory System and Closed Circulatory System
Ans. Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System
The blood is pumped out of the heart The blood is circulated within a
into sinuses and the cells and tissues network of vessels.
are directly bathed in it.
b. Oviparous and Viviparous.

Ans. Oviparous Viviparous
Animals which lay eggs are called Animals which give birth to their
oviparous young ones are called viviparous
c. Direct Development and Indirect Development

Ans. Direct Development Indirect Development
Animals which do not have a larval Animals which have a larval stage,
stage in their development are said which do not resemble the adult in
to exhibit direct development. their development are said to exhibit
indirect development.
2. Fill up the blank spaces appropriately
Phylum/Class Excretory Organ Circulatory Organ Respiratory Organ
Arthropoda A B Lungs/ Gills/

Tracheal System
C Nephridia Closed Skin/Parapodia
D Metanephridia Open E
Amphibia F Closed Lung
Ans.
A = Malpighian Tubule/ coxal glands/ D= Mollusca
anternary glands/ green glands
B = Open E= Feather like gills
C = Annelida F= Kidney
3. Give two examples of roots that develop from different parts of the
angiospermic plant other than the radicle.
Ans. The root that arise from parts of plant other than radicle are called
adventitious roots.
Pneumatophores – for respiration
Stilt roots – for support
Prop roots – for support.
4. While eating peach or pear it is usually seen that some stone like
structures get entangled in the teeth, what are these stone like structures
called?
Ans. The structures that get entangled in the teeth while eating fruits like
peach and pear are actually the stone cells or brachysclereids which are
unbranched, short and isodiametric type of sclereids. These stone cells
usually occur in groups and provide grit or stone like hardness that get
entangled in the spaces between teeth.
5. Palm is a monocotyledonous plant, yet it increases in girth. Why

and how?
Ans . A palm tree is a monocotyledonous plant and like all other monocot the
stems do not have primary cambium in the vascular bundles. However,
with age the tree grows in diameter, though slowly, as a result of growth
of the ground tissue. A secondary cambium may be formed in the
hypodermal region of the stem. The later forms the conjunctive tissue
and patches of meristematic cell. The activity of the meristematic cells
result in the formation of secondary vascular bundles.
6. Give the location of hepatic caeca in a cockroach? What is their function?

Ans. A ring of 6-8 blind tubules called hepatic caeca are present at the junction
of foregut and midgut.
Hepatic ceaca secrete digestive juice.
7. Frogs are beneficial for mankind, justify the statement.

Ans. Frogs are beneficial for mankind as they can eat some crop pests and
protect crop. Frogs maintain ecological balance as they are an important
component of food chain and food web in the ecosystem. They are edible
in some countries.
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8. Common name of some animals are given in Column A, write their

scientific name in Column B.
A B
a. Tiger Panthera tigris
b. Peacock Pavo cristatus
c. Housefly Musca domestica
9. When a freshly collected Spirogyra filament is kept in 10% potassium

nitrate solution, it is observed that the protoplasm shrinks in size:
a. What is this phenomenon called?
b. What will happen if the filament is replaced in distilled water?
Ans. a. This phenomenon is called plasmolysis. (The shrinkage of
protoplast from the cell wall under the influence of a strong
solution/ hypertonic solution is called plasmolysis.
b. If filaments are replaced in water the protoplast starts swelling. It
comes in contact with cell wall and cell regains its original size.
The swelling up of plasmolyzed protoplast under the influence of
a weak solution or water is called deplasmolysis
10. How is sulphur important for plants? Name the amino acids in which it
is present.
Ans. Sulphur, besides being present in some amino acids essential for protein
synthesis, is also a constituent of several coenzymes, vitamins and
ferrodoxin which are involved in some biochemical pathway.
11. How are organisms like Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus of significance

in nitrogen cycle?
Ans. Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus carry out denitrification process wherein
the nitrate present in the soil is reduced to nitrogen thus contributing to
the atmospheric nitrogen.
12. Carefully observe the following figure

a. Name the technique shown in the figure and the scientist who
demonstrated this technique for the first time?
Ans. Hydroponics, Julius von Sachs.
b. Name atleast three plants for which this technique can be employed
for their commercial production
Ans. Tomato, seedless cucumber, lettuce.
c. What is the significance of aerating tube and feeding funnel in this
set-up?
Ans. Aerating tube ensures adequate aeration of the root for optimum
growth of the plant. The funnel is used to release water and
nutrients into the container with nutrient solution. This solution
needs to be replaced every day or two for maximum growth.
13. Which is the most crucial enzyme found in root nodules for N2 fixation?
Does it require a special pink coloured pigment for its functioning?
Elaborate?
Ans. Nitrogenase. Yes, it does require the presence of a pink coloured pigment in
the nodule called leg-haemoglobin for its functioning. This pigment helps
in scavenging oxygen as nitrogenase functions under anaerobic condition.
requirements?
Ans. Succulent (water storing) plants such as cacti, euphorbias fix CO2 into
organic compound using PEP carboxylase at night, when the stomata
are open.
PEP + CO2 OAA
OAA Malic acid
The organic compound (malic acid) accumulates throughout the night
and is decarboxylated during the day to produce CO2.
15. Chlorophyll ‘a’ is the primary pigment for the light reaction. What are
accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis?
Ans. Accessory pigments are those pigments, which assist in photosynthesis
by capturing energy from light of different wavelengths. e.g., chlorophyll-
b, Xanthophylls and carotenoids.
Role in Photosynthesis:
a. They absorb wavelength of light not absorbed by chlorophyll ‘a’
and transfer the energy to chlorophyll.
b. They also protect chlorophyll a from photo-oxidation.
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16. Nicotiana tabacum, a Short Day Plant, when exposed to more than critical
period of light fails to flower. Explain.
Ans. a. Some plants require a periodic exposure to alternate light and
dark for its flowering response. This phenomenon is termed
photoperiodism.
b. The requirement of light exposure is critical. The SDP plants, when
exposed to light period in excess of critical period fail to flower,
c. Those plants which require exposure to light period at critical or
more than critical period for its flowering response are called
long-day-plant.
d. Nicotiana tabacum, fails to flower if exposed to more than critical
period of light because it is a SDP.
17. What are the structural characteristics of

a. Meristematic cells near root tip
b. The cells in the elongation zone of the root
Ans. a. The meristematic cells near root tip are characterised by:
- rich protoplasm,
- large conspicuous nucleus
- thin and cellulosic cell wall-primary in nature
- fewer vacuoles
- greater number of mitochondria
- numerous (abundant) plasmodesmata
b. The cells in the elongation zone of a root are characterized by
- increased vacuolation
- enlarged size/dimension
- deposition of new cellulosic cell walls.
18. A gardener finds some broad-leaved dicot weeds growing in his lawns.
What can be done to get rid of the weeds efficiently?
Ans. The dicotyledonous plant grow by their apical shoot meristems while
grasses (which make lawns) possess intercalary meristem. Certain
auxins, such as synthetic 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) when
applied in excess can damage the shoot apical meristems but they do
not cause any damage to the intercalary meristems. Thus, when 2, 4-D
is sprayed on lawns, only the dicots get killed and the lawns become free
of weeds.
19. What is pancreas? Mention the major secretions of pancreas that are
helpful in digestion.
Ans. Pancreas is a gland having exocrine and endocrine portions involved in
secreting digestive enzymes as well as hormones.
Major secretions of pancreas involved in digestion are inactive enzymes
listed below:
a. Trypsinogen
b. Chymotrypsinogen
c. Procarboxypeptidases
d. Amylases
e. Lipases
f. Nucleases
20. Name the part of the alimentary canal where major absorption of digested
food takes place. What are the absorbed forms of different kinds of food
materials?
Ans. Small intestine is the part of alimentary canal where digested food
materials are mainly absorbed.
Amino acids (proteins), monosachharides like glucose, fructose galactose,
etc. (carbohydrate) and fatty acids and glycerol (fats) are different
absorbable forms of food materials.
21. State the different modes of CO2 transport in blood.

Ans. Nearly 20-25% of CO2 by RBCs
Nearly 70% of CO2 as bicarbonates
Nearly 7% of CO2 as dissolved state in plasma.
22. Compared to O2, diffusion rate of CO2 through the diffusion membrane
per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher. Explain.
Ans. Solubility is an important factor deciding diffusion rate. As the solubility
of CO2 is 20-25 times higher than O2, diffusion of CO2 through the
diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher.
23. Differentiate between Blood and Lymph.

Ans. Blood is a connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma and
formed elements (RBCs, WBCs & Platelets). Blood flows in blood vascular
system comprising heart, artcries and veins.
L ymph is a colourless fluid containing specialized lymphocytes
(imparting immunity to the body), but devoid of RBCs. Lymph flows in
the lymphatic system and it absorbs fats.
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24. Briefly describe the following:

a. Atherosclerosis
b. Thrombocytes
Ans. Atherosclerosis: Sometimes deposition of calcium, fat, cholesterol and
fibrous tissues occurs in the blood vessel (e.g., coronary artery) supplying
blood to the heart muscles. This condition makes the lumen of arteries
narrower affecting blood supply to heart; which leads to Coronary Artery
Disease (CAD) also referred to as atherosclerosis.
Thrombocytes: Blood platelets are cell fragments produced from
megakaryocytes (they are special cells in the bone marrow) and also
referred as thrombocytes. Normal blood contains 1,50,000 - 3,50,000
platelets mm3. Thrombocytes release a variety of substances like
thrombokinase, most of which are involved in blood clothig. A significant
drop in the count of blood platelets can lead to Clotting disorders which
will lead to excessive blood loss from the body.
25. a. What is the major site where RBCs are formed.
Ans. Bone marrow
b. Which part of the heart is responsible for initiating and maintaining
the rhythmic activity of the heart.
Ans. Sino-Atrial Node (S.A. Node)
c. Name the reptile which has four chambered heart.
Ans. Crocodile
26. What is the role played by Renin-Angiotensin in the regulation of kidney

function?
Ans. Renin is released from JGA on activation due to fall in the glomerula
blood pressure/flow. Renin converts angiotensinogen in blood to
angiotensin-I and further to angiotensin-II. Angiotensin-II being a
powerful vasoconstrictor, increase the glomerular blood pressure and
thereby GFR. Angiotensin-II also activates the adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone. Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na+ and water from the
distal parts of the tubule. This also leads to an increase in blood pressure
and thereby GFR. This is generally known as the Renin - Angiotensin
mechanism.
27. The following parts in our body have specific name in Osteology, write
against each. Ans.
a. Knee cap - patella
b. Collar bone - clanicle
c. Skull - cranium
28. Write a few lines about Gout.

Ans. When metabolic waste-uric acid crystals are accumulated in bones, then
it results into inflammation of bone and joints thereby causing pain.
This disorder of skeletal system is called gout.
29. What are the point for articulation of pelvic and pectoral girdles?
Ans. The components of pelvic girdle are ilium, ischium and pubis. It
articulates with femur through acetabulum.
The component of pectoral girdle are scapula and clavicle. It is the
glenoid cavity of pectoral girdle in which head of humerus articulates.
30. What is the role-played by lutenizing hormones in males and females

respectively?
Ans. LH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens called male
hormones. In females, LH is essential for ovulation.
In females, LH induces ovulation of fully mature follicles (graafian follicles)
and maintains the corpus luteum formed from the remnants of the
graafian follicles after ovulation.
31. What is the role of second messenger in hormone action?

Ans. Hormones which do not enter the target cell, interact with specific
receptors located on the surface of the target cell membranes and
generates second messengers (e.g., CAMP) on the inner side of plasma
membrane. The second messenger, in turn, carries out all the hormonal
functions.
32. Old people have weak immune system. What could be the reason?
Ans. Thymus is degenerated in old individual resulting in a decreased
production of thymosins. As a result the immune responses of old
persons become weak.
ANSWERS TO LA TYPE QUESTIONS
1. With the help of a schematic diagram describe the haplo-diptontic life

cycle pattern in plants.
Ans. In a sexually reproducing plant there is an alternation of generation
between a haploid and a diploid phase of plant bodies. The haploid
plant body is termed gametophyte while the diploid plant body is called
sporophyte. The gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis while the
haploid spores are produced by sporophyte following meiosis (reduction
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division). Two gamete fuse together to produce a zygote which develops

into the diploid sporophyte.
In a haplodiplontic life cycle pattern, such as in bryophyta or
pteridophyta both the phases of life are multicellular. However, in
bryophytes, the gametophytes are small, photosynthetic, independent
and represent dominant phase. The partly or totally dependent,
sporophyte is physically attached to the gametophyte. The (n) spores
dispersed by sporophyte germinate into individual gametophytic plants.
However, in pteridopyhtes the 2n (diploid) phase is dominant, well
organized, independent while the n phase though also freeliving and
independent is short lived and photosynthetic. In both of these groups
of plants the mobile male gametes, antherozoid produced by sex organ
antheridium, travel to archegonium (bearing an egg cell) via the medium
of water. Egg cell is non motile hence the reproduction is oogamous.
Sporophyte
(2n)
Zygote
(2n)
Syn A
gam
y
Meiosis
Gametogenesis
Haplo-diplontic
B Spores
(n)
Gametophyte (c)
(n)
Diagram
2. Lichen is usually cited as an example of ‘symbiosis’ in plants where
an algal and a fungal species live together for their mutual benefit.
What will happen if algal and fungal partners are separated from
each other?
a. Both will survive and grow normally and independent from each other.
b. Both will die
c. Algal component will survive while the fungal component will die.
d. Fungal component will survive while algal partner will die.
Based on your answer how do you justify this association as symbiosis.
Ans. Lichen is usually cited as an example of symbiosis in biology where

in a fungal and an algal species live together for mutual benefit. The
algal component synthesizes the food through photosynthesis which
is utilized by the fungal species for its survival. The fungal component
in return provides shelter and waste products that are consumed by
algal species.
Experiments though have shown that algal component can grow
independently when separated from fungal species. But same is not true
with the fungal component which dies when separated from algal
component. This association is, therefore, a typical case of master- slave
relationship where fungus (master) has trapped the algal components
(slave) for its own survival while giving nothing in return to it . Some
authors consider this association as controlled parasitism or helotism
due to the fact that sometimes the fungus sends its haustoria into the
algal cells to derive nourishment.
3. Distinguish between families fabaceae, solanaceae, liliaceae on the basis

of gynoecium characteristics. Also write economic importance of any
one of the above family.
Ans. a. Gynoecium
i. Fabaceae - Monocarpellary, ovary unilocular, marginal
placentation
ii. Solanaceae - Bicarpellary syncarpous, carpels placed obliquely,
bilocular, axile placentation
iii. Liliaceae - Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, axile
placentation
b. Economic importance of fabacae.
i. Source of pulses (gram, arhar)
ii. Edible oil (soyabean, groundnut)
iii. dye (indigofera)
iv. fibres (sunhemp)
v. fodder (Sesbania, Trifolium)
vi. ornamental (lupin)
vii. Medicine (mulaithi)

What does the term placenta refer to? Name the different types of
placentation seen in plants. Draw any three types of placentation in
flowers as seen in T.S.
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Ans. The ovules are female reproductive structures and borne in the ovary of
the flower. The number, structure, their position in the ovary varies in
different plants. They also differ in mode of attachment with the ovary
wall. At the point of attachment there is a cellular ridge or cushion of
cells called placenta. The mode of attachment of ovule to the placenta is
known as placentation which is of the following types: (a) Parietal (b)
Marginal (c) Axile (d) Free central (e) Basal.
(b) (c) (d)
Axile Placentation Parietal placentation Free central placentation
5. Explain the digestive system of cockroach with the help of a labelled

sketch.
Ans. The digestive system consists of alimentary canal and digestive glands.
The alimentary canal of cockroach is divided into foregut, midgut and
hindgut. The mouth opens into a short tubular pharynx, leading to a
narrow tubular passage, the oesophagus, which opens into a sac like
crop used for storing food. The crop is followed by a gizzard or
proventriculus. Gizzard consists of six - chitinous plates called teeth
which helps in grinding food. The entire foregut is lined by cuticle. A
ring of six - eight blind tubular structures called hepatic or gastric caecae
is present at the junction of foregut and midgut which secrete digestive
juice. At the junction of midgut and hindgut is present another ring of
yellow colored thin filamentous malpighian tubules which help in
removal of excretory products from haemolymph. The hindgut is broader
than midgut and is differentiated into ileum, colon and rectum. The
rectum opens out through anus.
6. It is observed that deficiency of a particular element showed its symptoms

initially in older leaves and then in younger leaves.
immobile? Name two elements which are highly mobile and two
which are relatively immobile.
Ans. It is actively mobilized. Highly mobile- nitrogen, magnesium
Relatively immobile- calcium, boron
b. How is the aspect of mobility of elements important to horticulture

and agriculture?
Ans. Symptoms of deficiency of mobile elements are more pronounced
in older leaves and symptoms of deficiency of relatively immobile
element appear first in younger leaves. This information can be
utilised by horticulturist and agriculturist to get a broad idea of
the deficiency elements in plants.
7. Explain the mechanism of breathing with neat labelled sketches

Ans. Breathing involves two stages.
a. Inspiration: Inspiration is initated by the contraction of
diaphragm, which increases the volume of thoracic chamber in
the anterioposterior axis. The contraction of external inter-costal
muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum causing an increase in
the volume of thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis also. Such
Pharynx
Salivary gland
Salivary
reservoir
Oesophagus
Crop
Gizzard
Hepatic caeca
Mesentron
or midgut
Malpighian
tubules
Rectum
Ileum
Colon
an increase in thoracic volume leads to a similar increase in

pulmonary volume resulting in decreased intra-pulmonary
pressure to less than atmospheric pressure. This causes the
movement of external air into the lungs. i.e., inspiration.
b. Expiration: The inter-costal muscles return the diaphragm and
sternum to their normal positions with relaxation of the diaphragm.
This reduces the thoracic volume and thereby the pulmonary
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volume. As a result an increase in intra-pulmonary pressure to

slightly above the atmospheric pressure causes the expulsion of
air from the lungs i.e., expiration.
8. Explain different types of blood groups and donor compatibility by

making a table.
Ans. ABO blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface
antigens on the RBCs namely A and B. Similarly, the plasma of different
individuals contain two natural antibodies anti-A and anti-B. Blood
group ‘A’ carries antigen-A and antibodies-B. The donor’s group for
blood group A are A and O. Blood group B carries antigen-B and
antibodies-A. The donor’s group for blood group B are B and O. Blood
group AB carries antigens A and B but no corresponding antibodies so,
the compatible donor’s group for blood group AB are A, B, AB and O
hence, blood group ‘AB’ is also called as “universal acceptor”. Blood
group ‘O’ carries no antigens but carries antibodies both A and B hence
its compatible donor’s group is only ‘O’ but it is a compatible donor
group for all the blood groups. A, B, AB and O hence, blood group ‘O’ is
called as ‘universal donor’.
Blood groups and donor compatibility
Blood Group Antigen on RBCs Antibodies in Plasma Donor’s Compatibility

A A Anti-B A. O
B B Anti-A B. O
AB A.B Nil AB, A. B. O
O Nil Anti - A, B O
Ans. Muscle contraction is initiated by a neural signal, which after reaching

neuromuscular junction or motor end plate releases a neurotransmitter,
as a result an action potential in the sarcolemma is generated. Action
potential spreads through muscle fibre and causes the release of calcium
ions into the sarcoplasm. Increase in Ca2+ level leads to the binding of
calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin filaments and thereby
removes the masking of active sites for myosin. Utilising the energy from
ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active site
on actin to form a cross-bridge. This pulls the attached actin filaments
towards the centre of ‘A’ band. The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are
also pulled inwards thereby causing shortening of the sarcomere, i.e.,
contraction.
A new ATP binds to myosin head and the cross-bridge is broken. The
ATP is again hydrolysed by the myosin head and the cycle of cross-
bridge formation and breakage is repeated causing further sliding. The
process continues till the Ca++ ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic
cisternae resulting in masking of actin filaments and breakage of all
cross bridges. This cause the return of ‘Z’ lines along with filaments
back to their original position, i.e., relaxation.
11. Differentiate between pectoral and pelvic girdle.

Ans. Pectoral and pelvic girdle help in the articulation of upper and lower
limbs respectively. Each girdle is made of two equal halves.
Each half of a pectoral girdle consists of clavicle and scapula. Scapula is
a large triangular flat bone. There is glenoid cavity at the joint of scapula,
clavicle and acromian process, which articulates with the head of
humerus to form the shoulder joint.
Each half of pelvic girdle is formed by three bones-ilium, ischium and
pubis. At the point of their fusion; there is a cavity called acetabulum to
which the head of femur articulates.
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12. On an educational trip to Uttaranchal, Ketki and her friends observe

that people in many localities have swollen necks. Please help Ketki and
her friends to find out the solution to the following questions:
a. Which disease are these people suffering from?
Ans. People with swollen necks are suffering from goitre.
b. How is it caused?
Ans. It is caused due to the deficiency of Iodine in our diet. Iodine is
essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid.
c. Which hormones could be decreased by this condition?
Ans. Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
d. What effect does this condition have on pregnancy?
Ans. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and

maturation of the growing baby leading to - i) stunted growth, ii) mental
retardation, iii) low I Q, iv) abnormal skin and v) deaf-mutism.
CHAPTER 25
MODEL QUESTION PAPER

The chapter deals with the design of Model Question Paper for Biology Class XI. This is based on
model question paper for Biology Class XII placed on NCERT web site (www.ncert.nic.in) and also
keeping in view the question paper developed by CBSE for their board examination 2007. Very
Short Answer (VSA) type questions of two marks are included in the present design and Multiple
Choice Question (MCQ) of one mark each is also suggested. This chapter is divided into three
headings, such as Design of the Question Paper, Model Questions and Answers with Marking Scheme.
DESIGN OF THE QUESTION PAPER

In order to develop a balanced question paper various parameters are taken into consideration.
They are the type of questions, marks allocation, number of questions, time allocation, unit/
chapterwise distribution, difficulty level etc. An attempt has been made to provide proper weightage
to these parameters under four separate sub-headings.
Type of Question and Marking
1. Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) (1) mark

2. Very Short Answer Type Question (VSA) (2) marks
3. Short Answer Type Question (SA) (3) marks
4. Long Answer Type Question (LA) (5) marks
Number, Marks and Time Allocation to Each Type of Questions

Type & Marks Time in Minutes Number Marks distribution Time distribution
of questions
MCQ - 1 mark 2 14 14 × 1 = 14 14 × 2 = 28
VSA - 2 marks 5 10 10 × 2 = 20 10 × 5 = 50
SA - 3 marks 8 7 7 × 3 = 21 7 × 8 = 56
LA - 5 marks 12 3 3 × 5 = 15 3 × 12 = 36
Total 34 Questions 70 Marks 170 minutes

MODEL QUESTION PAPER 157
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Unit-wise Distribution of the Questions and Marks
Unit Unit wise Questions of Unit wise Distribution of

each type and marks in( ) total question and marks
MCQ VSA SA LA Total Question Total Marks
Diversity in the Living World 1 2 1 - 4 8

(1) (4) (3)
Structural Organisation in 3 1 - 1 5 10
Plants and Animals (3) (2) (5)
Cell: Structure and Functions 3 2 1 - 6 10
(3) (4) (3)
Plant Physiology 3 3 2 1 9 20
(3) (6) (6) (5)
Human Physiology 4 2 3 1 10 22
(4) (4) (9) (5)
Total 14 10 7 3 34 70
Difficulty Level of the Question
Easy (E) - 20% = 14 marks

Average (A) - 60% = 42 marks
Difficult (D) - 20% = 14 marks
MODEL QUESTIONS
MCQ‘S Mark 01
Tick the correct statement
1. The term ‘systematics’ refers to:

a. Identification and classification of plants and animals
b. Nomenclature and identification of plants and animals
c. Diversity of kinds of organisms and their relationship
d. Different kinds of organisms and their classification
2. Venation is a term used to describe the pattern of arrangment of

a. Floral organs
b. Flower in infloresence
c. Veins and veinlets in a lamina
d. All of them
3. Interfascicular cambium and cork cambium are formed due to

a. Cell division
b. Cell differentiation
c. Cell dedifferentiation
d. Redifferentiation
4. Which one of the following is not a connective tissue

a. Bone
b. Cartilage
c. Blood
d. Muscles
5. Which of the following statements is true for a secretory cell?

a. Golgi apparatus is absent
b. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is easily observed in the cell
c. Only Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) is present
d. Secretory granules are formed in nucleus.
6. Many organic substances are negatively charged e.g., acetic acid, while
others are positively charged e.g., ammonium ion. An aminoacid under
certain conditions would have both positive and negative charges
simultaneously in the same molecule. Such a form of aminoacid is called
a. Positively charged form
b. Negatively charged form
c. Neutral form
d. Zwitterionic form
7. Mark the correct event during anaphase-I of meiosis

a. Homologous chromosomes separate
b. Non-homologous chromosomes separate
c. Sister chromatids separate
d. Non-sister chromatids separate
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8. The form of sugar transported through phloem is

a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Sucrose
d. Ribose
9. Reactions carried out by N2 fixing microbes include

a. 2NH3 + 3O2 2NO2- + 2H+ + 2H2O (i)
b. 2NO2- + O2 2NO3- (ii)
Which of the following statements about these equations is not true
a. Step (i) is carried out by Nitrosomonas or Nitrococcus
b. Step (ii) is carried out by Nitrobacter
c. Both steps (i) and (ii) can be called nitrification
d. Bacteria carrying out these steps are usually photoautotrophs
10. PEP is primary CO2 acceptor in

a. C4 plants
b. C3 plants
c. C2 plants
d. Both C3 + C4 plants
11. Glycogen is a homopolymer made of

a. Glucose units
b. Galactose units
c. Ribose units
d. Aminoacids
12. One of the common symptoms observed in people infected with Dengue
fever is
a. significant decrease in RBC count
b. significant decrease in WBC count
c. significant decrease in platelets count
d. significant increase in platelets count

a. The medullary zone of kidney is divided into a few cortical masses
called medullary pyramids projecting into the calyces.
b. Inside the kidney the cortical region extends in between the
medullary pyramids as renal pelvis.
c. Glomerulus alongwith Bowman’s capsule is called the renal
corpuscle.
d. Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tabule (PCT) and distal
convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron are situated in the cortical
region of kidney.
14. Mary is about to face an interview. But during the first five minutes
before the interview she experiences sweating, increased rate of heart
beat, respiration etc. Which hormone is responsible for her restlessness?
a. Estrogen and progesterone
b. Oxytocin and vasopressin
c. Adrenaline and noradrenaline
d. Insulin and glucagon
VSA Marks 02
15. Suppose you accidentally find an old preserved permanent slide without
a label. In your effort to identify it, you place the slide under microscope
and observe the following features :-
a. Unicellular
b. Well defined nucleus
c. Biflagellate–one flagellum lying longitudinally and the other
transversely.
What would you identify it as? Can you name the kingdom it belongs to?
18. What is the feature of a metacentric chromosome?
19. Reaction given below is catalysed by oxidoreductase between two

substrates A and A’, complete the reaction.
A reduced + A’ oxidised
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Give reason.
21. Identify the process occurring in II and III.
22. Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast? What is

the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development?
23. Cigarette smoking causes emphysema. Suggest reasons.
wave from the external auditory canal:
Cochlear nerve, ear drum, stapes, incus, malleus, cochlea.
SA Marks 03
25. The heterosporous pteridophytes show certain characteristics, which

are precursor to the seed habit in gymnosperms. Explain.
26. The following events occur during the various phases of the cell cycle,
Write the phase against each of the events.
a. Appearance of nucleolus _________________________
b. Division of centromere _________________________
c. Replication of DNA _________________________
27. How is sulphur important for plants? Name on amino acids in which it
is present.
28. What is the mechanism underlying the phenomenon by which the

terminal/apical bud suppresses the growth of lateral buds? Suggest
measures to overcome this phenomenon.
29. While eating peach or pear it is usually seen that some stone like
structures get entangled in the teeth, what are these stone like structures
called?
requirements?
31. How are the activities of gastro-intestinal tract regulated?
LA Marks 05

What does the term placenta refer to? Name the different types of
placentation seen in plants. Draw any three types of placentation in
flowers as seen in T.S.
33. Give the biochemical events occurring in the root nodule of a pulse plant.
What is the end product? What is its fate?
or
It is observed that deficiency of a particular element showed its
symptoms initially in older leaves and then in younger leaves.
immobile?
b. Name two elements which are highly mobile and two which are
relatively immobile.
c. How is the aspect of mobility of elements important to horticulture
and agriculture?
or
A milkman is very upset one morning as his cow refuses to give any
milk. The milkman’s wife gets the calf from the shed. On fondling by the
calf, the milkman got sufficient milk. Describe the role of endocrine gland
and hormone associated with this response with suitable diagram.
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163
163
Answers with Marking Scheme
Answers
Marks
MCQ
1. c—Diversity of kinds of organisms and their relationship 1

2. c— Veins and veinlets in a lamina 1
3. a—Cell division 1
4. d—Muscles 1
5. b—Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is easily observed in the cell 1
6. d—Zwitterionic form 1
7. a—Homologus chromosomes separate 1
8. a—Sucrose 1
9. d—Bacteria carrying out these steps are usually photoautotrophs 1
10. a—C4 plants 1
11. a—Glucose units 1
12. d—Significant increase in platelets count 1
13. b—Inside the kidney the cortical region extends inbetween the medullary 1
pyramids as renal pelvis.
14. c—Adrenaline and noradrenaline 1
VSA
15. Dinoflagellates 1+1
Kingdom: Protista hereas larvae show bilateral symmetry.

16. In Phylum Echinodermeta, adults show radial symmetry whereas larvae 1+1
show bilateral symmetry.
17. Male Frog. 2
18. The metacentric chromosome has a centromere in the middle region 1+1
with two equal arms of the chromosome
19. A reduced + A′ oxidised → A oxidised + A′ reduced 2
20. Exosmosis 2
21. II—Antiport 1+1
III—Symport
22. NADP reductase enzyme is located on the stroma side of thylakoid 1+1
membrane.
This helps in reduction of NADP+ is NADPH + H+ to create a proton gradient
across thylakoid membrane leading to release of energy.
23. Cigarette smoking causes damage of the alveolar walls leading to

2
decreased respiratory surfaces for exchange of gases.
24. Ear drum, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea, chochlear nerve. 2
SA
25. All seed plants including gymnosperms are heterosporous producing 3

megaspores and microspores that give rise respectively to
megagametophytes and microgametophytes, a condition required for
seed production. Production of seed is an extreme form of heterospory,
in which ovule is formed, the structure which develops into seed. The
seed has replaced the spore of lower plants as the unit of dispersal. The
presence of heterospory in pteridophytes indicates the evolution of
gymnosperms from pteridophytes.
26. a—Telophase b—Anaphase c—Interphase 1+1+1
27. Sulphur, besides being present in some amino acids essential for protein 3
synthesis, is also a constituent of several coenzymes, vitamins and
ferrodoxin which are involved in some biochemical pathway. It is present
in amino acid cystein.
28. The phenomenon by which the terminal apical bud suppresses the 3
growth of lateral buds is referred to as apical dominance. This is because
of the hormone auxin synthesised in the apical bud that inhibits lateral
bud development.
This can be overcome by removing the apical bud (decapitating) and

young leaves which will increase branching. It may also be possible to
overcome this phenomena by application of cytokinin and antiauxins
like ethylene chlorohydrin, DCA (dichloroanisole) etc.
29. The structures that get entangled in the teeth while eating fruits like 3
peach and pear are actually the stone cells or brachysclereids which are
unbranched, short and isodiametric type of sclereids. These stone cells
usually occur in groups and provide grit or stone like hardness that get
entangled in the spaces between teeth.
30. Succulents (water storing) plants fix CO2 into organic compound using 1+1+1
PEP carboxylase at night, when the stomata are open.
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PEP + CO2 OAA

OAA Malic acid
The organic compound (malic acid) accumulates throughout
the night and is decarboxylated during the day to produce
CO2.
31. The activities of gastro-intestinal tract are regulated by the
1+1+1
hormones and neural signals.
The sight and smell of food stimulates secretion of saliva
or
The muscular acitivities of the alimentry canal are moderated
by neural signals.
Hormones produced by the gastric and intestinal mucosa
regulates the secretion of digestive juices.
LA
32. The ovlues are female reproductive structures and borne in 1+1+3
the ovary of the flower. Their number, structure, position in
the ovary varies in different plants. They also differ in their
mode of attachment with the the ovary wall. At the point of
attachement there is a cellular ridge or cushion of cells called
placenta. The mode of attachment of ovule to the placenta is
known as placentation which is of the following types:
(b)(b) Marginal (c) Axile
(a) Parietal (d)(e) Basal
(c) (d) Free Central
Axile Parietal Free central

Placentation Placentation Placentation
33. (i) Root nodules are the site of N2 fixation. The fixation of nitrogen 3
is done by Nitrogenase enzyme, an Mo-Fe protein present in
the nodule. The process requires a source of electrons, protons
and ATP molecules.Nitrogen is bound to the enzyme surface
and is reduced in stepwise reaction to ammonia. This stepwise
reduction of N2 to NH3 is catalyzed by nitrogenase with the
help of reducing agents and hydrolysis of ATP. When eight

electrons (and 8H+) are accepted by N2, 2 NH3 are released
from the enzyme. The biochemical pathway can be
summarized by the reaction below:
N2 + 8e– + 8H+ + 16 ATP → 2 NH3 + 12ADP + 12 Pi
(ii) The end product of this reaction is ammonia. ½
(iii) At physiological pH, the ammonia is protonated to 1½

form NH4+ (ammonium) ion which is used to synthesize
amino acids in plants. The synthesis of amino acids take
place by two main ways viz. Reductive amination and
transamination.
or
a—It is actively mobilized 1
b—Highly mobile- Nitrogen, magnesium 2
Relatively immobile- Sulphur, Calcium
c—Symptoms of deficiency of mobile elements are more 2

pronounced in older leaves and symptoms of deficiency of
relatively immobile element appear first in younger leaves.
This information can be utilised by horticulturist and
agriculturist to get a broad idea of the deficiency elements
in plants.
34. Muscle contraction is initiated by a neural signal, which after 3½+1½

reaching neuromuscular junction or motor end plate
releases a neurotransmitter, which generates an action
potential in the sarcolemma. Action potential spreads
through muscle fibre and causes the release of calcium ions
into the sarcoplasm. Increase in Ca2+ level leads to the
binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin
filaments and thereby removes the masking of active sites
for myosin. Utilising the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the
myosin head now binds to the exposed active site on actin
to form a cross-bridge. This pulls the attached actin filaments
towards the centre of ‘A’ band. The ‘Z’ line attached to these
actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing shortening
of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction.
A new ATP binds to myosin head and the cross-bridge is
broken. The ATP is again hydrolysed by the myosin head
and the cycle of cross-bridge formation and breakage is
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167
repeated causing further sliding. The process continues till

the Ca++ ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae
resulting in masking of actin filaments and breakage of all
cross bridges. This cause the return of ‘Z’ lines along with
filaments back to their original position, i.e., relaxation.
or
Sucking by the calf creates a neuroendocrine reflex which results 2½+2½
in release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis. Oxytocin brings
about contraction of smooth muscle of the udder resulting in
milk flow. A direct intra-udder injection of oxytocin like hormone
would do the same function.

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CONTENTS

EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS, ANSWERS AND MODEL PAPER 1-167

Chapter 2 : Biological Classification 6

Chapter 3 : Plant Kindom 10

Chapter 4 : Animal Kingdom 14

Chapter 5 : Morphology of Flowering Plants 21

Chapter 6 : Anatomy of Flowering Plants 27

Chapter 7 : Structural Organisation in Animals 33

Chapter 8 : Cell: The Unit of Life 38

Chapter 10 : Cell Cycle and Cell Division 49

Chapter 11 : Transport in Plants 54

Chapter 12 : Mineral Nutrition 63

Chapter 13 : Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 68

Chapter 14 : Respiration in Plants 77

Chapter 15 : Plant Growth and Development 84

Chapter 16 : Digestion and Absorption 91

Chapter 18 : Body Fluids and Circulation 101

Chapter 19 : Excretory Products and their Elimination 108

Chapter 20 : Locomotion and Movement 114

Chapter 21 : Neural Control and Coordination 119

Chapter 22 : Chemical Coordination and Integration 123

Chapter 23 : Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 129

Chapter 24 : Model Answers to Descriptive Questions 133

Chapter 25 : Model Question Paper 156

THE LIVING WORLD

1. As we go from species to kingdom in a taxonomic hierarchy, the number

2. Which of the following ‘suffixes’ used for units of classification in plants

3. The term ‘systematics’ refers to:

6. Botanical gardens and zoological parks have

7. Taxonomic key is one of the taxonomic tools in the identification and

8. All living organisms are linked to one another because

9. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of living organisms?

10. Match the following and choose the correct option:

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Linnaeus is considered as Father of Taxonomy. Name two other botanists

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

7. Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception.

1. All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to

2. The five kingdom classification was proposed by

3. Organisms living in salty areas are called as

4. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic are the characteristics of

5. An association between roots of higher plants and fungi is called

6. A dikaryon is formed when

7. Contagium vivum fluidum was proposed by

8. Mycobiont and Phycobiont are found in

9. Difference between Virus and Viroid is

12. Members of phycomycetes are found in

Choose from the following options

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is the principle underlying the use of cyanobacteria in agricultural

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Diatoms are also called as ‘pearls of ocean’, why? What is diatomaceous

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Algae are known to reproduce asexually by variety of spores under

1. Cyanobacteria are classified under

2. Fusion of two gametes which are dissimilar in size is termed as

3. Holdfast, stipe and frond constitutes the plant body in case of

4. A plant shows thallus level of organization. It shows rhizoids and is

a. , b. , c.

a. , b. , c.