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    Environment

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    Priyanka Bakshi Yadav
    1) Clean coal technologies (CCTs) aim to reduce environmental impacts from coal use by minimizing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide emissions. CCTs include environmental controls for conventional coal plants, advanced power generation methods like fluidized bed combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle, coal processing, and industrial applications. 2) Advanced power generation technologies like fluidized bed combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle can achieve high efficiencies and very low emissions. They allow removal of over 90% of sulfur and nitrogen pollutants. 3) To fully address climate change, carbon capture and storage from all fossil fuel use is needed. Research is examining technologies to capture CO2 from coal, which could allow carbon

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    Environment

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    Priyanka Bakshi Yadav
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    1) Clean coal technologies (CCTs) aim to reduce environmental impacts from coal use by minimizing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide emissions. CCTs include environmental controls for conventional coal plants, advanced power generation methods like fluidized bed combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle, coal processing, and industrial applications. 2) Advanced power generation technologies like fluidized bed combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle can achieve high efficiencies and very low emissions. They allow removal of over 90% of sulfur and nitrogen pollutants. 3) To fully address climate change, carbon capture and storage from all fossil fuel use is needed. Research is examining technologies to capture CO2 from coal, which could allow carbon

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    1) Clean coal technologies (CCTs) aim to reduce environmental impacts from coal use by minimizing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide emissions. CCTs include environmental controls for conventional coal plants, advanced power generation methods like fluidized bed combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle, coal processing, and industrial applications. 2) Advanced power generation technologies like fluidized bed combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle can achieve high efficiencies and very low emissions. They allow removal of over 90% of sulfur and nitrogen pollutants. 3) To fully address climate change, carbon capture and storage from all fossil fuel use is needed. Research is examining technologies to capture CO2 from coal, which could allow carbon

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    49 views3 pages

    Environment

    Uploaded by

    Priyanka Bakshi Yadav
    1) Clean coal technologies (CCTs) aim to reduce environmental impacts from coal use by minimizing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide emissions. CCTs include environmental controls for conventional coal plants, advanced power generation methods like fluidized bed combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle, coal processing, and industrial applications. 2) Advanced power generation technologies like fluidized bed combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle can achieve high efficiencies and very low emissions. They allow removal of over 90% of sulfur and nitrogen pollutants. 3) To fully address climate change, carbon capture and storage from all fossil fuel use is needed. Research is examining technologies to capture CO2 from coal, which could allow carbon

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    November 2003

    COAL INDUSTRY ADVISORY BOARD


    Meeting with IEA Governing Board, Wednesday 10 December 2003
    Background Paper

    Clean Coal Technologies

    Clean coal technologies (CCTs) have an important role to play over the coming decades to
    minimise the environmental impact of the substantial coal use that is forecast. This briefing
    paper focuses primarily on the technologies to reduce sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of
    nitrogen (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
    CCT projects have demonstrated technologies in four key areas: environmental control
    technologies applicable to conventional plants, advanced power generation, coal processing
    and industrial applications.

    Environmental control technologies at conventional plants


    These technologies were developed to remove or prevent the formation of SO2, NOx and
    particulates when coal is burned to generate electricity at conventional, coal-fired power
    stations where the coal is pulverised to a fine powder before being burned in a boiler to raise
    steam for a steam turbine.
    Flue gas desulphurisation to remove >90% of the SO2, typically using a wet limestone slurry,
    is widely adopted and capital costs have halved over the last decade. Many NOx reduction
    technologies are employed at commercial plants: low-NOx burners, over-fire air, reburn,
    non-catalytic reduction techniques and, to meet the most demanding standards, selective
    catalytic reduction.
    The efficiency of conventional coal-fired power station designs continues to improve with
    each new project, such that CO2 emissions from new plants are 15-25% less than many older
    plants. The latest supercritical steam designs are reducing CO2 emission by a further 10% or
    more, and are the preferred technology choice in many countries.
    Development programmes for ultra-supercritical technology aim to improve coal-fired
    generation efficiency to above 50% (i.e. comparable to gas-fired generation). The scale of
    these programmes means that they are very unlikely to proceed without government
    encouragement and support. This would be justified by the potential carbon savings that
    would result from world-wide application, yet governments in some of the most developed
    countries still hesitate to support development of the technology.

    Advanced power generation


    Advanced, coal-fired power generation technologies offer an alternative approach to the
    conventional technologies discussed above. As always, the aim is to achieve high thermal
    efficiency and hence reduced CO2 emissions, very low pollutant emissions, few solid wastes
    requiring disposal, and improved economics. The two main technologies are:
    • Fluidised-Bed Combustion (FBC)
    • Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
    November 2003

    FBC reduces emissions of SO2 and NOx by the controlled combustion of crushed coal in a bed
    fluidised with jets of air. Sulphur released from the coal as SO2 is captured by a sorbent (e.g.
    limestone) injected into the combustion chamber along with the coal. Around 90% of the
    sulphur can be removed as a solid compound with the ash. FBCs operate at a much lower
    temperature than conventional pulverised coal boilers, greatly reducing the amount of thermal
    NOx formed. The relatively simple FBC is particularly suited to poorer quality fuels and is
    widely used in developing countries.
    IGCC systems involve gasification of coal, cleaning the gas produced, and combusting it in a
    gas turbine generator to produce electricity. Residual heat in the exhaust gas from the gas
    turbine is recovered in a heat recovery boiler as steam, which can be used to produce
    additional electricity in a steam turbine generator. IGCC systems are among the cleanest and
    most efficient of the emerging clean coal technologies: sulphur, nitrogen compounds, and
    particulates are removed before the gas is burned in the gas turbine and thermal efficiencies of
    over 50% are likely in the future.
    In the gasifier, sulphur from the coal forms hydrogen sulphide (H2S) which is readily
    removed by commercially available processes. Sulphur removal can exceed 99.9% and
    by-products are saleable sulphur or sulphuric acid. High levels of nitrogen removal are also
    possible. Some of the coal’s nitrogen is converted to ammonia (NH3) which can be almost
    totally removed by established chemical processes, thus limiting the formation of fuel-NOx.
    Thermal-NOx formation in the gas turbine is limited by staged combustion or by adding
    moisture or nitrogen to control flame temperature.

    Coal processing for clean fuels


    A variety of technologies are available to produce clean liquid fuels having high energy
    density and low sulphur. The largest example is in South Africa where almost 40 million
    tonnes of low grade coal is gasified and processed into high quality synfuels, including
    transport fuels, using the Fischer-Tropsch process.

    Industrial applications
    This category includes iron-making, with coal replacing a proportion of the more expensive
    coke traditionally used in blast furnaces. It also includes processes to remove SO2 and other
    pollutants from the flue gases produced during cement manufacture.

    CO2 capture and hydrogen production


    To properly address the climate change issue will require the capture and storage of CO2
    emissions from all fossil fuel use. There is much research work in progress to examine and
    further develop the many technologies that are already available to capture CO2 from coal use.
    Amine scrubbing of the flue gases from conventional coal-fired plant uses equipment that is
    similar to existing FGD, but would be very expensive today and significantly reduce power
    generation efficiency. Engineering refinements and eventual commercialisation should see
    costs fall substantially and the efficiency penalty largely compensated for by the technology
    advances discussed above. Capture of CO2 from IGCC plant has particular attractions, not
    least because it is already demonstrated at an appropriate scale for power generation. It would
    also allow the production of carbon-free hydrogen from coal: a clean transport fuel for the
    future.
    November 2003

    Research, development and demonstration in liberalised markets


    Liberalisation of energy industries is creating intense cost-reduction pressures on all
    companies – coal, oil, natural gas and electricity companies are merging into larger business
    entities that are investing less in research. Government programmes must therefore be
    designed to encourage cost-competitive solutions to the environmental challenges society
    faces. Deregulation and a growing environmental awareness are creating new markets for
    energy concepts that use natural gas, coal, and biomass fuels to generate a mix of products
    that include electricity, liquid fuels and chemicals, with virtually zero environmental impact
    when CO2 is captured. Without major expenditure by governments into these so-called Zero
    Emission Technologies (ZET), it is very doubtful whether the objectives of the UNFCCC can
    be met. The coal industry is fully supportive of the growing collaboration between groups
    engaged in ZET development, notably from the USA, Canada, Australia, Japan and Europe.

    ______________________________

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