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Digital Communication Lab: Delta Modulation

Delta modulation was implemented in a circuit to modulate and demodulate a 500Hz sinusoidal input signal. The circuit used comparators, flip-flops, and op-amps. Slope overload distortion was avoided by using a sampling frequency much higher than the Nyquist rate. Granular noise was reduced by using a small step size for the integrator. The demodulated output closely matched the original input signal, showing that delta modulation can effectively encode and reconstruct analog signals using only 1-bit samples.

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Athul Zac Joseph
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157 views8 pages

Digital Communication Lab: Delta Modulation

Delta modulation was implemented in a circuit to modulate and demodulate a 500Hz sinusoidal input signal. The circuit used comparators, flip-flops, and op-amps. Slope overload distortion was avoided by using a sampling frequency much higher than the Nyquist rate. Granular noise was reduced by using a small step size for the integrator. The demodulated output closely matched the original input signal, showing that delta modulation can effectively encode and reconstruct analog signals using only 1-bit samples.

Uploaded by

Athul Zac Joseph
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB

Lab Report

DELTA MODULATION
12th September 2018

Submitted by,
Aadith A B150184EC
Ajoy Roy B150241EC
Ajesh S B150784EC
Athul Zac Joseph B150473EC
AIM
Setup a circuit to implement delta modulation and observe the modulated output for a sinusoidal
input signal. Also perform the demodulation

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
 IC741
 IC7474
 IN4007
 Resistors -10kΩ, 2kΩ, 1kΩ
 Capacitor -0.1uF

THEORY
Delta modulation is the simplest differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) where the difference
between successive samples are encoded into1-bit data stream. It gives a staircase approximation to an
oversampled version of the input analog signal. In delta modulation, the input signal is compared with
an approximation of it, and the difference is quantized to two levels, one or zero. If the estimate is less
than the input signal, the output is one, and if the estimate is higher than the input signal, the output is
zero. In the estimator, one corresponds to delta increase in the output voltage and zero corresponds to
delta decrease in the output voltage. Thus the step-size of the quantizer is twice delta. Only the change
of information is transmitted, i.e., only an increase or decrease of the signal amplitude from the
previous sample transmitted whereas a no-change condition causes the modulated signal to remain at
the same 0 or 1 state of the previous sample.

The oversampling of the input signal ensures that adjacent samples do not change rapidly. Thus the
stair-case approximation lies well within the delta interval and can track the input signal accurately.
Adjacent sample values should be more correlated to get error sufficiently small.

So Sampling rate >> Nyquist Rate

Slope-overload distortion:
In delta modulation, the rate of rising and falling of the input signal is very high at some time
instants. This rapid change of the input signal cannot be achieved by the staircase signal generated by
the predictor. The step size delta is too small for the predictor to follow the rapid changes in the input
signal. Hence there is a significant difference between the actual signal and predicted signal. This
difference introduces the distortion. It is called slope overload distortion. To avoid slope-overload,
the slope of the input signal must be less than delta/Ts, where Ts is the sampling rate.

∆ 𝑑𝑚(𝑡)
≥ |𝑚𝑎𝑥 where 𝑚(𝑡) is the message signal.
𝑇𝑠 𝑑𝑡
Granular noise:
It happens when the slope of the input signal is too small, or the delta step size is too large that the
staircase approximation hunts around a relatively flat segment of the input waveform, causing an
oscillatory approximation to the waveform. For avoiding granular noise, the step size should be small.

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT


The input signal x(t) is given to a comparator. The other input of the comparator is the estimated
output x’(t). The output of the comparator is given to a D flip-flop which stores the output of the
comparator for one clock period which is required for synchronization purposes. The output of the
flip flop is given to an op-amp which is configured in such a way that the output voltages are +15V
and -15V respectively for 5V and 0V inputs. The estimator is a low pass filter. The cut off frequency
of the low pass filter is adjusted to work as an integrator. The time constant of the low pass filter can
also be used to adjust the step size of the integrator. The step size at the receiver and transmitter
should be the same for exact reproduction of the message signal.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

a) Modulator
b) Demodulator

DESIGN
Input signal - 2Vpp sine wave, 500Hz
Nyquist rate = 1KHz
Sampling frequency (fs)=25kHz

∆ 𝑑𝑚(𝑡)
≥ | = 2 ∗ 2𝑝𝑖 ∗ 1000 = 8000𝑝𝑖
𝑇𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥

4000𝑝𝑖
∆≥ = 0.502𝑉
25000
Let ∆= 0.6𝑉

Design Of Integrator

Output voltage of integrator , v(t) = 15(1-e^(-t/RC))

15(1-e^(-Ts/RC)) = 0.6

1-e^-0.04ms/RC = 0.04
e^-0.04ms/RC = 0.96

0.04ms/RC =-ln(0.96)

RC = 0.9798ms
C = 100nF
R=10 kΩ
PROCEDURE
 The circuit is assembled as shown in the circuit diagram.
 A sinusoidal wave of 500Hz is applied at the input.
 The clock frequency must be very large when compared to the message frequency. So 25 kHz
clock is applied at the clock of the D flip flop.
 The time constant of the low pass filter has to be adjusted by adjusting the potentiometer to get
the desired output.
 In demodulation use the same designed values of integrator to get demodulated sine wave.

OBSERVATION

 Delta modulated signal

Channel1:- Delta modulated signal Channel2:- Input signal


 Output at Integrator

Channel1:- Output at the integrator Channel2:- Input signal

 Demodulated Output

Channel1:- Demodulated signal Channel2:- Input signal


INFERENCE
 Delta modulation is an easily implementable modulation scheme where information can be
communicated in the form of a 1-bit data stream.
 Slope-overload distortion can be avoided either by increasing the step size or by increasing
the sampling frequency much larger than Nyquist rate.
 Granular noise can be avoided by reducing the step-size. Hence simultaneously reducing both
kinds of noises in delta modulation is difficult. In delta modulation we can take a value of delta
for which both if these noises are less. But this can be possible in adaptive delta modulation.
 The staircase approximation of the input signal closely follows the original provided the slope
of the signal and the step size of the quantizer are not too large or small.
 For successful reconstruction of signal, delta value at demodulator must be same as of that at
input.

RESULT
Delta modulated output for the given analog input was obtained. The estimate x’(t) is closely
following the input x(t). Demodulated the delta modulated signal to get input back.

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