AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

USE OF THE VERB TO BE IN THE

I am I am not / I'm not Am I?
PRESENT SIMPLE
you are you are not / you aren't Are you?
o We use the verb be to
describe the appearance or
he is he is not / he isn't Is he?
the feelings of people.
o We use the verb be to
she is she is not / she isn't Is she?
express a job.
it is it is not / it isn't Is it? o We use the verb be to
describe where people are
we are we are not / we aren't Are we? or the existence of
something.
you are you are not / you aren't Are you? o We use the verb be to
express the age of a person
they are they are not / they aren't Are they?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I have got / I've got I haven't got Have I got?

you have got / you've got you haven't got Have you got? USE OF THE VERB HAVE GOT
IN THE PRESENT SIMPLE
he has got / he's got he hasn't got Has he got?
o
We use it to speak about
she has got / she's got she hasn't got Has she got? possessions.
o We express appearance:
it has got / it's got it hasn't got Has it got? describing hair and eyes.
o We can use this verb with the
we have got / we've got we haven't got Have we got? present simple form of the
other verbs (auxiliary).
you have got / you've got you haven't got Have you got?

they have got / they've got they haven't got Have they got?
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Subject + verb (s) Subject + do(es)n't + infinitive Do(es) + Subject + infinitive

I work I don't work Do I work? USE OF THE PRESENT

SIMPLE
you work you don't work Do you work?
o Acciones que ocurren con
he works * he doesn't work Does he work? regularidad (hábitos /
rutinas)
she works * she doesn't work Does she work?
o Expresar gustos u opinions.
o Describir personas o cosas.
it works * it doesn't work Does it work?
o Hablar de hechos generales o
we work we don't work Do we work?
verdades universales
o Futuro: horarios fijos
you work you don't work Do you work? (transporte, cine, museos,
conciertos, etc…)
they work they don't work Do they work?

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Spelling of the 3rd person singular:
Los usamos para expresar con qué frecuencia hacemos algo. How
Añadimos “-s ” al verbo principal en las oraciones
often do you…? Se colocan delante del verbo principal pero detrás del
afirmativas. verbo be.
Añadimos “-es” según la terminación: Always, normally, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever, never.
o Verbos acabados en -ch, -sh, -ss, -x
o Verbos acabados en –o
o Verbos acabados en consonant + -y
STATIVE VERBS
(se cambia la “y” por “i” y añadimos “-es”)
study  studies (*play  plays) No suelen usarse en el tiempos continuos. Describen estados,
situaciones y condiciones. Se dividen en varios grupos

For the rest of the verbs, we add “-s”. Estados: *feel, be. [*feel: “How are you feeling today?”]

Opinión, duda, acuerdo o desacuerdo: agree, disagree, believe,

TIME EXPRESSIONS doubt, depend, understand, know, mean, remember, mind, suppose,
guess, appear, matter, concern, *think, realize, seem, look.
Se colocan al principio o al final de la oración.
Preferencias o emociones: like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, enjoy
Expresan frecuencia.
Posesión: *have, posses, belong, own, owe, lack, include, involve.
o Every + hour, day, week, year, time…
o On + days of the week Peso, medida o contenido: weigh, measure, consist, contain.
o At + the weekend / night
o In the + morning, afternoon, evening Deseo o necesidad: want, wish, need, deserve.
o Once / Twice a + day, week, year…
Percepción o sentidos: sound, hear, *taste, *see, *smell, imagine,
recognise, satisfy.

Per
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

USE OF THE PRESENT

CONTINUOUS
I am working I am not working am I working? o Para expresar acciones
que están sucediendo en
you are working you aren't working are you working? el momento en el que
hablamos o también
he is working he isn't working is he working? acciones que están
teniendo lugar
she is working she isn't working is she working?
temporalmente.
it is working it isn't working is it working? ********************

we are working we aren't working are we working? *Expresar future arrangements

(planes organizados de
you are working you aren't working are you working? antemano).

they are working they aren't working are they working?

Spelling of the verb in the -ING form: TIME EXPRESSIONS:

Los tiemposcontinuos se forman con el verbo to be y el Se colocan al principio o al final de la
gerundio del verbo principal. oración. Expresan que algo está
o Verbos que acaban en –e  desaparece la -e ocurriendo ahora o temporalmente.
o Se dobla la última consonante cuando el verbo es
o Now
monosilábico y acaba en C+V+C.
o También se dobla si es bisilábico y acaba en –l (travel). o Right now
o También cuando es bisilábico y el acento está en la o At the moment
última sílaba (admit). o This + (week, month, year)

o Verbs ending in -ie  -ying (lie  lying) ***************************

o NOTA: LOS VERBOS ACABADOS EN “-Y” YA NO LA For Future arrangements:

MODIFICAN PARA AÑADIR LA TERMINACIÓN –ING:
o Next + week, month, year, Monday
STUDY  STUDYING (*PLAY  PLAYING) o This + afternoon, evening
o Tomorrow, tonight, today.
o
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

USE OF TO BE IN THE PAST

I was I wasn't Was I? o Same uses as in the

present.
you were you weren't Were you?
**********************
he was he wasn't Was he?
o It is used in passive
she was she wasn't Was she? structures (see passive).
o Special use of the 1st
it were it weren't Was it? person singular in the
Conditional Sentences – I
we were we weren't Were we? were (see conditionals)

you were you weren't Were you?

they were they weren't Were they?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

USE OF THE VERB HAVE GOT

IN THE PAST
I had I didn’t have Did I have?
o We use it to speak about
you had you didn’t have Did you have?
possessions.
o We express appearance:
he had he didn’t have Did he have?
describing hair and eyes.
she had she didn’t have Did she have?
o In the past, we use the verb
it had it didn’t have Did it have?
with auxiliary (same as the
rest of verbs in the past simple
we had we didn’t have Did we have?
tense).
you had you didn’t have Did you have?

they had they didn’t have Did they have?

 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

PAST VERB DIDN’T - INF (QU-)ASI

USE OF THE PAST SIMPLE

I worked / wrote I didn’t work / write Did I work / write? o Expresar acciones
completadas en el pasado
you worked / wrote you didn’t work / write Did you work / write?
en un momento particular.
he worked / wrote he didn’t work / write Did he work / write?
o No expresamos rutinas (los
hábitos pasados se expresan
she worked / wrote she didn’t work / write Did she work / write?
con used to + inf)
it worked / wrote it didn’t work / write Did it work / write?
o Usamos auxiliares para las
we worked / wrote we didn’t work / write Did we work / write?
oraciones negativas y las
preguntas, pero en
you worked / wrote you didn’t work / write Did you work / write? afirmativas el verbo debe
estar en su forma pasada
they worked / wrote they didn’t work / write Did they work / write? (regular o irregular).

Spelling of the verb in the –ED form:

Añadimos “-ed” para formar el pasado si éste es

regular.. TIME EXPRESSIONS:

o Verbos acabados en –e  -e desaparece. Se colocan al principio o al final de la

o Se dobla la última consonante cuando el verbo es oración y expresan que una acción se
monosilábico y acaba en C+V+C (stop, run) completó en el pasado.
o También se dobla en los bisilábicos acabados en
o Yesterday
-l (travel)
o (time) + ago
También si son bilisilábicos y el acento cae en la
o Last + (week, month, year)
última sílaba (admit). o When + past simple sentence
o Al igual que en el presente simple, si un verbo
acaba en consonante + y, ésta se cambiará por
“i” y luego añadiremos “ed”.
study  studied (*play  played).

El resto de verbos irregulars añaden “-ed”.

 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I was working I wasn't working was I working?

USE OF THE PAST
you were working you weren't working were you working? CONTINUOUS

he was working he wasn't working was he working?

o Expresamos acciones que
she was working she wasn't working was she working? estaban ocurriendo en el
pasado en un momento
it was working it wasn't working was it working? determinado (no acabada).

we were working we weren't working were we working? o Normalmente, es

interrumpido por un past
you were working you weren't working were you working? simple.

they were working they weren't working were they working?

Spelling of the verb in the -ING form:

Los tiempos continuos se forman con el verbo to be y el

gerundio del verbo principal. TIME EXPRESSIONS:

o Verbos que acaban en –e  desaparece la -e We put them at the beginning or at the end
o Se dobla la última consonante cuando el verbo es of the sentence. They express the moment
monosilábico y acaba en C+V+C.
when the action was happening, and we
o También se dobla si es bisilábico y acaba en –l (travel).
o También cuando es bisilábico y el acento está en la
normally can add a specific time (apart from
última sílaba (admit). these expressions).

o Verbs ending in -ie  -ying (lie  lying) o (at 5 pm) yesterday

o Last + (week, month, year)
o NOTA: LOS VERBOS ACABADOS EN “-Y” YA NO LA o While + past continuous sentence
MODIFICAN PARA AÑADIR LA TERMINACIÓN –ING:

STUDY  STUDYING (*PLAY  PLAYING)

o
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I used to + infinitive I didn't use to + infinitive Did I use to + infinitive?

you used to + infinitive you didn't use to + infinitive Did you use to + infinitive?
he used to + infinitive he didn't use to + infinitive Did he use to + infinitive?
she used to + infinitive she didn't use to + infinitive Did she use to + infinitive?
it used to + infinitive it didn't use to + infinitive Did it use to + infinitive?
we used to + infinitive we didn't use to + infinitive Did we use to + infinitive?
you used to + infinitive you didn't use to + infinitive Did you use to + infinitive?
they used to + infinitive they didn't use to + infinitive Did they use to + infinitive?

USO DE LA ESTRUCTURA USED TO + INFINITIVO

o Expresamos una rutina o acción que se repetía en el pasado (hábito en el pasado)

pero que ahora ya no hacemos.
She used to draw pictures when she was a child, but she hates it now.

o Se utiliza la conjugación del pasado simple para las negativas y las interrogativas
(se usa auxiliar): She didn’t use to draw pictures when she was a child, but she loves it
now.
Did you use to draw pictures when you were a child? (Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.)

o El equivalente en castellano es “solía + verbo”, por eso la estructura suele ir

acompañada de un momento pasado (when I was a child, when I was at school, etc.)

I used to go to the beach every summer when I was a kid.

 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I had worked / written I hadn't worked / written had I worked? / written

you had worked / written you hadn't worked / written had you worked? / written
he had worked / written he hadn't worked / written had he worked? / written
she had worked / written she hadn't worked / written had she worked? / written
it had worked / written it hadn't worked / written had it worked? / written
we had worked / written we hadn't worked / written had we worked? / written
you had worked / written you hadn't worked / written had you worked? / written
they had worked / written they hadn't worked / written had they worked? / written

USE OF THE PAST PERFECT

o Se expresa una acción completada en el pasado que ocurrió antes de otra
acción también completada en el pasado (la cual está en past simple).

o Podemos utilizar algunos adverbios para ayudar a definir mejor el significad:

already, yet, just, never (los mismos de present perfect).

o Si contamos dos acciones pasadas y completadas de forma consecutiva

(primero la que pasó antes y despúes la segunda), no utilizaremos past perfect:

e.g. The robbers left and then the police arrived.

o Pero si empezamos por la segunda acción para volver atrás y contar la primera
(flashback), entonces sí utilizaremos past perfect. Suele ir introducida por la
expresión “by the time”. El orden sería “By the time/When + past simple, past
perfect.” O “Past perfect + by the time/when + past simple.”

e.g. By the time the police arrived, the robber s had left.
The robbers had left by the time the police arrived.

Time expressions:

We put them at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. They express that this action
happened before another past action.

o By the time + past simple, + past perfect

o Already, yet, just, never, before, after, until.
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I have worked / written I haven't worked / written have I worked / written?

you have worked / written you haven't worked / written have you worked / written?
he has worked / written he hasn't worked / written has he worked / written?
she has worked / written she hasn't worked / written has she worked / written?
it has worked / written it hasn't worked / written has it worked / written?
we have worked / written we haven't worked / written have we worked / written?
you have worked / written you haven't worked / written have you worked / written?
they have worked / written they haven't worked / written have they worked / written?

USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

o Expresamos experiencias vividas en el pasado pero no mencionamos cuando. Se refiere a

un momento pasado que no ha acabado o no se ha especificado.

 EVER / NEVER  Have you ever been to London? – I have never been there.

o Cuando hablamos de algo reciente o Nuevo y tampoco mencionamos un momento

particular, simplemente decimos si algo ha cambiado o no.

 ALREADY (+), YET (-) (?), JUST (+), STILL (-)  Have you done your
homework yet? – Yes, I have already done it. / I have just done it. / I still
haven’t done it.

o Uso especial (diferente del castellano)  cuando hablamos de cosas que tienen su origen
en un momento pasado (comenzaron) pero continúan hasta el presente (es decir, nada ha
cambiado, sigue siendo así). Un ejemplo sería cuando decimos cuanto tiempo llevamos
haciendo algo, tenemos algo o conocemos a alguien.

 FOR + cantidad de tiempo -- I have worked here for 2 years.

 SINCE + origen o momento específico -- I have worked here since 2015 (I started in
2015).

How long have you known your best friend?  I have known her since 2000 / I have
known here for 17 years.
 THERE IS / THERE WAS THERE ARE / THERE WERE
Singular – Countable Nouns Plural – Countable Nouns

SOME  Algunos, algunas Affirmative

Affirmative
A / AN  Un, uno, una Negative
Interrogative
ANY  Ningún, ninguna Negative

ANY  algún, alguna Interrogative

THERE IS / THERE WAS

Uncountable Nouns

SOME  algo de / no translation Affirmative

ANY  Nada de Negative

ANY  algo de / no translation Interrogative

THERE IS / THERE WAS THERE ARE / THERE WERE

Singular – Uncountable Nouns Plural – Countable Nouns

Affirmative
A LOT OF  Mucho, muchos A LOT OF  Muchos, muchas Negative
Interrogative

Negative Negative
MUCH  Mucho Interrogative MANY  Muchos, muchas Interrogative
 DEFINING CLAUSES
WHO & THAT These relative pronouns refer to people.
WHICH & THAT They refer to objects. o They add essential
WHEN & THAT They refer to a moment in time. information about its
WHOSE It refers to possession. antecedent. Without this
WHERE It refers to a particular place. clause, the sentence
would be incomplete.
WHY * & THAT It refers to reason.
WHOM * It is used when the main verb has a
preposition, but normally we omit it and o Omission of the relative
place the preposition after the verb. pronoun if it is not the
subject of the relative
clause.
EXAMPLES OF DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

 She is the girl who / that lent me the novel.  No omission possible (who / that is the subject of lent)
 The novel is a book which / that I want to read.  Omission possible (I is the subject of want)
The novel is a book I want to read. √
 I’ll never forget the day when / that the war broke out.  Omission possible (the war is the subject of
broke out)
I’ll never forget the day the war broke out. √
 Andrew is the boy whose father is very strict.  Omission and substitution for that are not possible.
 I emigrated to a place where I can be safe.  Omission occurs sometimes and no substitution for that.
 That’s the reason why I want to talk to you.  Omission and substitution for that is possible.
That’s the reason I want to talk to you.√
That’s why I want to talk to you. √
 He is the person to whom you need to talk.  Whom is used because of the preposition in talk to. We
normally omit the relative and place the preposition after the verb (end of sentence). Formal structure.
He is the person you need to talk to.  This structure is informal.

NON-DEFINING CLAUSES

WHO These relative pronouns refer to people. o These add extra

WHICH They refer to objects. information about the
WHEN They refer to a moment in time. antecedent but the clause
goes between commas (,).
WHOSE It refers to possession.
WHERE It refers to a particular place.
o We use who, which, when,
where and whose. But they
 Audrey, who is Andrew’s mother, was a singer. cannot be omitted or
 My test, which is really difficult, is due on Monday. substituted by that.
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR
FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS
AFFIRMATIVE  am / is / are + -ING
o Se utiliza la misma
NEGATIVE  am not / isn’t / aren’t + -ING estructura que en el
INTERROGATIVE  am / is / are + subject + -ING? presente pero hace
referencia al futuro.
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES: Normalmente expresamos
planes futuros.
Las ponemos al principio o al final de la oración. Expresan
planes futuros (organizados con antelación): future o La diferencia con el presente
también se indica con las
arrangements.
expresiones de futuro.
o NEXT + week, year, …
o ON + day of the week o La mayoría de las veces
o THIS + afternoon, evening podemos utilizar también be
o TOMORROW going to para hablar de
o TONIGHT planes.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I am going to work I am not going to work Am I going to work?

you are going to work you aren't going to work Are you going to work?
he is going to work he isn't going to work Is he going to work?
she is going to work she isn't going to work Is she going to work?
it is going to work it isn't going to work Is it going to work?
we are going to work we aren't going to work Are we going to work?
you are going to work you aren't going to work Are you going to work?
they are going to work they aren't going to work Are they going to work?

EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES:
BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE FOR PLANS /
Las ponemos al principio o al final de la INTENTIONS OR IMMEDIATE
oración. Expresan planes futuros PREDICTIONS
(organizados con antelación):
o Normalmente lo usamos cuando
o NEXT + week, year, … expresamos un plan o intención de hacer
o ON + day of the week algo (ya lo hemos decidido).
o THIS + afternoon, evening
o TOMORROW o Otro uso diferente es expresar lo que va a
o TONIGHT suceder porque tenemos pruebas de ello
(Look at the sky! It’s going to rain!)
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

FUTURE SIMPLE USES

I will work I won't work Will I work?
o Expresamos lo que creemos
you will work you won't work Will you work?
que pasará en el future o
he will work he won't work Will he work? simplemente anunciamos
un hecho futuro.
she will work she won't work Will she work?
I think / I don’t think / I’m sure
it will work it won't work Will it work?
o También expresamos
we will work we won't work Will we work?
ofrecimientos, promesas y
you will work you won't work Will you work? decisiones espontáneas
(decidimos en el momento
they will work they won't work Will they work? en el que hablamos).

o Este tiempo verbal no se utiliza

cuando expresamos un plan
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES: (para eso debe usarse present
continuous o be going to).
We put them at the beginning or at the end of the
sentence. They express that the plan is for the future.

o NEXT + week, year, …

o On the 1st of May
o THIS + afternoon, evening
o TOMORROW
o TONIGHT
o LATER, SOON, IN AN HOUR…
o IN THE FUTURE…
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I will be working I won't be working Will I be working? FUTURE

you will be working you won't be working Will you be working? CONTINUOUS
he will be working he won't be working Will he be working? USES
she will be working she won't be working Will she be working?
it will be working it won't be working Will it be working?
we will be working we won't be working Will we be working? o Expresa lo que
you will be working you won't be working Will you be working?
estará sucediendo
they will be working they won't be working Will they be working?
cuando el
momento indicado
llegue.
EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES:
I will be studying at
Las ponemos al principio o al final de la oración. Expresan el 7pm tomorrow.
momento exacto en el que una acción estará en proceso (lo que se
estará haciendo en el futuro).

o At this time tomorrow

o At this time next week...
o On Thursday
o In the next decade
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I will have worked I won't have worked Will I have worked? FUTURE PERFECT
you will have worked you won't have worked Will you have worked? USES
he will have worked he won't have worked Will he have worked?
she will have worked she won't have worked Will she have worked?
it will have worked it won't have worked Will it have worked? o We express an
we will have worked we won't have worked Will we have worked? action that will
you will have worked you won't have worked Will you have worked?
they will have worked they won't have worked Will they have worked? have finished at a
certain time in the
future. So when the
Time expressions: moment arrives, the
We put them at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. They action will be
express the certain moment in the future in which the action will be completed.
happening:
o By this time tomorrow
o By 3 o’clock
o By the end of May / by May
o In four months
 We express repeated situations that always happen when there is a specific
condition. We sometimes can use when instead of if; this doesn’t change the original meaning.

We express what will happen if the condition is fulfilled. We can also use modals
or imperatives in the result clause.

We express hypothetic situations referring to the present. They are not

likely to happen, or simply they are non-real situations (imaginary ones). We normally use were for all the
subjects. If I were you… It is used to express advices. We can use could / might instead of would, and this
means that there are fewer possibilities (podría, tal vez, quizás…).

We express something that is impossible because it refers to the past and it

can’t be done. It’s a hypothesis contrary to reality. We can use could have / might have instead of would
have.
 USES
As soon as…
By the time…
o These conjunctions refer to the future and they are
The moment (that)…
When… formed as the clauses in the First Conditional.
Until… o They substitute the conditional clause (if) and we use
the Present Simple.
o The result clause is expressed in the Future Simple.

Examples:

As soon as you get on board, your guides will explain everything.

When we get home, I’ll give you your present.
I’ll be happier as soon as you stop spending so much money.
I won’t stop looking until I find that CD.

 These sentences express a “wish”. They can be formed with wish or if only.
 Wish means “desearía” / “me gustaría”, and when the subject is I, it can mean “Ojalá”
(followed by a sentence introduced by that).
 If only means “ojalá” / “si al menos” (followed by a sentence introduced by that).
If the subject of wish and the subject of the verb are different, we use would. In
addition, if the subject is I or we, we use could.
 MODALS FORM

o They don’t vary (we don’t add “-s”, “-ed” or “-ing”.

 “Es mejor que / que no” + subjuntivo

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

subject + had better + infinitive Subject + had better not + infinitive No se suele usar.

You had better use public transport. (you’d We’d better not buy that product. It’s not
better use) environmentally friendly.

“Es mejor que uses transporte público.” “Es mejor que no compremos ese
producto. No es ecológico.”

USES

o Should  We express advice or recommendation.

o Had better (‘d better)  colloquial way to express the same as should.

o Different use of had better  we use it to express a warning. In this case, it is

translated as “será mejor que…” , “más vale que…”.
Examples: You’d better use energy-efficient light bulbs!
(Será mejor que uses bombillas de bajo consumo.
You’d better not throw that in the river!
(¡Más vale que no tires eso al río!)
 USES OF TO-INFINITIVE
o It can be used alone or as a part of a to-infinitive clause.
We began to run.
o It can be the subject or complement of an expression or sentence.
To save money now seems impossible.
It’s good to see you.
The worse thing is to panic.
o It can express a duty or obligation when it follows the verb to be.
You are not to smoke here.
o It can express a purpose or a reason why someone does something.
He went to England to learn English.
Craig went to the supermarket to buy some chocolate. (for to learn, or for learning).
o It can be the complement or object of a verb, noun or adjective.
She wants to play.
His plan is to keep us in suspense.
I had the privilege to work with him.
You’re very fortunate to have such good friends.
o It is used after modal verbs and after “do” auxiliaries (do, does, don’t, did…)

o There are some verbs that can have an object between them and the to infinitive. *
TELL: I told you to wash your hands.
WANT: She wants me to go.
INVITE: They invited me to the party.
ALLOW: They didn’t allow us to smoke in their office.

* Verbs with object + to-infinitive pattern

Advise, ask, can’t bear, cause, encourage, expect, forbid,
force, get, help, leave, need, order, persuade, remind,
teach, warn, beg, would like, would prefer…

USES OF GERUND
 USES EXAMPLES PROBLEMS / NOTES

Use the gerund form:

She left without kissing

1. After prepositions me. We’re thinking of Frequent verbs in the gerund form:
going to Italy.
like, love, hate, enjoy, miss, feel like, mind, finish, risk, practise,
I enjoy eating out. Do put off, stop, suggest, can’t help, fancy, admit, deny, give up,
2. After some verbs you mind giving me imagine, keep (on), put off (postpone), spend time, can’t stand,
your address? delay, regret, avoid, consider, involve, go on (=continue)

3. As the subject of a Smoking is bad for you.

sentence Skiing is expensive

USE THE TO-INFINITIVE

for spend
for to spend

Watch out the negative forms!

1. To answer the
Why did you stop We hope not to be in the same flat next year.
question why (the
working? - To spend She decided not to get married.
reason to do
more time with my
something, the
children. Frequent verbs followed by to-infinitive:
purpose).
would like, want, need, decide, hope, arrange, expect, plan,
forget, seem, appear, wish, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage,
afford, agree, fail, tend, happen, mean, prepare, pretend,
threaten, attempt.
 USES OF THE PASSIVE

o We indicate that the action is

more important than the subject
who is doing it. Maybe because it
is not relevant, it is unknown or
To transform an active sentence into a passive one, we need simply because we don’t want to
to locate the subject (which will be the object / agent in the
mention it.
passive) and the direct or indirect objects (one of them will
be the subject in the passive).
o With the verbs say, think,
Then we have to locate the main verb in the active sentence believe, know or report it is
and the tense. When we transform the sentence into the
possible to use two other passive
passive, we have to put to be in the tense located before
and after that, add the main verb in the P.P. different structures.

The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent in the

passive one, and it is preceded by the preposition by.

If there are two complements (direct / indirect objects), the

indirect object is normally put at the beginning of the
passive. (Mind the change in the pronouns!)
With the verbs say, think, believe, know or report:

We use it + one of those verbs in the passive + that clause + subject +

verb. It is translated like an impersonal sentence but active (only with know is translated as a
passive).

It is said that you can google anybody.

(Dicen / Se dice que se puede…)
It is known that some of the information on Wikipedia is not accurate.
(Es sabido / Se sabe que….)

We put the subject + one of those verbs in the passive + infinitive.

It is translated as “se” or used as a general subject “todo el mundo”, “la gente”, etc.

Her new blog is said to be very successful.

With the verb consider: We can only use the personal structure with this. It is
translated literally as “ser / estar considerado”.

Her new blog is considered to be very successful.

(Su Nuevo blog está considerado todo un éxito)

USES OF THE CAUSATIVE

o The verbs have / get + a noun + participle express actions which are carried out by other
people.
o This structure has a passive meaning: the subject that goes in the middle receives the action
of the past participle verb, but it’s normally translated in active voice.
o Get is more informal than have, so it is more common in spoken English.

Peter is going to have / get his website updated.

My computer crashed, so I had it repaired yesterday.
I got my computer repaired last week.
 REPORTED STATEMENTS

o When we tell what someone has said, we have to take out the
inverted commas and change the personal or possessive
pronouns.
o The introductory verb (say, tell,…) has to be in the past simple
form.
o The verb of the reported sentence has to jump to another
tense (backwards).
o SAY / TELL: Tell always goes with an indirect object without
preposition. Say can be used with or without indirect object,
but we must use to. (He said to me… / He told me…)
o When the statements are about a general truth, we don’t have
to change the tense.

REPORTED QUESTIONS

o YES / NO QUESTIONS: We use the introductory verb ask + if / whether. The reported question is no
 REPORTED ORDERS

o To report an order we have to change the imperative form into an infinitive form. Before the infinitive,
we must use a verb which expresses order (tell, order) + indirect object.
o We can also use the verbs ask / beg to express requests. We can use invite for invitations.
o We can use warn to warm someone about something.
 “Stop staring at me,” the mother told her son.
The mother ordered her son to stop staring at her.
 “Don’t tell anybody!” she begged us.
She begged us not to tell anybody.

Pronombre sujeto Pronombre objeto Adjetivo posesivo Pronombre posesivo Pronombre reflexivo

I Me My Mine Myself

You You Your Yours Yourself

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It It Its – Itself

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

You You Your Yours Yourselves

They Them Their Theirs themselves