QUESTION BANK

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

SUBJECT CODE: EI6701

SUBJECT NAME: INDUSTRIAL DATA NETWORKS
SEMESTER: VII/BE (EIE)

Unit-I : DATA NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS

PART A

1.Define networks?
A network is a set of devices (referred to as nodes) connected by media links. A node can be a computer,
printer, or any other device capable of sending or/receiving data generated by other nodded on the network.
The links connecting the devices are called as communication channels.
2.Define line configuration?
Line configuration refers to the way two or more communication devices attach to a link. A link is the
physical communication pathway that transfers data from one device to another.
3.Define topology? What are the different types of topology?
Topology refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically or logically. Two or more devices
connect to a link; two or more links forms a topology. The different types of topology are, a)Mesh, b)Star,
c)Tree, d)Bus, e)Ring
4.Define peer-to-peer and primary-secondary transmissions?
Peer-to-peer is one where the devices share the link equally. Primary-secondary is one where one device
controls traffic and the others must transmit through it.
5.What is the difference between active hub and passive hub?
a)Active hub:-The central hub in the tree is an active hub. An active hub contains a repeater, which is
hardware device that regenerates the received bit patterns before sending them out.
b)Passive hub:-A passive hub provides a simple physical connection between the attached devices.
6.Define transmission modes? What are the types of transmission modes?
Transmission mode is used to define the direction of flow between two linked devices. There are three
types of transmission modes;
a)Simplex :- The communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one of the two stations on
link can transmit; the other can only receive.
b)Half-duplex:- each station can transmit and receive but not at the same time. When one device is sending
the other can only receive, and vice versa.
c)Full-Duplex:- both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.
7.What are the different categories of n/ws?
a)LAN(Local Area Network):- A LAN is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office,
building or campus. LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared between personal computers are
workstations.
b)MAN(Metropolitan Area Network):-A MAN is designed to extend over an entire city. It may be a single
n/w such as a cable tv n/w, or it may be means of connecting a number of LANs into a larger network so
that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well device-to-device.
c)WAN(Wide Area Network):-WAN provides long distance transmission of data, voice, image and video
information over large geographical areas that may comprise a country, or even the whole world.
8.What is an open system model?
A open system model is a model that allows any two different systems to communicated regardless of their
underlying architecture. It is a layered frame work for the design of network systems that allows for
communication across all types of computer systems. It is built of seven ordered layers. They are,
Layer1 – physical layer, Layer2 – data link layer, Layer3- network layer, Layer4 – transport layer, Layer5-
session layer, Layer6 – presentation layer, Layer7 – application layer
9. What is the mechanism of ENQ/ACK?
The initiator first transmits a frame called an enquiry asking if the receiver is available to receive data. The
receiver must answer either with an acknowledgement frame if it is ready to receive with negative
acknowledgement.
10.What does the term error control mean in the data link layer?
Error control in the data link layer is based on the automatic repeat request which means retransmission of
data in three cases: damaged frame lost frame, lost acknowledgment.
11. What is the mechanism of poll/select?
A poll is sent to the secondary device by the primary to determine if the secondary has to send. The
secondary can respond by sending a acknowledgement or a data frame.
A select frame is sent from the primary device to the secondary device to tell the secondary to prepare to
receive data. The secondary responds with an ACK or a NAK
12.Define protocol.
A protocol in data communications is the set of rules used to implement one or more layers of the OSI
model.
13.What is data transparency?
Data transparency in data communication means we should be able to send any combination of bits as
data. The combination of bits as data is not confused with the control information.
14.What is bit stuffing?
Bit stuffing is the process of adding one extra ‘0’ whenever there are five consecutive ‘1’s in the data. So
that the receiver doesn’t mistake the data for a flag.
15.What do you mean by HDLC?
High-level data link control is a bit oriented data link designed to support both half-duplex and full-duplex
communication over point-to point and multi point links.
16. How do the three HDLC frame types differ from one another?
a)I-frame-for data transmission and control,
b)S-frame -control,
c)U-frame –for control and management
17. What are the types of modes in HDLC?
a) normal response mode(NRM),
b) asynchronous response mode(ARM),
c)Asynchronous balanced mode(ABM)
18.What is packet switching?
Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data –
regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized blocks, called packets.
19.List the 3 main methods of accessing the communication media.
An access method is a set of rule governing how the network node share the transmission medium.The 3
main methods of accessing the communication media are Contention(CSMA/CD,CSMA/CA),Token
Passing,Demand Priority.
20.What is the hyper text transfer protocol?
The rules governing the conversation between a Web client and a Web server

PART B

1. Explain in detail about communicating devices and Network hierarchy

2. Describe the functions performed by various layers of ISO-OSI reference model
3. Explain the HDLC data link control protocol
4. Define switching. Explain in detail about circuit switching.
5. Define switching. Explain in detail about packet and message switching
6. Define CSMA/CD protocol and explain its various layers.
7. What is TCP/IP protocol and explain its various layers.
8. Compare TCP/IP with OSI-ISO model
9. Explain in detail about token passing protocol
10. Explain various frames of HDLC protocol and differentiate between normal and extended
modes of control field .
 Unit- II : INTER NETWORKING
PART A
1. What is the function of repeaters?
A repeater or regenerators is an electronic device that operates on only physical layer of the OSI model. A
repeater installed on a link receives the signal before it becomes too weak or corrupted. Regenerates the
original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back onto link.
2. What is the function of bridges?
It is operate on the physical layer and data link layers of the OSI model. Bridges can divide a large network
into the small segments. They can also relay frames between two originally separate LANs. Bridges
contain logic that filters traffic, thus making them useful for controlling congestion and isolating problem
links.
3. What is the function of routers?
These have access to network layer address and contain software that enables them to determine which of
several possible paths between those addresses in the best for a particular transmission. Routers operate in
the physical , data link and network layers of the OSI model.
4. What is the function of gateway?
A gateway potentially operates in all seven layers of the OSI model. A gateway is a protocol converter. A
gateway by itself can accept a packet formatted for one protocol & convert it to a pocket formatted for
another protocol before forwarding it.
5. What is adaptive routing?
It involves a method in which router may select a new route for each packet in response to changes in
condition and topology of the networks.
6. What is nonadaptive routing?
Once the path way towards a destination has been selected, the router sends all the packets to that
destination along that one route. So the routing destinations are not made based on the condition or
topology of the network.
7. What is distance vector routing?
Each router periodically shares its knowledge about the entire network with its neighbors. Periodically
sends its knowledge about the network only to those routers to which it has direct links. Information
sharing occurs.
8. What is link routing?
In link state routing each router shares its knowledge of its neighborhood with every other router in their
internetwork. Each router sends out information about the neighbors when there is a change.
9. What is flooding?
Each router sends the information to every other router on the internetworking not just to its neighbors. It
does so by a process called flooding. Flooding means that a router sends its information to all of its
neighbors.
10. What is spanning Tree Bridge?
Two LANs may be connected by more than one bridge. In this case, if the bridges are transparent bridges,
they may create a loop, which means a packet may be going round, from one LAN to another and back
again to the first LAN. To avoid this situation bridges today use what is called the spanning tree algorithm.
11. What are the types of Ethernet?
 10 BASE 5: Thick Ethernet.; 10 BASE 2: Thin Ethernet.; 10 BASE T: Twisted pair Ethernet
 Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Switched Ethernet.
12. What are the types of base band Ethernet?
10 BASE 5, 10 BASE 2, 10 BASE T, 1 BASE 5, 100 BASE T
13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Star topology?
Advantages- less expensive, easy to install and configure
Disadvantages - Amount of cabling and number of I/O port required.
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Mesh topology?
Advantages- eliminating traffic problem, robust, privacy or security, fault identification and fault isolation
Disadvantages - hardware is required
15. What are the advantages a of Tree topology?
Advantages- Many devices to be attached to a single central hub,
Allows the networks to isolate
16. What is routing table?
A routing table has columns for at least three types of information: the network ID and ID of the next
router. The network ID is the final destination of the packet. The cost is the number of hops a packet must
make packet to get there. And the next router is the router is the router to which a packet must be delivered
on its way to a particular destination.
17. Define Bridge.
Bridges make intelligent decisions about whether or not to pass signals on to the next segment of a
network
18. Write the different cabling used in Ethernet communication.
10Base5 (Coaxial Cable),10Base2 (Thin-Wire) ,10Base-T (Twisted Pair)
19. Define the term router.
They provide link between two seperate but same type of LANs and are most active at network layer.
20. What is meant by socket address?
A socket address is the combination of an IP address and a port number, much like one end of a telephone
connection is the combination of a phone number and a particular extension. Based on this address,
internet sockets deliver incoming data packets to the appropriate application process or thread.

PART B

1. Explain the issues involved in the design of bridges

2. How can a bridged network span long distances? Explain in detail.
3. What is a router? Explain the various routing techniques
4. What are the various Ethernet technologies? Explain
5. Explain Ethernet and its configuration
6. Write a note on ARC net and explain its configuration
7. Draw and explain the features of ARC net.
8. Discuss frame format, topology, and cabling, encoding scheme and collision avoidance in
Ethernet communication.
9. Describe the four types of internetworking devices.
10. What is meant by Gateways? List out the special requirements for networks used for control?

UNIT- III : HART AND FILEDBUS

PART A

1.Give the HART specifications?

The HART specifications include a)Physical form of transmission, b)Transaction Procedures, c)Message
structures, d)Data formats, e)set of commands to perform required operation.
2. Define HART. (May/Jun'13)
HART is an acronym for "Highway Addressable Remote Transducer". The HART protocol makes use of
the Bell 202 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) standard to superimpose digital communication signals at a
low level on top of the 4-20mA as shown in fig. This enables two-way field communication to take place
and makes it possible for additional information(tag numbers, measured variables, range & span data).
3.Write a note on master slave operation?
HART is a master-slave protocol. That is each message transaction is originated by the master station, the
slave device only replies only when it receives a command message. The reply from the slave device
acknowledges that the command has been received and may contain data requested by the master.
4.What are the two modes of communication modes of HART?
i)Normal mode:- Maximum communication speed in normal mode is 2 message/sec. It performs a normal
master-slave operation.
ii)Burst mode:-To achieve a high data rate a burst mode is used. The communication speed is 3
message/sec. In burst mode a slave device repeatedly sends a data message as though it had received a
specific command to do so.
5.What are the different groups of HART commands?
i)Universal:Provides functions which are implemented in all field devices. Eg. read primary variable and
units
ii)Common-Practice :-Provides functions common to many field devices but not all. If a device uses these
functions, these commands should be used to perform them.
iii)Device specific:-Provides functions which are more or less unique to a particular filed device .
6.What are the different HART networks?
i)Point-to-point: In point-to-point mode, the traditional 4–20 mA signal is used to communicate one
process variable, while additional process variables, configuration parameters, and other device data are
transferred digitally using the HART protocol.The communication takes place between two devices.
ii)Multidrop:-The multidrop mode of operation requires only a single pair of wires and, if applicable,
safety barriers and an auxiliary power supply for up to 15 field devices All process values are transmitted
digitally. In multidrop mode, all field device polling addresses are >0, and the current through each device
is fixed to a minimum value (typically 4 mA).
7.What are the capabilities to be considered in selecting a HART multiplexer?
HART multiplexer systems, the following capabilities should be considered: Number of HART channels
supported, Number of HART channels that share a HART modem, Burst mode support, Multidrop
support, Method of communication with the host computer or control system
8.What is meant by pass-through feature?
Some control systems are integrated with a configuration or instrument-management application. In these
systems, the control system passes a HART command, issued by the management application, to the field
device via its I/O interface. When the control system receives the reply from the field device, it sends the
reply to the management application. This function is referred to as a passthrough feature of the control
system.
9.How is the HART protocol linked with OSI model?
The HART protocol utilizes the OSI reference model. As is the case for most of the communication
systems on the field level, the HART protocol implements only the layers 1, 2 and 7 of the OSI model.
The layers 3 to 6 remain empty since their services are either not required or provided by the application
layer 7.
10.What are the features of HART protocol?
The most important performance features of the HART protocol include: i)proven in practice, simple
design, easy to maintain and operate, ii)interoperability, iii)compatible with conventional analog
instrumentation, simultaneous analog and digital communication, iv) option of point-to-point or multidrop
operation, v)flexible data access via up to two master devices, vi) supports multivariable field devices,
vii)sufficient response time of approx. 500 ms, viii) open de-facto standard freely available to any
manufacturer or user
11.What is meant by Device Description(DD)?
Some HART host applications use device descriptions (DD) to obtain information about the variables and
functions contained in a HART field device. The DD includes all of the information needed by a host
application to fully communicate with the field device. HART Device Description Language (DDL) is
used to write the DD, that combines all of the information needed by the host application into a single
structured file. The DD identifies which common practice commands are supported as well as the format
and structure of all device-specific commands. A DD for a HART field device is roughly equivalent to a
printer driver for a computer.
12.What is meant by fieldbus?
Fieldbus is an all digital, serial two way communication system that interconnects devices in the field
such as sensors, actuators and controllers. Fieldbus replaces the 4-20mA standards. Fieldbus is a LAN for
instruments with built in capability to distribute a control application across the network.
13.What are the advantages of fieldbus?
1)Give bidirectional digital communication, 2)Simple cabling and cross wiring, 3)Higher safety through
self monitoring and maintenance, 4)Device interoperability, 5)Advanced functions added to field
instrumentation, 6)Quick on-line diagnostics, 7)Filedbus allows many pairs of wires to be connected to a
single pair of wire. 8)Powerful Performance Software applications helps to configure a fieldbus quickly,
9)Provides more reliable data for control.
14.What are the different fieldbus topologies?
i)Point-to-point topology, ii)Bus with spurs topology, iii)Tree topology, iv)Daisy chain topology.
15.What are the two types of fieldbus?
i)H1 fieldbus: low speed(31.25 kbps), error proof transmission, used for control applications such as temp,
level and flow control.
ii)H2 fieldbus:-High speed(1 mbps or 2.5 mbps), used in advance process control, remote input/output and
high speed factory automation applications.

16.What is meant by publisher/subscriber VCR type?

It is used for buffered(scheduled), one-to-many communication. Publisher/subscriber VCR type is used by
the field devices for cyclic, scheduled publishing of user application function block input and output such
as process variable and primary output on the fieldbus.
17.What is meant by Fieldbus Message Specification(FMS)?
FMS services allows user applications to send messages to each other across the fieldbus using a standard
set of message formats. FMS describes the communication services, message formats and protocol
behavior.

18.Mention any 2 fieldbus standards.

There are a wide variety of competing fieldbus standards. Some of the most widely used ones include:AS-
Interface, CAN, EtherCAT, FOUNDATION fieldbus

19.Explain briefly about the command" Write polling address".

HART-Command 6 : Write Polling Address Revision

Request Data Bytes #0 Polling Address of Device

Response Data Bytes #0 Polling Address of Device

Response Codes 0 No Command Specific Error

2 Invalid Selection
5 Incorrect Byte Count

20.Distinguish between interchangeability and interoperability.

In digital oriented systems, each company product follows their own standards. If in a system with two
different operations, one fails and device with slight change can do the other device’s operation it is known
as interchangeability.
The ability to operate multiple devices, independent of manufacturer, in the same system, without loss of
minimum functionality”. Interoperability allows mixing devices from different manufacturers on the same
fieldbus and allows replacing a defective device with a device from a different vendor.

PART B
1. Explain the origin and benefits of the field bus systems.
2. Explain the various communication modes of HART.
3. Describe the layers of the HART protocol.
4. Compare the features of field bus and HART.
5. Explain the various field bus topologies.
6. Explain the structure and elements of HART communication system..
7. How does OPC relate to field bus standard efforts?
8. Explain the OSI model in field bus system.
9. Mention the benefits of HART and also explain its applications
10. (i)Enumerate on field bus standard specifications for low speed and high speed.(6)
(ii)Explain the architecture of field bus communication.(10)
 UNIT IV: MODBUS AND PROFIBUS PA/DP/FMS AND FF

PART A

1. Give the modbus message frame format with size of each field.
Address field Function field Data field Error check field
1 byte 1 byte Variable 2 bytes

2. What are the common problems in MODBUS?

Hardware-mis wired communication cabling, faulty communication interfaces
Software-access non-existent nodes (or) invalid function codes (or) illegal data format

3. What are the advantages of Modbus?

Modbus is a simple, flexible, publicly published protocol, which allows device to exchange discrete and
analog data. Wide acceptance among instrument manufacturers and users with many systems in operation.

4. What are the 2 transmission modes in Modbus?

Two modes are (i) ASCII,
(ii) RTU-hexadecimal

5. Draw the profibus protocol stack

6. What is a Profibus? How Profibus PA version is different from others?

Profibus – PROcess FIeld BUS is widely accepted international networking standard.All versions use
same data link layer protocol, DP and PA use same physical layer implementation , EIA 485, while PA uses
variation in order to accommodate safety requirements.

7. What are the data transmission services defined in profibus?

Send-data-with-acknowledge(SDA)-acyclic, Send-data-with-no-acknowledge(SDN)-acyclic
Send-data-request-data-with-reply(SRD)-acyclic, Cyclic send-and-request-data-with-reply-cyclic(CSRD)

8. Mention the groups in fieldbus management layer

Three groups are context mangement, configuration management and fault management.

9. What are the diagnostic tools available for troubleshooting in profibus?

Handheld testing devices – to check copper infrastructure before connecting any devices to the cable, D-
type connectors with built-in terminators- to locate cable breaks and bus monitors- to perform packet
content and timing verification.
10.Explain token passing mechanism in Profibus.
Token passing uses a token, or series of bits, to grant a device permission to transmit over the network.
Whichever device has the token can put data into the network. When its transmission is complete, the
device passes the token along to the next device in the topology. System rules in the protocol specifications
mandate how long a device may keep the token, how long it can transmit for and how to generate a new
token if there isn't one circulating.

11.What are the two sub layers in the application layer of FF?
The application layer of FF is divided in to two sublayers as the Foundation field bus access sub
layer(FAS) and the Foundation Field Bus Messaging Specification(FMS).

12.Mention the applications of FMS, DP, and PA Profibus.

FMS- More overhead than DP version
DP- High speed data transfer at sensor/actuator level
PA-Voltage and current level reduced to meet intrinsic safety (Class I, Division II)

13.Draw the Modbus message structure.

14.Define communication object.

Objects of real devices (variables, programs, data range) called communication objects.

15.Define Modbus.
Modbus is a serial communications protocol originally published by Modicon . Simple and robust, it has
since become a de facto standard communication protocol, and it is now a commonly available means of
connecting industrial electronic devices.
16.Define Profibus.
PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus) is a standard for fieldbus communication in automation technology and
was first promoted in 1989 by BMBF (German department of education and research) and then used
by Siemens.. PROFIBUS is neither an openly published nor a royalty-free protocol, as opposed
to MODBUS.
17.What are the 3 types of Profibus.
a)Profibus DP(master/slave),
b)Profibus FMS (multi-master/peer-to-peer)
c)Profibus PA (inrinsically safe)

18.Mention the benefits of foundation fieldbus over HART.

Field control can dramatically reduce the number of controllers required for a DCS, but this is difficult to
accept for a first installation. The reduction in wiring cost and the reduced cost of the DCS far more than
compensates for the higher initial cost of the field instruments.

19.Mention the PROFIBUS features.

• Bus interfacing H/W on ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) chips on EIA 485
standard
• Connectors- 9 pin D-type connectors
– Or 12 mm quick-disconnect connect connectors
• Number of nodes – 127 (maximum)
• Distance- 24 km (maximum with repeater & fibre optic transmission)
• Speed- 9600 bps to 12 Mbps
• Message size- 244 bytes per node per message
(12 bytes overhead total 256 bytes)
 • Medium access- polling and token passing
• Supports master and slaves

20.Write the disadvantages of FIELDBUS compared to the ±20mA analog HART standard.
The primary disadvantage of using Foundation Fieldbus is the higher initial cost of the field
instruments over HART or analog. There is also the initial steep learning curve to transition from
traditional analog with control in a DCS to field control with Foundation Fieldbus

PART B

1. Explain the architecture of Profibus DP/PA/FMS

2. Explain in detail about Modbus function codes.
3. What is Modbus protocol? Explain its transmission modes.
4. Explain the message structure of Modbus.
5. Explain in detail about Modbus troubleshoot.
6. Explain in detail about Profibus troubleshoot.
7. Explain in detail about the Profibus protocolstack.
8. What is communication object? Explain in detail the system operation of Profibus.
9. Explain the error detection and diagnostics of FF.
10. Explain about the application and user application layers of FF.

Unit-V : INDUSTRIAL ETHERNET AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

PART A

1. What are the components of a radio link?

Antennas, Transmitter, Receivers, Antenna support structure, Cabling, Interface equipment.
2. Give the types of cables used in communication system
a). Co-axial for all radio frequency
b) Twisted pair for voice, data
c) Power cables.
3. Mention the features of radio modem
a)Transmit/receive radio channel frequency,
b)host data rate and format,
c)Radio channel data rate

4. What are the steps for implementing radio link?

(i)Carry out radio path profile (ii)calculate RF losses (iii)calculate affects of transmitter power
(iv)Decide on requirement (v)Choose cable and antenna (vi)purchase equipment (vii)Install equipment.

5. What are the delays in 100 base T network?

Repeater delay, cable delay, NIC delays and safety factor. The sum of these delays must be less than 2.56
microseconds for healthy transmission.

6. What is need for partitioning an industrial network?

Industrial network require fast response and real-time operation, while Ethernet doesnot require same
response. Security is another concern where industrial network is split off from commercial networks.
Industrial network are also partitioned into sub-networks for these reasons.

7. Name some connectors used for indutrial Ethernet.

Screw type N connectors and D type connectors, RJ -45, DB- type connectors, M12 connectors

8. Mention some of the problems and faults in Industrial Ethernet.

Problems attributed to either cabling, the LAN devices, the NIC or the protocol stack configuration on
the hosts.

9. Mention the different bands of radio spectrum.

Ultra-high frequency (mid and low); Very high frequency (high, mid, low); High frequency

10. What factors cause attenuation of RF signal?

(i) Free space attenuation,
(ii)Diffraction losses,
(iii)Rain attenuation,
(iv) Reflection losses.

11. What is Fresnel zone?

There is an area around the radio path that appears as a cone that should be kept as clearance for the radio
path. This is referred to as the 'Fresnel zone'.

12.Define L.O.S
Line of sight (L.o.S) is a type of propagation that can transmit and receive data only where transmit and
receive stations are in view of each other without any sort of an obstacle between them. FM radio,
microwave and satellite transmission are examples of line-of-sight communication.

13. List the radio spectrum range.

Ultra high frequency (UHF) – mid – 960 to 800
- low 520 to 335
Very high frequency (VHF) – high- 225 to 101
- mid – 100 to 60
- low – 59 to 31
High frequency (HF)- 30 to 2 Mhz

14. Define the term modem.

Modem is a Short form of modulator-demodulator. A modem is a device or program that enables
a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is
stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form
of analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms.

15. What are antennas and its function?

An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice
versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter
supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to
the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic
waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in
order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

16. What is mean by round trip delay time?

In telecommunications, the round-trip delay time (RTD) or round-trip time (RTT) is the length of time
it takes for a signal to be sent plus the length of time it takes for an acknowledgment of that signal to be
received. This time delay therefore consists of the propagation times between the two points of a signal.

17. Draw the MAU unit

18.Explain the following: (a)PTT(b)RSSI.
These are the terms used in radio modem:PTT-Push to talk signal, RSSI- Receive signal strength indicator-
indicates the received signal strength with a proportionally varying DC voltage.

19.What are the advantages of 'spread spectrum' radio modem?

Spread spectrum radios spread the normally narrowband information signal over a relatively wide band of
frequencies. This allows the communications to be more immune to noise and interference from RF
sources such aspagers, cellular phones and multipath.
20.Mention various wireless radio modem families.
– Point to point – continuous RF mode
– Point to multi point- The master and radio modem at a time

PART B

1. Explain in detail about radio spectrum and frequency allocation.

2. Explain in detail about 10Mbps Ethernet.
3. Explain in detail about 100Mbps Ethernet.
4. Explain the media system used in 10/mbps standard.
5. Explain in detail about radio modems.
6. What are radio communication and its advantages? List the components of radio link.
7. Explain the modes and features of radio modems.
8. Explain in detail about 10Base2 Ethernet standard.
9. Explain in detail about 10Base5 Ethernet standard.
10. Explain in detail about 10BaseT Ethernet standard.