Meccanica

DOI 10.1007/s11012-010-9321-0

O R I G I N A L A RT I C L E

Unsteady MHD natural convection from a heated vertical

porous plate in a micropolar fluid with Joule heating,
chemical reaction and radiation effects
Ali J. Chamkha · R.A. Mohamed ·
Sameh E. Ahmed

Received: 10 May 2009 / Accepted: 25 May 2010

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010

Abstract The effects of Joule-heating, chemical re- of numerical results is presented graphically and dis-
action and thermal radiation on unsteady MHD nat- cussed.
ural convection from a heated vertical porous plate in
a micropolar fluid are analyzed. The partial differential Keywords Unsteady flow · Natural convection ·
equations governing the flow and heat and mass trans- Micropolar fluid · MHD · Suction/injection ·
fer have been solved numerically using an implicit Radiation
finite-difference scheme. The case corresponding to
vanishing of the anti-symmetric part of the stress ten-
sor that represents weak concentrations is considered. 1 Introduction
The numerical results are validated by favorable com-
parisons with previously published results. A para- Micropolar fluids are fluids of microstructure. They
metric study of the governing parameters, namely the represent fluids consisting of rigid, randomly oriented
magnetic field parameter, suction/injection parameter, or spherical particles suspended in a viscous medium,
radiation parameter, chemical reaction parameter, vor- where the deformation of fluids particles is ignored
tex viscosity parameter and the Eckert number on the (e.g. polymeric suspensions, animal blood, liquid crys-
tals). In order to describe accurately the behavior of
linear velocity, angular velocity, temperature and the
such fluids, the geometry and intrinsic motion of indi-
concentration profiles as well as the skin friction coef-
vidual material particles have been taken into account,
ficient, wall couple stress coefficient, Nusselt number
and the angular velocity field of rotation of particles
and the Sherwood number is conducted. A selected set
and the conservation of the angular momentum are
added in the theory of micropolar fluids discussed by
Eringen [1]. In this case, many classical concepts such
A.J. Chamkha ()
Manufacturing Engineering Department, The Public
as the symmetry of the stress tensor or absence of cou-
Authority for Applied Education and Training, ple stresses are no longer existed. Owing to its rela-
Shuweikh 70654, Kuwait tively mathematical simplicity, the micropolar fluids
e-mail: achamkha@yahoo.com model has been widely used in lubrication to investi-
R.A. Mohamed · S.E. Ahmed
gate the polymer solutions in which the Newtonian lu-
Department of Mathematics, South Valley University, bricant is blended with small amount of long-chained
Qena, Egypt additives. So far, there have been many studies fo-
S.E. Ahmed cusing on one- and two-dimensional non-Newtonian
e-mail: sameh_sci_math@yahoo.com bearings by the micropolar fluids model [2–8]. For
 Meccanica

example, Roy et al. [6] presented an analysis of un- medium with time-dependent suction. Abd El-Naby et
steady mixed convection flow over a vertical cone with al. [15] employed an implicit finite-difference method
suction or injection. A non-similarity formulation was to study the effect of radiation on MHD unsteady free-
used to solve this problem. They found that the action convection flow past a semi-infinite vertical porous
of the buoyancy force shows an overshoot in the ve- plate when the effect of viscous dissipation is ignored.
locity profiles near the wall for lower Prandtl numbers Jordan [16] studied the effects viscous dissipation on
but for higher Prandtl numbers the velocity overshoot MHD unsteady free convection over vertical porous
is not observed and the magnitude of the overshoot in- plate.
creases with buoyancy parameter but decreases with Mansour and Gorla [17] investigated the effects of
the increase in time. Chamkha et al. [7] made a study Joule heating on unsteady natural convection from a
of the free convection flow over a truncated cone em- heated vertical plate in a micropolar fluid. They lim-
bedded in a porous medium saturated with pure or ited their investigation to the case of concentrated par-
saline water at low temperatures. Also, a non-similar ticle flows in which the microelements close to the
formulation was used to solve the problem. It was wall are not able to rotate while neglecting the ef-
found that the variation of the heat transfer is very fects of suction and injection. The main objective of
large over the whole range of the temperature parame- this paper is to study the effects of suction/injection,
ter. A boundary-layer analysis was presented by Man- Joule heating, chemical reaction and thermal radiation
sour et al. [8] for combined heat and mass transfer on unsteady natural convection from a heated verti-
characteristics of a micropolar fluid flowing past a ver- cal porous semi-infinite plate in a micropolar fluid.
tical cylinder. The case of vanishing of the antisymmetric part of the
On the other hand, magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) stress tensor which represents weak concentrations is
free convection of a viscous fluid along a heated semi- considered. The present study represents a generaliza-
infinite wall has been studied to understand the behav- tion to the work of Abd El-Naby et al. [15], Jordan [16]
ior of fluid motion in many applications in MHD elec- and Mansour and Gorla [17].
trical power generation, geophysics, astrophysics, etc.
In addition, numerous investigations have been real-
ized in the presence of a magnetic field; for example, 2 Problem formulation
Elbashbeshy [9] studied the effect of the temperature-
dependent viscosity and thermal diffusivity on MHD Consider unsteady heat and mass transfer by MHD
natural convection flow along a vertical plate. Gane- natural convection flow of an electrically-conducting
san and Rani [10] solved the unsteady free convection viscous micropolar fluid along a semi-infinite vertical
flow over a vertical cylinder. However, neither of these porous plate coinciding with the plane y = 0, where
papers [9, 10] takes into account the viscous dissipa- the flow is confined to y > 0. At t = 0, the plate and
tion effect. In MHD flows and heat transfer involv- the fluid are at the same temperature T∞ (free stream
ing high temperatures, the effect of radiation cannot temperature), while at time t > 0, the plate is subjected
be ignored. El-Hakiem [11] studied unsteady MHD to a uniform magnetic field of strength β0 in the direc-
oscillatory flow on free convection-radiation through tion normal to the surface. The effect of viscous dissi-
a porous medium with a vertical infinite surface that pation in the energy equation is considered and the in-
absorbs the fluid with a constant velocity. Ghaly [12] duced axial magnetic field is assumed to be negligible
employed symbolic computation software Mathemat- compared with the applied magnetic field β0 because
ica to study the effect of radiation on heat and mass the magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small.
transfer over a stretching sheet in the presence of a The effect of Hall currents is not taken into account.
magnetic field. Raptis et al. [13] studied the effect of All fluid properties are considered to be constant ex-
radiation on two-dimensional steady MHD optically cept the density variation which induces the buoyancy
thin gray gas flow along an infinite vertical plate taking force in the linear momentum equation.
into account the induced magnetic field. Israel-Cookey The fluid considered is non-gray because the ab-
et al. [14] researched the influence of viscous dissipa- sorption coefficient is dependent on the wave length.
tion and radiation on unsteady MHD free-convection Equation (1) below represents the conservation of ra-
flow past an infinite heated vertical plate in a porous diative transfer in a unit volume for all wave length,
Meccanica

considering an optically thin fluid exchanging radia- ation due to gravity; β is the coefficient of thermal ex-
tion with an isothermal flat plate (see [15, 16]): pansion; βc is the coefficient of concentration expan-
 ∞ sion; K is the thermal conductivity; ρ is the density
∇.q̄r = 4 Kλ (T ) [ebλ (T ) − ebλ (Tw )] dλ, (1) of the fluid; σ0 is the fluid electrical conductivity; υ is
0 the kinematic viscosity; Cp is the specific heat at con-
stant pressure, D is the mass diffusion coefficient, kc is
where q̄r is the radiation flux vector, Kλ (T ) is the
the chemical reaction coefficient, k, γ ,  and j are the
mean absorption coefficient and ebλ is the Planck’s
vortex viscosity, spin gradient viscosity, dimensionless
function (see Cogley et al. [18]). Equation (1) can be
vortex viscosity parameter and micro-inertia per unit
simplified if ebλ and Kλ (T ) = Kλw are expanded in
mass, respectively and T∞ and C∞ are the free stream
Taylor series around the average value of the porous
temperature and concentration, respectively.
plate temperature Tw for small (T − Tw ) to give
The initial and boundary conditions for this prob-
∇.q̄r = 4(T − Tw ), (2) lem are
t ≤ 0; u = 0, v = 0, σ = 0, T = T∞ ,
where
 C = C∞ ,
∞
= Kλw (∂ebλ /∂T )w dλ. (3) t > 0; u = 0, σ = 0, T = Tw ,
0
C = Cw at x = 0,
Under the above assumptions and the Boussinesq ∂u (9)
approximation, the problem under investigation is t > 0; u = 0, v = −v0 , σ = −n , T = Tw ,
∂y
governed by following system of equations: C = Cw at y = 0,
∂u ∂v t > 0; u = 0, σ = 0, T → T∞ ,
+ = 0, (4)
∂x ∂y C → C∞ as y → ∞.
∂u ∂u ∂u
+u +v In (9), v0 the normal velocity at the plate which is
∂t ∂x ∂y
positive for suction and negative for blowing. In ad-
∂ 2u dition, n is a constant such that 0 ≤ n ≤ 1. The case
= υ(1 + ) + gβ(T − T∞ ) + gβc (C − C∞ )
∂y 2 n = 0, which indicates σ = 0, represents concentrated
particle flow in which the microelements close to the
∂σ σ0 β02
+ υ − u, (5) wall surface are unable to rotate. The case n = 1/2 in-
∂y ρ dicates to the vanishing of antisymmetric part of the
 
∂σ ∂σ ∂σ γ ∂ 2σ k ∂u stress tensor and denoted weak concentrations. The
+u +v = − + 2σ , (6) case n = 1 is used for the modelling of turbulent
∂t ∂x ∂y ρj ∂y 2 ρj ∂y
boundary-layer flows.
∂T ∂T ∂T
+u +v The dimensionless variables are defined as follows:
∂t ∂x ∂y
   
  2  gβT 1/3 gβT 1/3
1 K ∂ 2T ∂u σ0 β02 2 X=x , Y = y ,
= + υ(1 + ) + u υ2 υ2
Cp ρ ∂y 2 ∂y ρ
(gβT )2/3 u
− 4(T − Tw ), (7) τ =t , U= ,
υ 1/3 (υgβT )1/3
∂C ∂C ∂C ∂ 2C  1/3
+u +v = D 2 − kc (C − C∞ ). (8) v υ
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y V= , N =σ ,
(υgβT )1/3 (gβT )2
Here, t is time; u and v are the velocity components T − T∞
associated with the direction of coordinates x and y θ= , T = Tw − T∞ ,
Tw − T ∞
measured along and normal to the vertical plate, re-    2/3
spectively; σ is the angular velocity; T is the temper- 1 υgβ 2/3 σβ 2 υ2
Ec = √ , M= 0 ,
ature; C is the species concentration, g is the acceler- Cp T μ gβT
 Meccanica
   1/3
υ 1/3 1 υ4 τ > 0; U = 0, N = 0, θ = 0,
R = 4 , B= , φ = 0 as Y → ∞,
(gβT )2/3 j gβT
Cp μ k where, V0 = v0 /(υgβT )1/3 is the dimensionless
Pr = , = ,
K μ suction/blowing parameter.
  In technological applications, the skin-friction co-
υ υ 1/3
Sc = , γ = kc , efficient, the couple stress coefficient at the wall, the
D (gβT )2/3
Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are im-
gβc (C − C∞ ) C − C∞ portant quantities that are of practical interest. These
A= , φ= . (10)
gβ(T − T∞ ) C w − C∞ quantities are respectively given by:

where R is the radiation parameter, Ec is the Eckert ∂U 
CF X = [1 + (1 − n)] . (17)
number, M is the magnetic field parameter, Pr is the ∂Y Y =0
Prandtl, Sc is the Schmidt number, γ is the chemical 
∂N 
CW X = . (18)
∂Y Y =0
reaction parameter and B is the micropolar material
parameter. 
Upon substitution of the expressions in (10) into X ∂θ 
NuX Gr−1/3 = − . (19)
(4)–(8), one may write the dimensionless governing θW ∂Y Y =0

equations as follows: ∂φ 
ShX Gr−1/3 = −X . (20)
∂U ∂V ∂Y Y =0
+ = 0, (11)
∂X ∂Y
∂U ∂U ∂U 3 Method of solution
+U +V
∂τ ∂X ∂Y
The system of partial differential equations (11)–
∂ 2U ∂N
= (1 + ) + Aφ + θ +  − MU, (12) (15) with initial and boundary conditions (16) was
∂Y 2 ∂Y
solved for the dependent variables U, V , N, θ and φ
∂N ∂N ∂N as functions of X, Y and τ . The steady-state condi-
+U +V
∂τ ∂X ∂Y tion was assumed to approach when ∂U/∂τ, ∂N/∂τ,
2  
∂ N ∂U ∂θ/∂τ, ∂φ/∂τ approach zero in the unsteady state
= λ 2 − B + 2N , (13) problem, already formulated in the previous section.
∂Y ∂Y
Successive steps in time can then be regarded as suc-
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
+U +V cessive approximations towards the steady-state so-
∂τ ∂X ∂Y lution. The solution was obtained by numerical in-
   
1 ∂ 2θ ∂U 2 tegration and the integrations were carried out on
= + Ec (1 + ) + MU 2
the time-dependent form of the equations by the
Pr ∂Y 2 ∂Y
finite-difference method as explained by Mansour and
− R(θ − 1), (14) Gorla [17]. The spatial domain under investigation
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ 1 ∂ 2φ was restricted to a finite dimension. Here, the height
+U +V = − γ φ. (15) of the plate Xmax was assumed to be 1. The boundary-
∂τ ∂X ∂Y Sc ∂Y 2
layer thickness Ymax was taken as 8. The linear ve-
The dimensionless initial and boundary conditions locity, angular velocity temperature and concentration
are given by fields are obtained for τ = 0.08003, 0.16006, . . . , ∞
and these computations are for a 40 × 40 grid and for
τ ≤ 0; U = 0, V = 0, N = 0, θ = 0, φ = 0, B = 0.1, λ = 1.0 while τ = 10−3 . The values for
τ > 0; U = 0, N = 0, θ = 0, B and λ were chosen because they are representative
φ = 0 at X = 0, of the micropolar fluids as indicated by Mansour and
∂U Gorla [17].
τ > 0; U = 0, V = −V0 , N = −n ,
∂Y (16) To obtain the solution independent of the grid size,
θ = 1, φ = 1 at Y = 0, several computational runs were performed to obtain
Meccanica

the optimum step sizes in the X and Y directions. The

optimization procedure of the grid size includes com-
puting the spatial values of U, V , N, θ and φ distribu-
tions at any arbitrary time, employing a given num-
ber of grid points in a spatial direction. After that,
the number of grid points is increased gradually, each
time, a computer run was performed to compute the
boundary-layer profile. A residue is defined as the
absolute difference in linear velocity/angular veloc-
ity/temperature between the two runs. The procedure
is continued until the residue approach a value less
than 1 × 10−4 . At this point, the spatial grid size is
fixed. A similar procedure was followed to choose the
optimum time step.

Fig. 1 Comparison of the present results (velocity profiles U

and temperature profiles T ) with Refs. [15, 16]
4 Results and discussion

4.1 Validation of the results The starting point of the angular velocity depends on
the skin-friction coefficient so it starts from different
The numerical values thus obtained for U, N, θ and values at the wall then it decreases to zero far away
φ are presented. An examination of complete results from the surface. The solute concentration in the fluid
for τ = 0.08003, 0.16006, . . . , 12 revealed little or no starts from the value of 1 at the wall then decreases
change in U, N, θ and φ after τ = 12 for all com- to zero far away from the surface. All these profiles
putations. Thus, the results for τ = 12 are essentially are depicted in Figs. 2–33 and are consistent with the
the steady-state values. A comparison of the present boundary conditions of the problem given by (16).
results with those reported earlier by Abd El-Naby Figures 2–5 display the effects of the wall suc-
tion/blowing parameter V0 on the linear velocity pro-
et al. [15] and Jordan [16] for impermeable surface
files U , angular velocity profiles G, temperature pro-
is presented in Fig. 1. This comparison shows good
files T , and the concentration profiles C, respectively.
agreement between the results.
Imposition of fluid suction (V0 > 0) at the plate sur-
face is found to decrease the fluid linear velocity
4.2 Effects of different parameters on flow, heat and
while increasing the fluid angular velocity, tempera-
mass characteristics
ture and solute concentration. However, imposition of
fluid wall injection (V0 < 0), the exact opposite behav-
In order to get a clear insight of the physical prob-
ior is predicted in which the linear velocity increases
lem, numerical results are displayed with the help of
while the angular velocity, temperature and concentra-
graphical illustrations. The results are given through tion decrease.
a parametric study showing the influence of sev- Figures 6–9 illustrate the influence of the wall suc-
eral non-dimensional parameters, namely, the suc- tion/blowing parameter V0 on the distributions along
tion/injection parameter V0 , magnetic field parameter the plate of the local skin-friction coefficient CF X ,
M, Eckert number Ec, thermal radiation R, chemical local wall couple stress coefficient CW X , local Nus-
reaction parameter γ . The reference case for the re- selt number NuX Gr−1/3 and the local Sherwood num-
sults is X = 1, n = 0.5, B = 0.1, Ec = 2.0, M = 1.0, ber ShX Gr−1/3 , respectively. It is predicted that as the
Pr = 0.7, Sc = 0.6, A = 1, γ = 1.0, R = 0.02. In gen- wall suction/blowing parameter V0 increases, the local
eral, the velocity of the fluid start from zero at the wall skin-friction coefficient decases while the local wall
and increases until it reaches a maximum value then couple stress coefficient, local Nusselt number and
decreases to zero far away from the plate. The tem- the local Sherwood number increase. In addition, as
perature of the fluid starts from the value of 1 at the the distance X increases, the local skin-friction coef-
wall then decreases to zero far away from the surface. ficient and the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers
 Meccanica

Fig. 2 Velocity profiles for various values of V0 Fig. 4 Temperature profiles for various values of V0

Fig. 5 Concentration profiles for various values of V0

Fig. 3 Angular velocity profiles for various values of V0

its temperature. In addition, it is seen that all of the

increase while the local wall couple stress increases local skin-friction coefficient CF X , local wall couple
for relatively small values of X and then decreases for stress CW X and the local Nusselt number NuX Gr−1/3
higher values of X. These features are clearly shown decrease as the magnetic field parameter M increases.
in Figs. 6–9. The effects of the Eckert number Ec on the lin-
Figures 10–15 present the effects of the magnetic ear velocity of the fluid, temperature and the distri-
field parameter M on the profiles of the fluid linear ve- bution of the local Nusselt number are displayed in
locity U , profiles of the fluid angular velocity G, pro- Figs. 16–18. It is observed from these figures that in-
files of the fluid temperature T , distribution of the lo- creasing the value of the Eckert number Ec causes in-
cal skin-friction coefficient CF X , distribution of the lo- creases in the fluid temperature. This increase in the
cal wall couple stress CW X and the distribution of the fluid temperature increases the thermal buoyancy ef-
local Nusselt number NuX Gr−1/3 , respectively. The fects which induces more flow along the plate repre-
results show that the presence of the magnetic force sented by increases in the linear velocity. However, the
causes retardation of the fluid motion represented by local Nusselt number NuX Gr−1/3 tends to decrease
general decreases in the fluid linear velocity and angu- due to increases in the value of the Eckert number Ec.
lar velocity (except at the wall which is governed by Typical variations in the linear velocity profiles U ,
the special boundary condition there) and increases in angular velocity profiles G, concentration profiles C,
Meccanica

Fig. 8 Nusselt number for various values of V0

Fig. 6 Skin-friction coefficient for various values of V0

Fig. 9 Sherwood number for various values of V0

Fig. 7 Wall couple stress coefficient for various values of V0

In Figs. 25–29, the effects of the micropolar fluid

distribution of the local skin-friction coefficient CF X , vortex viscosity parameter  on the linear velocity
distribution of the local wall couple stress CW X , distri- profiles U , angular velocity profiles G, distribution of
bution of the local Nusselt number NuX Gr−1/3 and the the local skin-friction coefficient CF X , distribution of
distribution of the local Sherwood number ShX Gr−1/3 the local wall couple stress CW X and the distribution
for different values of the chemical reaction parame- of the local Nusselt number NuX Gr−1/3 are respec-
ter γ are plotted in Figs. 19–24, respectively. In gen- tively presented. It is observed from these figures that,
eral, increasing the chemical reaction parameter has in general, the linear velocity of the fluid for a New-
the tendency to decrease the solute concentration pro- tonian fluid ( = 0) is higher than that of the non-
file and its boundary layer thickness. This causes the Newtonian micropolar fluid. In addition, as the vortex
linear velocity to decrease by virtue of decreased solu- viscosity parameter  increases, the angular velocity
tal buoyancy effect. In addition, it is observed that the and the local skin friction coefficient CF X increase
local skin-friction coefficient, local wall couple stress whereas both of the local wall couple stress CW X and
and the local Nusselt number decrease while the local the local Nusselt number NuX Gr−1/3 decrease.
Sherwood number increases as the chemical reaction The effects of the thermal radiation parameter R on
parameter increases. All these behaviors are clear from the linear velocity of the fluid, temperature, distribu-
Figs. 19–24. tion of the local wall couple stress CW X and the dis-
 Meccanica

Fig. 10 Velocity profiles for various values of M Fig. 13 Skin-friction coefficient for various values of M

Fig. 11 Angular velocity profiles for various values of M Fig. 14 Wall couple stress coefficient for various values of M

Fig. 12 Temperature profiles for various values of M Fig. 15 Nusselt number for various values of M
Meccanica

Fig. 16 Velocity profiles for various values of Ec Fig. 19 Velocity profiles for various values of γ

Fig. 17 Temperature distributions for various values of Ec Fig. 20 Concentration profiles for various values of γ

Fig. 18 Nusselt number for various values of Ec Fig. 21 Skin-friction coefficient for various values of γ
 Meccanica

Fig. 22 Wall couple stress coefficient for various values of γ Fig. 25 Velocity profiles for various values of 

Fig. 26 Angular velocity profiles for various values of 

Fig. 23 Nusselt number for various values of γ

tribution of the local Nusselt number NuX Gr−1/3 are

respectively presented in Figs. 30–33. It is observed
from these figures that increasing the value of the radi-
ation parameter R causes increases in the linear veloc-
ity of the fluid, temperature and the local skin friction
coefficient CF X . However, the local Nusselt number
NuX Gr−1/3 tends to decrease due to increases in the
value of the radiation parameter R.

5 Conclusions

In the present paper, the problem of transient MHD

natural convection flow of a micropolar fluid along
a vertical porous semi-infinite flat plate in the pres-
Fig. 24 Sherwood number for various values of γ ence of the effects of homogeneous chemical reaction,
Meccanica

Fig. 27 Skin-friction coefficient for various values of 

Fig. 30 Velocity profiles for various values of R

Fig. 28 Wall couple stress coefficient for various values of 

Fig. 31 Temperature distributions for various values of R

thermal radiation and Joule-heating was studied. A nu-

merical solution of the problem was obtained using an
explicit finite-difference method. A parametric study
was performed to examine the effects of thermal radia-
tion parameter, wall suction/blowing parameter, mag-
netic field parameter, Eckert number, chemical reac-
tion parameter and the vortex viscosity parameter on
the flow and heat and mass transfer characteristics.
From this investigation, we can draw the following
conclusions:
1. Increasing the suction/injection parameter resulted
in reductions in the linear velocity and the local
skin-friction coefficient whereas the angular veloc-
Fig. 29 Nusselt number for various values of  ity, temperature concentration, local wall couple
 Meccanica

couple stress and the local Nusselt number whereas

the angular velocity and local skin-friction coeffi-
cient increased.
6. The presence of a thermal radiation led to increases
in the fluid velocity, temperature of the fluid and lo-
cal skin-friction coefficient while the local Nusselt
number decreased.

References

1. Eringen A (1964) Simple microfluids. Int J Eng Sci

2:205–217
Fig. 32 Skin-friction coefficient for various values of R 2. Eringen A (1966) Theory of micropolar fluids. J Math
Mech 16:1–18
3. Eringen A (1972) Theory of thermomicropolar fluids.
J Math Anal Appl 9:480–496
4. Lok YY, Amin N, Pop I, Phang P (2003) Unsteady bound-
ary layer flow of a micropolar flow near the forward stag-
nation point of a plane surface. Int J Eng Sci 41:173–186
5. Lok YY, Amin N, Pop I (2003) Unsteady boundary layer
flow of a micropolar flow near the rear stagnation point of
a plane surface. Int J Therm Sci 42:995–1001
6. Roy S, Datta P, Mahant NC (2007) Non-similar solu-
tion of an unsteady mixed convection flow over a vertical
cone with suction or injection. Int J Heat Mass Transfer
50:181–187
7. Chamkha AJ, Bercea C, Pop I (2006) Free convection flow
over a truncated cone embedded in a porous medium satu-
rated with pure or saline water at low temperatures. Mech
Res Commun 33:433–440
8. Mansour MA, Hassanien IM, Arafa AA (1991) Combined
Fig. 33 Nusselt number for various values of R heat and mass transfer in natural convection flow on a ver-
tical cylinder in a micropolar fluid. Mèc Appl 36:33–47
9. Elbashbeshy EMA (2000) Free convection flow with vari-
stress, local Nusselt number and the local Sher- able viscosity and thermal diffusivity along a vertical
wood number increased. plate in the presence of the magnetic field. Int J Eng Sci
2. Increasing the magnetic field parameter resulted in 38:207–213
increases in the fluid temperature profiles and de- 10. Ganesan PG, Rani PH (2000) Unsteady free convection
MHD flow past a vertical cylinder heat and mass transfer.
creases in the profiles of the fluid linear and angular
Int J Therm Sci 39:265–272
velocities. 11. El-Hakiem MA (2000) MHD oscillatory flow on free
3. Increasing the Eckert number or the viscous and convection–radiation through a porous medium with con-
magnetic dissipation effects produced increases in stant suction velocity. J Magn Magn Mater 220:271–276
the fluid velocity and temperature whereas the local 12. Ghaly AY (2002) Radiation effects on a certain MHD free-
convection flow. Chaos Solitons Fractals 13:1843–1850
Nusselt number decreased.
13. Raptis A, Perdikis C, Leontitsis A (2003) Effects of radi-
4. The presence of a homogeneous chemical reaction ation in an optically thin gray gas flowing past a vertical
led to decreases in the fluid velocity, solute concen- infinite plate in the presence of a magnetic field. Heat Mass
tration, local wall couple stress and the local Nus- Transfer 39:771–773
selt number while the local skin-friction coefficient 14. Israel-Cookey C, Ogulu A, Omubo-Pepple VB (2003) In-
and the local Sherwood number increased. fluence of viscous dissipation and radiation on unsteady
MHD free-convection flow past an infinite heated vertical
5. Increasing the micropolar fluid vortex viscosity pa- plate in a porous medium with time-dependent suction. Int
rameter reduced the fluid linear velocity, local wall J Heat Mass Transfer 46:2305–2311
Meccanica

15. AbdEl-Naby MA, Elbarbary EME, AbdElazem NY (2004) 17. Mansour MA, Gorla RSR (1999) Joule-heating effect on
Finite difference solution of radiation effects on MHD un- unsteady natural convection from a heated vertical plate in
steady free-convection flow on vertical porous plate. Appl a micropolar fluid. Can J Phys 77:1–8
Math Comput 151:327–346 18. Cogley AC, Vincenti WG, Gilles SE (1968) Differential ap-
16. Jordan JZ (2006) Network simulation method applied to ra- proximation for radiation transfer in a non-gray near equi-
diation and viscous dissipation effects on MHD unsteady librium. AIAA 6:551–553
free convection over vertical porous plat. Appl Math Mod-
ell 31:2019–2033