Frederick S.

Valdevieso
4th year BSBA – Marketing Management
A Paper for Physical Science Subject

The Current Trends & Issue in Physical Science

Physical science is a broad discipline concerned with natural phenomenon of the earth, atmosphere
and space. It encompasses a variety of fields that include astrology, chemistry, geology, physics,
oceanography, and other earth sciences. It is important to understand that the arbitrary divisions of
specialized knowledge are integrated into a basic overview of the physical laws that govern our
universe. Critical knowledge in the sciences is needed for individuals to make informed decisions
regarding land development, environmental concerns, resource management, safety, urban
development, medical treatment, legal matters and law enforcement, waste disposal, space
exploration, and other issues.

The task given to me is to present current trends and issue with regards with physical sciences.
Since the study of physical science is too wide and complicated, I will only presented some.

At the area of Astrology

Astrophysicists have discovered how to control the 'micolensing' effects of strongly lensed Type
1a Supernovae with supercomputers at NERSC. Armed with this knowledge they believe they will
be able to find 1,000 strongly lensed Type Ia supernovae in realtime from LSST data -- that's 20
times more than previous expectations.

There are advantages to being active in the night. Fewer parasites are active and the same goes for
predators. What is more, there are not as many competitors for food as there are during the day.
For animals that migrate or search for food over vast distances in particular, the cooler hours of
the night are preferable to the heat of the sun.

Physicists insist on determinism: your past and present determine your future uniquely, per
Einstein's equations of general relativity. They call this strong cosmic censorship. A mathematician
found some types of black holes -- charged, non-rotating objects in an expanding universe -- that
allow an observer inside the black hole to travel across a horizon into a place where the past is
obliterated and there are an infinite number of possible futures for every initial state.

Mars rovers and orbiters have found signs that Mars once hosted liquid water on its surface. Much
of that water escaped over time. How much water was lost, and how does the water that’s left
move from ice to atmosphere to soil? During its first year of operations, NASA’s James Webb
Space Telescope will seek answers. Webb also will study mysterious methane plumes that hint at
possible geological or even biological activity.
Based on data from NASA's K2 mission an international team of scientists have just confirmed
nearly 100 new exoplanets, planets located outside our solar system. This brings the total number
of new exoplanets found with the K2 mission up to almost 300.
For the first time, scientists may have detected hints of the universe’s primordial sunrise, when the
first twinkles of starlight appeared in the cosmos.

Stars began illuminating the heavens by about 180 million years after the universe was born,
researchers report in the March 1 Nature. This “cosmic dawn” left its mark on the hydrogen gas
that surrounded the stars. Now, a radio antenna has reportedly picked up that resulting signature.

There’s a planet just next door that could explain the origins of life in the universe. It was probably
once covered in oceans. It may have been habitable for billions of years. Astronomers are desperate
to land spacecraft there.

No, not Mars. That tantalizing planet is Venus. But despite all its appeal, Venus is one of the
hardest places in the solar system to get to know. That’s partly because modern Venus is famously
hellish, with temperatures hot enough to melt lead and choking clouds of sulfuric acid.

At the area of Chemistry

Vast energy value in human waste

The United Nations University's Canadian-based Institute for Water, Environment and Health has
partnered with other agencies to create a pilot program that takes human waste from a Ugandan
school’s latrines and transforms it into biogas and residue material that can be used as fuel. The
series of vessels containing the waste relies on anaerobic digestion technologies.

Called Waste to Wealth, the initiative is funded by Grand Challenges Canada along with the
Ugandan Ministry of Water and Environment, its agencies, and other NGO and academic
institutions. There are other pilot projects in Africa funded with grants from Grand Challenges
Canada for collecting waste and processing it into agricultural or energy products.

Better Signals from Electronic Body Implants

A medical monitoring device can be implanted in the body to perform functions such as recording
brain activity or analyzing blood. The device periodically transmits data wirelessly to a receiver
outside the body, but the receiver needs to be within about a meter of the device because of the
poor radiation efficiency of biological tissues. Now Denys Nikolayev from the University of
Rennes 1, France, and colleagues predict that these transmissions could be made 10 times more
efficient by choosing the right frequency. This efficiency increase could enable the transmission
distance of these devices to be tripled.
New microfluidic devices help athletes and enhance physical rehab

The device measures sweat and sweat biomarkers accurately and in real time, allowing athletes,
military personnel, fitness pros and others to monitor sweat rate and electrolyte loss, so they can
keep hydrated, replenish their electrolytes and stay on top of their game.

The partnerships are aimed at further developing, testing and validating Rogers' device, which
monitors sweat loss and analyzes sweat chemistry with a simple, real-time visual readout.

Squid skin could be the solution to camouflage material

The chromatophore organs, which appear as hundreds of multi-colored freckles on the surface of
a cephalopod's body, contribute to fast changes in skin color. In a paper published last week in
Advanced Optical Materials, Deravi's group describes its work in isolating the pigment granules
within these organs to better understand their role in color change. The researchers discovered
these granules have remarkable optical qualities and used them to make thin films and fibers that
could be incorporated into textiles, flexible displays, and future color-changing devices.

Chromatophores come in shades of red, yellow, brown, and orange. They are similar to the freckles
on human skin that appear over time. But in cephalopods, these freckles open and close within a
fraction of a second to give rise to a continuously reconfiguring skin color. Underneath the
chromatophores is a layer of iridophores that act as a mirror. Together, these organs reflect all
colors of visible light.

By removing individual pigment particles from the squid, Deravi was able to explore the breadth
of their capabilities as static materials. One particle is only 500 nanometers in size, which is 150
times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Deravi's team layered and reorganized the
particles and found they could produce an expansive color pallet.

At the area of Geology

Biological soil crusts endangered by global change

The core region of the Atacama Desert is one of the most arid places on Earth. However, scientists
have found microorganisms there. But it has remained unclear whether these environments support
active microbial growth or whether the observed cells were introduced by wind transport and
subsequently degraded. Detailed analyses by an international research team show: Even in the
most arid zones of the Atacama a microbial community exists which becomes metabolically active
following episodic increase in moisture after rainfalls.

Model calculations predict a decrease of 25 to 40 percent in biological soil crusts through persisting
global warming and increasing land use.

Life under extreme drought conditions

At the area of Physics

Cancer-fighting nanorobots programmed to seek and destroy tumors

In a major advancement in nanomedicine, Arizona State University (ASU) scientists, in

Nanomedicine is a new branch of medicine that seeks to combine the promise of nanotechnology
to open up entirely new avenues for treatments, such as making minuscule, molecule-sized
nanoparticles to diagnose and treat difficult diseases, especially cancer.

Diamond for treat cancer tumors

Australian scientists have used diamonds to turn a pharmaceutical problem into a physics problem.
They’ve determined how to identify beginning cancer tumors before they grow into something
life-threatening. They have done so using diamonds.

At the area of Oceanography

Innovative restoration of coral reefs helps protect Caribbean islands

As breakwaters tropical coral reefs play an important role in coastal protection. For the local
population, they form a natural barrier against storm waves and tsunamis and at the same time
protect the coast from erosion. Researchers from Bremen, Australia and France have now studied
the interplay between coral reefs and the monster waves off Tahiti and Moorea. Using new
measurement data and calculations, they show how reef degradation and sea level rise can affect
the height of the waves off these tropical islands in French Polynesia. The research results have
just been published in the renowned scientific magazine Scientific Advances.

New mapping shows just how much fishing impacts the world’s seas

Fishing has left a hefty footprint on Earth. Oceans cover more than two-thirds of the planet’s
surface, and industrial fishing occurred across 55 percent of that ocean area in 2016, researchers
report in the Feb. 23 Science. In comparison, only 34 percent of Earth’s land area is used for
agriculture or grazing.
Previous efforts to quantify global fishing have relied on a hodgepodge of scant data culled from
electronic monitoring systems on some vessels, logbooks and onboard observers. But over the last
15 years, most commercial-scale ships have been outfitted with automatic identification system
(AIS) transceivers, a tracking system meant to help ships avoid collisions.

FISH FOOD Fish are drawn to upwelling zones, where prevailing winds transport away surface
water and allow nutrient-rich deep water to rise toward the surface. Such upwelling regions, seen
here near the east coast of South America, are also hot spots for fishing vessel activity. Here, the
dots represent the average hours of activity within an area spanning one square kilometer.

In the new study, the researchers examined 22 billion AIS positions from 2012 through 2016.
Using a computer trained with a type of machine learning, the team then identified more than
70,000 fishing vessels and tracked their activity.

Tracking the fishing footprint in space and time, the researchers note, can help guide marine
environmental protections and international conservation efforts for fish. That may be particularly
important in a time of rapid change due to rising ocean temperatures and increasing human activity
on the high seas.

At the area of Earth Science

How biofuels from plant fibers could combat global warming

A study from Colorado State University finds new promise for biofuels produced from
switchgrass, a non-edible native grass that grows in many parts of North America. Scientists used
modeling to simulate various growing scenarios, and found a climate footprint ranging from -11
to 10 grams of carbon dioxide per mega-joule -- the standard way of measuring greenhouse gas
emissions.

To compare with other fuels, the impact of using gasoline results in 94 grams of carbon dioxide
per mega-joule.

How a vaporized Earth might have cooked up the moon

The moon might have formed from the filling during Earth’s jelly doughnut phase.

Around 4.5 billion years ago, something hit Earth, and the moon appeared shortly after. A new
simulation of how the moon formed suggests it took shape in the midst of a hot cloud of rotating
rock and vapor, which (in theory) forms when big planetary objects smash into each other at high
speeds and energies. Planetary scientists Simon Lock of Harvard University and Sarah Stewart of
the University of California, Davis proposed this doughnut-shaped planetary blob in 2017 and
dubbed it a synestia (SN: 8/5/17, p. 5).

Radiation at the surface of this swirling cloud of vaporized, mixed-together planet matter sent
rocky rain inward toward bigger debris. The gooey seed of the moon grew from fragments in this
hot, high-pressure environment, with a bit of iron solidifying into the lunar core. Some elements,
such as potassium and sodium, remained aloft in vapor, accounting for their scarcity in moon rocks
today.

Volcano-fueled holes in Earth’s ozone layer 252 million years ago may have repeatedly sterilized
large swaths of forest, setting the stage for the world’s largest mass extinction event. Such holes
would have allowed ultraviolet-B radiation to blast the planet. Even radiation levels below those
predicted for the end of the Permian period damage trees’ abilities to make seeds, researchers
report February 7 in Science Advances.

Human-made earthquake risk reduced if fracking is 895m from faults

The risk of human-made earthquakes due to fracking is greatly reduced if high-pressure fluid
injection used to crack underground rocks is 895m away from faults in the Earth's crust, according
to new research.

Researchers used microseismic data to estimate how far fracking-induced fractures in rock
extended horizontally from borehole injection points.

The results indicated there was a one per cent chance that fractures from fracking activity could
extend horizontally beyond 895m in shale rocks.

There was also a 32 per cent chance of fractures extending horizontally beyond 433m, which had
been previously suggested as a horizontal separation distance between fluid injection points and
faults in an earlier study.

Climate value of Earth's intact forests

New research published today in Nature Ecology & Evolution demonstrates the extraordinary
value of Earth's remaining intact forests for addressing climate change and protecting wildlife,
critical watersheds, indigenous cultures, and human health. Yet the global policy and science
communities do not differentiate among the relative values of different types of forest landscapes
-- which range from highly intact ones to those which are heavily logged, fragmented, burnt,
drained and/or over-hunted -- due in part to the lack of a uniform way of measuring their quality.

Science is Everywhere
Science is a complex that we cannot easily comprehend. It’s a growing culture that continuously
wonders the peoples mind. Our physical environment, the society, and we the people are building
blocks of science. In order to answer unanswered questions studies is required.

As we can see, we are surrounded by science day by day. From our smartphones, fertilizers that
we used in our plants, medical test and diagnoses and a lot more. With science we able to
understand phenomenon and discover things that are useful to our daily lives. It explains the
beyond and the wonders of our nature.

Truly science is ingrained in our daily lives in so many ways. The impacts of this are countless.
But on the other hand, we people must understand that too much is harmful. There are things that
must remain unanswered. Science, little by little, together with modernization destroying cultures,
defy beliefs and change everything. I am not saying that science is bad. There should be a boundary
what must and must not do. Not because things is unclear we have to deal with science. Science is
everywhere, but we need to ask ourselves how far we’ll go with it.
References: www.sciencedaily.com
www.sciencenews.org