Culture of Germany

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German culture has spanned the entire

German-speaking world. From its roots,
culture in Germany has been shaped by
major intellectual and popular currents in
Europe, both religious and secular.
Historically, Germany has been called
Das Land der Dichter und Denker (the
country of poets and thinkers).[1]
There are a number of public holidays in
Germany. The country is particularly
known for its traditional Oktoberfest
celebrations in Munich, its carnival
culture and globally influential Christmas
customs known as Weihnachten.[2][3] 3
October has been the national day of
Germany since 1990, celebrated as the
German Unity Day (Tag der Deutschen
Einheit). The UNESCO inscribed 38
properties in Germany on the World
Heritage List.[4]

Germany was the world's second most

respected nation among 50 countries in
2013.[5] A global opinion poll for the BBC
revealed that Germany is recognized for
having the most positive influence in the
world in 2011, 2013, and 2014.[6][7][8]

Schloss Neuschwanstein, a symbol of German

Romanticism (left) and Berlin, the center of creative
industries (right)

Language
German is the official and predominant
spoken language in Germany.[9] It is one
of 23 official languages in the European
Union, and one of the three working
languages of the European Commission,
along with English and French.
Recognised native minority languages in
Germany are Danish, Sorbian, North
Frisian and Saterland Frisian. They are
officially protected by the ECRML. The
most used immigrant languages are
Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan
languages, and Russian.

Spoken German in Goethe's Faust

Standard German is a West Germanic
language and is closely related to and
classified alongside English, Dutch, and
the Frisian languages. To a lesser extent,
it is also related to the East (extinct) and
North Germanic languages. Most
German vocabulary is derived from the
Germanic branch of the Indo-European
language family.[10] Significant minorities
of words are derived from Latin and
Greek, with a smaller amount from
French and most recently English (known
as Denglisch). German is written using
the Latin alphabet. In addition to the 26
standard letters, German has three
vowels with Umlaut, namely ä, ö, and ü,
as well as the Eszett or scharfes S (sharp
s) which is written "ß". German
orthography was changed in 1996.

German dialects are distinguished from

varieties of standard German. German
dialects are traditional local varieties and
are traced back to the different German
tribes. Many of them are not easily
understandable to a speaker of standard
German, since they often differ in lexicon,
phonology, and syntax.

Around the world, German has

approximately 100 million native
speakers and also about 80 million non-
native speakers.[11] German is the main
language of about 90 million people
(18%) in the EU. 67% of German citizens
claim to be able to communicate in at
least one foreign language, 27% in at
least two languages other than their
first.[9]

In the German diaspora, aspects of

German culture are passed on to younger
generations through naming customs
and through the use of spoken and
written German. The Goethe Institute
seeks the spread the knowledge of
German culture worldwide.

Literature
German literature can be traced back to
the Middle Ages, with the most notable
authors of the period being Walther von
der Vogelweide and Wolfram von
Eschenbach. The Nibelungenlied, whose
author remains unknown, is also an
important work of the epoch, as is the
Thidrekssaga. The fairy tales collections
collected and published by Jacob and
Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century
became famous throughout the world.

Theologian Luther, who translated the

Bible into German, is widely credited for
having set the basis for the modern "High
German" language. Among the most
admired German poets and authors are
Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Kleist,
Hoffmann, Brecht, Heine and Schmidt.
Nine Germans have won the Nobel Prize
in literature: Theodor Mommsen, Paul
von Heyse, Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas
Mann, Nelly Sachs, Hermann Hesse,
Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, and Herta
Müller.

Johann Wolfgang v. Friedrich Thomas Hermann

Brothers Grimm
Goethe Schiller Mann Hesse
(1785–1863)
(1749–1832) (1759–1805) (1875–1955) (1877–1962)

Philosophy
Philosopher Immanuel Kant

The rise of the modern natural sciences

and the related decline of religion raised
a series of questions, which recur
throughout German philosophy,
concerning the relationships between
knowledge and faith, reason and
emotion, and scientific, ethical, and
artistic ways of seeing the world.

German philosophers have helped shape

western philosophy from as early as the
Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later,
Leibniz (17th century) and most
importantly Kant played central roles in
the history of philosophy. Kantianism
inspired the work of Schopenhauer and
Nietzsche as well as German idealism
defended by Fichte and Hegel. Marx and
Engels developed communist theory in
the second half of the 19th century while
Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the
tradition of German philosophy in the
20th century. A number of German
intellectuals were also influential in
sociology, most notably Adorno, Elias,
Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann,
Marcuse, Simmel, Tönnies, and Weber.
The University of Berlin founded in 1810
by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von
Humboldt served as an influential model
for a number of modern western
universities.
In the 21st century Germany has been an
important country for the development of
contemporary analytic philosophy in
continental Europe, along with France,
Austria, Switzerland and the
Scandinavian countries.[12]

Music

Ludwig van Beethoven was an influential German

composer and pianist
In the field of music, Germany claims
some of the most renowned classical
composers of the world including Bach
and Beethoven, who marked the
transition between the Classical and
Romantic eras in Western classical
music. Other composers of the Austro-
German tradition who achieved
international fame include Brahms,
Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, Händel,
Schumann, Mendelssohn Bartholdy,
Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler,
Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg,
Orff, and most recently, Henze,
Lachenmann, and Stockhausen.
Germany is the largest music market in
Europe, and third largest in the world.[13]
It has exerted a strong influence on
techno and rock music, and pioneered
trance music. Artists such as Herbert
Grönemeyer, Scorpions, Blind Guardian,
Rammstein, Nena, Xavier Naidoo, Tokio
Hotel and Modern Talking have enjoyed
international fame. German musicians
and, particularly, the pioneering bands
Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk have
also contributed to the development of
electronic music.[14][15]
Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein

German popular music of the 20th and

21st century includes the movements of
Neue Deutsche Welle (Nena, Alphaville),
Ostrock (City, Keimzeit), Metal/Rock,
Punk (Nina Hagen, Böhse Onkelz, Die
Ärzte, Die Toten Hosen), Pop rock
(Beatsteaks), Indie (Tocotronic, Blumfeld)
and Hip Hop (Die Fantastischen Vier,
Deichkind). A global trendsetter is the
German Minimal and Techno scene (e.g.
Ricardo Villalobos, Paul Kalkbrenner and
Sven Vath).
Germany hosts many large rock music
festivals annually. The Rock am Ring
festival is the largest music festival in
Germany, and among the largest in the
world. German artists also make up a
large percentage of Industrial music acts,
which is called Neue Deutsche Härte.
Germany hosts some of the largest Goth
scenes and festivals in the entire world,
with events like Wave-Gotik-Treffen and
M'era Luna Festival easily attracting up to
30,000 people. In addition, the country
hosts Wacken Open Air, the biggest
heavy metal open air festival in the world.

Since about 1970, Germany has once

again had a thriving popular culture, now
increasingly being led by its new-old
capital Berlin, and a self-confident music
and art scene. Germany is also very well
known for its many renowned opera
houses, such as Semperoper, Komische
Oper Berlin and Munich State Theatre.
Richard Wagner established the Bayreuth
Festspielhaus.

One of the most famous composers of

the international film business is Hans
Zimmer.

Cinema
German cinema dates back to the very
early years of the medium with the work
of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly
influential during the years of the Weimar
Republic with German expressionists
such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich
Wilhelm Murnau. Austrian-based director
Fritz Lang, who became a German citizen
in 1926 and whose career flourished in
the pre-war German film industry, is said
to have been a major influence on
Hollywood cinema. His silent movie
Metropolis (1927) is referred to as the
birth of modern Science Fiction movies.
Founded in 1912, the Babelsberg Film
Studio is the oldest large-scale film
studio in the world.

In 1930, Josef von Sternberg directed

The Blue Angel, which was the first major
German sound film and it brought world
fame to actress Marlene Dietrich.[16]
Impressionist documentary Berlin:
Symphony of a Great City, directed by
Walter Ruttmann, is a prominent example
of the city symphony genre. The Nazi era
produced mostly propaganda films
although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still
introduced new aesthetics to film.[17]

The Babelsberg Studio near Berlin is one of Europe´s

large-scale film locations.
During the 1970s and 1980s, New
German Cinema directors such as Volker
Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim
Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder
put West German cinema back on the
international stage with their often
provocative films.[18]

More recently, films such as Good Bye

Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Head-on)
(2004), Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004),
and Der Baader Meinhof Komplex (2008)
have enjoyed international success.

The Academy Award for Best Foreign

Language Film went to the German
production Die Blechtrommel (The Tin
Drum) in 1979, to Nowhere in Africa in
2002, and to Das Leben der Anderen (The
Lives of Others) in 2007.[19] Among the
most famous German actors are Marlene
Dietrich, Klaus Kinski, Hanna Schygulla,
Armin Mueller-Stahl, Jürgen Prochnow,
Thomas Kretschmann, Til Schweiger and
Daniel Brühl.

The Berlin Film Festival, held annually

since 1951, is one of the world's
foremost film festivals. An international
jury places emphasis on representing
films from all over the world and awards
the winners with the Golden and Silver
Bears.[20] The annual European Film
Awards ceremony is held every second
year in the city of Berlin, where the
European Film Academy (EFA) is located.
The Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam are
the oldest large-scale film studios in the
world and a centre for international film
production.

Media

The Frankfurt Book Fair in 2016

Germany's television market is the

largest in Europe, with 34,000,000 TV
households. The many regional and
national public broadcasters are
organised in line with the federal political
structure. Around 90% of German
households have cable or satellite TV,
and viewers can choose from a variety of
free-to-view public and commercial
channels. Pay-TV services have not
become popular or successful while
public TV broadcasters ZDF and ARD
offer a range of digital-only channels.[21]

Germany is home to some of the world's

largest media conglomerates, including
Bertelsmann, the Axel Springer AG and
ProSiebenSat.1 Media.

The German-speaking book publishers

produce about 700,000,000 copies of
books every year, with about 80,000
titles, nearly 60,000 of them new
publications. Germany is in third place on
international statistics after the English-
speaking book market and the People’s
Republic of China.[22] The Frankfurt Book
Fair is considered to be the most
important book fair in the world for
international deals and trading and has a
tradition that spans over 500 years.

Many of Europe's best-selling

newspapers and magazines are
produced in Germany. The papers with
the highest circulation are Die Zeit,
Süddeutsche Zeitung, Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt, the
largest magazines include Der Spiegel,
Stern and Focus. The Bild is a tabloid and
has the largest circulation of all German
papers.[23]

Architecture

The Grand Hotel Heiligendamm, built as a seaside

resort between 1793 and 1870.

Architectural contributions from

Germany include the Carolingian and
Ottonian styles, important precursors of
Romanesque. The region then produced
significant works in styles such as the
Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque.

The nation was particularly important in

the early modern movement through the
Deutscher Werkbund and the Bauhaus
movement identified with Walter Gropius.
The Nazis closed these movements and
favoured a type of neo-classicism. Since
World War II post-modern structures
have been built. Since the reunification of
Germany the trend went on.
Contemporary architecture from
Germany is internationally rather not
recopied and therefore could rarely set
aesthetic standards.
Art
German art has a long and distinguished
tradition in the visual arts, from the
earliest known work of figurative art to its
current output of contemporary art.

Important German Renaissance painters

include Albrecht Altdorfer, Lucas Cranach
the Elder, Matthias Grünewald, Hans
Holbein the Younger and the well-known
Albrecht Dürer. The most important
Baroque artists from Germany are
Cosmas Damian Asam. Further artists
are the painter Anselm Kiefer, romantic
Caspar David Friedrich, the surrealist
Max Ernst, the conceptualist Joseph
Beuys, or Wolf Vostell or the neo-
expressionist Georg Baselitz.

Within modern day society, contemporary

art is a large aspect of the culture. This
large community draws in people from all
around the world. There are around 500
galleries in Germany that caters to this
modern form of art.[24] Art Cologne is a
popular fair that displays contemporary
art.[25]

Religion
Picture of Benedict XVI.

59.4% of the German population belongs

to Christian denominations: 30% are
Roman Catholic, and 29% are affiliated
with Protestantism[26] (the figures are
known accurately because Germany
imposes a church tax on those who
disclose a religious affiliation).
Portrait of Martin Luther

The North and East are predominantly

Protestant, the South and West
predominantly Catholic. Nowadays there
is a non-religious majority in Hamburg
and the former East German states.[27]
Germany was, at one point, almost in its
entirety within the Roman Catholic Holy
Roman Empire, but was also the source
of Protestant reformers such as Martin
Luther. During Kulturkampf the
government opposed the Catholic church
(from about 1872 to 1886).

Historically, Germany had a substantial

Jewish population.[28] Only a few
thousand people of Jewish origin
remained in Germany after the
Holocaust, but the German Jewish
community now has about 100,000
members,[29] many from the former
Soviet Union. Germany also has a
substantial Muslim minority, most of
whom are from Turkey.

German theologians include Luther,

Melanchthon, Schleiermacher,
Feuerbach, and Rudolf Otto. Also
Germany was the origin of many mystics
including Meister Eckhart, Rudolf Steiner,
and Jakob Boehme; and of Pope
Benedict XVI.

Science

Johannes Gutenberg started the Printing Revolution

Germany has been the home of many

famous inventors and engineers, such as
Johannes Gutenberg, who is credited
with the invention of movable type
printing in Europe; Hans Geiger, the
creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad
Zuse, who built the first computer.[30]
German inventors, engineers and
industrialists such as Zeppelin, Daimler,
Diesel, Otto, Wankel, von Braun and Benz
helped shape modern automotive and air
transportation technology including the
beginnings of space travel.[31][32]

The work of Albert Einstein and Max

Planck was crucial to the foundation of
modern physics, which Werner
Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger
developed further.[33] They were
preceded by such key physicists as
Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von
Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel
Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm
Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, an
accomplishment that made him the first
winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1901.[34] The Walhalla temple for
"laudable and distinguished Germans",
features a number of scientists, and is
located east of Regensburg, in
Bavaria.[35][36]

Germany is home to some of the finest

academic centers in Europe. Some
famous Universities include those of
both Munich and Berlin, University of
Tübingen, University of Göttingen,
University of Marburg, University of
Berlin, Mining Academy Freiberg and
Freiburg University, among many others.
Moreover, the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg is one of the oldest
universities in Europe.

Fashion and design

Adidas shoes

German designers were leaders of

modern product design, with the
Bauhaus designers like Mies van der
Rohe, and Dieter Rams of Braun being
essential.[37]

Germany is a leading country in the

fashion industry. The German textile
industry consisted of about 1,300
companies with more than 130,000
employees in 2010, which generated a
revenue of 28 billion Euro. Almost 44
percent of the products are exported.
The textile branch thus is the second
largest producer of consumer goods
after food production in the country.[38]
Berlin is the center of young and creative
fashion in Germany, prominently
displayed at Berlin Fashion Week (twice a
year). It also hosts Europe's largest
fashion trade fair called Bread & Butter.

Munich, Hamburg and Düsseldorf are

also important design and production
hubs of the German fashion industry,
among smaller towns.[39] Renowned
fashion designers from Germany include
Karl Lagerfeld, Jil Sander, Wolfgang
Joop, Philipp Plein and Michael
Michalsky. Important brands include
Hugo Boss, Escada and Triumph, as well
as special outfitters like Adidas, PUMA
and Jack Wolfskin. The German
supermodels Claudia Schiffer, Heidi
Klum, Tatjana Patitz and Nadja
Auermann came to global fame.[40]
Cuisine

A Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte (Black Forest cake)

German cuisine varies from region to

region. The southern regions of Bavaria
and Swabia, for instance, share a culinary
culture with Switzerland and Austria.
Pork, beef, and poultry are the main
varieties of meat consumed in Germany;
pork is the most popular.[41] Throughout
all regions, meat is often eaten in
sausage form. More than 1500 different
types of sausage are produced in
Germany. Organic food has gained a
market share of around 3.0%, and this is
predicted to increase further.[42]

A popular German saying has the

meaning: "Breakfast like an emperor,
lunch like a king, and dine like a beggar."
Breakfast is usually a selection of breads
and rolls with jam and honey or cold cuts
and cheese, sometimes accompanied by
a boiled egg. Cereals or muesli with milk
or yoghurt is less common but
widespread.[43] More than 300 types of
bread are sold in bakery shops across
the country.[44] Occasionally, more
traditional and heartier Breakfasts, like
the Bavarian "Brotzeit" with Weisswurst,
Sweet Mustard and Wheat beer, or the
Bauernfrühstück are also popular.

A typical cheese and cold meat buffet served at

private festivities

As a country with many immigrants,

Germany has adopted many international
dishes into its cuisine and daily eating
habits. Italian dishes like pizza and pasta,
Turkish and Arab dishes like döner kebab
and falafel, are well established,
especially in bigger cities. International
burger chains, as well as Chinese and
Greek restaurants, are widespread.
Indian, Thai, Japanese, and other Asian
cuisines have gained popularity in recent
decades. Among high-profile restaurants
in Germany, the Michelin guide has
awarded nine restaurants three stars, the
highest designation, while 15 more
received two stars.[45] German
restaurants have become the world's
second most decorated eateries after
France.[46]

Although German wine is becoming more

popular in many parts of Germany, the
national alcoholic drink is beer. German
beer consumption per person is declining
but—at 116 litres annually—it is still
among the highest in the world.[47] Beer
varieties include Alt, Bock, Dunkel,
Kölsch, Lager, Malzbier, Pils, and
Weizenbier. Among 18 surveyed western
countries, Germany ranked 14th in the list
of per capita consumption of soft drinks
in general, while it ranked third in the
consumption of fruit juices.[48]
Furthermore, carbonated mineral water
and Schorle (its mixture with fruit juice or
wine) are very popular in Germany.

Gaming
Germany is filled with inventors of board
games, also known as Eurogames, that
are played around the world. Popular
games include The Settlers of Catan,
which features hexagonal resource tiles
that generate resources according to the
roll of two dice, and Carcassonne with its
randomly drawn square tiles that
eventually make a medieval map and its
notability for its meeples. The fervor for
new games continued with Puerto Rico,
Ticket to Ride, and Alhambra. In 2008,
Germany imported the popular board
game Dominion from the US. Today,
Germany publishes more board games
than any other country per capita.[49]
The German video gaming market is one
of the largest in the world.[50] The
Gamescom in Cologne is the world's
leading gaming convention.[51] Popular
game series from Germany include
Turrican, the Anno series, The Settlers
series, the Gothic series, SpellForce, the X
series, the FIFA Manager series, Far Cry
and Crysis. The most relevant game
developers and publishers are Blue Byte,
Crytek, Deck13, Deep Silver, Daedalic
Entertainment, Egosoft, Kalypso Media,
Koch Media, Piranha Bytes, Related
Designs and Yager Development.
Bigpoint, Gameforge, Goodgame, Quake
III Arena / Defrag and Wooga are leading
developers of online and social
games.[52]

Sport

Michael Schumacher has won seven Formula One

championships

Sport forms an integral part of German

life. 27,000,000 Germans are members of
a sports club and an additional
12,000,000 pursue such an activity
individually.[53] Association football is the
most popular sport. With more than
6,300,000 official members, the German
Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-
Bund) is the largest sports organisation
of its kind worldwide.[53] The Bundesliga
attracts the second-highest average
attendance of any professional sports
league in the world. The German national
football team won the FIFA World Cup in
1954, 1974, 1990 and 2014 and the UEFA
European Football Championship in
1972, 1980 and 1996. Germany has
hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and
2006 and the UEFA European Football
Championship in 1988. Amongst the
most successful and renowned
footballers are: Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd
Müller, Jürgen Klinsmann, Lothar
Matthäus, and Oliver Kahn. Other popular
spectator sports include handball,
volleyball, basketball, ice hockey, and
tennis.[53]

The Allianz Arena is home to the football club Bayern

Munich and was a venue for the 2006 FIFA World
Cup

Germany is one of the leading

motorsports countries in the world. Race-
winning cars, teams and drivers have
come from Germany. The most
successful Formula One driver in history,
Michael Schumacher, has set many
significant motorsport records during his
career, having won more Formula One
World Drivers' Championships and more
Formula One races than any other driver
since Formula One's debut season in
1950. He is one of the highest paid
sportsmen in history and became a
billionaire athlete.[54] Constructors like
BMW and Mercedes are among the
leading manufacturers in motorsport.
Additionally, Porsche has won the 24
Hours of Le Mans, a prestigious annual
endurance race held in France, 16 times,
and Audi has won it 9 times. The
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters is a
popular series in Germany.

Historically, German sportsmen have

been some of the most successful
contenders in the Olympic Games,
ranking third in an all-time Olympic
Games medal count, combining East and
West German medals. In the 2008
Summer Olympics, Germany finished fifth
in the medal count,[55] while in the 2006
Winter Olympics they finished first.[56]
Germany has hosted the Summer
Olympic Games twice, in Berlin in 1936
and in Munich in 1972. The Winter
Olympic Games took place in Germany
once in 1936 when they were staged in
the Bavarian twin towns of Garmisch and
Partenkirchen.

Society

Cultural map of the world according to the World

Values Survey, describing Germany as high in
"Rational-Secular Values" and low in "Self-expression
values".

Germany is a modern, advanced society,

shaped by a plurality of lifestyles and
regional identities.[57] The country has
established a high level of gender
equality, promotes disability rights, and is
legally and socially tolerant towards
homosexuals. Gays and lesbians can
legally adopt their partner's biological
children, and civil unions have been
permitted since 2001.[58] The former
Foreign minister Guido Westerwelle and
the former mayor of Berlin, Klaus
Wowereit, are openly gay.[59]

During the last decade of the twentieth

century, Germany's attitude towards
immigrants changed. Until the mid-
1990s, the opinion was widespread that
Germany was not a country of
immigration, even though about 20% of
the population were of non-German
origin. Today the government and a
majority of the German society are
acknowledging that immigrants from
diverse ethnocultural backgrounds are
part of German society and that
controlled immigration should be
initiated based on qualification
standards.[60]

Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the

internal and external evaluation of
Germany's national image has
changed.[61] In the annual Nation Brands
Index global survey, Germany became
significantly and repeatedly more highly
ranked after the tournament. People in
20 different states assessed the
country's reputation in terms of culture,
politics, exports, its people and its
attractiveness to tourists, immigrants
and investments. Germany has been
named the world's second most valued
nation among 50 countries in 2010.[62]
Another global opinion poll, for the BBC,
revealed that Germany is recognised for
the most positive influence in the world
in 2010. A majority of 59% have a
positive view of the country, while 14%
have a negative view.[63][64]

With an expenditure of €67,000,000,000

on international travel in 2008, Germans
spent more money on travel than any
other country. The most visited
destinations were Spain, Italy and
Austria.[65]

Gallery
The Oktoberfest in Munich is the world's
largest fair

Christmas market in Thuringia

 Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart

Old Town of Regensburg (UNESCO world

heritage)
 Berlin Festival

See also
German Forest
Goethe-Institut
Prussian virtues
Public holidays in Germany
German folklore
Weihnachten
Oktoberfest
List of museums in Germany
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