Alg1 08 Student Journal
Alg1 08 Student Journal
Alg1 08 Student Journal
Chapter
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
9
Factor the trinomial.
1. x 2 − 6 x + 9 2. x 2 + 4 x + 4 3. x 2 − 14 x + 49
x
x x
x x
x
Essential Question How can you multiply and divide square roots?
Work with a partner. For each operation with square roots, compare the results
obtained using the two indicated orders of operations. What can you conclude?
Is 36 + 64 equal to 36 + 64?
Is 4• 9 equal to 4 • 9?
Is 64 − 36 equal to 64 − 36?
100 100
Is equal to
4 4
a a
In general, is equal to ? Explain your reasoning.
b b
radical expression
simplest form
conjugates
like radicals
Core Concepts
Product Property of Square Roots
Words The square root of a product equals the product of the square roots of the
factors.
Numbers 9•5 = 9 • 5 = 3 5
Algebra ab = a • b , where a, b ≥ 0
Notes:
3 3 3 a a
Numbers = = Algebra = , where a ≥ 0 and b > 0
4 4 2 b b
Notes:
Extra Practice
In Exercises 1–12, simplify the expression.
1. 24 2. − 48 3. 162g 6 4. − 512h7
25 6 196 49 x3
5. 6. − 7. − 8.
64 49 r4 64 y 2
3 12a 6
9. 3 −135 10. 729 11. − 3 −192x 5 12. 3
512b 4
15 8 3x 2 y 3 8
13. 14. 15. 16.
500 100 80 xy 3 3
16
5 3 4 5
17. 18. 19. 20.
−3 − 3 3 4 + 4 5 2 −5 3 3 + 5
−4
d. Explain how you can verify the solutions you found in part (c).
a. x 2 − 4 = 0 b. x 2 + 3x = 0
y y
x x
c. − x 2 + 2 x = 0 d. x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0
y y
x x
e. x 2 − 3x + 5 = 0 f. − x 2 + 3 x − 6 = 0
y y
4. After you find a solution graphically, how can you check your result algebraically?
Check your solutions for parts (a)–(d) in Exploration 2 algebraically.
5. How can you determine graphically that a quadratic equation has no solution?
Core Concepts
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing
Step 1 Write the equation in standard form, ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Notes:
• two real solutions when the graph of its related function has two x-intercepts.
• one real solution when the graph of its related function has one x-intercept.
• no real solutions when the graph of its related function has no x-intercepts.
Notes:
Extra Practice
In Exercises 1–9, solve the equation by graphing.
1. x 2 + 4 x = 0 2. − x 2 = − 2 x + 1 3. x 2 + 2 x + 4 = 0
y y y
x x x
4. x 2 − 5 x + 4 = 0 5. x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0 6. x 2 = 2 x − 6
y y y
x x
7. x 2 − x − 12 = 0 8. x 2 − 10 x + 25 = 0 9. x 2 + 4 = 0
y y y
2 4 2
2
−2 x −2 2 4 x
−2
2 x
2 2 2
−4 −2 x 2 4 x −2 2 4 x
−2 −2
−2 x −4 x
−2 2 4 x
−2
−2
a. x 2 − 4 = 0 b. 2 x 2 + 5 = 0
y y
4 8
2 6
4
−4 −2 2 4 x
−2 2
−4
−4 −2 2 4 x
c. x 2 = 0 d. x 2 − 5 = 0
y y
4 4
2 2
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
−2 −2
−4 −4
Work with a partner. Complete each table. Use the completed tables to estimate the
solutions of x 2 − 5 = 0. Explain your reasoning.
a. x x2 − 5 b. x x2 − 5
2.21 –2.21
2.22 –2.22
2.23 –2.23
2.24 –2.24
2.25 –2.25
2.26 –2.26
Work with a partner. Two equations are equivalent when they have the same solutions.
5. Write the exact solutions of each equation. Then use a calculator to estimate the
solutions.
a. x 2 − 2 = 0
b. 3 x 2 − 18 = 0
c. x 2 = 8
zero of a function
Core Concepts
2
Solutions of x =d
• When d > 0, x 2 = d has two real solutions, x = ± d.
Notes:
Extra Practice
In Exercises 1–18, solve the equation using square roots.
1. x 2 + 49 = 0 2. x 2 − 25 = 0 3. x 2 + 6 = 6
4. 2 x 2 + 84 = 0 5. 2 x 2 − 72 = 0 6. − x 2 − 12 = −12
13. (x − 4) = 0
2
14. ( x + 2)2 = 196 15. ( 2 x + 7) 2 = 49
In Exercises 19–24, solve the equation using square roots. Round your solutions
to the nearest hundredth.
19. x 2 + 6 = 8 20. x 2 − 12 = 3 21. x 2 + 25 = 49
25. A ball is dropped from a window at a height of 81 feet. The function h = −16 x 2 + 81 represents the
height (in feet) of the ball after x seconds. How long does it take for the ball to hit the ground?
1 2
26. The volume of a cone with height h and radius r is given by the formula V = π r h. Solve the
3
formula for r. Then find the radius of a cone with volume 27π cubic inches and height 4 inches.
Essential Question How can you use “completing the square” to solve a
quadratic equation?
d. Write the equation modeled by the algebra tiles so that the left side is the
square of a binomial. Solve the equation using square roots.
=
b. Use algebra tiles to “complete
the square.”
a. x 2 − 2 x = 1 b. x 2 − 4 x = −1 c. x 2 + 4 x = − 3
Core Concepts
Completing the Square
Words To complete the square for an expression of the form x 2 + bx, follow these
steps.
Notes:
Extra Practice
In Exercises 1–6, complete the square for the expression. Then factor the
trinomial.
1. x 2 + 12 x 2. x 2 − 14 x 3. x 2 + 4 x
4. x 2 + 18 x 5. x 2 − 7 x 6. x 2 + 11x
In Exercises 7–18, solve the equation by completing the square. Round your
solutions to the nearest hundredth, if necessary.
7. x 2 − 8 x = −15 8. x 2 + 2 x = 3 9. x 2 + 7 x = 30
25. A diver jumps off a diving board. The function h = −16 x 2 + 6 x + 5 represents the
height (in feet) of the diver after x seconds. What is the maximum height above the
water of the diver? How many seconds did it take for the diver to reach the maximum
height? Round your answers to the nearest hundredth.
Essential Question How can you derive a formula that can be used to
write the solutions of any quadratic equation in standard form?
(2ax + b) = b 2 − 4ac
2
5. _____________________________
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
Quadratic Formula: x = 8. _____________________________
2a
b. Compare this method with the method in Exploration 1. Explain why you
think 4a and b 2 were chosen in Steps 2 and 3 of Exploration 1.
a. x 2 + 2 x − 3 = 0 b. x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 0 c. x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 0
5. Use the Internet to research imaginary numbers. How are they related to quadratic
equations?
discriminant
Core Concepts
Quadratic Formula
2
The real solutions of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 are
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x = Quadratic Formula
2a
Notes:
x x x
Notes:
Notes:
Extra Practice
In Exercises 1–6, solve the equation using the Quadratic Formula. Round your
solutions to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
1. x 2 − 10 x + 16 = 0 2. x 2 + 2 x − 8 = 0 3. 3 x 2 − x − 2 = 0
4. x 2 + 6 x = −13 5. − 3x 2 + 5 x − 1 = − 7 6. − 4 x 2 + 8 x + 12 = 6
7. A square pool has a side length of x feet. A uniform border around the pool is 1 foot wide. The total
area of the pool and the border is 361 square feet. What is the area of the pool?
8. − x 2 + 6 x + 3 = 0 9. x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0 10. x 2 + 3 x + 8 = 0
In Exercises 11–13 find the number of x-intercepts of the graph of the function.
In Exercises 14–16, solve the equation using any method. Explain your choice of
method.
Essential Question How can you solve a system of two equations when
one is linear and the other is quadratic?
System of Equations −6 −4 −2 2 4 6x
y = x+ 2 Linear −2
y = x2 + 2 x Quadratic
Work with a partner. Match each system of equations with its graph (shown on the
next page). Then solve the system of equations.
a. y = x2 − 4 b. y = x2 − 2 x + 2
y = −x − 2 y = 2x − 2
c. y = x2 + 1 d. y = x2 − x − 6
y = x −1 y = 2x − 2
10 10
A. B.
−10 10 −10 10
−10 −10
10 10
C. D.
−10 10 −10 10
−10 −10
4. Write a system of equations (one linear and one quadratic) that has (a) no
solutions, (b) one solution, and (c) two solutions. Your systems should be different
from those in Explorations 1 and 2.
Notes:
Extra Practice
In Exercises 1–6, solve the system by graphing.
1 2
1. y = x 2 + 5 x + 6 2. y = x2 + x − 3 3. y = x − 2x + 1
2
y = −x + 1 y = x +1
y = −x + 1
y y y
1
4. y = −3 x 2 − 3 x + 2 5. y = − x2 + x − 2 6. y = 6 x 2 + 3 x − 5
3
y = 2x y = −3 x − 5
y = −2
y y y
x x
In Exercises 13–18, solve the equation. Round your solution(s) to the nearest
hundredth, if necessary.
13. − 6 x + 14 = x 2 − 9 x + 16 14. − x 2 + 4 x = −2 x + 8
1
15. 4 x 2 − 9 = 4 x − 1 16. − x + 1 = − x 2 + 4 x
2
x
2
17. 2 x 2 − 4 = − x 2 + 6 18. −3 + 2 = x 2 − 2
3