Types of Manholes

TYPES OF MANHOLES
Manholes are masonry or reinforced cement concrete chambers constructed at

suitable intervals along the sewer lines for providing access into them. They are used
to facilitate inspections of the sewer or storm water system as well as maintenance
projects such as cleaning or removal of obstructions within the sewer or storm water
line. They allow the municipality to join sewer or storm water systems, change the
direction of the sewer or storm water system, or align the sewer or storm water system.
Besides that, they allow the escape of considerable gases through perforated cover and
thus help in ventilation of sewage. Moreover, they facilitate the laying of sewer line in
convenient lengths.
Manhole is provided when there are changes in alignment, grade of sewer, size
of sewer and at junction of two or more sewers. Manhole is also provided in straight
alignment of sewers at regular intervals depending upon the diameters of sewers. It
ranges from 90m to 150m. For example: 75m for 60cmф, 120m for 90cmф and 150m
for 120cmф.
Manhole can be classified to three main types of manhole according to the depth
of manhole which are shallow manhole, normal manhole and deep manhole. Besides
that, manhole can be classified to more specific types according to the connections of
pipes underneath it.
Shallow manhole also known as inspection chamber, it is provided at shallow

depth of 75-90cm which is approximately two to three feet deep. They are typically
located at the start of a sewer or storm water branch and are placed in areas that are not
heavily trafficked. It is provided with a light rectangle cover at its top with label 24” x
18” which is 0.610m x 0.457m in dimension. Shallow manhole is usually located
outside the premises either at the side, rear or front. In the inspection chamber are
sewage outlets from the premises' toilets, bathrooms and kitchen that are connected to
the public sewerage pipelines to the public sewage treatment plant. If there is any
blockage, the checking and clearing of the blockage will be done via the inspection
chamber.
Figure 1: Shallow Manhole
Normal manhole are typically about 150 cm or five feet deep . They are located
in the sewer or storm water line and include a heavy manhole cover that is typically
square or rectangular in shape. It is connected the sewage from inspection chamber to
main sewerage. The diameter of normal manhole at Astaka is 0.61m.
Figure 2: Normal Manhole
Deep manhole is any manhole which is deeper than 150cm with heavy cover at
the top. These manholes incorporate a method for entry, such as a built-in ladder,
always incorporate a heavy manhole cover. The size is gradually increased and a facility
for going down is provided. It is the main sewerage system which channels the water
to septic tank. The diameter of the circular deep manhole is 0.61m. There is some label
on the cover of manhole which this manhole is grade A according to BS 497.
Figure3: Deep Manhole
At Astaka, we found various types of manholes surround it. Base on the depth
of manhole, there are 4 shallow manholes, 19 normal manholes and 2 deep manholes.
4 shallow manholes indicate there are 4 toilets in Astaka.
Both normal manhole and deep manhole at Astaka have round cover with
diameter of 0.61m. Manholes are round because it is the best shape to resist the
compression of Earth around it. Besides that, round shapes are easier to manufacture
than square or rectangular shapes. Moreover, manhole covers are heavy, being round
makes them easier to move from place to place by roll them. As an added benefit,
workers do not need to line up the covers with any angles. Making round covers easy
to slip into place. However, the biggest reason that manhole covers are round is that
round covers hard to fall through a circular opening. Scheckel writes, “a round manhole
cover cannot fall through its circular opening because no matter how you position it,
the cover is wider than the hole. But a square, rectangular or oval manhole cover could
fall in if it was inserted diagonally into the hole,” which would be bad news for
unobservant pedestrians and drivers alike.
Types of manholes Number of manholes Manhole Number (MH)
Shallow Manhole 4 1,2,3,4
Normal Manhole 19 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,
12,13,14,15,16,17,18,
19,20,21,22,23
Deep Manhole 2 24,25
Table 1: Types of manhole according to the depth of manhole
Besides the classification of manholes according to the depth of manhole, the

manhole also can be classified according to the pipelines such as straight-through
manhole, junction manhole and drop manhole.
Straight-through manhole is the simplest type of manhole, which is built on a

straight run of sewer with no side junctions. Where there is change in the size of sewer,
the soffit or crown level of the two sewers should be the same, except where special
conditions require otherwise.
Figure 4: Straight-through Manhole
Junction manhole is constructed at every junction of two or more sewers, and

on the curved portion of the sewers, with curved portion situated within the manhole.
This type of manholes can be constructed with the shape other than rectangular to suit
the curve requirement and achieve economy. The soffit of the smaller sewer at junction
should not be lower than that of the larger sewer. The gradient of the smaller sewer may
be made steeper from the previous manhole to reduce the difference of invert at the
point of junction to a convenient amount.
Figure 5: Junction Manhole
When a sewer connects with another sewer, where the difference in level
between invert level of branch sewer and water line in the main sewer at maximum
discharge is greater than 0.6 m, a manhole may be built either with vertical or nearly
vertical drop pipe from higher sewer to the lower one. The drop manhole is also required
in the same sewer line in sloping ground, when drop more than 0.6 m is required to
control the gradient and to satisfy the maximum velocity i.e., non-scouring velocity.
The drop pipe may be outside the shaft and encased in concrete or supported on brackets
inside the shaft. If the drop pipe is outside the shaft, a continuation of the sewer should
be built through the shaft wall to form a rodding and inspection eye, provided with half
blank flange. When the drop pipe is inside the shaft, it should be of cast iron and
provided with adequate arrangements for rodding and with water cushion of 150 mm
depth at the end. The diameter of the drop pipe should be at least equal to incoming
pipe. A main line or house service line lateral entering a manhole at a higher elevation
than the main flow line or channel. If the higher elevation flow is routed to the main
manhole channel outside of the manhole, it is called an outside drop. If the flow is
routed down through the manhole barrel, the pipe down to the manhole channel is called
an inside drop. Drop manholes are implemented in steep urban sewer systems to reduce
flow velocities. The dominant hydraulic features of drop manholes depend on the
operating conditions, affected by the manhole geometry and the approach flow features,
characterized in terms of the dimensionless impact parameter.
Figure 6: Drop Manhole
Types of manholes Number of manholes Manhole Number (MH)
Straight-through Manhole
Junction Manhole
Drop Manhole
Table 2: Types of manhole according to the pipelines of manhole

Types of Manholes

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TYPES OF MANHOLES

Manholes are masonry or reinforced cement concrete chambers constructed at

Shallow manhole also known as inspection chamber, it is provided at shallow

Figure 2: Normal Manhole

Types of manholes Number of manholes Manhole Number (MH)

Shallow Manhole 4 1,2,3,4

Normal Manhole 19 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,

Table 1: Types of manhole according to the depth of manhole

Besides the classification of manholes according to the depth of manhole, the

Straight-through manhole is the simplest type of manhole, which is built on a

Figure 4: Straight-through Manhole

Junction manhole is constructed at every junction of two or more sewers, and

Types of manholes Number of manholes Manhole Number (MH)

Table 2: Types of manhole according to the pipelines of manhole

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