CHAPTER 71 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

EXERCISE 280 Page 759

1. Evaluate using the trapezoidal rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

1 2
∫ 0 1 + x2
dx (use 8 intervals)

1 2 1− 0
Since ∫ 0 1 + x2
d x , width of interval =
8
= 0.125

x 0 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000

2
1 + x2 2.0000 1.9692 1.8824 1.7534 1.6000 1.4382 1.2800 1.1327 1.0000

Hence, using the trapezoidal rule

1 2
∫ 0 1 + x2
dx

1 
≈ (0.125)  ( 2.0000 + 1.0000 ) + 1.9692 + 1.8824 + 1.7534 + 1.6000 + 1.4382 + 1.2800 + 1.1327 
2 

= 0.125[12.5559]

= 1.569

2. Evaluate using the trapezoidal rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:
3
∫1
2 ln 3 x d x (use 8 intervals)

3 3 −1
Since ∫1
2 ln 3 x d x , width of interval =
8
= 0.25

x 1 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.0

2 ln 3x 2.1972 2.6435 3.0082 3.3165 3.5835 3.8191 4.0298 4.2204 4.3944

Hence, using the trapezoidal rule

3
∫1
2 ln 3 x d x

1 
≈ (0.25)  ( 2.1972 + 4.3944 ) + 2.6435 + 3.0082 + 3.3165 + 3.5835 + 3.8191 + 4.0298 + 4.2204 
2 

= 0.25[27.9168] = 6.979
1120 © 2014, John Bird
3. Evaluate using the trapezoidal rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

π /3
∫ 0
(sin θ ) d θ (use 6 intervals)

π
−0
π /3 π
∫
Since (sin θ ) d θ , width of interval =
= 3 or 10°
0 6 18

θ 0 π/18 2π/18 3π/18 4π/18 5π/18 6π/18

sin θ 0 0.4167 0.5848 0.7071 0.8017 0.8752 0.9306

Hence, using the trapezoidal rule

π /3
∫ 0
(sin θ ) d θ

 π  1 
≈    ( 0 + 0.9306 ) + 0.4167 + 0.5848 + 0.7071 + 0.8017 + 0.8752 
 18   2 

π 
= ≈   [3.8508]
 18 

= 0.672

4. Evaluate using the trapezoidal rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

1.4
∫ 0
e − x2 d x (use 7 intervals)

1.4 1.4 − 0
Since ∫ e − x2 d x , width of interval = = 0.2
0 7

x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

e − x2 1.0 0.9608 0.8521 0.6977 0.5273 0.3679 0.2369 0.1409

Hence, using the trapezoidal rule,

1 
e − x2 d x ≈ (0.2)  (1.0 + 0.1409 ) + 0.9608 + 0.8521 + 0.6977 + 0.5273 + 0.3679 + 0.2369 
1.4
∫ 0
2 

= (0.2)[4.21315]

= 0.843

1121 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 281 Page 761

1. Evaluate using the mid-ordinate rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

2 3
∫ 0 1+ t2
dt (use 8 intervals)

2 3 2−0
Since ∫ d t , width of interval = = 0.25
0 1+ t 2 8

Hence, ordinates occur at 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75 and 2.0,

and mid-ordinates occur at 0.125, 0.375, 0.625, 0.875, 1.125, 1.375, 1.625 and 1.875

t 0.125 0.375 0.625 0.875 1.125 1.375 1.625 1.875

3
1+ t2 2.9538 2.6301 2.1573 1.6991 1.3241 1.0378 0.8240 0.6644

Hence, using the mid-ordinate rule,

3
d t ≈ ( 0.25 ) [ 2.9538 + 2.6301 + 2.1573 + 1.6991 + 1.3241 + 1.0378 + 0.8240 + 0.6644]
2
∫ 0 1+ t2

= ( 0.25 ) [13.2906]

= 3.323

2. Evaluate using the mid-ordinate rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

π /2 1
∫ 0 1 + sin θ
(use 6 intervals)

π
−0
π /2 1 π
Since ∫ 0 1 + sin θ
d θ , width of interval
= = 2
6 12
rad or 15°

Hence, ordinates occur at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°,

and mid-ordinates occur at 7.5°, 22.5°, 37.5°, 52.5°, 67.5° and 82.5°.

θ 7.5° 22.5° 37.5° 52.5° 67.5° 82.5°

1
1 + sin θ 0.8845 0.7232 0.6216 0.5576 0.5198 0.5021

Hence, using the mid-ordinate rule

1122 © 2014, John Bird

 π /2 1 π 
∫ d θ ≈   [ 0.8845 + 0.7232 + 0.6216 + 0.5576 + 0.5198 + 0.5021]
0 1 + sin θ  12 

π 
=   [3.8088]
 12 

= 0.997

3. Evaluate using the mid-ordinate rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

3 ln x
∫ 1 x
dx (use 10 intervals)

3 ln x 3 −1
Since ∫ d x , width of interval = = 0.2
1 x 10

Hence, ordinates occur at 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0,

and mid-ordinates occur at 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7 and 2.9.

x 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

ln x
x 0.0866 0.2018 0.2703 0.3121 0.3378 0.3533 0.3621 0.3665 0.3679 0.3671

Hence, using the mid-ordinate rule

3 ln x
∫ 1 x
d x ≈ (0.2)[ 0.0866 + 0.2018 + 0.2703 + 0.3121 + 0.3378 + 0.3533 + 0.3621 + 0.3665
+ 0.3679 + 0.3671]

= (0.2)[3.0255]

= 0.605

4. Evaluate using the mid-ordinate rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

π /3
∫ 0
(cos3 x) d x (use 6 intervals)

π
−0
π /3 π
∫
Since (cos x) d x
3 , width of =
interval = 3 rad or 10°
0 6 18

Hence, ordinates occur at 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50° and 60°,

and mid-ordinates occur at 5°, 15°, 25°, 35°, 45° and 55°
1123 © 2014, John Bird
 θ 5° 15° 25° 35° 45° 55°
( cos 2 x )
0.9943 0.9493 0.8628 0.7414 0.5946 0.4344

Hence, using the mid-ordinate rule,

π /3 π 
∫ (cos3 x) d x ≈   [ 0.9943 + 0.9493 + 0.8628 + 0.7414 + 0.5946 + 0.4344]
0
 18 

π 
=   [ 4.5768]
 18 

= 0.799

1124 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 282 Page 764

1. Evaluate using Simpson’s rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

π /2
∫ 0
(sin x) d x (use 6 intervals)

π
−0
π /2 π
Since ∫ 0
=
(sin x) d x , width of interval = 2
6 12
rad or 15°

x π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π
0
12 12 12 12 12 12

(sin x) 0 0.5087 0.7071 0.8409 0.9306 0.9828 1.0000

Hence, using Simpson’s rule,

π /2 1 π 
∫ (sin x) d x ≈   ( 0 + 1.000 ) + 4 ( 0.5087 + 0.8409 + 0.9828 ) + 2 ( 0.7071 + 0.9306 ) 
0 3  12 

π 
=   [1.0000 + 9.3296 + 3.2754]
 36 

π 
=   [13.605] = 1.187
 36 

2. Evaluate using Simpson’s rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

1.6 1
∫ 0 1+θ 4
dθ (use 8 intervals)

1.6 1 1.6 − 0
Since ∫ 0 1+θ 4
d θ , width of interval =
8
= 0.2

θ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1
1+θ 4 1.0 0.9984 0.9750 0.8853 0.7094 0.5000 0.3254 0.2065 0.1324

Hence, using Simpson’s rule,

1.6 1
∫ 0 1+θ 4
dθ

1125 © 2014, John Bird

 1
≈ (0.2) (1.0 + 0.1324 ) + 4 ( 0.9984 + 0.8853 + 0.5000 + 0.2065 ) + 2 ( 0.9750 + 0.7094 + 0.3254 ) 
3

1
= (0.2) [1.1324 + 10.3608 + 4.0196]
3

1
= (0.2) [15.5128] = 1.034
3

3. Evaluate using Simpson’s rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

1.0 sin θ
∫ 0.2 θ
dθ (use 8 intervals)

1.0 sin θ 1.0 − 0.2

Since ∫ d θ , width of interval = = 0.1 (note that values of θ are in radians)
0.2 θ 8

θ 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

sin θ
θ 0.9933 0.9851 0.9735 0.9589 0.9411 0.9203 0.8967 0.8704 0.8415

Hence, using Simpson’s rule,

1.0 sin θ 1 ( 0.9933 + 0.8415 ) + 4 ( 0.9851 + 0.9589 + 0.9203 + 0.8704 ) 

∫ θ
d θ ≈ (0.1)  
+ 2 ( 0.9735 + 0.9411 + 0.8967 ) 
3 
0.2

1
= (0.1) [1.8348 + 14.9388 + 5.6226]
3

1
= (0.1) [ 22.3962] = 0.747
3

4. Evaluate using Simpson’s rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

π /2
∫ 0
x cos x d x (use 6 intervals)

π
−0
π /2 π
Since ∫ =
x cos x d x , width of interval = 2 rad or 15°
0 6 12

x π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π
0
12 12 12 12 12 12
x cos x 0 0.2529 0.4534 0.5554 0.5236 0.3388 0

1126 © 2014, John Bird

Hence, using Simpson’s rule,

π /2 1 π 
∫ x cos x d x ≈   ( 0 + 0 ) + 4 ( 0.2529 + 0.5554 + 0.3388 ) + 2 ( 0.4534 + 0.5236 ) 
0 3  12 

π 
=   [ 0 + 4.5884 + 1.9540]
 36 

π 
=   [ 6.5424] = 0.571
 36 

5. Evaluate using Simpson’s rule, giving the answers correct to 3 decimal places:

π /3
∫ 0
e x2 sin 2 x d x (use 10 intervals)

π
−0
π /3 π
∫
Since e sin 2 x d x , width of interval =
x2 3 = rad
0 10 30

x π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π 7π 8π 9π 10π
0
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
e sin 2 x
x2

0 0.2102 0.4250 0.6488 0.8857 1.1392 1.4114 1.7021 2.0064 2.3119 2.5929

Hence, using Simpson’s rule,

π /3 1  π  ( 0 + 2.5929 ) + 4 ( 0.2102 + 0.6488 + 1.1392 + 1.7021 + 2.3119 ) 

∫ 0
e x2 sin 2 x d x ≈   
3  30  

+ 2 ( 0.4250 + 0.8857 + 1.4114 + 2.0064 ) 

π 
=   [ 2.5929 + 24.0488 + 9.4570]
 90 

π 
=   [36.0987 ] = 1.260
 90 

6. Evaluate using (a) integration, (b) the trapezoidal rule, (c) the mid-ordinate rule, (d) Simpson’s rule.

Give answers correct to 3 decimal places.

4 4
∫1 x3
dx (use 6 intervals)

1127 © 2014, John Bird

  −2   −2   −2  
4 4
4 4 4  4 x −2 
(a) ∫1
=
x3
dx ∫ 1
4 x=
dx  =
−3
 =    −    = 1.875
 −2  1  x 2  1  16   1  

4 −1
(b) Width of interval = = 0.5
6

x 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

4
x3 4.0000 1.1852 0.5000 0.2560 0.1481 0.0933 0.0625

Hence, using the trapezoidal rule,

4 1 
d x ≈ (0.5)  ( 4.0000 + 0.0625 ) + 1.1852 + 0.5000 + 0.2560 + 0.1481 + 0.0933
4
∫1 x 3
2 

= (0.5)[4.21385] = 2.107

(c) Mid-ordinates occur at 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.25 and 3.75

x 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.25 3.75

4
x3 2.0480 0.7464 0.3512 0.1923 0.1165 0.0759

Using the mid-ordinate rule,

4 4
∫ 1 x3
d x ≈ (0.5)[ 2.0480 + 0.7464 + 0.3512 + 0.1923 + 0.1165 + 0.0759 ]

= (0.5)[3.5303] = 1.765

(d) Using the table of values from part (b), using Simpson’s rule,

4 4 1 ( 4.0000 + 0.0625 ) + 4 (1.1852 + 0.2560 + 0.0933) 

∫ d x ≈ (0.5)  
+ 2 ( 0.5000 + 0.1481) 
x3 3 
1

1
= (0.5) [ 4.0625 + 6.1380 + 1.2962]
3

1
= (0.5) [11.4967 ] = 1.916
3

7. Evaluate using (a) integration, (b) the trapezoidal rule, (c) the mid-ordinate rule, (d) Simpson’s rule.

Give answers correct to 3 decimal places.

6 1
∫ 2
(2 x − 1)
dx (use 8 intervals)

1128 © 2014, John Bird

 6 1 du du
(a) ∫ 2
(2 x − 1)
dx Let u = 2x – 1, then
dx
=2 and dx =
2
1
1
1 1 du 1 1 u2
Thus, ∫ d=
x ∫ = ∫
−
u 2 d=
u = =
u ( 2 x − 1)
(2 x − 1) u 2 2 2 1
2
1 6
dx=  ( 2 x − 1)  2 =
6
 11 − 3  = 1.585
Hence, ∫ 2
(2 x − 1)   

6−2
(b) Width of interval = = 0.5
8

x 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

1
( 2 x − 1) 0.5774 0.5000 0.4472 0.4082 0.3780 0.3536 0.3333 0.3162 0.3015

Hence, using the trapezoidal rule,

6 1
∫ 2
(2 x − 1)
dx

1 
≈ (0.5)  ( 0.5774 + 0.3015 ) + 0.5000 + 0.4472 + 0.4082 + 0.3780 + 0.3536 + 0.3333 + 0.3162 
2 

= (0.5)[3.17595] = 1.588

(c) Mid-ordinates occur at 2.25, 2.75, 3.25, 3.75, 4.25, 4.75, 5.25 and 5.75

x 2.25 2.75 3.25 3.75 4.25 4.75 5.25 5.75

1
( 2 x − 1) 0.5345 0.4714 0.4264 0.3922 0.3651 0.3430 0.3244 0.3086

Using the mid-ordinate rule,

6 1
∫ 2
(2 x − 1)
d x ≈ (0.5)[ 0.5345 + 0.4714 + 0.4264 + 0.3922 + 0.3651 + 0.3430

+ 0.3244 + 0.3086]

= (0.5)[3.1656] = 1.583

(d) Using the table of values from part (b), using Simpson’s rule,

6 1 1 ( 0.5774 + 0.3015 ) + 4 ( 0.5000 + 0.4082 + 0.3536 + 0.3162 ) 

∫ 2
(2 x − 1)
d x ≈ (0.5) 
3 

+ 2 ( 0.4472 + 0.3780 + 0.3333) 

1
= (0.5) [ 0.8789 + 6.312 + 2.317 ]
3

1129 © 2014, John Bird

 1
= (0.5) [9.5079] = 1.585
3

3
8. Evaluate ∫ 0
(1 + x 4 ) d x using (a) the trapezoidal rule, (b) the mid-ordinate rule, (c) Simpson’s rule.

Use 6 intervals in each case and give answers correct to 3 decimal places.

3−0
(a) Width of interval = = 0.5
6

x 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

(1 + x 4 )
1.0000 1.0308 1.4142 2.4622 4.1231 6.3295 9.0554

Hence, using the trapezoidal rule,

3
∫ 0
(1 + x 4 ) d x

1 
≈ (0.5)  (1.0000 + 9.0554 ) + 1.0308 + 1.4142 + 2.4622 + 4.1231 + 6.3295
2 

= (0.5)[20.3875] = 10.194

(b) Mid-ordinates occur at 2.25, 2.75, 3.25, 3.75, 4.25, 4.75, 5.25 and 5.75

x 0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.75

(1 + x 4 )
1.0020 1.1473 1.8551 3.2216 5.1603 7.6283

Using the mid-ordinate rule,

3
∫ 0
(1 + x 4 ) d x ≈ (0.5)[ 1.0020 + 1.1473 + 1.8551 + 3.2216 + 5.1603 + 7.6283 ]

= (0.5)[20.0146] = 10.007

(c) Using the table of values from part (b), using Simpson’s rule,

3 1 (1.0000 + 9.0554 ) + 4 (1.0308 + 2.4622 + 6.3295 ) 

∫ 0
(1 + x 4 ) d x ≈ (0.5) 
3 

+ 2 (1.4142 + 4.1231) 

1
= (0.5) [10.0554 + 39.2900 + 11.0746]
3

1
= (0.5) [ 60.42] = 10.070
3

1130 © 2014, John Bird

 0.7 1
9. Evaluate ∫ 0.1
(1 − y 2 )
d y using (a) the trapezoidal rule, (b) the mid-ordinate rule, (c) Simpson’s

rule. Use 6 intervals in each case and give answers correct to 3 decimal places.

0.7 1 0.7 − 0.1

(a) Since ∫ 0.1
(1 − y 2 )
d y then width of interval =
6
= 0.1

y 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

1
(1 − y 2 ) 1.0050 1.0206 1.0483 1.0911 1.1547 1.2500 1.4003

Hence, using the trapezoidal rule,

1 1 
d y ≈ (0.1)  (1.0050 + 1.4003) + 1.0206 + 1.0483 + 1.0911 + 1.1547 + 1.2500 
0.7
∫ 0.1
(1 − y 2 ) 2 

= (0.1)[6.76735] = 0.677

(b) Mid-ordinates occur at 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65

y 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65

1
(1 − y 2 ) 1.0114 1.0328 1.0675 1.1198 1.1974 1.3159

Using the mid-ordinate rule,

0.7 1
∫ 0.1
(1 − y 2 )
d y ≈ (0.1)[1.0114 + 1.0328 + 1.0675 + 1.1198 + 1.1974 + 1.3159]

= (0.1)[6.7448] = 0.674

(c) Using the table of values from part (a), using Simpson’s rule,

1 1
d y ≈ (0.1) (1.0050 + 1.4003) + 4 (1.0206 + 1.0911 + 1.2500 ) + 2 (1.0483 + 1.1547 ) 
0.7
∫ 0.1
(1 − y 2 ) 3

1
= (0.1) [ 2.4053 + 13.4468 + 4.406]
3
1
= (0.1) [ 20.258] = 0.675
3

1131 © 2014, John Bird

10. A vehicle starts from rest and its velocity is measured every second for 8 seconds, with values as

follows:

time t (s) 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
velocity v (ms–1) 0 0.4 1.0 1.7 2.9 4.1 6.2 8.0 9.4

8.0
The distance travelled in 8.0 seconds is given by ∫ 0
vdt

Estimate this distance using Simpson’s rule, giving the answer correct to 3 significant figures.

1
(1.0 ) [(0 + 9.4) + 4(0.4 + 1.7 + 4.1 + 8.0) + 2(1.0 + 2.9 + 6.2)]
8.0
∫ 0
vdt ≈
3
1 1
= [9.4 + 56.8 + 20.2] = (86.4) = 28.8 m
3 3

11. A pin moves along a straight guide so that its velocity v (m/s) when it is a distance x (m) from the

beginning of the guide at time t (s) is given in the table below.

t(s) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

v(m/s) 0 0.052 0.082 0.125 0.162 0.175 0.186 0.160 0

Use Simpson’s rule with 8 intervals to determine the approximate total distance travelled by the pin

in the 4.0 second period.

Distance travelled by pin

1
≈ (0.5) [ (0 + 0) + 4(0.052 + 0.125 + 0.175 + 0.160) + 2(0.082 + 0.162 + 0.186) ]
3
1
= (0.5) [ 0 + 2.048 + 0.86]
3
1
= (0.5) [ 2.908]
3

= 0.485 m

1132 © 2014, John Bird