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Report On Simple Assembler

This document describes the second pass of a simple assembler. It discusses the data structures used, including an opcode table and symbol table. It outlines the algorithm for pass two, which involves parsing source code lines, looking up opcodes and symbols, calculating addresses, and generating object code. Errors are flagged if issues arise during the assembly process.

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Faaran Mohammed
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57 views6 pages

Report On Simple Assembler

This document describes the second pass of a simple assembler. It discusses the data structures used, including an opcode table and symbol table. It outlines the algorithm for pass two, which involves parsing source code lines, looking up opcodes and symbols, calculating addresses, and generating object code. Errors are flagged if issues arise during the assembly process.

Uploaded by

Faaran Mohammed
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REPORT ON SIMPLE ASSEMBLER

(SECOND PASS)

SUBMITTED BY:

1) ABHILASH S.M

2) ABHISHEK SWAMI

3) VINOD EP

4) FAARAN MOHAMMED

5) DARSHAN VAIDYA
Abstract

Assembler is system software used to convert assembly


level language to machine level language. It is used to
translate assembly language statements into the target
computer's machine code. The assembler performs
certain fundamental functions such as translating
mnemonic operation codes to their machine language
equivalents and assigning machine addresses to
symbolic labels used by the programmer. The features
and design of an assembler depend heavily upon the
source language it translates and the machine language
it produces. Simple SIC assembler consists of two
passes. The first pass scans the source program for
labels and creates a symbol table. The second pass uses
the symbol table and opcode table to produce the object
code.
Simple SIC Assembler

Typically a modern assembler creates object code by


translating assembly instruction mnemonics
into opcodes, and by resolving symbolic for memory
locations and other entities. The use of symbolic
references is a key feature of assemblers, saving tedious
calculations and manual address updates after program
modifications.

The translation of source program to object code


requires us to accomplish the following functions.

1. Convert mnemonics operation codes to their


machine language equivalents.
2. Convert symbolic operands to their equivalent
machine addresses.
3. Build the machine instructions in the proper
format.
4. Convert the data constants specified in the source
program into their internal machine representations
5. Write the object program and the assembly listings.
Data Structures Used
Our simple assembler uses two major internal data
structures. The Opcode table (OPTAB) and the Symbol
Table (SYMTAB). OPTAB is used to look up
mnemonic operation codes and translate them to their
machine language equivalents. SYMTAB is used to
store values (addresses) assigned to labels. Location
counter LOCCTR is used to help us in assignment of
addresses. LOCCTR is initialized to the beginning
address specified in the START statement.

OPTAB is usually organized as a hash tabbe, with


mnemonic operation code as the key. The information
in the OPTAB is predefined when the assembler itself is
written, rather than being loaded into the table at
execution time.

SYMTAB includes the name and value(address) for


each label in the source program, together with flags to
indicate error conditions. This table may also contain
other information about the data area or instruction
label. During pass1 of the assembler the labels are
entered into the symbol table and during pass2, symbols
used as operand are looked up in the SYMTAB to
obtain the address to be inserted in the assembler
instructions. SYMTAB is organized as a hash table for
efficiency of insertion and retrieval.
Algorithm for pass II of the
Assembler:
BEGIN
initialize Scnt, Locctr, Skip, and Errorflag to 0
write assembler report headings
WHILE Sourceline[Scnt] is a comment
BEGIN
append to assembler report
increment Scnt
END {while}
Breakup Sourceline[Scnt]
IF Opcode = 'START' THEN
BEGIN
convert Operand from hex and save in Locctr
append to assembler report
increment Scnt
Breakup Sourceline[Scnt]
END
ENDIF
format and place the load point on object code array
format and place ENDval on object code array, index ENDloc
WHILE Opcode <> 'END'
BEGIN
IF Sourceline[Scnt] is not a comment THEN
BEGIN
Xsearch Opcodetab for Opcode
IF found THEN
DO CASE
1. Opcode is 'RESW' or 'RESB'
BEGIN
increment Locctr by Storageincr
place '!' on object code array
replace the value at index ENDloc with loader address
format and place Locctr on object code array
format and place ENDval on object code array, index ENDloc
set Skip to 1
END
2. Opcode is 'WORD' or 'BYTE'
BEGIN
increment Locctr by Storageincr
Dostorage to get Objline
IF error THEN
set errors flag in Errors[Scnt]
ENDIF
END
3. OTHERWISE
BEGIN
increment Locctr by Opcodeincr
Doinstruct to get Objline
IF error THEN
set errors flag in Errors[Scnt]
ENDIF
END
ENDCASE
ELSE
set errors flag in Errors[Scnt]
ENDIF
END
ENDIF
append to assembler report
IF Errors[Scnt] <> 0 THEN
BEGIN
set Errorflag to 1
append error report to assembler report
END
ENDIF
IF Errorflag = 0 and Skip = 0 THEN
BEGIN
place Objline on object code array
END
ENDIF
IF Skip = 1 THEN
set Skip to 0
ENDIF
increment Scnt
Breakup Sourceline[Scnt]
END {while}
place '!' on object code array
IF Errorflag = 0 THEN
transfer object code array to file
ENDIF
END {of Pass 2}

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