APPLICATION NOTES FOR CERAMIC CHIP CAPACITORS

GENERAL SOLDER PRE-HEAT CYCLE

Ceramic chip capacitors exhibit excellent reliability Proper preheating is essential to prevent thermal shock
characteristics providing that proper circuit design cracking of the capacitor. The circuit assembly should
techniques and controlled assembly processes are be preheated as shown in the recommended profiles at
utilized. Due to the ceramic capacitor’s crystalline a rate of 1.0 to 2.0°C per second to within 65 to 100°C
micro-structure these components are susceptible of the maximum soldering temperature.
when exposed to excessive thermal or mechanical
shock during circuit processing. It should be noted that SMT SOLDERING TEMPERATURES
micro-cracks in ceramic can be difficult to detect with Solders typically utilized in SMT have melting points
normal post assembly visual and electrical testing and between 179°C and 188°C. Activation of rosin fluxes
can pose a significant threat to reliable field operation. occurs at about 200°C. Based on these facts a
For this reason it is recommended that the assembly minimum peak reflow temperature of 205°C to 210°C
qualification process employ suitable testing to expose should be established. A maximum peak reflow
the presence of micro-cracking conditions. temperature of 225°C should be adequate in most
circumstances. Many reflow process profiles have
CHIP CAPACITOR ATTACHMENT peaks ranging from 240°C to 260°C and while ceramic
LASERtrim® CAPACITORS - Offered with gold capacitors can withstand soldering temperatures in
flashed nickel-barrier terminations only. Due to the this range for short durations they should be minimized
unique internal construction of the LASERtrim® or avoided whenever possible. Use of PCB mounted
it is recommended that a conservative reflow multiple thermocouple M.O.L.E. profiling is advised for
temperature profile be used ( Fig. 1). Wave soldering is accurate characterization of circuit heat absorption and
discouraged. maximum temperature conditions.
HIGH FREQUENCY CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS
- Offered with standard tin plated nickel-barrier REFLOW SOLDER
terminations compatible with solder flow and reflow The general term “reflow” refers to several methods
processes. used in heating the circuit so that solder paste reflows,
MICROWAVE SINGLE LAYER CAPACITORS - Offered or “wetting” of the ceramic capacitor and PCB contacts
with Titanium-Tungsten/Gold and Titanium-Tungsten/ occurs. These methods include infra-red, convection
Nickel/Gold thin-film termination as well as legacy and radiant heating. The size of the solder fillet may be
Platinum/Palladium/Gold terminations. Please refer to controlled by varying the amount of solder paste that is
the attachment compatibility table (page 31) specific to screened onto the circuit. Recommended temperature
these devices. limits for solder reflow are shown in Figure 1 for
LASERtrim® and in Figure 2 for standard capacitors.
SOLDERING IRON
Ceramic capacitor attachment with a soldering iron VAPOR PHASE
is discouraged due to the inherent limitations on A typical vapor phase soldering process consists of
precisely controlling soldering temperature, heat several temperature zones created by saturated vapor
transfer rate, and time. In the event that a soldering from a boiling liquid. As the circuit passes through the
iron must be employed the following precautions are zone the vapor condenses on the solder paste, pad,
recommended. and termination resulting in heat transfer and reflow
of the solder paste. Vapor phase reflow produces
• Preheat circuit and capacitors to 150°C consistent circuit heating with reflow occurring at a
• Never contact the ceramic with the iron tip relatively lower temperature that is determined by the
• 30 watt iron output (max) known boiling point of the liquid used, typically 215°C.
• 280°C tip temperature (max) Recommended temperature limits for vapor phase
• 3.0 mm tip diameter (max) reflow are shown in Figure 3.
• Limit soldering time to 5 sec.

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 APPLICATION NOTES FOR CERAMIC CHIP CAPACITORS

SOLDER WAVE COOL DOWN CYCLE

Wave soldering is perhaps the most rigorous of surface After the solder reflows properly the assembly should be
mount soldering processes due to the steep rise in allowed to cool gradually at room ambient conditions.
temperature seen by the circuit as it is immersed in the Attempts to speed this cooling process or immediate
molten solder wave, typically at 240°C. Recommended exposure of the circuit to cold cleaning solutions
temperature limits for wave soldering are shown in Fig. 4. may result in thermal shock cracking of the ceramic
capacitor.

240 280
260 Soldering Time
20 Sec. Max. @ 260°C
210 240
Soak: 160 ± 5°C
60 Sec. Min. 220
180 Soldering Time
25 Sec. Max. @230°C
200
Pre-heating Zone: Gradual Cooling at

Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)

150 1.0 to 2.0 °C/sec. Max Room Temperature

160
120
Gradual Cooling at 120
90 Room Temperature
Pre-heat:
1.0 to 2.0 °C/sec. 80
60

40
30

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Time (sec.) Time (sec.)

Figure 1: Solder Reflow Profile for LASERtrims® Figure 2: Solder Reflow Profile for MLCCs

280 280
Soldering Time
Soldering Time 260 5 Sec. Max. @260°C
240 40 Sec. Max. @ 215°C 240
215 220
200 200
Pre-heating Zone: Gradual Cooling at Pre-heat @ Gradual Cooling at
Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)

1.0 to 2.0 °C/sec. Max Room Temperature 1.0 to 2.0 °C/sec. Max Room Temperature
160 160

120 120

80 80

40 40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Time (sec.) Time (sec.)

Figure 3: Vapor Phase Profile for MLCCs Figure 4: Wave Solder Profile for MLCCs

Please refer to our web site for solder profile information for other component types.

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APPLICATION NOTES FOR CERAMIC CHIP CAPACITORS
BOARD LAYOUT & PAD DESIGN
Solder pad design, solder application, and component placement are important elements of the soldering process.
Excessive transfer of thermal or mechanical stresses to the MLC can result from oversized solder fillets. Nominal
pad designs for solder reflow process are listed in Table 1. These guidelines represent a starting point in Printed
Circuit Board (PCB) design.
Further information is the Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits (www.ipc.org) has developed
and published IPC-SM-782A “Surface Mount Design and Land Pattern Standard”.

(L) (S) (W)

CHIP SIZE LENGTH SEPARATION WIDTH
min max min max min max
0201 IN 0.008 0.014 0.008 0.012 0.008 0.016
0603 mm 0.20 0.35 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.40
0402 IN 0.014 0.018 0.012 0.020 0.016 0.024 W

1005 mm 0.35 0.45 0.30 0.50 0.40 0.60

0603 IN 0.024 0.028 0.024 0.031 0.024 0.031
L S L
1608 mm 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.80 0.60 0.80
0805 IN 0.024 0.028 0.039 0.047 0.031 0.043
2012 mm 0.60 0.70 1.00 1.20 0.80 1.10
1210 IN 0.039 0.047 0.079 0.094 0.071 0.091
3225 mm 1.00 1.20 2.00 2.40 1.80 2.30

Table 1 Reflow Pad Dimensions

SOLDER FILLETS TOMB STONING / CHIP MOVEMENT

To avoid detrimental effects of thermal and mechanical Tomb-stoning or draw bridging is illustrated in the
stress it is essential that the solder fillet be limited to figure below. Tomb-stoning or other undesirable chip
2/3rds of the overall height of the MLC termination as movements may result if unequal surface tension forces
illustrated in the figure below. The solder fillet can be exist as the molten solder wets the MLC terminations
controlled by solder paste deposition and pad design in and mounting pads. This tendency can be minimized
reflow and vapor phase processes and by pad design by insuring that all factors at both solder joints are
and use of hot air knives in the wave process. equal, namely; pad size, solder mass, termination size,
component position and heating. Tomb-stoning is
easily avoided through proper design, material selection
and proofing of the process.

End Terminations

Solder Fillet Solder Fillet

Ceramic Body

Mounting Pads
Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

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