Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 188 views

    Clinker Formation

    Uploaded by

    anon_665535262
    Portland cement clinker is formed when raw materials like limestone and clay are heated in a kiln. During this process, the materials decompose and reactions occur that form the four main clinker minerals: alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite. The proportions of these minerals can be estimated using the Bogue calculation equations, which relate the mineral percentages to the overall oxide content measured by clinker analysis. While useful, the Bogue calculation does not always match the actual mineral compositions present. Portland cement contains 95% clinker and 5% gypsum, while blended cements contain 50-75% ground granulated blast furnace slag in place of some clinker, resulting in different properties like slower setting, lower

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Clinker Formation

    Uploaded by

    anon_665535262
    188 views3 pages
    Portland cement clinker is formed when raw materials like limestone and clay are heated in a kiln. During this process, the materials decompose and reactions occur that form the four main clinker minerals: alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite. The proportions of these minerals can be estimated using the Bogue calculation equations, which relate the mineral percentages to the overall oxide content measured by clinker analysis. While useful, the Bogue calculation does not always match the actual mineral compositions present. Portland cement contains 95% clinker and 5% gypsum, while blended cements contain 50-75% ground granulated blast furnace slag in place of some clinker, resulting in different properties like slower setting, lower

    Original Description:

    hgjjghhkjhkh

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Portland cement clinker is formed when raw materials like limestone and clay are heated in a kiln. During this process, the materials decompose and reactions occur that form the four main clinker minerals: alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite. The proportions of these minerals can be estimated using the Bogue calculation equations, which relate the mineral percentages to the overall oxide content measured by clinker analysis. While useful, the Bogue calculation does not always match the actual mineral compositions present. Portland cement contains 95% clinker and 5% gypsum, while blended cements contain 50-75% ground granulated blast furnace slag in place of some clinker, resulting in different properties like slower setting, lower

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    188 views3 pages

    Clinker Formation

    Uploaded by

    anon_665535262
    Portland cement clinker is formed when raw materials like limestone and clay are heated in a kiln. During this process, the materials decompose and reactions occur that form the four main clinker minerals: alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite. The proportions of these minerals can be estimated using the Bogue calculation equations, which relate the mineral percentages to the overall oxide content measured by clinker analysis. While useful, the Bogue calculation does not always match the actual mineral compositions present. Portland cement contains 95% clinker and 5% gypsum, while blended cements contain 50-75% ground granulated blast furnace slag in place of some clinker, resulting in different properties like slower setting, lower

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 3

    Clinker Formation

    Portland cement clinker can be described as a four-component system, consisting of the four major
    oxides CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 andFe2O3. When the clinker cools to sub solidus temperatures an
    essentially univariant assemblage is formed (neglecting pressure) consisting of C3S(Alite),
    C2S(Belite), C3A and C4AF (Glasser, 1970).
    Clinker is formed when the raw meals, ground and blended in suitable proportions are burnt in
    kiln. Reactions which take place as the feed passes through the kiln are reviewed under three broad
    headings:

     Decomposition of raw materials - temperatures up to about 1300 °C.


     Alite formation and other reactions at 1300 C-1450 °C in the burning zone.
     Cooling of the clinker.
    During the decomposition of raw materials which occur in reactions at temperatures up to about
    1300 °C Water is evaporated in the raw feed, if any are present. Limestone is calcined which result
    in loss of carbon dioxide. Siliceous and aluminosilicate fractions of the feed are decomposed and
    sulfate melt phase are formed.

    In the burning zone, above about 1300 °C, reactions take place quickly. The clinker is in the
    burning zone for perhaps 10-20 minutes but in this time a lot happens:

     The proportion of clinker liquid increases and nodules form.


     Intermediate phases dissociate to form liquid and belite.
     Belite reacts with free lime to form alite.
     Some volatile phases evaporate.
    As the clinker cools, the main liquid phase crystallizes to form aluminate phase, ferrite and a little
    belite. Fast cooling of clinker is advantageous - it makes for more hydraulically-reactive silicates
    and lots of small, intergrown, aluminate and ferrite crystals. Slow cooling gives less hydraulically-
    reactive silicates and produces coarse crystals of aluminate and ferrite. Over-large aluminate
    crystals can lead to erratic cement setting characteristics. Very slow cooling allows alite to
    decompose to belite and free lime (Understanding Cement, 2005).

    Understanding-cement. 2005. Clinker: reactions in the kiln. [ONLINE] Available at:


    https://www.understanding-cement.com/reactions.html#. [Accessed 10 July 2018].
    Glasser, P, 1975. Production and properties of some cements made by plasma.. Cement and Concrete
    research, 5, 6.

    Investopedia. 2018. Credit. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/credit.asp.


    [Accessed 9 July 2018].

    Bogue Calculation

    The Bogue calculation is used to calculate the approximate proportions of the four main minerals
    in Portland cement clinker. The calculation is simple in principle:
    Firstly, according to the assumed mineral compositions, ferrite phase is the only mineral to contain
    iron. The iron content of the clinker therefore fixes the ferrite content.
    Secondly, the aluminate content is fixed by the total alumina content of the clinker, minus the
    alumina in the ferrite phase. This can now be calculated, since the amount of ferrite phase has been
    calculated.
    Thirdly, it is assumed that all the silica is present as belite and the next calculation determines how
    much lime is needed to form belite from the total silica content of the clinker. There will be a
    surplus of lime.
    Fourthly, the lime surplus is allocated to the belite, converting some of it to alite.
    In practice, the above process of allocating the oxides can be reduced to the following equations,
    in which the oxides represent the weight percentages of the oxides in the clinker:
    BOGUE CALCULATION
    C3S = 4.0710CaO-7.6024SiO2-1.4297Fe2O3-6.7187Al2O3
    C2S = 8.6024SiO2+1.0785Fe2O3+5.0683Al2O3-3.0710CaO
    C3A = 2.6504Al2O3-1.6920Fe2O3
    C4AF = 3.0432Fe2O3
    Clinker analysis
    SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O SO3 LOI IR Total
    21.5 5.2 2.8 66.6 1.0 0.6 0.2 1.0 1.5 0.5 98.9
    Free lime = 1.0% CaO
    (understanding Cement ,2005)
    Consider an example
    CaO=65.6%; SiO2=21.5%; Al2O3=5.2% and Fe2O3=2.8%
    The Bogue calculation is therefore:
    C3S = 4.0710CaO-7.6024SiO2-1.4297Fe2O3-6.7187Al2O3
    C2S = 8.6024SiO2+1.1Fe2O3+5.0683Al2O3-3.0710CaO
    C3A = 2.6504Al2O3-1.6920Fe2O3
    C4AF = 3.0432Fe2O3
    Therefore:
    C3S = (4.0710 x 65.6)-(7.6024 x 21.5)-(1.4297 x 2.8)-(6.718 x 5.2)
    C2S = (8.6024 x 21.5)+(1.0785 x 2.8)+(5.0683 x 5.2)-(3.0710 x 65.6)
    C3A = (2.6504 x 5.2)-(1.6920 x 2.8)
    C4AF = 3.0432 x 2.8
    So:
    C3S = 64.7%
    C2S = 12.9%
    C3A = 9.0%
    C4AF = 8.5%
    It should be stressed that the Bogue calculation does not give the 'true' amounts of the four main
    clinker phases present, although this is sometimes forgotten. The results of the Bogue calculation
    differ from the 'true' amounts (often called the phase proportions) principally because the actual
    mineral compositions differ - often only slightly, but occasionally more so and particularly in the
    case of the ferrite phase, from the pure phase compositions assumed in the calculation
    (Understanding-Cement, 2005).
    Difference between OPC and PSC

    OPC contains 95 % clinker and 5 % gypsum while PSC contains around 50 to 75% of slag which
    obtained from blast furnace. PSC sets slowly compared to OPC so the curing period required for
    PSC is higher compared to OPC. The rate of gain of strength of PSC is slow compared to OPC.
    Heat of Hydration generated by OPC is greater compared to PSC. PSC is more durable against
    sulphate attack than OPC. The early strength of PSC is low compared to OPC but after 90 days
    the strength obtained by PSC is more compared to OPC. Similarly, the cost of PSC is lower
    compared to OPC. PSC is more resistant to chemical attack. The permeability of PSC is low
    compared to OPC. In contrast to the stony grey of concrete made with Portland cement, the near-
    white color of Slag cement permits architects to achieve a lighter color for exposed fair-faced
    concrete finishes, at no extra cost. To achieve a lighter color finish, Slag is usually specified.

    You might also like