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    Chapter 2

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    Ronel Panchoo
    An atom consists of a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, while electrons are negatively charged. Atoms are electrically neutral as they contain equal numbers of protons and electrons. Atoms can form ions by gaining or losing electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration like a noble gas. Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together, and can be made of either the same type of atom (element molecules) or different types of atoms (compound molecules).

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    Chapter 2

    Uploaded by

    Ronel Panchoo
    65 views7 pages
    An atom consists of a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, while electrons are negatively charged. Atoms are electrically neutral as they contain equal numbers of protons and electrons. Atoms can form ions by gaining or losing electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration like a noble gas. Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together, and can be made of either the same type of atom (element molecules) or different types of atoms (compound molecules).

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    An atom consists of a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, while electrons are negatively charged. Atoms are electrically neutral as they contain equal numbers of protons and electrons. Atoms can form ions by gaining or losing electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration like a noble gas. Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together, and can be made of either the same type of atom (element molecules) or different types of atoms (compound molecules).

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    65 views7 pages

    Chapter 2

    Uploaded by

    Ronel Panchoo
    An atom consists of a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, while electrons are negatively charged. Atoms are electrically neutral as they contain equal numbers of protons and electrons. Atoms can form ions by gaining or losing electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration like a noble gas. Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together, and can be made of either the same type of atom (element molecules) or different types of atoms (compound molecules).

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    Structure of Atoms

     An atom is made up of a dense center called the nucleus, and a cloud of


    electrons surrounding it.

     The nucleus has two types of particles called protons and neutrons.

     The protons are positively charged and the neutrons have no charge
    (neutral).

     The electrons are negatively charged.

     The number of protons is always equal to the number of electrons, so an


    atom is electrically neutral.

     The relative mass and charge of each particle is as shown in the table
    below.

    Proton number and Nucleon number.


     The proton number of an atom is equal to the number of protons in the
    atom.

     The proton number is also called the atomic number.

     The nucleon number of an atom is equal to the total number of protons


    and neutrons in the atom.
     The nucleon number is also called the mass number since the protons and
    neutrons give the atom its mass.

    The proton number of the atom shown above is 3.

    The nucleon number for the atom shown is 7.

    Atomic symbol
    The structure of an atom can be written in symbol form as:

    Mass Number
    A
    X
    (Nucleon number)

    Atomic Number

    (Proton Number)

    B
     E.g. What are the atomic particles found in
    an atom of fluorine, 199 F?

    Electron arrangement
     The electrons surround the nucleus like a cloud and move around it in fixed
    orbits or shells.

     Each shell is numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on, going outwards from the


    nucleus.
    Each shell can hold a certain maximum number of electrons.

     The maximum number of electrons each shell can hold is given by:
    1st shell = 2
    2nd shell = 8
    3rd shell = 8 (for the first 20 elements in the Periodic Table)

     The electron arrangement of an atom is also called its electronic structure

     The electronic structure can also be stated as a series of numbers called the
    electron configuration.
     The electronic configuration of the sodium atom shown is: 2.8.1. The
    electrons in the outermost shell are called the outer electrons or valence
    electrons.

    Isotopes
     Isotopes are atoms of the same element which have the same number of
    protons but different numbers of neutrons.

     Isotopes are chemically alike in all aspects, except for their masses.
    However, some isotopes are radioactive.

     Hydrogen has three isotopes 11H, 21H and 31H.

    Isotopes of
    hydrogen

     Chlorine exists as two main isotopes: 3517Cl (75%) and 3717Cl (25%).

     The average atomic mass of chlorine is given by the weighted mean of the
    two isotopes:
    0.75 x 35 + 0.25 x 37 = 35.5

     Hence, in the Periodic Table the atomic mass of chlorine is given as 35.517Cl.
    Ions
     In an atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons, so
    an atom is electrically neutral.

     However, atoms can lose or gain electrons to form charged particles called
    ions.

     Atoms form ions so that they can have the stable electronic structure of a
    noble gas such as helium, neon or argon.

     If an atom gives away its outer electrons, then it has more protons than
    electrons and becomes a positively charged ion.

     If an atom takes in electrons, then it has more electrons than protons, and
    it becomes a negatively charged ion.

     Examples:

     Mg  Mg2+ + 2e-
    (Mg loses two electrons to form a positive ion, Mg2+)

     Cl + e-  Cl-
    (Cl gains one electron to form a negative ion, Cl-)
    Ions of metals and non-metals.
     Metals e.g. sodium, calcium and aluminum which have less than 4
    electrons in their outermost shells, always give away electrons to form
    positive ions.

     Non-metals like chlorine, oxygen and nitrogen which have more than 4
    electrons in their outer shell, take in electrons to form negative ions.

    Molecules of elements and compounds.


     A molecule is made up of two or more atoms chemically joined together.
     Molecules of elements are made up of the same kind of atoms.

    Molecules of elements

     Molecules of compounds are made up of two or more different kinds of


    atoms.

    Molecules of compounds.

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