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GRAMMAR
1.Noun
Definition:
Nouns are a part of speech typically denoting a person, place ,thing ,animal or idea. In
linguistics a noun is a member of a large, open lexical category whose member can occur as the main
word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
Example:
2.Adjective
Definition:
In grammar an adjective is a “describing” word the main syntactic role of which is to quality
a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
Example:
3.Adverb
Definition:
Is an adverb that explains how or how something happens. Adverbs of manner are generally
located after the main verb or after the object.
Example
4.Tenses
Definition:
Tenses is a grammatical category, typically marked on the verb, that deictically refers to the
time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reverence point.
 Simple past tense

Definition:the simple past or past simple, sometimes also called the preterite, consists of the
bare past tense of the verb (ending in, ed for regular verbs, and formed in various ways for
irregular ones, see English verbs for details). In most questions (and other situations
requiring inversion) when negated and in certain emphatic statement, a perpiphrastic
construction consisting of did and the bare infinitive of the main verb is generally used
instead see do support.
 Past continuous tense
Definition:we usually use the past continuous to talk about activities that lasted for sometime
in the past the actions can be interruped by something or can be happening at the same time.
 Past perfect tense
Definition:the past perfect sometimes called the pluperfect,combines past tense with perfect
aspect it is formed by combining had (the past tense of the auxiliary have) with the past
participle of the main verb. It is used when referring to an event that took place prior to the
time frame being considered. This time frame may be stated explicitly, as a stated time or the
time of another past action.
 Past perfect continuous tense
Definition:the past perfect progressive or past perfect continuous (also known as the
pluperfect progressive or pluperfect continuous) combines perfect progressive aspect with
past tense. It is formed by combining had (the tense of auxiliary have) been (the past
participle of be) and the present participle of the main verb.
 Simple present tense
Definition:present is a syntax that we use when we want to convey an idea that is routine or
occur at any time.
 Present continuous tense
Definition:the present progressive or present continuous is a form which combines present
tense with progressive aspect. It thus refers to an action or event conceived of as having
limited duration, taking place at the present time. It consists of a form of the simple present
of be together with the present participle of the main verb.
 Present perfect tense
Definition:the present perfect (traditionally called simply the perfect) combines present tense
with perfect aspect, denoting the present state of an action’s being completed, that is that the
action took place before the present time. (it is thus often close in meaning to the simple
past tense, although the two are not usually interchangeable). It is formed with the present
tense of the auxiliary have (namely have or has) and the past participle of the main verb.
 Present perfect continuous tense
Definition:the present perfect progressive (present perfect continuous) construction
combines perfect progressive aspect with present tense. It is formed with the present tense
of have (have or has) the past participle of be (been) and the present participle of the main
verb. This construction right up to the present or has recently finished.
 Simple future tense
Definition:the term simple future, as applied to English, generally refers to the combination
of the modal auxiliary verb will with the bare infinitive of the main verb, sometimes
(particulary in more formal or old fashioned English) shall is preferred to will when the
subject is first person (I or we) see shall and will for details. The auxiliary is often contracted
to ‘ll see english auxiliaries and contractions.
Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense
(+): s+v2+o (+):cs+was/were+v.ing+o
(-) : s+did+not+been+v1+o (-) : s+was/were+not+v.ing+o
(?): did+s+v1+o? (?): was/were+s+v.ing+o?
Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense
(+):s+had+v3+o (+):s+had+been+v.ing+o
(-) :s+had+not+v3+o (-) :s+had+not+been+v.ing+o
(?):had+s+v3+o? (?):had+s+been+v.ing+o?
 Past future perfect tense

Definition:the future perfect combines perfect aspect with future time reference. It consists
of the auxiliary will (sometimes shall in the first person, as above) the bare infinitive have
and the past participle of the main verb. It indicates an action that is to completed sometime
prior to a future time of perspective or an ongoing action continuing up to a future time of
perspective (compare uses of the present perfect above).
 Past future perfect continuous tense
Definition:the future perfect progressive or future perfect continuous combines perfect
progressive aspect with future time reference. It is formed by combining the auxiliary will
(sometimes shall, as above) the bare infinitive have the past participle been and the present
participle of the main verb. Uses of the future perfect progressive are analogous to those of
the present pefect progressive, except that the point of reference is in the future.
Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense
(+) : s+v1(s/es)+o (+):s+is/am/are+v.ing+o
(-) : s+do/does+not+v1+o (-) : s+is/am/are+not+v.ing+o
(?) : do/does+s+v1+o? (?) : is/am/are+s+v.ing+o?
Present Perfect Continuous

Present perfect tense
Tense
(+): s+have/has++v3+o (+): s+have/has+been+v.ing+o
(-) : s+have/has+not+v3+o (-) : s+have/has+not+been+v.ing+o
(?):have/has+s+v3+o? (?):have/has+s+been+v.ing+o?
Simple future tense Past future continuous tense
(+): s+will/shall+v1+o (+): s+would/should+be+v.ing+o
(-) : s+will/shall+not+v1+o (-) : s+would/should+not+be+v.ing+o
(?): will/shall+s+v1+o? (?): would/should+s+be+v.ing+o?
Past future perfect continuous

Past future perfect tense
tense
(+): s+would/should+have+v3+o (+): s+would/should+have+been+v.ing+o
(-) : s+would/should+not+have+v3+o (-) : s+would/should+not+have+been+v.ing+o
(?): would/should+s+have+v3+o? (?): would/should+s+have+been+v.ing+o?
5.Passive voice
Definition
Is a voice that indicates that the subject is the patient or recipient of the action denoted by the verb.
Tenses Active Passive

1.simple past tense We ate rice Rice was eaten by us
2.past continuous tense We was eating rice Rice was being eaten by us
3.past perfect tense We had eaten rice Rice had been eaten by us
4.past perfect continuous We had been eating rice Rice had been being eaten by us
tense
5.simple present tense We eat rice Rice is eaten by us
6.present continuous tense We are eating rice Rice is being eaten by us
7.present perfect tense We has eaten rice Rice has been eaten by us
8.present perfect continuous We has been eating rice Rice has been being eaten by us
tense
9.simple future tense We will eat rice Rice will be eaten by us
10.past future continuous We would be eating rice Rice would be being eaten by us
tense
11.past future perfect tense We would have eaten rice Rice would have been eaten by
us
12.past future perfect We would have been eating rice Rice would have been being
continuous tense eaten by us
 Past future perfect tense
Definition:the future perfect combines perfect
aspect with future time reference. It consists of
the auxiliary will (sometimes shall in the first
person, as above) the bare infinitive have and
the past participle of the main verb. It indicates
an action that is to completed sometime prior to
a future time of perspective or an ongoing
action continuing up to a future time of
perspective (compare uses of the present
perfect above).

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 Simple past tense

Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense

(+): s+v2+o (+):cs+was/were+v.ing+o

(-) : s+did+not+been+v1+o (-) : s+was/were+not+v.ing+o

(?): did+s+v1+o? (?): was/were+s+v.ing+o?

Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 Past future perfect tense

Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense

(+) : s+v1(s/es)+o (+):s+is/am/are+v.ing+o

(-) : s+do/does+not+v1+o (-) : s+is/am/are+not+v.ing+o

(?) : do/does+s+v1+o? (?) : is/am/are+s+v.ing+o?

Present Perfect Continuous

(+): s+have/has++v3+o (+): s+have/has+been+v.ing+o

(-) : s+have/has+not+v3+o (-) : s+have/has+not+been+v.ing+o

(+): s+will/shall+v1+o (+): s+would/should+be+v.ing+o

(-) : s+will/shall+not+v1+o (-) : s+would/should+not+be+v.ing+o

(?): will/shall+s+v1+o? (?): would/should+s+be+v.ing+o?

Past future perfect continuous

(+): s+would/should+have+v3+o (+): s+would/should+have+been+v.ing+o

(-) : s+would/should+not+have+v3+o (-) : s+would/should+not+have+been+v.ing+o

(?): would/should+s+have+v3+o? (?): would/should+s+have+been+v.ing+o?

Tenses Active Passive

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