Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

MAIN CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
6300 Tagbilaran City
Vision: A premiere S&T university for the formation of world class and virtuous human resource for sustainable development in Bohol and the Country.
Mission: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional and technological fields;
undertake research and development, and extension services for the sustainable development of Bohol and the country.

PME-522
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

PATRICK JUDE B. TRABAJO

BSME-5A

ENGR. JUANITO ORIGINES, JR.

INSTRUCTOR
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Due to the fact that Bohol has been supplied energy outside of its place, it is rather inconvenient
for us Boholanoes to have energy. During the typhoon “Yolanda” Bohol has no electricity due to the
destruction of Leyte which has the power plant that generated parts of Bohol electricity. We plan to create
a nuclear Power Plants at Bohol to have stable electricity which is in Bohol and to lessen the electricity
bills that we Boholanoes buy due to the fact that it is near to us.

POWER CONSUMPTION IN BOHOL

(because we can’t find the annual load curve we only found the daily load curve at September 2017)

Forecasting Models

The power supply requirement of the province of Bohol is served by three distribution utilities
(DUs), two of which are Electric Cooperatives (BOHECO I and BOHECO II) and one is a privately-owned
DU Bohol Light Company, Inc. (BLCI). The three electric utilities supplies the power requirements of the
whole province except large consumers directly connected to the grid such as the Alturas Group of
Companies and the Philippine Sinter Mining Corp. The second approach, the individual approach which
considers the load growth and forecast of each DU separately, is used in forecasting the total electricity
demand and energy consumption for the whole island of Bohol.

Thus, the total forecasted energy or demand of Bohol is described by the following equation:

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡𝐵𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 = ∑ 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑠(𝐵𝐶𝐿𝐼, 𝐵𝑂𝐻𝐸𝐶𝑂 𝐼 & 𝐵𝑂𝐻𝐸𝐶𝑂 𝐼𝐼)

Energy Forecasts

With the forecasting methodology, each distribution utility forecasts the projected energy
requirement for the next thirty years through trend analysis. Figure 1 Total Forecasted Energy per
Distribution Utility below shows the total forecasted energy requirement of Bohol. The total energy is
344.66 GWh in 2015 and is expected to rise to 440.10 GWh by the year 2020.
 (from Bohol Island Power Supply Plan 2016-2045)

Total Forecasted Energy

Details of forecasted energy for each distribution utility are shown below.

(from Bohol Island Power Supply Plan 2016-2045)

METHOD IN MEETING THE LOAD

With the peak load of nearly 60 MW we will use the 2 nuclear

reactor which is KLT-40S by the designer JSC “Afrikantov
OKB Mechanical Engineering” which has nearly 150 MW
Thermal Capacity and with the plant use and capacity factors
which is 40% of its capacity it then becomes 60 MW of
electricity each and uses Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR).
We chose this nuclear reactor because it one of the newest
and been enhance for many years. With the operation
schedule the 2 nuclear reactor will always be on due to its
power usage is always on it doesn’t need to be off except
during emergency and maintenance. It uses uranium fuel with
U235 with 8 compensating rods + 3 emergency protection rods.

KLT-40S REACTOR PLANT

CHARACTERISTIC OF KLT-40S

PARAMETER VALUE

Thermal Power, MW 150

Reactor Type Pressurized Water Reactor

Number of Fuel Assembly(FA) 121

FA across flats size, mm 98.5

Triangular lattice pitch, mm 100

Core diameter, mm 1220

Core height, mm 1200

 Fuel Element(FE) dimensions across cladding,
6.8×0.5
∅×δ, mm
FE cladding material Zirconium alloy

Absorber element layout in FA Central absorber element

8 compensating rods + 3 emergency protection
Number of control rods in the core
rods
Refueling mode Single loading with replacement of all FAs

Uranium-235 inventory, kg 179

Average uranium enrichment in the core,% 14.1

Fuel life, Days 14 000

Operation period without refuelling, yr. 2.3

Specific consumption of uranium-235,
2.05
g235U/(MW·day)
Average fuel burnup fraction on oxide fuel basis,
45.4
MW·day/kg U

It uses turbine generator equipment which are

-2 Turbine set which is a Siemens SST-500 steam turbine that has a maximum of 100 MW

CHARACTERISTIC OF SST-500 TURBINE

VALUE
PAREMETER
POWER OUTPUT, MW 100
ROTATIONAL SPEED, RPM 15,000
INLET STEAM PRESSURE 30 BAR/435 PSI
BLEED UP TO 2, AT VARIOUS PRESSURE LEVELS
EXHAUST STEAM CONDITIONS CONDENSING UP TO 1 BAR/14.5 PSI
LIFE 30-50

- Main ejector and seal exhaust system ejector;

- Two double-speed circulation pumps.

- Three electric feed pumps with variable-speed electric drives.

- One distribution feed pump;

- Two water circulation electric pumps for the generator cooldown system;

- deaerator and equalizing tank;

- Four ion-exchange and two duplex mechanical filters;

- One condensation removal pump;

- Regenerative feed water heaters

- Air cooler for the vented steam from main ejectors, seal ejectors, and deaerators;

- Steam and condensate-feed systems;

- Turbine set oil supply system;

- Intermediate circuit system.

Nuclear power plants are at the high end of the range of capacity factors, ideally reduced only by
the availability factor or maintenance and refueling. With using the peak load of this nuclear power plant
and assuming that 40% capacity factor

2(60 𝑀𝑊)∗24∗365
P= = 2,628,000 MW.h
0.40

Its assumed Annual generation will be 2,628,000 MW.h

Energy Flow (Energy Balance) in the Power Plant

Because the 2 reactors are the same we will only compute 1 reactor

Schematic Diagram of the Plant (pressurized Water Reactor)

Using Simple Rankine Cycle

T-S DIAGRAM

Where P1 = 30 bar or 3 Mpa at T1 = 600 OC

P2 = 1 bar or 0.1 Mpa

@ 3 MPa and 600°C

h1 = 3682.3 kJ/kg

S1= 7.5085 kJ/kg k

@ 0.1 MPa and S2 = S1

h2 = 2732.6 kJ/kg

@ 0.1 Mpa

h3 = hf = 417.46 KJ/kg

V3 = 1.0432 X 10-3 m3/kg

h4= h3+V3 (P1-P2)

h4 =420.485 kJ/kg

W pump= h4-h3

W pump=3.025 kJ/kg

Qin= h1-h4 = 3261.815 kJ/kg

W turbine=h1-h2 = 949.7 kJ/kg

Qout=h2-h3 = 2315.14 kJ/kg

𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
nth=1- =0.3 = 30%
𝑞𝑖𝑛

W net=qin-qout = 946.675 kJ/kg

With using 60 MW
𝑃
Ms= = 63.37 kg/s
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡

Using U235 it generates 202.5 MeV

92U
235 + 0n1 → 56Ba137 + 36Kr97 + 20n1

has the mass balance of

235.0439 + 1.00867 → 136.9061 + 96.9212 + 2 × 1.00867

236.0526 → 235.8446

∆m = 235.8446 – 236.0526 = – 0.2080 amu.

Thus ∆E = 931 × – 0.2080 amu = – 193.6 MeV = – 3.1 × 10–11 J

Plant Site, lay-out, building and management

In selecting a nuclear plant site we need 5 important factors in find a good site.

1. Availability of water

2. Distance from load center

3. Distance from populated area

4. Accessibility to site.
5. Waste disposal.

In Bohol there is location where there is abundant of water, distance from populated area, it can be
accessible using land vehicles with a spare space for waste disposal but it has greater distance from the
load center but still it is a good site, it’s in Anda near Lamanok Island.

Plant lay-out

FRONT VIEW
 BACK VIEW

LEFT VIEW RIGHT VIEW

PERSPECTIVE VIEW

CONTROL ROOM
 The foundation of the plant should be stronger that could withstand a calamity like
earthquake, typhoon, etc. which is to reinforced concrete on the ground Chimney of a power plant
may have Raft Foundation whose diameter and thickness will depend upon the combined vertical
load, thermal load, wind load and seismic considerations. However, sometimes Pile Foundation
may also be used in chimney of power plants. But we will use raft foundation because this plant
has large mass and in Bohol bearing capacity of its soil is low. The advantages of using raft
foundation are economical due to the combination of foundation and floor slab and it requires little
excavations.

MANAGEMENT

PLANT MANAGER

ASSISTANT MANAGER

FINANCE & ACTIVITY HEAD ENGINEER LEGAL AND

PLANNING DIVISION COMMUNICATION DIVISION

PROJECT ENGINEER PROJECT ENGINEER PROJECT ENGINEER PROJECT ENGINEER

(OPERATION) (MAINTENANCE) (CONTROL) (SAFETY)

SADSA

OPERATION ENGINEER MAINTENANCE CONTROL ENGINEER SAFETY ENGINEER

ENGINEER

CONTROL SPECIALISTS

OPERATION WORKERS MAINTENANCE WORKERS CONTROL PERSONNELS

Integration of Proven Research Output and Innovative Technology in the Power Plant
Design

At the facility of nuclear reactor the wall will 4.5 feet thick with reinforced steel. The dome
of the reactor will be 2.5 feet thick with the base 12 feet thick. This building will sustain a
pressure of 50 lbs/in2 due to the fact that it contains highly radioactive substance.

Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste

2 types of disposal options

Near-surface disposal

Near-surface disposal is the disposal of waste, with or without engineered barriers, in:

Near-surface disposal facilities at ground level. These facilities are on or below the surface
where the protective covering is of the order of a few meters thick. Waste containers are placed
in constructed vaults and when full the vaults are backfilled. Eventually they will be covered and
capped with an impermeable membrane and topsoil. These facilities may incorporate some
form of drainage and possibly a gas venting system.

Near-surface disposal facilities in caverns below ground level. Unlike near-surface disposal at
ground level, where the excavations are conducted from the surface, shallow disposal requires
underground excavation of caverns. The facility is at a depth of several tens of meters below the
Earth's surface and accessed through a drift.

Deep geological disposal

Deep geological disposal is the long timescales over which some waste remains radioactive has
led to the idea of deep disposal in underground repositories in stable geological formations.
Isolation is provided by a combination of engineered and natural barriers (rock, salt, clay) and
no obligation to actively maintain the facility is passed on to future generations. This is often
termed a 'multi-barrier' concept, with the waste packaging, the engineered repository, and the
geology all providing barriers to prevent the radionuclides from reaching humans and the
environment. In addition, deep groundwater is generally devoid of oxygen, minimizing the
possibility of chemical mobilization of waste.

This nuclear Power plant will use Deep geological Disposal, this Disposal will invested
P10,000,000 for proper safety because it is dangerous if it will come out. This concept we will
follow the Swedish which is uses a copper container with a steel insert to contain the spent fuel.
After placement in the repository about 500 meters deep in the bedrock, the container would be
surrounded by a betonies clay buffer to provide a very high level of containment of the
radioactivity in the spent fuel over a very long time period.

POWER PLANT ECONOMICS

MAX LOAD = 55 MW

Assuming Transmission loss= 20%

Plant use = 7%

Total load = 55 MW + 0.20(55MW) + 0.07(55MW)

=69.85MW

Assumed Capacity Factor= 40%

 69.85
Plant Capacity=
0.40

Plant Capacity=174.625MW = 175 MW through a medium of a 100 km transmission line

Cost of the Plant = P 2,000 per kW Salvage Value at the end of 40 years of useful life 10% of the first cost

Cost of primary distribution system: ₱ 10,000.00 per km Salvage value at the end of a 20 year useful life:
15% of the first cost

Secondary distribution capital cost: ₱10,000,000; salvage value 20% at the end of 20 years

Interest rate = 5%

Tax and insurance rate = 5%

Management cost = P 15,000,000 annually

Maintenance and repair = P 10,000,000 Annually

Cost of buildings

Reactor = P 5,000,000 each

Cooling Towers = P 5,100,000 each

Condensers = P 1,000,000 each

Turbine Generator Building = P 2,000,000

Power house = P 10,000,000

Control Building = P 5,000,000

Cost of Equipment

KLT-40S nuclear reactor = P 4,200,000,000 each

Turbine = P 3,000,000 per set

Cost of installation =P 1000 per KW

Cost of Lot = P 2,000 per m2 = P 10,000,000

Cost of disposal Waste location = P 10,000,000

Cost of Franchise and Publicity = P 200 per costumer

Collecting revenue = P 5,000,000 per annum

Labor Cost

20 people at P 10,000 per month

6 people at P 20,000 per month

5 people at P30,000 per month

3 people at P40,000 per month

At Fixed Element

Capital cost = cost of plant + cost of transmission line:

Capital cost; P 2,000 (P175,000) + 100 km (P 10,000/km)

Capital cost = P 351,000,000

Depreciation = capital cost – salvage value

2,000(175,000)(1−0.10)
Depreciation (Plant) = = P 7,875,000
40

100(10,000)(1−0.15)
Depreciation (Line) = = P 42,500
40

Annual depreciation reserve will be calculated on a straight line basis:

Annual depreciation reserve = P 7,875,000 + P 42,500 = 7,917,500

Interest, taxes and insurance maintenance = (0.05+0.05) (P 351,000,000) = P 35,100,000

Maintenance (10% of P 10,000,000) = P100,000

Management =P 15,000,000

Equipment depreciation (turbine & generator) = 2(P 3,000,000) = P 6,000,000

Equipment depreciation (Reactor) = 2(P 4,200,000,000) = P 8,400,000,000

16,000,000
Equipment depreciation reserve = = P 400,000
40

Cost of installation = 1000(175000) = P 175,000,000

Cost of Lot = P 10,000,000

Cost of disposal wastes =P 10,000,000

2(5,000,000+5,100,000+1,000,000)+2,000,000+10,000,000+5,000,000
Building Depreciation = = P 980,000
40

Assuming 10 years to pay in full

(2(5,000,000+5,100,000+1,000,000)+2,000,000+10,000,000+5,000,000)+10,000,000+10,000,000+175,000,000+8,406,000,000
Cost =
10

Annual Cost = P 864,000,000

Total annual Cost for Fixed element = P 923,497,500

At Energy Element

Labor Cost = (20(10,000)+6(20,000)+5(30,000)+3(40,000))(12) = P 7,080,000

Oil, Waste, utilities, etc. = P 2,000,000

Fuel: for 1 kg of U235 is P100,000 and at 2.3 years for fuel to change using 179 kg of U 235
2∗179∗100,000
Fuel = = P 15,565,218
2.3

Maintenance = 10,000,000 – 1,000,000 = P 9,000,000

Total Energy charge per year = P 33,645,218

At Costumer Element

10,000,000(1−0.20)
Depreciation of secondary distribution = = P 400,000
20

Interest, tax & insurance = (0.05 + 0.05) (10,000,000) = P 1,000,000

Operating cost =P 5,000,000

Assuming 5000 consumers

Franchise & publicity = 200(5,000 customer) = P1,000,000

Cost of collecting revenue = P 5,000,000

Total Costumer Element per year = P 12,400,000

At investor Element

Assume annual profit on capitalization over & above interest to be 10%

Capitalization = 351,000,000 + 10,000,000 = P 361,000,000

Profit element = 0.10(361,000,000) = P 36,100,000

TOTAL

ANNUAL PRODUCTION COST = Fixed Element + Energy Element + Customers Element + Investor profit

ANNUAL PRODUCTION COST = P 1,005,642,718

Power usage at load curve

A=(0.5h1 + h2 + h3 + h4 + h5 + h6 + h7 + h8 + h9 + h10 + h11 + h12 + h13 + h14 + h15 + h16 + h17 +

h18 + h19 + h20 + h21 + h22 + h23 + 0.5h24)(365)

A=(0.5(30) + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26.5 + 29 +29 +30 +40 +44 +47 +47.5 +42 +45 + 45 +44 +43 +42 +53 +42
+49 +44 +39 +0.5(33)(365)

A= 312,622,500 kw hr

Assuming 75% of the plant output to be registered on the customer’s meter.

A= 312,622,500(0.75) = 234,466,875 kw hr

1,005,652,718
Rate = = P 4.23
234,466,875

The rate is P 4.23 per kw hr.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

In Environmental and Social impact assessment is a process for predicting and assessing the
potential and environmental and social impacts of a proposed project, evaluating alternatives and
designing appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures. An Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment should be seen as a process that starts at the conceptual design stage of a project
and continues throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning. During the process,
several deliverables are prepared to guide the activities of the specific stage. The purpose of an ESIA is
to identify the positive and negative impacts caused by project implementation. This is assessed through
an analysis of the effects resulting from interaction between environmental and social components and
the various activities of a project and its development, including temporary and associated facilities. In
this nuclear power plant, with proper Safety and Care the plant there would be less negative impacts by
this implementation.

ESIA PROCESSES
SCREENING- The purpose of screening is to differentiate those projects that may have a detrimental
effect on the environment from those where no impact is likely to occur.
SCOPING -Scoping is the process of identifying potential environmental and social impacts associated
with the development of and focusing the ESIA process on the pertinent issues.

BASELINE- The primary objective of the ESIA process is to appraise the potential changes that the
proposed project may have upon the existing environment and society and how this can be avoided
(ideally) or mitigated. To inform the appraisal of any possible changes that may occur, it is necessary to
first establish an understanding of the existing environment before any clearing of the site to make way
for development. This is the purpose of the baseline study.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT- it’s a formal, evidence based procedures that assess the economic, social, and
environmental effects of public policy.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT & MONITORING- An Environmental and Social Management Plan

(ESMP) effectively provides the mechanism through which the findings of the ESIA and the associated
mitigation measures are implemented as the project moves beyond the study phase into construction,
operations and, ultimately, decommissioning and rehabilitation.

Due to the fact that this implementation is a nuclear Power Plant it should need the top most
research, protection, rules and safety for it is vital in building it and using it because with 1 small mistake it
will be devastating because of the radioactive fuel it uses and many more. But this Power Plants is one of
the cleanest power plant. With proper care in this power plant there will be no issue governing this
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.