MV Dstribution Substation
MV Dstribution Substation
MV Dstribution Substation
INTRODUCTION
The voltage of the high side bus can be anywhere from 34.5
kV all the way to 345 kV and beyond.
Power transformers
Circuit breakers
Current transformer
Capacitor voltage transformer (CVT)
Earthing Transformers
Protective Relays
Power transformers
A transformer has been defined by ANSI/IEEE as a static
electrical device, involving no continuously moving parts, used
in electric power systems to transfer power between circuits
through the use of electromagnetic induction. The term power
transformer is used to refer to those transformers used between
the generator and the distribution circuits and are usually rated
at 500 kVA and above. Power systems typically consist of a large
number of generation locations, distribution points, and
interconnections within
the system or with nearby
systems, such as a
neighboring utility. The
complexity of the system
leads to a variety of
transmission and
distribution voltages.
Power transformers must
be used at each of these
points where there is a
transition between
voltage levels.
CONSERVATOR
Conservator is a sort of drum, mounted on the top of
the transformer. A level indicator is fixed to it.
Conservator is connected through a pipe to the transformer
tank containing oil. This oil expands and contracts’
depending upon the heat produced and sob the oil level in
the conservator rises and falls. Pipes connected to the
conservator is left open to the atmosphere through a
breather so that the extra air may go out or come in.
BREATHER
Breather is mounted on the top of the conservator tank
& it is a small cylindrical unit containing silica gel to
absorb moisture of air entering the conservator tank.
RADIATOR
These are fitted for cooling the transformer oil. The
hot oil circulate through these unit where it becomes cool
due to the air touching.
WINDINGS
Transformer windings are wound with rectangular, cable
paper insulated copper wires. There are two windings HV side
and LV side.
BUCHHOLZ RELAY
This relay is situated in the pipe connected between
the transformer and the conservator. Relay is a gas actuated
relay which is meant for the protection of oil immersed
transformer from insulation failure, core heating or any
type of internal fault which may cause the heating of coil
beyond the specified temperature due to this faults either
alarm circuit or the trip circuit operate.
TEMPERATURE METERS
Those meters measure oil temperature and winding
temperature and meters are set to fixed temperature.
ARCHING HORNS
Arching horns are situated top of the transformer it is
protected transformer by lightings.
Circuit breakers
Current transformer
A current transformer is a device for
measuring a current flowing through a power system
and inputting the measured current to a protective
relay system. Electrical power distribution
systems may require the use of a variety of
circuit condition monitoring devices to facilitate
the detection and location of system malfunctions.
Current transformers and current sensors are well
known in the field of electronic circuit breakers,
providing the general function of powering the
electronics within the circuit breaker trip unit
and sensing the circuit current within the
protected circuit. Ground fault circuit breakers
for alternating current distribution circuits are
commonly used to protect people against dangerous
shocks due to line-to-ground current flow through someone's body.
Ground fault circuit breakers must be able to detect current flow
between line conductors and ground at current levels. Upon
detection of such a ground fault current, the contacts of the
circuit breaker are opened to de energize the circuit. Current
transformers are an integral part of ground fault circuit
breakers. Current transformer assemblies are often positioned
between the line side of a trip unit of a circuit breaker and the
load side in order to monitor the current there between. Current
transformers in electrical substations measure the system
currents at predetermined measuring points of the switchgear with
a certain measurement inaccuracy. The measuring points are
typically located at all incoming and outgoing lines and possibly
also within the system, e.g. for the busbar protection. The
current measurement signals are used for protective functions,
for monitoring the substation, for calculating performance data
for operating purposes or for consumption billing and for the
representation on a display. The output of the current
transformer provides a representation of the current flowing
through the assembly that is being monitored. Associated
monitoring and control instrumentation in combination with the
current transformer may provide critical system functions such as
overload protection and power usage monitoring.
Earthing Transformers
Line Traps
High voltage transmission lines are
also used for transmitting carrier signals
between 30 kHz and 500 kHz for remote
control, voice communication, remote
metering & protection, and so forth, and
are often referred to as Power Line
Carrier (PLC) systems.
Line traps prevent
transmission of these high
frequency signals to unwanted
directions without loss of energy
at power frequency.
Line traps are series-
connected to the transmission
lines, and are designed to
withstand the rated power
frequency current and the short-
circuit current to which the lines
are subjected.
Transformer protection
Internal faults
A non-current-limiting
device interruption the
current by the melting of a
fuse element and an arc is
drawn inside a gas evolving
type. These may be recharged
with limited cost.
An expulsion fuses in a
holder, arranged in such a
way that the expulsion fuse
tube drops out of the
electrical circuit when the
fuse has operated. These are commonly used in the CEB
distribution network mainly for the protection of distribution
transformers and some cases for sectionalizing spur MV lines.
Auto Recloser
Auto reclosers are self contaminated devises that make and
break the distribution system under normal at and fault
conditions. A basic feature of a
recloser is to reclose immediately
once the circuit under which it
served breaks due to temporary
fault. Recloser will lock out its
operation whenever it senses a
permanent fault clears before lock
out, recloser will reset for another
cycle of operation.
Before CEB has introduced auto
reclosers to the distribution system, only
DDLO’s are provided as the protective
devices.
But this needs some one to operate the
DDLO in order to isolate the line from the
power supply. Therefore by introducing auto
reclosers to distribution system, the speed
of fault clearing has improved and hence
which promotes the stability of the power
system. Because of these reasons the concepts
of auto reclosers entered as a time and money saving method [the
interruption period becomes less].
The minimum requirement for installing an auto recloser is
100 km 1 MVA. The reclosers are sensitive for over current, and
in modern types sensitive earth faults too.
There are three types of auto reclosers
available in medium voltage system in CEB.